Research robots. Research activity at the present stage of education. Conclusions by chapter

Introduction Educational and research work of schoolchildren as special kind activities Preparation for conducting educational research Studying the literature and clarifying the topic Determining the hypothesis Purpose and objectives of the study Determination of research methods Conducting educational research Designing educational - research work Protection of educational and research work Application

The main components of the study: Statement of the problem, preliminary analysis of information on the conditions and methods for solving problems this class; formulation of initial hypotheses; Planning and organization of the experiment; analysis and generalization of the obtained results; Checking the initial hypotheses based on the facts obtained; final formulation of new facts and laws; Getting explanations or scientific predictions; implementation of the obtained results into practice.

Research work is a special type of activity, where activity is an active interaction between the subject and the object. The basis of research activities are actions aimed at solving problematic problems and situations. All actions are divided into 3 groups: intellectual - research - It includes the actual intellectual operations and the actual research actions. These include, for example, such mental actions as comparison, analysis, synthesis, generalization, or more complex ones: systematization, modeling, hypotheses, setting research goals and objectives. Here, the design of scientific research takes place, information-receptive - includes actions with information that needs to be perceived and processed in a manner appropriate to specific research tasks. The general goal when working with information in preparation for any research is the ability to extract what is necessary to clarify, clarify the tasks and options for their solutions. The reception and interpretation of information is carried out through the use of various reading strategies productive - they constitute actions for conducting scientific work, fixing and processing its results and fixing them in a scientific text

The object area of research is the area of science and practice in which the object of study is located. The object of research is a certain process or phenomenon of reality that generates a problem situation. The object is a kind of carrier of the problem, what the research activity is aimed at. The subject of research is a specific part of the object within which the search is conducted. The subject of research should be characterized by a certain independence, which will allow critical evaluation of the hypothesis correlated with it.

The topic of research is the object of study, in a certain aspect, characteristic of this work, it “indicates the subject of study, and keyword or a phrase in the topic indicates its object. Guiding the principle of repetition. This principle implies following the topic of the logic of already conducted research, but using improved research methods that would clarify and expand existing knowledge about the object and subject, as well as verify them. search method. It provides for the familiarization of the researcher with primary sources: special literature, latest works in a particular scientific branch, as well as related branches of science, and the formation of a topic based on an analysis of the current problems of these related branches or disciplines. Theoretical generalization of existing research, theories, practical results of research, critical - analytical and descriptive materials. The starting point for choosing and formulating a topic can be hypotheses previously put forward in science that need clarification, verification and proof. The search for a topic can be carried out in the "natural" conditions of scientific and creative communication between a novice researcher and competent specialists in a chosen field or field of research. Determining the relevance of research is a mandatory requirement for any research work. Relevance may consist, for example, in the need to obtain new data; the need to test new methods, etc. The relevance of the topic is always justified taking into account the practical need to resolve the issues raised.

1. Conducting a search for the necessary information. 2. Drawing up a preliminary list of publications 3. Direct work with sources Mastery of the conceptual apparatus: 1. It is possible to describe the basic concepts and logical connections between them, thus building a conceptual system for future research. 2. Give an analysis, compare, compare different interpretations of the same concept, denoting the boundaries of its possible meanings and applications. 3. Classify concepts according to some parameters, defining the scope of their use in the study.

A hypothesis is defined as a scientifically based assumption about a directly observable phenomenon. The main properties of the hypothesis: 1. Uncertainty true value 2. Focus on the disclosure of this phenomenon; 3. Putting forward an assumption about the results of solving the problem; 4. The ability to put forward a "project" for solving the problem. Basic requirements for the formation of a hypothesis: The basis for its formation should be facts related to the one chosen for study. subject area. The very formulation of the hypothesis should be constructed in such a way that the structure of the generalizations and statements in which it is given allows for the development of reasoning without a step-by-step appeal to facts. A fruitful use of a hypothesis is feasible only if the researcher is able to work with it as a theory already accepted in the system of science. It is unacceptable for the researcher to proceed from any conceivable hypothesis. It should be based on individual properties, relationships, dependencies, interactions, conditions that can be explained with the help of the laws derived from this hypothesis.

The goal of the study is the final expected result that the researcher would like to achieve at the end of his work. You can set a goal: to identify ... to establish ... to substantiate ... to clarify ... to develop ... The task of the study is the choice of ways and means to achieve the goal in accordance with the hypothesis put forward, as well as actions to achieve intermediate results aimed at achieving the goal. Tasks are usually divided into practical and cognitive. Practical tasks are designed to contribute to the direct transformation of the surrounding reality. The second type of tasks includes a sublevel of empirical cognitive tasks

General and particular methods of scientific research, as well as the principles of approaches to various types of objects of reality and to different classes of scientific problems, are studied by the methodology of science. A method is a way to achieve the research goal; “the way of comprehending, knowing the truth, the essence of objects and phenomena. Theoretical methods are characterized by generalization and abstractness. They are determined by the main mental operations, which are: analysis and synthesis, comparison, abstraction and concretization, generalization, formalization, analogy, modeling Empirical methods. The subject of empirical knowledge is practice and the results of its activities. The results of research work at the level of empiricism are expressed in the generalization of the experience gained, the formation of norms and rules, obtaining facts (information) about the object, their analysis and systematization. Mathematical methods Statistical methods Methods and models of graph theory and network modeling Methods and models of dynamic programming Methods and models of queuing Method of data visualization (functions, graphs)

Forms of presenting the results of educational and research work: the text of a scientific essay, article, theses, report, scientific communication, report, etc. Research work has a strictly defined structure: Title page Table of contents Introduction Main (content) Conclusion Bibliographic list Appendix Illustrations Tables, Quotes in the text of the work

Preparation of the report: The first part essentially briefly repeats the introduction of the research paper. Here it is justified - the relevance of the chosen topic, - the scientific problem is described, - the research objectives are formulated and - its main methods are indicated. In the second part, the largest in volume, you need to present the contents of the chapters. The commission pays special attention to the results of the study, to the author's personal contribution to it. In the third part, it is advisable to briefly outline the main conclusions based on the results of the study, without repeating the conclusions that have already been made in the course of presenting the contents by chapters.

Master class "Studying the properties of proteins"

Research

Lesson Objectives:

Educational: to expand students' knowledge about natural macromolecular substances - proteins and their properties.

Developing: to form the ability to independently acquire knowledge, the ability to compare and draw conclusions. Develop knowledge and skills in working with reagents. Develop thinking through finding connections: properties - the use of substances.

Educational: formation of a stable need for a healthy lifestyle, the ability to self-organize.

Reagents and equipment:

concentrated nitric acid (on the teacher's desk), phenol solution, ethanol, alcohol lamp, matches, holder, chicken egg protein solution, 2 pieces of meat.

Introductory speech of the teacher:

“Life is a mode of existence of protein bodies, the essential moment of which is the constant exchange of substances with the external nature surrounding them, and with the cessation of this exchange of substances, life itself ceases, which leads to the decomposition of protein” (F. Engels). What do you know about proteins?

Hypothesis: Knowing the properties of proteins will help to avoid many undesirable processes.

Object of study: protein

Subject of study– properties of proteins

Problem questions:

Why regular alcohol consumption inevitably leads to defeat nervous system, liver, heart.

Why You Shouldn't Use Expired Medicines ?

Why is it recommended to put it in boiling water when cooking boiled meat

Chemical experiment. Work with the textbook p.160, handouts. Work in 4 groups.

Experience number 1. heat denaturation

Pour 10 ml of protein solution into a test tube and heat to a boil.

What are you watching?

Experience number 2. The action of ethyl alcohol on proteins.

Add ethyl alcohol to the protein solution.

What are you watching?

Explain the reason for the formation of a protein precipitate.

Experience number 3. The action of phenol on protein

Add 6-7 drops of phenol solution to the protein solution.

What are you watching?

Explain the reason for the formation of a protein precipitate.

Experience number 4. Chemistry of meat preparation

Pour cold water into a test tube, dip some raw minced meat into it and heat it. Boil water in another test tube in advance and put the raw meat in boiling water already. What are you watching? Find Out the Cause of Changes in Broth and Meat (Handout)

Discussion of experiments. Conclusions.

Solving problematic issues. Working with handouts.

Enzymes (proteins) regulate most of the biochemical processes inside us: cellular respiration, breakdown of fats and carbohydrates, etc. When the temperature rises: they just stop working. And this leads to serious complications. From the 10th grade physics course, we know that temperature is a quantity that characterizes the intensity of the movement of atoms. The temperature is directly proportional to the root mean square velocity of atoms and mean kinetic energy (E = m 2 /2 = 3/2kT). Therefore, an increase in temperature (an increase in the internal energy of motion) causes an increase in the amplitude of vibrations of atoms in the links of the structure. Consequently, the distance between the atoms bound by the hydrogen bond increases. At large amplitudes of vibrations, the hydrogen bond is destroyed, while the load on neighboring bonds increases spiral structure, and eventually the structure of the protein quickly disintegrates.

Question 2. Why regular alcohol consumption inevitably leads to damage to the nervous system, liver, and heart.

When drinking alcoholic beverages, the ethanol contained in them easily passes through biological membranes. At the same time, it damages their structure, increasing the permeability for many toxic substances. The most severe consequences of the systematic use of alcohol are associated with its toxic effect on the human genetic apparatus and the developing fetus. It has been proven that regular alcohol consumption gradually leads to enzyme-vitamin deficiency, and this inevitably leads to damage to the nervous system, liver, and heart.

Question 3. Why can't you use expired medicines?

Phenol is used to produce various drugs, such as aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid). . When stored for a long time, aspirin decomposes to salicylic acid, which contains a phenolic group. Phenol has a general toxic, irritating effect, cauterizes the skin, causes dermatitis.

Question 4. Why, when cooking boiled meat, it is recommended to lower it into boiling water.

To prepare a delicious broth, you need to put chopped meat in cold water. And to cook boiled meat, large pieces need to be dipped in boiling water. Is this the chemical meaning?

As the water is heated, where chopped pieces of meat are placed, gray flakes are formed (and in large quantities). This is a curdled protein, foam, which is removed with a slotted spoon so as not to spoil the look and taste of the broth. With further heating, water-soluble substances gradually pass from the meat into solution. These substances are called extractives because they are extracted from the meat when it is extracted with boiling water (in other words, when boiling the broth). First of all, they give the broth a characteristic taste. And meat, having lost these substances, becomes less tasty.

A large piece of raw meat in contact with boiling water will instantly turn gray, but very few flakes form. The protein that was on the surface, under the influence of high temperature, immediately curled up and clogged the numerous pores that permeate the meat. Extractive substances, including proteins, can no longer go into solution. This means that they remain inside the meat, giving it a good taste and aroma. And the broth, of course, turns out a little worse.

Group presentations on the results of work with cards.

Reflection- refutation or confirmation of the hypothesis.

D / s. answer the questions:

Why can't you dry leather shoes by leaning against the radiator?

Why marinate meat for barbecue?

Protein denaturation can lead to inflammation of the mucous membrane of a number of digestive organs (gastritis, colitis) and stone formation (stones have a protein base). How can these diseases be prevented?

It is best to adhere to the generally accepted form of the report on the studies performed. At the top title page the organization, circle, school, etc., where the author of the work studies (studies) is indicated. In the upper third of the sheet, the full name of the topic of the observations is written. Information about the author is placed below (last name, first name, age of the performer or class of his education at the time of handing over the work to the supervisor or submitting it to any competition). The surname, name and patronymic of the head of work (if any) must be indicated. In the middle of the lower part of the sheet, the year of the report is given, which should not be confused with the year of the observations, they may not coincide.
The text is written (printed) only on one side of the sheet. For registration of the report, standard A4 paper is used. The next page should start with full name completed work. If it includes the names of plants or animals, then it is customary to duplicate them using Latin language. Then the sections of the work itself follow.

Place and time of observation. In this section, sufficient detail should be given geographical position territory: name administrative area and the area in which your research took place, indicate the natural zone (subzone) in which they are located, provide a description of the landscapes and main biotopes of the area, indicate the timing of the work.

Purpose and objectives of the study. In this section, it is necessary to formulate the main idea of the work, its purpose. It often happens that a brief statement of the purpose of the study to some extent coincides with the title of the work. I would like to draw the attention of those who do not yet have experience in independently developing the goals and objectives of the forthcoming work to this feature.
When strategic goal defined, it is necessary to develop research tactics, identify questions that need to be answered and formulate them in the form of specific tasks. They may sound like this:
To study the nature of the distribution of research objects ...
Explore the nature of the interaction...
Monitor daily temperatures...
Determine the qualitative and quantitative composition ... and the like.
Solving specific problems in the course of work will allow you to achieve the desired result - the purpose of the study.
It is very important not to confuse working (research) tasks with technical tasks related to the researcher's self-education. For example, studying the literature necessary for conducting a study, analyzing the material obtained, mastering the methods, etc. are not the working tasks of the study.
In the same section, you can indicate the reason for choosing the topic and its relevance, elaboration by other researchers, and formulate a working hypothesis. In case of fulfillment academic work it is not necessary to do so. Agree that the relevance of the work of a novice researcher lies mainly in the educational component of his actions and in satisfying his own curiosity. By the way, the last statement is true for the adult scientific community. In any case, remember that this section should not exceed one page (preferably less), and should be placed before the purpose and objectives of the study.

Material and technique. Describe the methodology by which the work was carried out, that is, how the answers were obtained, the questions formulated in the research tasks and what material you managed to obtain. In this paragraph, mainly quantitative data are reported: how many kilometers have been traveled, taking into account (in total and in different biotopes), how many geobotanical sites have been described and in which biotopes, how many daily observations have been made, nests have been examined, etc., that is, the volume of collected material.

The discussion of the results. This is the main part of the work, in which the collected material is presented, its analysis is carried out, Comparative characteristics obtained data, graphs, tables, diagrams, etc. are provided. At the same time, the graphic material is necessarily commented, and the logical conclusions are argued. Illustrative material is usually divided into two groups: drawings (diagrams, diagrams, graphs, etc.) and tables. Numbering of figures and tables is separate. Illustrations are placed in the text near the place of their first mention. Numbers and titles of tables and figures are printed above them. The name must include a semantic part (what given material reflects) and address (where and when the material was collected). The work should not contain embellishing lustrations, for example, landscape photographs of the research site, portrait photographs of research objects, and even more so of the author of the work. When selecting drawings, one must proceed from their expediency in argumentation. research material. It is not recommended to cite work tables in the text (including in the appendix). Working tables are called tables in which primary material research. In the text of the work, tables containing the analyzed, generalized results of the study, which serve as confirmation of the provisions of the work, will be appropriate. If necessary, this section of the work is divided into subsections.

Conclusions. They contain a brief summary of the main results of the work, which follow from the material presented in the previous section. Conclusions should correspond to the stated purpose of the study and the tasks set. In fact, the conclusions are the answers to the questions of the research tasks. Naturally, you understand that the word "questions" in this context is somewhat broader than just a phrase with a question mark at the end. That is why work tasks are rarely formulated in interrogative form. As a rule, the conclusions quantitatively coincide with the tasks set in the study, there may be more of them, but this section should not be artificially enlarged. a large number small conclusions. If there are fewer conclusions than the tasks were set, this means that the study has not been fully completed.

Applications. This section contains large tables, graphs, figures and other graphic materials, which for one reason or another are inconvenient to place in the text of the main section. All of them, regardless of which section of the work they are in, are assigned their own serial number. The numbering of tables and figures in this case is end-to-end - Appendix No. ... All of them, except for the number, are given a specific name. And in the work itself, it must be indicated which of the tables or figures should be referred to at one time or another while reading the text.

Literature. Keep in mind that the object of your observations is unlikely to have come to the attention of a naturalist for the first time. It would be nice to get acquainted with the articles and books available on this problem and supplement the report with a comparison of our observations with the literature data. Reference to the used literature is made as follows.

Example one. “This method of study was used even (1946) in the study…”. The numbers in parentheses indicate the year of publication of the work you are citing. The author's surname and year of publication will help the reader to find the full title of the article or book in the bibliographic list at the end of the report.

Second example. "This approach to taking soundings is described in detail in the literature (Oshmarin, Pikunov, 1990)". In this case, the names of the authors and the year of publication of the cited work are indicated in brackets. Note that in this case the initials of the authors are omitted. If a reference is made to several literary sources at once, then the next one is indicated after a semicolon (;) inside the same brackets. Try to place links of this kind at the end of sentences.

Third example. “The tendency of this species to settle in groups was also noted in other parts of its range - in the Subpolar Urals (Bobrinsky et al., 1965), in the Yenisei taiga (personal communication) and in Tuva (Sidorov, 1990c).” In this case, the references are given sequentially, since the phrase contains a listing of natural regions studied by various authors. This example shows how you can refer to data that has not yet been published, naturally with the permission of the author of the observations. If the cited source has more than two authors, only the first one can be indicated in the reference, but all of them will need to be indicated in the bibliographic list. If for comparative analysis If you use several works of the same author published in the same year in your material, then letters are added to the year of publication, which will allow you to determine which of his articles you are citing.

Fourth example. “Information about the biology of the species is given in the book “Hunting Animals and Birds” (1968). However, the full name of the cited source is rarely given in the text. This is allowed in cases where it is justified from an informative point of view or makes the text more readable.
The bibliographic list of used literature is given in the last section. It is arranged in alphabetical order, starting with the last name of the author of the article or book. For example:
, Sanin various ways moose // Biological bases accounting for the number of game animals. Tver. 1990. S. 4 - 21.
Formozov tracker. M.: Publishing House of Moscow. University of Moscow State University. 19s.
Chelintsev winter route accounting of game animals // Bull. MOIP, dep. biol., 1999, v. 104, no. 6. P. 15 - 21.
The sign "//" separates the title of the article from the title of the collection in which it is published. In a number of editions, they are replaced by another frequently used option for indicating punctuation marks at the end of the article title - a dot and a dash (. -). In particular:
, 1990. Analysis of different ways of counting elk. - In: Biological bases for accounting for the number of game animals. Tver. pp. 4 – 21.

In any case, the range of pages that the article occupies must be given. If it is published in any periodical, the number (volume) of the corresponding issue is indicated. If we are talking for a link to the entire book, the total number of pages is reported. After the title of the book write the name of the city in which it was published. In the case of Moscow and St. Petersburg (Leningrad), abbreviations are used (M. or St. Petersburg (L.), respectively), in other cases the name is given in full.
In collections or magazines, unlike books, the name of the publisher is usually not indicated. Some editorial boards also refused to mention the publisher in the cited books. If it is given, then usually through a colon (:) after the name of the city.
, 1952. Pathfinder's Satellite. Moscow: MOIP, 360 p.
, 1990. Pathfinder's Satellite. Moscow: Moscow State University (or Publishing House of the Moscow University), 320 p.
, 1968. Hunting animals and birds. M.: Lesn. prom., 308 p.
This example suggests that the book was published in 1952 by the publishing house of MOIP (Moscow Society of Naturalists) on 360 pages and in 1990 by the publishing house of Moscow State University (Moscow State University) on 320 pages, and the monograph - in the publishing house "Forest Industry".

Thanks. Young researchers should not forget about scientific ethics. Someone helped to organize research, advised, helped to establish the species of hard-to-identify objects, etc. These people, mentors and colleagues, should be thanked for their help. Acknowledgments are usually written very briefly, in one or two phrases, and are placed either at the end of the Material and Methods section, or at the end of the work, but before appendices and bibliographic list. In many scientific journals Acknowledgments are in italics. Small differences in the design of the work may depend on your personal style, the nature of the work, scientific school to which you and your supervisor belong. The main thing when writing a research paper is to preserve the general principle of its construction and not lose the logic of the presentation of the material.

The main method of scientific research is the method of comparison and analysis of qualitative and quantitative indicators obtained by observing the phenomena under study. Comparing various data of the process under study, the researcher reveals the patterns of its course, looking for ways to control it, cause or prevent its occurrence.

In order to determine the direction of the study and clarify its possible results, the researcher must have certain knowledge and experience. Therefore, scientific work is preceded by a period of practical activity, the accumulation of knowledge and experience in this sport.

The first stage of scientific work is the study of what has already been done in this and related fields of activity. It may turn out that the problem of interest has been investigated and solved. If the problem has been studied in general view, you can use the known data and focus on the study of individual issues. Studying the state of related sciences will help the researcher to obtain additional and auxiliary data that will facilitate work on the chosen topic.

The study of practical experience provides very valuable data.

The next stage of scientific work is the analysis of data obtained from the study of literary sources and experience. This stage ends with the final clarification of the main direction of the study, clarification of the assumptions (hypotheses) and the definition of organizational forms of work and methods for obtaining objective data. The stage ends with the refinement of the research plan.

The main step is usually experimental studies. The researcher checks the effectiveness of one or another training method, technique variant, etc. under specially organized conditions. The data should reflect the most significant in the phenomenon being studied. Some topics can be developed without setting up experimental research, for example, topics on the history of boxing or certain issues of methodology. In these cases, the researcher makes an in-depth study of the literature and practical experience.

The scientific study ends with data analysis with conclusions and proposals for implementation in practice.

Conclusions and proposals must be brought to the attention of the broad masses of practical workers and verified by practice.

Generalization of experience

The main methods of summarizing experience are the study of literature and the study of practical work experience.

The study of literature. First of all, you need to make a list of books, pamphlets, articles and manuscripts that may contain materials of interest to the researcher. The list of references should be as complete as possible, include works for the last 10-15 years (including major works in related sciences).

The list is compiled on the basis of bibliographic reference books and library catalogs. 1: gm and catalog w: journal articles are indicated, you should look at the lists of articles usually placed in the last issue of the journal for each year. Then make a list of questions and prepare cards for statements.

When studying a book or an article, one should not make extracts and notes at the first reading. For the first time, you need to read the entire book (or chapter), marking on a sheet of paper the pages and paragraphs that contain the material of interest. At the second reading, it is not necessary to reread the entire work. You can limit yourself to re-studying the sections and pages noted earlier, outlining their content and filling out cards for the card index.

One card contains the opinion of the author of the book on one issue. Thus, after processing one book, the researcher will fill in as many cards as he has outlined questions. The same number of cards will be filled after processing the next book, and so on.

Cards are not folded by book titles, but by questions. Having finished studying the literature, the researcher will receive a card file with the opinions of all authors on each of the questions of interest.

In conclusion, the researcher summarizes the studied literature and draws conclusions about the state of the issue in the literature (in what plan is covered, what is more developed, etc.).

Work on the literature can be completed by compiling a summary table of literary sources.

Generalization of practical experience. The study of work experience is carried out through conversations with teachers, coaches, scientists, athletes, questionnaires; study of planning and accounting documents; observation of work practices; organization of accounting for practical work on special forms.

You need to prepare for the interview and the survey in advance by compiling a questionnaire on a special form. Divide the results into cards and make a card index.

When questioning, special attention should be paid to the definition of the list of questions and their presentation. Do not overload the questionnaire with a large number of questions, as well as put questions in too general a form or in a wording that allows for various interpretations. Questions should be formulated specifically and in such a way that the filler could answer with a short phrase or one word “Yes”, “No”, “I agree”, etc. So, for example, when studying the technique of a direct strike, one should not write in the questionnaire - “How hit?" Such a question can be answered in a whole article, and it is precisely the detail that interests the researcher that is missed.

Before mailing the questionnaires, it is advisable to check them on several comrades, employees (ask them to fill in), without explaining the questions and without giving any advice. An analysis of the answers will reveal whether the questionnaire is correctly drawn up.

The study of planning and accounting documents can provide valuable information for work related to the study of teaching methods and training. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that the data obtained from the analysis of these documents (registers, diaries of athletes, reporting documents of sections, etc.) are not always sufficiently correct. Therefore, it is necessary to process a large number of such documents, to generalize the experience of many boxers.

When using data from other researchers, it should be borne in mind that they could make mistakes due to the fact that:

evaluation of the results of the study was given different people and under different conditions;

data obtained using unverified measuring instruments;

the qualifications of the persons who carried out the measurements were not the same;

accounting was done carelessly.

The concept of scientific research. Static and dynamic structure of scientific research

IN general case scientific research is usually understood as an activity aimed at a comprehensive study of an object, process or phenomenon, their structure and relationships, as well as obtaining and putting into practice useful results for a person. Any scientific research must have its own subject and object, which define the area of research.

object scientific research is a material or ideal system, and as subject maybe the structure of this system, the patterns of interaction and development of its elements, etc.
Scientific knowledge is developed in the process research activities. Research is the way scientific activity providing new knowledge. Research work is the main driving force behind the production of scientific knowledge. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the structure of research activities: what components does it consist of, what are its dynamics and levels?

The structural components of research activities include the subject, object and means.

The subject of scientific activity operates in modern society at three interacting levels. In the first of them, the subject acts as an individual - a researcher, a scientist, whose scientific work is not necessarily a joint work, but is always a universal work, since it is determined partly by the cooperation of contemporaries, partly by the use of the work of predecessors. Thus, the scientist is not an abstract individual or "epistemological Robinson", but a "product" of socio-historical development; his individual creative activity, being quite autonomous, is at the same time always socially determined. At the second level, the subject of scientific knowledge is the collective, the scientific community, in which the integration of many minds is carried out, i.e. it acts as a "total scientist" (laboratory, institute, academy, etc.). Finally, at the third level, society as a whole turns out to be the subject of scientific knowledge; the problem of social organization science and its features in various socio-economic structures.

Thus, the isolation of levels makes it possible to reflect the objective dialectics of the individual and the collective in the subject of scientific knowledge. Each of these levels is represented in science, and each is important in its own way.

The object of scientific activity becomes such only as a result of active material, practical and theoretical activity of the researcher. A fragment of reality, having become an object of cognition, is subjected, first of all, to object-tool impact, for example, during a physical experiment, and in order for it to become an object of theoretical thinking, it is “turned” into an ideal object by representing it through a network scientific concepts, a specially created system of scientific abstractions. Hence the need arises to introduce the concept of "subject of science", which captures the features of the object of knowledge necessary for its knowledge in the course of active cognitive activity, in general, the socio-historical practice of the subject.

One and the same object of knowledge can become the basis for the formation of the subject of a number of sciences, for example, a person has become the subject of research in several hundred sciences, natural and social and humanitarian, the same can be said about such objects as language, science, technology, etc. In the future, it may be necessary to create general theory of this object, which is possible only on the basis of combining data from different sciences by applying the principles systems approach and leads to the creation of a new scientific discipline. So it was, for example, in the case of cybernetics, ecology, general systems theory, synergetics. Another situation is also possible: the subject of science is formed as a reflection of the essential parameters of a certain set of objects, taken in a certain relation. So, the subject of chemistry is transformations various substances accompanied by a change in their composition and structure; the subject of physiology is the functions of various living organisms (growth, reproduction, respiration, etc.), the regulation and adaptation of organisms to the external environment, their origin and formation in the process of evolution and individual development.

The means of scientific activity include logistical devices, tools, installations, etc., as well as various kinds of symbolic means, primarily language - a special scientific and natural one. The means should also include methods for obtaining, verifying, substantiating and building knowledge, which, like language, are singled out as an independent factor due to their specificity and special significance in scientific and cognitive activity. Of particular note is the fundamental change in all means of scientific activity in connection with the ongoing technical re-equipment of science with information technology, the radical improvement of technical means in the field of public information exchange.

The fundamental points are the availability of personal computers and the Internet, connecting the researcher not only to databases, but also to expert systems for consultations; the ability to integrate national and international information databases and provide a fundamentally new level of knowledge in various fields.

The considered components of scientific activity reveal its static structure, while the analysis of the structure of activity in dynamics involves isolating the main stages of scientific research. In the most generalized form, the following stages can be distinguished: the formulation of the problem, the isolation of the object and subject of research; experiment; description and explanation of the facts obtained in the experiment - creation of a hypothesis (theory); prediction and verification of acquired knowledge.

Obviously, the stages of research vary depending on the specifics of the science of natural science, mathematics, or social and humanitarian disciplines.

For structural delimitation of a complete system scientific knowledge and cognitive activity in methodology, there are concepts of empirical and theoretical levels. Let's consider these concepts. Empirical knowledge is not limited to everyday practical knowledge, since it is a level of specialized scientific knowledge, which, unlike ordinary knowledge, implies purposeful systematized activity based on special methods and concept systems. For the same reason, it is impossible to consider any mental activity as theoretical. It is also wrong to identify the empirical and the theoretical with the sensible and the logical. As sides of a single process, sensual and logical characterize any cognition, the direct relation of the subject to the object, and the features of individual cognitive activity. The division into sensibility and thinking is based on the data of the physiology of higher nervous activity and psychology, while the division into empirical and theoretical is abstracted from processes of this kind, refers to scientific knowledge and classifies methods and forms of knowledge, types of research. Finally, it is especially important to emphasize that the sensual and logical are represented and combined in a certain way both at the empirical and theoretical levels of scientific knowledge.

Scientific research is purposeful, so each researcher must clearly formulate the purpose of his research. The purpose of scientific research is the projected result of the research work. This can be a comprehensive study of a process or phenomenon, connections and relationships using the principles and methods of cognition developed in science, as well as obtaining and putting into practice useful results for a person.

Scientific research is classified on various grounds.
In normative acts on science, scientific research is divided according to intended purpose on the

fundamental,

applied.

Basic scientific research - this is an experimental or theoretical activity aimed at obtaining new knowledge about the basic laws of the structure, functioning and development of a person, society, the environment natural environment. For example, studies on the regularities of the behavior of nonequilibrium unstable dynamical systems can be attributed to the number of fundamental ones.
Applied Research - these are studies aimed primarily at applying new knowledge to achieve practical goals and solve specific problems. For example, the study of the control system of a specific unstable dynamic system. In other words, they are aimed at solving the problems of using scientific knowledge obtained as a result of fundamental research, in the practical activities of people.

search engines called scientific research aimed at determining the prospects of working on a topic, finding ways to solve scientific problems.
Development called a study that is aimed at putting into practice the results of specific fundamental and applied research.

By funding source distinguish

scientific research budgetary,

economic contracts

and unfunded.

Budget research is funded from the budget. Contractual research is funded by customer organizations under economic contracts. Unfunded research can be carried out at the initiative of a scientist, an individual plan of a teacher.
By deadline scientific research can be divided into

long-term,
short-term

express research.

Depending on the forms and methods of research, some authors distinguish between experimental, methodical, descriptive, experimental-analytical, historical-biographical research and research of a mixed type.

Classification of NI on various grounds

3.2. Stages of research work

For the success of scientific research, it must be properly organized, planned and carried out in a certain sequence.

These plans and the sequence of actions depend on the type, object and goals of scientific research. So, if it is carried out on technical topics, then the main pre-planning document is first developed - a feasibility study, and then theoretical and experimental studies are carried out, a scientific and technical report is drawn up and the results of the work are introduced into production.

The following successive stages of their implementation can be outlined:

1) preparatory;

2) conducting theoretical and empirical research;

3) work on the manuscript and its design;

4) implementation of the results of scientific research.

It seems necessary to first give general characteristics each stage of the research work, and then consider in more detail those of them that are of great importance for the implementation of scientific research by students.

^ Preparatory (first) stage includes: choice of topic; substantiation of the need to conduct research on it; definition of hypotheses, goals and objectives of the study; development of a plan or program of scientific research; preparation of research tools (tools).

First, the topic of scientific research is formulated and the reasons for its development are substantiated. By preliminary acquaintance with the literature and materials of previous studies, it becomes clear to what extent the issues of the topic have been studied and what are the results obtained. Particular attention should be paid to questions to which there are no answers at all or they are insufficient.

A list of normative acts, domestic and foreign literature is compiled, when writing dissertation research - a list of topics of dissertations, and if it is impossible to see the entire text of the dissertation, in some cases it is possible to limit oneself to studying abstracts of dissertations.

A research methodology is being developed. Research tools are being prepared in the form of questionnaires, questionnaires, programs, equipment, etc.

Pilot studies may be conducted to test their suitability.

^ Research (second) stage consists of a systematic study of the literature on the topic, statistical information; conducting theoretical and empirical research, including the collection statistical information, processing, generalization and analysis of the obtained data; explanations of new scientific facts, argumentation and formulation of provisions, conclusions and practical advice and offers.

^ Third stage includes: definition of the composition (construction, internal structure) of the work; clarification of the title, titles of chapters and paragraphs; preparation of a draft manuscript and its editing; text design, including a list of references and applications.

^ Fourth stage consists of the implementation of research results into practice and the author's support of the implemented developments. Scientific research does not always end at this stage, but sometimes scientific work and the results of dissertation research are recommended for implementation in practice and in the educational process

Stages of research

1. Preparatory

Topic and justification, degree of study, relevance

List of normative acts, literature, dissertations

Research methodology, preparation of research funds

2. Research

Literature study

Theoretical and empirical research

Generalization and analysis of results

Explanation of new facts

Formulation of conclusions and proposals

3. Manuscript work

Composition (internal structure of the work)

Title

Titles of chapters and paragraphs

Preparing a draft manuscript

Formatting the text and list of references

4. Implementation of results (possible options)

New processes (including training)

Aggregates and devices

3.3. Formulation of the topic, problems and goals of scientific research

Object of study is a system as a certain set of objects, features, properties and relationships between them. But from a methodological point of view, it is very important to understand and take into account the class of this system, its place among other systems. The object of research should be singled out from others. Before starting the study, we must clearly imagine what exactly we want to explore.

Purpose of the study this is the measure of its effectiveness. This a specific end state or desired result that is expected to be achieved in the research process. The goal, as you know, must be specific and must be formalized into control parameters or criteria for achieving the goal. This is usually described in the following terms: study ..., describe ..., establish ..., find out ...

It consists in finding the most effective options for the structure of the system and the organization of its functioning and development. But this general idea about the goal. In reality, research has many goals. It is necessary to be able to analyze the hierarchy of goals and highlight the main and secondary goals. When analyzing goals, one should not forget about the goals of the participants in scientific development. For the success of the business, these goals must be coordinated with the general goal. Research objectives can be current and prospective, general and detailed, permanent and episodic. The methodology of any research begins with the selection, setting and formulation of its general goal. The goal must be meaningful. It should not contradict universal morality and ethics. The goal must be achievable in the time interval to which the study is limited.

Subject of research is the problem. A problem is a real contradiction that needs to be resolved. Scientific research not only begins with the formulation of a problem, but also constantly deals with problems, since the solution of one of them leads to the emergence of others, which give rise to many new problems. A true scientific problem is different in that the answer to it cannot be obtained by transforming the available information. The solution of a scientific problem always involves going beyond the limits of the known and therefore cannot be obtained according to some ready-made rules and methods. This does not exclude the possibility and expediency of research planning. Problem situations in science arise when new facts are discovered that cannot be explained from the point of view of existing theories and ideas. A scientific problem is a form of scientific knowledge, the content of which is what is not yet known (knowledge about ignorance)

The purpose, object and subject of the study should be interconnected and constitute the essence of one study. If this condition is not met, then the result may be the opposite, as in the well-known proverb: “You cannot pardon the execution”, in which you need to decide where to put the comma. In a certain field of knowledge (management system), many studies can be performed, the object can be the same, but each study (topic) must have its own purpose and subject of study (Fig. 1.7).

Must be formulated research task , which determines the attitude of the subject of research to its object and subject of research. The task in specific cases (research sections of the control system) receives different interpretations: the study of the properties of the object, design, restructuring, creation of the object, its use.

Relationships between the object, subject, researcher and task (Fig. 1.4) are established research language , with its help, the researcher can reflect all the properties of the object that need to be taken into account when solving the problem. Language is understood here in the general scientific sense as a set of thesaurus (a set of concepts and relationships between them), a sign system (alphabet and dictionary), grammar (rules for constructing sign structures), semantics (rules for comprehending sign structures, i.e. correlating them to the elements and links of the thesaurus).

3.4. Formation of a hypothesis, methodology and working plan of the study

Particular importance in the conduct of the study (Fig. 1.8) is given to the development of a hypothesis. Hypothesis - this a scientific assumption put forward to explain a phenomenon and requiring experimental verification and theoretical justification in order to become reliable scientific truth(theory).

After developing a hypothesis, a research concept, or, in other words, - a single defining intent (idea) of the study. The concept, as you know, is considered as a set of fundamental ideas, principles, rules that reveal the essence and relationships of a given phenomenon or system and allow you to determine a system of indicators, facts and conditions that contribute to solving the problem, forming a strategy, establishing rules for the behavior of an individual.

The concept of the study of an automated control system (ACS) may contain the following semantic sections:

a general definition of the problem under study;
location of the problem in the automated control system (subsystem, element, component);
purpose of the study;
the main idea of solving the problem;
general definition of research methods;
an aggregated assessment of the need for resources for the study (human, time, financial).

Based on the research concept, a program(or plan) research , according to which the order of execution is determined, including three stages of research:

data collection (experimental testing of hypotheses);
classification, analysis and interpretation;
conclusions, generalization, correction of the hypothesis or development of a new hypothesis.

The research program must be balanced in terms of timing, performers, research methods used and processing of initial data, means, and also linked to other research plans and programs.

The program can define the following research objectives:

theoretical (fundamental);
practical.

Theoretical Goals management system research is an analysis of the relationships and constraints that determine the ACS.

Practical research , in turn, can be in order to improvement of the management system:

improvement of the algorithmic structure;

improvement of technical support;

improvement of information support;

improvement of automated control methods;

change in management functions, etc.

In this way, scientific method or scientific developments serve the practice. Science plays the role of a tool for constructing abstract substitutes for real-life automated control systems and their constituent elements, allowing solving practical problems, thereby ensuring the development of automated control systems. This is functional role of scientific research in the development of automated control systems .

3.5. Scientific research results: types and requirements

Research work (R&D): A set of theoretical and (or) experimental studies carried out in order to obtain reasonable initial data, to find principles and ways to create (modernize) products.
The basis for the implementation of research is the terms of reference (TOR) for the implementation of research and (or) a contract (agreement) with the customer - if there is a customer.
Stages of research


1. Choice of research direction	Carried out in order to determine the best option for the direction of research based on an analysis of the state of the problem under study, including the results of patent research, and a comparative assessment of options for possible solutions, taking into account the results of predictive studies conducted on similar problems
2. Theoretical and experimental studies	Carried out in order to obtain sufficient theoretical and reliable experimental results of research to solve the tasks set for research
3. Generalization and evaluation of research results, release of reporting scientific and technical documentation - ONTD	Carried out in order to assess the effectiveness of the results obtained in comparison with the modern scientific and technical level (including the assessment of the creation of competitive products and services
4. Presentation of work for acceptance and its acceptance	Acceptance of the R&D stage consists in reviewing and evaluating the results of the work performed, the quality of the presented STTD and other materials for the stage in accordance with the requirements of the TOR and the contract, as well as confirming the research results by testing mock-ups, if specified in the TOR or contract For acceptance of a stage, they present: an approved STD of the completed stage, a draft stage acceptance program (if it was developed), a protocol on the consideration of the R&D stage at the NTS (sections of the NTS), as well as other technical materials provided for by the TOR and the contract For acceptance of R&D, the R&D performer presents: Approved ToR; Approved acts of acceptance of completed stages of R&D; Approved scientific and technical report on R&D and other STD on R&D, provided for by the TOR and the contract; Models, programs and methods for testing models, if provided for by the TOR and the contract; Other materials on the proposals of the authorities that approved the TOR or the R&D acceptance program. Based on the results of acceptance of research work, the commission draws up an act of acceptance of research work, signed by the chairman and all members of the commission and approved by the management of the research contractor or the customer