India geographer position. The economic and geographical position of India is an example for developing countries. Flow distribution of the largest rivers

India is located on a peninsula isosceles triangle. The favorable physical and geographical position of India and the concentration of important air and sea routes contribute to the unification of the South-Eastern and South-Asian states with Africa and Europe. This is washed by the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. India includes the Nicobar, Amindive, Andaman and other islands. The state with a total area of 3.287 million km² stretches from south to north for 3214 km and from west to east for about 3000 km. If its land boundary corresponds to 15,200 km, then the sea one is approximately 6,000 km. Most major ports are located either artificially (Chennai) or in (Kolkata). The south of the east coast is called Coromandel, and the south of the west coast of the Hindustan Peninsula is called Malabar. Geographical position markedly different from the location of modern India. In the past, the state corresponded to the territory of some countries taken together (Iran, Palestine, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Phoenicia and Syria).

At present, in the east, India is in contact with Myanmar, Bhutan and Bangladesh; in the north it borders on Afghanistan, Nepal and China; adjoins Pakistan from the western side. Almost three quarters are filled with plateaus. The northern part of India is fenced off from other countries with the help of the Himalayas - the highest mountains in the world, accumulating great amount moisture and heat. This mountain range rises above the Indo-Gangetic lowland and extends near the border of China, Afghanistan and Nepal. It is in the Himalayas that the great and Ganges arise. The most beautiful place in India is Goa, which is located next to the Arabian Sea.

Economic and geographical position of India

This rapidly developing, agro-industrial state has achieved many recognitions in the economy. The national policy is aimed at the formation space program, industrialization and agrarian reforms. Indian industry consists of different types production - from giant new factories to primitive handicrafts.

The main economic and geographical features are:

the favorable economic and geographical position of India in the south of Asia, where the sea routes from the Mediterranean to the Pacific Ocean are located;
unresolved territorial issues related to China and Pakistan;
complex economic ties due to the terrain with countries located in the north.

Not only India's favorable geographical position attracts many foreign investors, but also the economy, which is rather controversial. Along with the rapid pace of industrial development Agriculture continues to move rapidly. It involves 520 million people, of which more than half work in the agricultural sector; a quarter - in the service sector; the remaining amount - in the industry, the main areas of which are engineering, automotive, consumer electronics and much more.

Thus, the economic and geographical position of India is favorable to the development of its economy, and the country manages to achieve success in the development of its economy.

The Republic of India is today one of the most dynamic developing countries peace, without which not a single internationally significant political or economic forum can do. The huge volume of the domestic market, associated with a large population, and a favorable geographical position make this country an important player in the international arena.

Geographical position

India is home to one of the most ancient civilizations that originated in the Indus Valley. The isolated geographical position of the country, surrounded on all sides by the Indian Ocean (Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal) and the highest mountain system Earth - the Himalayas, deserves special attention.

The Himalayas stretched across the territory of India in an arc, from north to northeast, and to the south of them stretched the vast and fertile Indo-Gangetic plain, on the territory of which in ancient times there were suitable conditions for the emergence of a highly developed urban civilization with a developed complex society and efficient agriculture .

Another major geographical feature of India is the Thar Desert, which extends east of the Ganges valley and is separated from it by the high Aravali mountain range.

Hydrology of the subcontinent

Along with the geographical position of India great importance for her historical development and the current state has the hydrography of the subcontinent. A huge number of rivers of various lengths and full flow flow through the territory of the state - from small streams to such giants as the Indus and the Ganges.

Most often, when classifying rivers in the territory of the Republic of India, their source of nutrition is taken as the basis. To determine the nature of nutrition, the terms "Himalayan" and "Dean" are used. The first category includes full-flowing extensive rivers with a stable year-round supply from snow melting on the peaks of the Himalayas and glacial masses, as well as from rain and monsoon sources. The decan rivers are characterized by rain feeding.

Flow distribution of the largest rivers

Deccan rivers include those that have an unstable supply from monsoons and rains, which means they are prone to drying up and unstable flow. However, all the rivers of the country have a flood period in their calendar - from June to October, when the maximum amount of precipitation falls on the territory of India.

It is worth noting that the largest river - the Indus - which gave the name to the country, after the division of the British colony, mostly ended up on the territory of Pakistan. However, there are other major rivers in India, such as the Ganges and the Brahmaputra, as well as the Yamuna, Koshi, Godavari, Kaveri, Krishna and Narmada. Most of the rivers flow into the Indian Ocean, and some into the Arabian Sea.

Climate of India

The vast territory of India, as well as its geographical position, determine the peculiarities of the country's climate. For example, big influence such large geographic features as the Himalayas and the Thar Desert have seasonal fluctuations in temperature and wind direction. They contribute to the formation of monsoons, which are distinctive feature subcontinent.

In addition, such a feature of the geographical position of India as its outlet to the Indian Ocean, which washes the country from two sides, is of importance. Thus, India was isolated from other states for a long time due to geographical reasons.

The climate of India is characterized by three distinct seasons: hot and humid lasts from June to October; cool and dry - from November to February; very hot and dry from March to May. In each of these seasons, the temperature can fluctuate depending on the height of the region above sea level and its position relative to the Himalayas, but in the flat areas of the country it rarely drops below fifteen degrees above zero. At the same time, in the mountainous regions of the country, the temperature can drop to -8 degrees Celsius.

Economy of India

The state of the Indian economy is greatly influenced by its geographical location, the features of historical development, which include the caste system, as well as the demographic situation.

The politics and economy of India are inextricably linked with demographics, primarily because the country ranks second in the world in terms of population, second only to China. The country's population is more than 1,326,000,000 people and is on the rise, in contrast to the same China, whose population has begun to decline in recent years.

The population and size of India make the country one of the world's leading players, which, however, does not remove the enormous social tension that exists in the country due to colossal stratification and horrendous poverty. In addition, vestiges such as the caste system and many religious prejudices prevent the country from increasing social mobility and efficient use of human resources.

India has a large labor force. More than five hundred million people are classified as able-bodied in the country, which became the basis for the stable growth of the Indian economy for recent decades. However, it should be noted that the level of well-being differs significantly in different geographic regions Republic of India, as well as in rural and urban areas. In addition, some castes do not have the opportunity to get out of poverty, which is often criticized by the world community.

Population of India

India is an example of a heavily urbanized country. It exists a large number of cities with a population of more than one million people, the largest of which is Mumbai, whose population, according to official estimates, exceeds thirteen million people. Delhi, the country's capital, is no more than one million inhabitants behind Mumbai.

The geographical position of India, combined with a large population, creates special conditions for political life within the country. And the great ethnic, linguistic and cultural diversity contributes to the growth of tension.

India - huge country southern part of Asia, located on the Hindustan peninsula between the headwaters of the rivers of the Indus system in the Punjab in the West and the river system of the Ganges in the East. It borders Pakistan to the northwest, China, Nepal and Bhutan to the north, and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. From the south, India is washed by the Indian Ocean, and off the northern coast of India is the island of Sri Lanka.

The relief of India is very diverse - from the plains in the South of India, to the glaciers in the North, in the Himalayas, and from the desert regions of the West, to the tropical forests in the East. The length of India from north to south is about 3220 km, and from east to west - 2930 km. The land border of India is 15,200 km, and the sea border is 6,083 km. The height above sea level varies from 0 to 8598 meters. The highest point is Mount Kapchspyupga. India covers an area of 3,287,263 sq. km, although this figure is not entirely accurate, because. some sections of the border are disputed by China and Pakistan. India is the seventh largest country in the world.

There are seven natural regions on the territory of India: the Northern mountain range (consisting of the Himalayas and the Karakoram), the Indo-Gangetic Plain, the Great Indian Desert, the Southern Plateau (Dean Plateau), the East Coast, the West Coast and the Adaman, Nicobar and Lakshadweep Islands.

Seven large mountain ranges rise in India: the Himalayas, Patkai (Eastern Highlands), Aravali, Vindhya, Satpura, Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats.

The Himalayas stretched from east to west (from the Brahmaputra River to the Indus River) for 2500 km with a width of 150 to 400 km. The Himalayas consist of three main mountain ranges: the Sivalik Mountains in the south (altitudes 800-1200 m), then the Lesser Himalayas (2500-3000 m) and the Greater Himalayas (5500-6000 m). In the Himalayas are the sources of the three largest rivers in India: the Ganges (2510 km), the Indus (2879 km) and the Brahmaputra flow into the Bay of Bengal (Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Pennaru, Kaveri). Several rivers flow into the Gulf of Cambay (Tapti, Narbad, Mahi and Sabarmati). Except for the Ganges, the Indus and the Brahmaputra, all the other rivers of India are not navigable. During the summer rainy season, followed by snowmelt in the Himalayas, flooding in North India became a common occurrence. Once every five to ten years, almost the entire Jamno-Gangetic plain is under water. Then from Delhi to Patna (the capital of Bihar), i.e. a distance of more than 1000 km can be traveled by boat. In India, they believe that the legend of global flood was born right here.

Statistical indicators of India
(as of 2012)

The internal waters of India are represented by numerous rivers, which, depending on the nature of the food, are divided into "Himalayan", full-flowing throughout the year, with mixed snow-glacier and rain food, and "Dean", mainly with rain, monsoon food, large fluctuations in runoff, flood from June to October. On all large rivers, a sharp rise in the level is observed in summer, often accompanied by floods. The Indus River, which gave the name to the country, after the partition of British India, was mostly in Pakistan.

There are no significant lakes in India. Most often there are oxbow lakes in the valleys of large rivers; there are also glacial-tectonic lakes in the Himalayas. The largest lake, Sambhar, located in arid Rajasthan, is used to evaporate salt. The population of India is over 1.21 billion people, which is one-sixth of the world's population. India is the most populated country on Earth after China. India is a multinational country.

Largest nations: Hindustanis, Telugu, Marathas, Bengalis, Tamils, Gujaratis, Kannars, Punjabis. About 80% of the population are adherents of Hinduism. Muslims make up 14% of the population, Christians - 2.4%, Sikhs - 2%, Buddhists - 0.7%. Most Indians are rural people. Average life expectancy: about 55 years.

Relief of India

On the territory of India, the Himalayas stretch in an arc from the north to the northeast of the country, being a natural border with China in three sections, interrupted by Nepal and Bhutan, between which, in the state of Sikkim, is the highest peak of India, Mount Kanchenjunga. Karakorum is located in the far north of India in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, mostly in the part of Kashmir held by Pakistan. In the northeastern appendix of India, the mid-altitude Assam-Burma Mountains and the Shillong Plateau are located.

The main centers of glaciation are concentrated in the Karakoram and on the southern slopes of the Zaskar range in the Himalayas. The glaciers are fed by snowfalls during the summer monsoons and snow drifts from the slopes. The average height of the snow line decreases from 5300 m in the west to 4500 m in the east. Due to global warming glaciers are retreating.

Hydrology of India

The largest rivers, originating in the Himalayas and for the most part flowing through the territory of India, are the Ganges and the Brahmaputra; both flow into the Bay of Bengal. The main tributaries of the Ganges are the Yamuna and the Koshi. Their low banks cause catastrophic floods every year. Other important rivers of Hindustan are Godavari, Mahanadi, Kaveri and Krishna, also flowing into the Bay of Bengal, and Narmada and Tapti flowing into the Arabian Sea - the steep bank of these rivers does not allow their waters to overflow. Many of them have importance as sources of irrigation.

Coast of India

Length coastline is 7,517 km, of which 5,423 km belong to continental India, and 2,094 km to the Andaman, Nicobar, and Laccadive Islands. The coastline of mainland India has the following character: 43% sandy beaches, 11% rocky and rocky coast, and 46% watts or swampy coast. Weakly dissected, low, sandy shores have almost no convenient natural harbors, so large ports are located either at the mouths of rivers (Kolkata) or artificially arranged (Chennai). The south of the western coast of Hindustan is called the Malabar coast, the south of the east coast is called the Coromandel coast.

The most remarkable coastal regions of India are the Great Rann of Kutch in Western India and the Sundarbans, the swampy lower reaches of the Ganges and Brahmaputra deltas in India and Bangladesh. Two archipelagos are part of India: the coral atolls of Lakshadweep to the west of the Malabar coast; and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a chain of volcanic islands in the Andaman Sea.

Natural Resources and Minerals of India

The mineral resources of India are diverse and their reserves are significant. The main deposits are located in the northeast of the country. On the border of the states of Orisa and Bihar, there are iron ore basins that are among the most important in the world (the largest is Singbhum on the Chhota-Nagpur plateau). Iron ores are of high quality. General geological reserves are over 19 billion tons. India also has significant reserves of manganese ores.

Somewhat to the north of the iron ore are the main coal basins (in the states of Bihar, West Bengal), but these coals are of low quality. The explored reserves of hard coal in the country are about 23 billion tons (the total coal reserves in India, according to various sources, are estimated at 140 billion tons). In the north-east of the country, there is a particularly favorable concentration of minerals for the development of heavy industries. The state of Bihar is the most mineral-rich region in India.

The minerals of South India are diverse. These are bauxites, chromites, magnesites, brown coal, graphite, mica, diamonds, gold, monazite sands. In Central India (the eastern part of Madhya Pradesh) there are also significant deposits of ferrous metals and coal.

An important source of energy can be radioactive thorium contained in monocyte sands. Uranium ores have been discovered in the state of Rajasthan.

Climate of India

The climate of India is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar desert, causing monsoons. The Himalayas serve as a barrier to the cold Central Asian winds, thus making the climate in most of Hindustan warmer than at the same latitudes in other regions of the planet. The Thar Desert plays a key role in attracting the humid southwesterly winds of the summer monsoon, which provide most of India with rain between June and October. India is dominated by four main climates: humid tropical, dry tropical, subtropical monsoon and highland.

In most of India, there are three seasons: hot and humid with the dominance of the southwest monsoon (June - October); relatively cool and dry with a predominance of the northeast trade wind (November - February); very hot and dry transitional (March - May). During the wet season, more than 80% of the annual precipitation falls.

The windward slopes of the Western Ghats and the Himalayas are the most humid (up to 6000 mm per year), and on the slopes of the Shillong Plateau there is the rainiest place on Earth - Cherrapunji (about 12000 mm). The driest areas are the western part of the Indo-Gangetic Plain (less than 100 mm in the Thar Desert, dry period 9-10 months) and the central part of Hindustan (300-500 mm, dry period 8-9 months). The amount of precipitation varies greatly from year to year. On the plains, the average January temperature increases from north to south from 15 to 27 °C, in May it is 28-35 °C everywhere, sometimes reaching 45-48 °C. During the wet period, temperatures in most parts of the country are 28 °C. In the mountains at an altitude of 1500 m in January -1 ° C, in July 23 ° C, at an altitude of 3500 m, respectively -8 ° C and 18 ° C.

Flora and fauna of India

Due to the peculiarities of the location of India and the diverse climatic conditions, everything grows in this country. Or almost everything from drought-resistant thorny shrubs to tropical rainforest evergreen forest plants. There are such plants and trees as palm trees (more than 20 species), ficuses, giant trees - batangor (up to 40 m high), sal (about 37 m), cotton tree (35 m). The Indian banyan is striking in its unusual appearance - a tree with hundreds of aerial roots. According to the Botanical Service, there are about 45 thousand different plant species in India, of which more than 5 thousand are found only in India. On the territory of India there are humid tropical evergreen forests, monsoon (deciduous) forests, savannahs, woodlands and shrubs, semi-deserts and deserts. In the Himalayas, the vertical zonality of the vegetation cover is clearly manifested - from tropical and subtropical forests to alpine meadows. As a result of long-term human impact, the natural vegetation of India has been greatly altered, and in many areas almost destroyed. Once heavily forested, India is now one of the least forested areas in the world. Forests have been preserved mainly in the Himalayas and in the highest mountain ranges of the peninsula. The coniferous forests of the Himalayas consist of Himalayan cedar, fir, spruce and pine. Since they are located in hard-to-reach areas, their economic value is limited.

More than 350 species of mammals live in India. The main representatives of the fauna here are: elephants, rhinos, lions, tigers, leopards, panthers, a huge number of different species of deer, bison, antelopes, bison and striped hyenas, bears, wild pigs, jackals, monkeys and wild Indian dogs. The barasinga deer lives only in India - there are only about 4 thousand of them. Reptiles include king cobras, pythons, crocodiles, large freshwater turtles and lizards. The world of wild birds in India is also diverse. It has about 1,200 species and 2,100 subspecies of birds, from hornbills and eagles to the symbol of the nation, the peacock.

There are river dolphins in the Ganges Delta. In the seas surrounding India, the dugong lives - one of the rarest animals in the world, a representative of a small detachment of siren, or sea cows.

As part of the government’s special programs for the protection of wild animals, a network of national parks and reserves has been created in the country, the largest and most famous of which are Kanha in Madhya Pradesh, Kaziranga in Assam, Corbett in Uttar Pradesh and Periyar in Kerala. At the moment there are only 350 national parks and reserves.

The Republic of India is today one of the most dynamically developing countries in the world, without which not a single internationally significant political or economic forum can do. The huge volume of the domestic market, associated with a large population, and a favorable geographical position make this country an important player in the international arena.

Geographical position

India is home to one of the most ancient civilizations that originated in the Indus Valley. The isolated geographical position of the country, surrounded on all sides by the Indian Ocean (the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal) and the highest mountain system of the Earth - the Himalayas, deserves special attention.

Another major geographical feature of India is the Thar Desert, which extends east of the Ganges valley and is separated from it by the high Aravali mountain range.

Hydrology of the subcontinent

Along with the geographical position of India, the hydrography of the subcontinent is of great importance for its historical development and present state. A huge number of rivers of various lengths and full flow flow through the territory of the state - from small streams to such giants as the Indus and the Ganges.

Flow distribution of the largest rivers

Climate of India

The vast territory of India, as well as its geographical position, determine the peculiarities of the country's climate. For example, such large geographic features as the Himalayas and the Thar Desert have a great influence on seasonal temperature fluctuations and wind direction. It is they who contribute to the formation of monsoons, which are a distinctive feature of the subcontinent.

The climate of India is characterized by three distinct seasons: hot and humid lasts from June to October; cool and dry - from November to February; very hot and dry - from March to May. In each of these seasons, the temperature can fluctuate depending on the height of the region above sea level and its position relative to the Himalayas, but in the flat areas of the country it rarely drops below fifteen degrees above zero. At the same time, in the mountainous regions of the country, the temperature can drop to -8 degrees Celsius.

Economy of India

The state of the Indian economy is greatly influenced by its geographical location, the features of historical development, which include the caste system, as well as the demographic situation.

India has a large labor force. More than five hundred million people are classified as able-bodied in the country, which has become the basis for the stable growth of the Indian economy over the past decades. However, it should be noted that the level of well-being differs significantly in different geographical regions of the Republic of India, as well as in rural and urban areas. In addition, some castes do not have the opportunity to get out of poverty, which is often criticized by the world community.

Population of India

India is an example of a heavily urbanized country. It has a large number of cities with a population of more than one million people, and the largest of them is Mumbai, whose population, according to official estimates, exceeds thirteen million people. Delhi, the country's capital, is no more than one million inhabitants behind Mumbai.

Mysterious India. India is an interesting and exciting holiday, rich in cultural heritage and unique nature. Perhaps you have long thought to visit some unforgettable place. India is the best suited for these purposes. India is chosen by tourists who want to relax on magnificent beaches, buy quality things, as well as see ancient buildings and beautiful places.

Geographic location of India

The Republic of India is located on the territory of the Hindustan peninsula, the shores of which go into the waters indian ocean. China, Afghanistan, Bhutan and Nepal are located on the northern side of India, Burma and Bangladesh are located on the eastern side, and Pakistan is located on the western side. India occupies almost 3,300,000 sq. km and is inhabited by almost 1 billion local residents. Time in the country is slightly different from Moscow, 2.3 hours ahead, and in the summer by 1.3 hours. The largest populated cities these are Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras.

Places of the most interesting and exciting holidays in India

India has a huge number of beautiful beaches that are famous for their exquisite beauty throughout the world. Tourists mainly choose beach areas in Kerala and Goa. But the beaches of Mumbai are famous for their active nightlife. On these beaches there are places with bright discos where a huge number of travelers spend their time, among which you can meet not only ordinary vacationers, but also some celebrities.

There are also great diving spots here. And lovers of a relaxing holiday will have the opportunity to enjoy the indescribable beauty of the local nature.

Lovers of shopping with all their hearts will be able to please themselves with local strikingly beautiful souvenirs, which are sold here in abundance. It is also worth paying attention to fabrics in local shops where you can find cashmere, Rajasthani cotton and the most delicate silk. Local tea is no less popular. But do not forget about the spicy spices that are here High Quality and at an extremely low price, such as turmeric, saffron, cinnamon, and a huge number of others.

No less tempting are local decorations, which are made of various metals, gold, silver, copper, brass, with the use of stones and other finishes.

Indian cuisine and attractions

Restaurants with local cuisine will delight any gourmet, as there are dishes for almost every taste. The main difference between Indian cuisine is the use of spices, which local chefs know how to correctly add even to sweets.

India has a huge number of places worth seeing, because throughout its territory there is a large cluster of ancient buildings and ancient fortresses. This republic has regular excursions to the best places, which show local ancient tombs, majestic temples, and much more like that, in which a lot of restoration efforts have been invested.

Not less than interesting place for recreation in India, these are walks in local reserves, plantations on which various spices are grown.

After numerous excursions and walks, you should definitely relax and sunbathe on the spacious beaches, which are distinguished by a high level of service.