Although Einstein believed that black holes were too incredible and could not exist in nature, later, ironically, he showed that they are even more bizarre than anyone could have imagined. Einstein explained the possibility of the existence of space-time "portals" in the depths of black holes. Physicists call these portals wormholes because, like to a worm biting into the ground, they create a shorter alternative path between two points. These portals are also sometimes referred to as portals or "gates" to other dimensions. Whatever you call them, someday they may become a means of travel between different dimensions, but this is an extreme case.
The first to popularize the idea of portals was Charles Dodgson, who wrote under the pseudonym Lewis Carroll. In Alice Through the Looking-Glass, he imagined a portal in the form of a mirror that connected the suburbs of Oxford and Wonderland. Because Dodgson was a mathematician and taught at Oxford, he was aware of these multiply connected spaces. By definition, a multiply connected space is such that the lasso in it cannot be contracted to the size of a point.
Usually, any loop can be pulled to a point without any difficulty. But if we consider, for example, a donut around which a lasso is wound, we will see that the lasso will tighten this donut. When we begin to slowly tighten the loop, we will see that it cannot be compressed to point sizes; at best, it can be pulled down to the circumference of a compressed donut, that is, to the circumference of the "hole".
Mathematicians enjoyed the fact that they were able to discover to live an object that was completely useless in describing space. But in 1935, Einstein and his student Nathan Rosenintroduced the theory of portals to the physical world. They trywere willing to use the solution to the black hole problem as a model for elementary particles. Einstein himself never liked the Newtonian theory that the gravity of a particle tends to infinity as it approaches it. Einstein believed that this singularity should be eradicated because it makes no sense. Einstein and Rosen had the original idea to represent the electron (usually thought of as a tiny dot with no structure) as a black hole. Thus, general relativity could be used to explain the mysteries of the quantum world in a unified field theory. They started with a solution for a standard black hole, which looks like a large vase with a long neck. Then they cut off the “neck” and connected it to another particular solution to the black hole equations, that is, to a vase that was turned upside down. According to Einstein, this bizarre but balanced configuration would be free from a singularity in the origin of a black hole.and could act like an electron. Unfortunately, Einstein's idea of representing the electron asblack hole has failed. But today, cosmologists suggest that the Einstein-Rosen bridge could serve as a "gateway" between the two universes. We can freely move around the universe until we accidentally fall into a black hole, where we are immediatelydrag through the portal and we will appear on the other side (passing through the "white" hole).
For Einstein, any solution to his equations, if it starts found from a physically probable reference point, had to be correlated with a physically probable object. But he didn't worry about who would fall into the black hole and fall into parallel universe. The tidal forces would increase indefinitely at the center, and the gravitational field would immediately tear apart the atoms of any object that had the misfortune of falling into the black hole. (The Einstein-Rosen Bridge does open in a fraction of a second, but it closes so quickly that no object canpass it at such a speed as to reach the other side.) According to Einstein, although the existence of portals is possible, creature will never be able to go through any of them and tell about his experiences during this journey.
Einstein-Rosen Bridge. At the center of a black hole is a "neck" that connects to the space-time of another universe or another point in our universe. While traveling through a stationary black hole would be fatal, spinning black holes have an annular singularity that would allow passage through the ring and the Einstein-Rosen bridge, though this is still under conjecture.
For publication work with the basic equations of general relativity (GR). Later it became clear that new theory Gravity, which turns 100 years old in 2015, predicts the existence of black holes and space-time tunnels. Lenta.ru will tell about them.
What is OTO
General relativity is based on the principles of equivalence and general covariance. The first (weak principle) means the proportionality of inert (associated with motion) and gravitational (associated with gravitation) masses and allows (strong principle) in a limited area of space not to distinguish between the gravitational field and motion with acceleration. A classic example is the elevator. When it uniformly accelerated motion upward relative to the Earth, the observer located in it is not able to determine whether he is in a stronger gravitational field or moves in a man-made object.
The second principle (general covariance) assumes that the GR equations retain their form when transforming the special theory of relativity created by Einstein and other physicists by 1905. The ideas of equivalence and covariance led to the need to consider a single space-time, which is curved in the presence of massive objects. This distinguishes general relativity from Newton's classical theory of gravity, where space is always flat.
General relativity in four dimensions includes six independent differential equations in private derivatives. To solve them (finding an explicit form of the metric tensor describing the curvature of space-time), it is necessary to set the boundary and coordinate conditions, as well as the energy-momentum tensor. The latter describes the distribution of matter in space and, as a rule, is associated with the equation of state used in the theory. In addition, the GR equations allow the introduction of a cosmological constant (lambda term), which is often associated with dark energy and, probably, the scalar field corresponding to it.
Black holes
In 1916, the German mathematical physicist Karl Schwarzschild found the first solution to the GR equations. It describes the gravitational field created by a centrally symmetric mass distribution with zero electric charge. This solution contained the so-called gravitational radius of the body, which determines the dimensions of an object with a spherically symmetric distribution of matter, which photons (quanta moving at the speed of light electromagnetic field).
The Schwarzschild sphere defined in this way is identical to the concept of the event horizon, and the massive object limited by it is identical to the concept of a black hole. The perception of a body approaching it within the framework of general relativity differs depending on the position of the observer. For an observer connected with the body, reaching the Schwarzschild sphere will occur in a finite proper time. For an external observer, the approach of the body to the event horizon will take infinite time and will look like its unlimited fall onto the Schwarzschild sphere.
Soviet theoretical physicists also contributed to the theory of neutron stars. In the 1932 article "On the Theory of Stars", Lev Landau predicted the existence of neutron stars, and in the work "On the Sources of Stellar Energy", published in 1938 in the journal Nature, he suggested the existence of stars with a neutron core.
how massive objects turn into black holes? The conservative and currently most recognized answer to this question was given in 1939 by theoretical physicists Robert Oppenheimer (in 1943 he became the scientific director of the Manhattan Project, within the framework of which the world's first atomic bomb) and his graduate student Hartland Snyder.
In the 1930s, astronomers became interested in the question of the future of a star if its interior ran out of nuclear fuel. For small stars like the Sun, evolution will lead to the transformation into white dwarfs, in which the gravitational contraction force is balanced by the electromagnetic repulsion of the electron-nuclear plasma. In heavier stars, gravity is stronger than electromagnetism, and neutron stars are formed. The core of such objects is made of a neutron liquid, and it is covered by a thin plasma layer of electrons and heavy nuclei.
Image: East News
Mass limit white dwarf, which prevents it from turning into a neutron star, was first estimated in 1932 by the Indian astrophysicist Subramanyan Chandrasekhar. This parameter is calculated from the equilibrium condition for the degenerate electron gas and gravitational forces. Modern meaning Chandrasekhar limit is estimated at 1.4 solar mass.
Upper weight limit neutron star, at which it does not turn into a black hole, is called the Oppenheimer-Volkov limit. It is determined from the equilibrium condition for the degenerate neutron gas pressure and gravitational forces. In 1939, a value of 0.7 solar masses was obtained, modern estimates vary from 1.5 to 3.0.
Mole Hole
Physically, a wormhole (wormhole) is a tunnel connecting two distant regions of space-time. These areas can be in the same universe or link different points of different universes (within the framework of the multiverse concept). Depending on the ability to return through the hole, they are divided into passable and impassable. Impassable holes quickly close and do not allow a potential traveler to make the return trip.
From a mathematical point of view, a wormhole is a hypothetical object obtained as a special non-singular (finite and having physical meaning) solution of GR equations. Wormholes are usually depicted as a bent two-dimensional surface. You can get from one side of it to the other both in the usual way and through the tunnel connecting them. In the visual case of a two-dimensional space, it can be seen that this can significantly reduce the distance.
In 2D, wormhole throats - the openings from which the tunnel begins and ends - have the shape of a circle. In three dimensions, the mouth of a wormhole looks like a sphere. Such objects are formed from two singularities in different areas space-time, which in hyperspace (space of higher dimension) are drawn together to form a hole. Since the hole is a space-time tunnel, you can travel through it not only in space, but also in time.
For the first time solutions of GR equations of the wormhole type were given in 1916 by Ludwig Flamm. His work, which described a wormhole with a spherical neck without gravitating matter, did not attract the attention of scientists. In 1935, Einstein and the American-Israeli theoretical physicist Nathan Rosen, unfamiliar with Flamm's work, found a similar solution to the GR equations. They were driven in this work by the desire to combine gravity with electromagnetism and get rid of the singularities of the Schwarzschild solution.
In 1962, American physicists John Wheeler and Robert Fuller showed that the Flamm wormhole and the Einstein-Rosen bridge collapse rapidly and are therefore impassable. The first solution to the GR equations with a traversable wormhole was proposed in 1986 by the American physicist Kip Thorne. Its wormhole is filled with matter with a negative average mass density that prevents the tunnel from closing. Elementary particles with such properties are still unknown to science. Probably, they can be part of dark matter.
Gravity today
The Schwarzschild solution is the simplest for black holes. Rotating and charged black holes have already been described. A consistent mathematical theory of black holes and related singularities was developed in the work of the British mathematician and physicist Roger Penrose. As early as 1965, he published an article in the journal Physical Review Letters titled "Gravity Collapse and Space-Time Singularities".
It describes the formation of the so-called trap surface, leading to the evolution of a star into a black hole and the emergence of a singularity - a feature of space-time, where the GR equations give solutions that are incorrect from a physical point of view. Penrose's conclusions are considered the first major mathematically rigorous result of general relativity.
Shortly thereafter, the scientist, together with Briton Stephen Hawking, showed that in the distant past the universe was in a state of infinite mass density. The singularities that arise in general relativity and are described in the works of Penrose and Hawking defy explanation in modern physics. In particular, this leads to the impossibility of describing nature before the Big Bang without involving additional hypotheses and theories, for example, quantum mechanics and string theory. The development of the theory of wormholes is also currently impossible without quantum mechanics.
Mole Hole. What is a "Wormhole"?
The hypothetical "Wormhole", which is also called a "molehole" or "wormhole" (literal translation of Wormhole) is a kind of space-time tunnel that allows an object to move from point a to point b in the universe not in a straight line, but around space. In the event that it is easier, then take any piece of paper, fold it in half and pierce it, the resulting hole will be the same wormhole
So there is a theory that the space in the universe can be conditionally the same sheet of paper, attention, only adjusted for the third dimension. Various scientists deduce hypotheses that thanks to wormholes travel in space - time is possible. But at the same time, no one knows exactly what dangers wormholes can pose and what can actually be on the other side of them.
Theory of wormholes.
In 1935, physicists Albert Einstein and Nathan Rosen, using the general theory of relativity, suggested that there are special "bridges" across space-time in the universe. These paths, called Einstein-Rosen bridges (or wormholes), connect two completely different points in space-time by theoretically creating a curvature in space that shortens travel from one point to another.
Again, hypothetically, any wormhole consists of two entrances and a neck (that is, the same tunnel. In this case, most likely, the entrances at the wormhole are spheroidal in shape, and the neck can represent both a straight segment of space and a spiral one.
Traveling through a wormhole.
The first problem that will stand in the way of the possibility of such travel is the size of wormholes. It is believed that the very first wormholes were very small in size, on the order of 10-33 centimeters, but due to the expansion of the universe, it became possible that the wormholes themselves expanded and increased along with it. Another problem with wormholes is their stability. Or rather, instability.
Explained by the Einstein-Rosen theory, wormholes will be useless for space-time travel because they collapse (close) very quickly. But more recent research on these issues implies the presence of "Exotic Matter", which allows holes to maintain their structure for a longer period of time.
But still theoretical science believes that if wormholes contain a sufficient amount of this exotic energy, which either appeared naturally or will appear artificially, then it will be possible to transmit information or even objects through space-time.
The same hypotheses suggest that wormholes can connect not only two points within one universe, but also be the entrance to others. Some scientists believe that if one wormhole entrance is moved in a certain way, then time travel will be possible. But, for example, the famous British cosmologist Stephen Hawking believes that such use of wormholes is impossible.
Nevertheless, some scientific minds insist that if stabilization of wormholes with exotic matter is indeed possible, then it will be possible for people to safely travel through such wormholes. And due to the "Ordinary" matter, if desired and necessary, such portals can be destabilized back.
According to the theory of relativity, nothing can travel faster than light. So nothing can get out of this gravitational field, hitting it. The region of space from which there is no way out is called a black hole. Its boundary is determined by the trajectory of light rays, which were the first to lose the opportunity to break out. It is called the event horizon of a black hole. Example: looking out of the window, we do not see what is beyond the horizon, and the conditional observer cannot understand what is happening inside the boundaries of an invisible dead star.
Physicists have found signs of the existence of another universe
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There are five types of black holes, but it is the stellar-mass black hole that interests us. Such objects are formed at the final stage of the life of a celestial body. In general, the death of a star can result in the following things:
1. It will turn into a very dense extinct star, consisting of a series chemical elements, is a white dwarf;
2. Into a neutron star - has an approximate mass of the Sun and a radius of about 10-20 kilometers, inside it consists of neutrons and other particles, and outside it is enclosed in a thin but solid shell;
3. Into a black hole, the gravitational attraction of which is so strong that it can suck in objects flying at the speed of light.
When a supernova occurs, that is, the "rebirth" of a star, a black hole is formed, which can only be detected due to the emitted radiation. It is she who is able to generate a wormhole.
If we imagine a black hole as a funnel, then the object, having fallen into it, loses the event horizon and falls inward. So where is the wormhole? It is located in exactly the same funnel, attached to the tunnel of a black hole, where the exits face outward. Scientists believe that the other end of the wormhole is connected to a white hole (the antipode of a black one, into which nothing can fall).
Mole Hole. Schwarzschild and Reisner-Nordström black holes
The Schwarzschild black hole can be considered an impenetrable wormhole. As for the Reisner-Nordström black hole, it is somewhat more complicated, but also impassable. Still, it's not that hard to come up with and describe four-dimensional wormholes in space that could be traversed. You just need to choose the type of metric you need. The metric tensor, or metric, is a set of values that can be used to calculate the four-dimensional intervals that exist between event points. This set of quantities fully characterizes both the gravitational field and the space-time geometry. Geometrically traversable wormholes in space are even simpler than black holes. They do not have horizons that lead to cataclysms with the passage of time. At different points, time can go at a different pace, but it should not stop or speed up indefinitely.
Pulsars: The Beacon Factor
In essence, a pulsar is a rapidly rotating neutron star. A neutron star is the highly compacted core of a dead star left over from a supernova explosion. This neutron star has a powerful magnetic field. This magnetic field is about one trillion times stronger than the Earth's magnetic field. The magnetic field causes a neutron star to radiate away from its northern and south poles strong radio waves and radioactive particles. These particles can include various radiations, including visible light.
Pulsars that emit powerful gamma rays are known as gamma ray pulsars. If a neutron star is located with its pole towards the Earth, then we can see radio waves every time as soon as one of the poles falls into our foreshortening. This effect is very similar to the lighthouse effect. To a stationary observer, it seems that the light of a rotating beacon is constantly blinking, then disappearing, then appearing again. In the same way, a pulsar appears to blink as it rotates its poles relative to the Earth. Different pulsars fire at different speeds, depending on the size and mass of the neutron star. Sometimes a pulsar can have a companion. In some cases, he can attract his companion, which makes him rotate even faster. The fastest pulsars can emit more than a hundred pulses per second.
A hypothetical "wormhole", which is also called a "wormhole" or "wormhole" (literal translation of wormhole) is a kind of space-time tunnel that allows an object to move from point A to point B in the Universe not in a straight line, but around space. If it's easier, then take any piece of paper, fold it in half and pierce it, the resulting hole will be the same wormhole. So there is a theory that the space in the Universe can be conditionally the same sheet of paper, only adjusted for the third dimension. Various scientists deduce hypotheses that thanks to wormholes travel in space-time is possible. But at the same time, no one knows exactly what dangers wormholes can pose and what can actually be on the other side of them.
Wormhole theory
In 1935, physicists Albert Einstein and Nathan Rosen, using the general theory of relativity, proposed that there are special "bridges" across space-time in the universe. These paths, called Einstein-Rosen bridges (or wormholes), connect two completely different points in spacetime by theoretically creating a warp in space that shortens travel from one point to another.
Again, hypothetically, any wormhole consists of two entrances and a neck (that is, the same tunnel). In this case, most likely, the entrances at the wormhole are spheroidal in shape, and the neck can represent both a straight segment of space and a spiral one.
The general theory of relativity mathematically proves the probability of the existence of wormholes, but so far none of them have been discovered by man. The difficulty in detecting it lies in the fact that the alleged huge mass of wormholes and gravitational effects simply absorb light and prevent it from being reflected.
Several hypotheses based on general relativity suggest the existence of wormholes, where black holes play the roles of entry and exit. But it is worth considering that the appearance of the black holes themselves, formed from the explosion of dying stars, in no way creates a wormhole.
Journey through a wormhole
In science fiction, it's not uncommon for protagonists to travel through wormholes. But in reality, such a journey is far from being as simple as it is shown in films and told in fantasy literature.
The first problem that will stand in the way of the possibility of such travel is the size of wormholes. It is believed that the very first wormholes were very small in size, on the order of 10-33 centimeters, but due to the expansion of the Universe, it became possible that the wormholes themselves expanded and increased along with it. Another problem with wormholes is their stability. Or rather, instability.
Wormholes explained by the Einstein-Rosen theory will be useless for space-time travel because they collapse (close) very quickly. But more recent studies of these issues imply the presence of "exotic matter" that allows burrows to maintain their structure for a longer period of time.
Not to be confused with black matter and antimatter, this exotic matter is composed of negative density energy and colossal negative pressure. The mention of such matter is present only in some theories of vacuum within the framework of quantum field theory.
Yet theoretical science believes that if wormholes contain enough of this exotic energy, either naturally occurring or artificially generated, then it will be possible to transmit information or even objects through space-time.
The same hypotheses suggest that wormholes can connect not only two points within one universe, but also be the entrance to others. Some scientists believe that if one wormhole entrance is moved in a certain way, then time travel will be possible. But, for example, the famous British cosmologist Stephen Hawking believes that such use of wormholes is impossible.
Nevertheless, some scientific minds insist that if stabilization of wormholes with exotic matter is indeed possible, then it will be possible for people to safely travel through such wormholes. And due to the "ordinary" matter, if desired and necessary, such portals can be destabilized back.
Unfortunately, today's technologies of mankind are not enough for wormholes to be artificially enlarged and stabilized, in case they are nevertheless discovered. But scientists continue to explore concepts and methods for fast space travel and maybe one day science will come up with the right solution.
Video Wormhole: door through the looking glass
Sci-fi fans hope that humanity will one day be able to travel to the far reaches of the universe through a wormhole.
A wormhole is a theoretical tunnel through space-time that will potentially allow faster travel between distant points in space - from one galaxy to another, for example, as was shown in Christopher Nolan's film "Interstellar", which was released in theaters around the world at the beginning of this month.
While wormholes are possible according to Einstein's theory of general relativity, such exotic travels are likely to remain in the realm of science fiction, said renowned astrophysicist Kip Thorne of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, who served as an advisor and executive producer on Interstellar. .
"The point is, we just don't know anything about them," said Thorne, who is one of the world's leading experts on relativity, black holes and wormholes. "But there are very strong indications that a person, according to the laws of physics, will not be able to travel through them."
"The main reason has to do with the instability of wormholes," he added. "The walls of the wormholes are collapsing so fast that nothing can get through them."
Keeping the wormholes open will require the use of something anti-gravity, namely negative energy. Negative energy was created in the laboratory using quantum effects: one region of space receives energy from another region, in which a deficiency forms.
"So it's theoretically possible," he said. "But we can never get enough negative energy to keep the walls of the wormhole open."
Also, wormholes (if they exist at all) almost certainly cannot form naturally. That is, they must be created with the help of an advanced civilization.
That's exactly what happened in "Interstellar": Mysterious creatures built a wormhole near Saturn, allowing a small group of pioneers, led by former farmer Cooper (played by Matthew McConaughey), to set out in search of a new home for humanity to exist on Earth. threatened by a global crop failure.
Those interested in learning more about the science of Interstellar, which deals with gravitational slowdown and depicts several alien planets orbiting a closely spaced one, may read new book Thorn, which is unequivocally called "Science from Interstellar".
Where is the wormhole. Wormholes in general relativity
(GR) allows the existence of such tunnels, although for the existence of a traversable wormhole it is necessary that it be filled with a negative one, which creates a strong gravitational repulsion and prevents the hole from collapsing. Solutions such as wormholes arise in various ways, although it is still very far from a complete study of the issue.
The area near the narrowest section of the molehill is called the "throat". Wormholes are divided into "intra-universe" and "inter-universe", depending on whether it is possible to connect its inputs with a curve that does not cross the neck.
There are also passable (traversable) and impassable molehills. The latter include those tunnels that are too fast for an observer or a signal (having a speed of no more than light speed) to get from one entrance to another. A classic example of an impassable molehill is in, but a passable one is.
A traversable intraworld wormhole provides a hypothetical possibility if, for example, one of its entrances is moving relative to the other, or if it is in a strong one where the passage of time slows down. Also, wormholes can hypothetically create an opportunity for interstellar travel, and as such, wormholes are often found in.
Space wormholes. Through the "molehills" - to the stars?
Unfortunately, the practical use of "wormholes" to reach remote space objects is not yet discussed. Their properties, varieties, places of possible location are still known only theoretically - although, you see, this is already quite a lot. After all, we have many examples of how the theoretical constructions that seemed purely speculative led to the emergence of new technologies that radically changed the life of mankind. Nuclear energy, computers, mobile communications, genetic engineering ... but you never know what else?
In the meantime, the following is known about "wormholes", or "wormholes". In 1935, Albert Einstein and the American-Israeli physicist Nathan Rosen suggested the existence of a kind of tunnels connecting various remote regions of space. At that time, they were not yet called "wormholes", or "mole holes", but simply - "Einstein-Rosen bridges". Since such bridges required a very strong curvature of space for the emergence of such bridges, the time of their existence was very short. No one and nothing would have time to "run" over such a bridge - under the influence of gravity, it almost immediately "collapsed".
And therefore, it remained completely useless in a practical sense, although an amusing consequence of the general theory of relativity.
However, later ideas appeared that some interdimensional tunnels could exist for quite a long time - provided that they are filled with some exotic matter with a negative energy density. Such matter will create gravitational repulsion instead of attraction and thus prevent the channel from “collapsing”. Then the name "wormhole" appeared. By the way, our scientists prefer the name "molehill" or "wormhole": the meaning is the same, but it sounds much nicer ...
American physicist John Archibald Wheeler (1911-2008), developing the theory of "wormholes", suggested that they are penetrated electric field; Moreover, themselves electric charges are, in fact, the necks of microscopic "wormholes". Russian astrophysicist Academician Nikolai Semyonovich Kardashev believes that "wormholes" can reach gigantic sizes and that in the center of our Galaxy there are not massive black holes at all, but the mouths of such "holes".
Of practical interest to future space travelers will be "wormholes", which are kept in a stable state for quite a long time and, moreover, are suitable for spacecraft to pass through them.
Americans Kip Thorne and Michael Morris created theoretical model such channels. However, their stability is ensured by “exotic matter”, about which nothing is really known and which, perhaps, it is better for earthly technology not to even meddle.
But Russian theorists Sergei Krasnikov from the Pulkovo Observatory and Sergei Sushkov from the Kazan federal university put forward the idea that the stability of a wormhole can be achieved without any negative energy density, but simply due to the polarization of the vacuum in the "hole" (the so-called Sushkov mechanism).
In general, now there is a whole set of theories of "wormholes" (or, if you like, "wormholes"). A very general and speculative classification divides them into "passable" - stable, Morris - Thorn wormholes, and impassable - Einstein - Rosen bridges. In addition, wormholes vary in scale - from microscopic to gigantic, comparable in size to galactic "black holes". And, finally, according to their purpose: “intra-universe”, connecting different places of the same curved Universe, and “inter-world” (inter-universe), allowing you to get into another space-time continuum.
Don't let the title scare you. Neither general nor special theory relativity (respectively, general relativity and relativity) of Albert Einstein, I am not going to present here. What in science is called the Einstein-Rosen Bridge is much more commonly referred to in the literature as a "wormhole" (eng. - .wormhole), "wormhole" or even "molehill". Hypothetically, this means a passage through space-time, which is like a "tunnel" or "portal" in space between its two regions. No observations, even indirect, the presence of such "passages" in outer space not confirmed. But mathematical calculations based on general relativity make their existence theoretically possible. True, such calculations for the existence of a solution with a stable "wormhole" require the observance of a number of specific conditions. For example, the introduction of exotic matter with a negative energy density. The foundation for the possible presence of "wormholes" was laid by Albert Einstein and his graduate student Nathan Rosen, mathematically exploring the conditions for the formation of so-called black holes. Therefore, the "wormhole" or "wormhole" itself received in science the official euphonious name of the Einstein-Rosen bridge.
Well, be that as it may, in scientific, and even more so in near-scientific and fantastic literature, this topic turned out to be very fertile and is discussed quite widely. There are plenty of hypotheses. It is believed that "wormholes" can connect as two various areas in a single space, the so-called "intra-world" (English - intra-universe), and “interworld” (English – inter-universe) connecting different universes. There are even finer gradations concerning quantum mechanics, but this is not our question at all.
Even if we accept all of the above as true, then all the same, the legitimacy of constructing two-dimensional models in the space of the Universe seems to me personally very doubtful. Even if we allow the possibility of space curvature, then certainly not in a two-dimensional version. All forces in the universe act only in volume. However, the simulation assumes that the space can be curved as shown in the figure. Then two distant sites are opposite each other and can be connected over the shortest distance through a "wormhole" - a tunnel between them. A beam of light (or a traveler) can fly through a tunnel (light green path) or go around a long path (red beam). It was here that errors appeared (except for the indicated two-dimensionality).
On fig. Figure 4.5 shows a two-dimensional model of an "intraworld wormhole". The top figure is borrowed from http://mezhzvezdny.blogspot.ru/2008_12_01_archive.html.
Rice. 4.5. Two-dimensional model of the "intraworld wormhole"
The top drawing is widely replicated, but it (and its modifications on other sites) has fundamental errors, so I will dwell on them in sufficient detail. The corrected drawing is located below the original.
For clarity, in my edited figure, the part of the green beam visible to the observer is shown as a solid line, and the invisible part, passing through the "wormhole" and in the lower part of the figure, is made with a dotted line. What has entered the funnel at the entrance must, in one form or another, emerge from the funnel at the exit. And if we mentally expand the bent plane, we will see that the entrance and exit to the "wormhole" should be on the same side. Otherwise, the green beam will enter it from the outside of the plane, and exit from the inside. I used the expression “in one form or another” because no hypothesis answers the question of what happens inside the “wormhole” (what is “exotic matter with negative energy density”) and how it will affect the object moving through it .
The red beam, passing from the outside along the long path of the curved plane, must remain on the same side where it started. Therefore, it is not visible on the lower inner surface (hence the dotted line).
I will give another type of drawings that is widely replicated, showing changes in the curvature of space near massive objects. Just like another example of widespread absurdity. Also the so-called modeling:
http://tineydgers.ru/publ/ehnciklopedija_obo_vsem_na_svete/mir_v_kotorom_my_zhivem/114-4-2.
Here we see the Earth (Fig. 4.6), under which something very strange bends. It is explained, as a rule, that this is how the gravitational field behaves. But this cannot be, because it can never be! Why deflection from below, and not around? Where in space is up and down? And the satellite flies! Does the field act on it at the bottom, but not at the top? Even about black holes they write that they are so massive that the space around them bends and closes under their weight. What, gravity acts in one particular direction??? The gravity of isolated objects acts the same in all directions, and their gravitational field must be spherical!
Rice. 4.6. "Curvature" of space around massive objects
Below I will provide a pic. 4.7, which most often appears first on the Internet to a request for an "Einstein-Rosen bridge". Its replication is huge, and in different "arrangements", but I chose the "inter-world" version of the "bridge". Here it is shown that the object of "our Universe", judging by the image - the Earth, falls into the "wormhole", passes through it, and then appears in the "other universe" ... it is not clear what ( http://do.gendocs.ru/docs/index-9333.html?page=5) . I brought this drawing, having a certain idea for the future. I still need it, but there already the “arrangement” and interpretation will be mine.
Rice. 4.7. Einstein–Rosen Bridge
And, finally, before you is the third version of the model of hypothetical "inter-world wormholes", directly related to the also hypothetical Multiverse (Fig. 4.8):
Rice. 4.8. Hypothetical multiverse with wormholes
http://glav.su/forum/1-misc/2106/threads/845097-thread/
Here, I think, in the light of everything that has been said about the Multiverse, comments are not required.
I hope the esteemed Reader has already caught something familiar in the description of the "Einstein-Rosen bridge", "wormholes" and "wormholes". That's right, we have already approached the question of the Principle of a one-sheeted hyperboloid of rotation and its greatest role in the Universe, where it has a much more important function than being a tunnel, portal or some kind of "wormhole". But all the so-called "bridges", "wormholes", "wormholes" have nothing to do with the world of three spatial dimensions. Therefore, they have not been discovered so far, and therefore it is really impossible to depict them. They are not subject to either our geometry or our time. Their world is a Subtle world of high vibrations, in which His Majesty TIME rules.
It is in this light that our further conversation about the Earth will go, solar system, stars, galaxies and about the Universe in general, where the Universal Principle of a one-sheeted hyperboloid of revolution works tirelessly. But first…
Something "beyond"
Did you like "wormholes"? I assure you that all this is not true, nonsense, nonsense. And not because they don't exist. And because everything happens completely wrong, principle completely different! All "wormholes" work only through... multidimensional TIME in the worlds of subtle vibrations. "No wormholes" in 3D space! No, it can't be! Therefore, they are not found, because they do not know where and how to look, or how they really look. Everything that I have shown in the drawings depicting the scientific idea of "wormholes" is absolutely, I emphasize - ab-so-lute-but, does not correspond to reality. This is just a pathetic attempt to explain what happens in TIME-SPACE (and without accepting such a concept!) through SPACE-TIME! No planes, no volumes (length - width - height), no funnels, geometrically drawn channels, even if they were called "portals", - there have no place to be. They just don't exist! There are portals, but there are no "wormholes" and "bridges". And portals are not in space! You can't take a picture or even draw them! Multidimensional TIME is not three-dimensional space! There everything always happens HERE, NOW and in ETERNITY! The official science has not the slightest idea either about the multidimensional TIME or about the worlds of subtle vibrations. Moreover, he does not even want to hear! Conservatism in science is the strongest brake on thought.
And in our world there are some unexplained by science, precisely because of this, it usually defames (or hushed up), manifestations. And there is no getting away from it. Everything mysterious attracts and fascinates the inquisitive, it seems to many a miracle. But... there are no miracles in the world, there is only the level of our ignorance.
There are many such manifestations. We will talk only about three of them: 1 - clairvoyance, 2 and 3 - disappearance, instant transfer through space (not levitation!), including with a return. Points 2 and 3 have the same physical nature, but differ in manifestations. I should note that such things are usually characteristic of unusual people who have increased sensitivity and, as a rule, powerful energy and a high level of vibration.
Since all my reasoning rests on multidimensional TIME, I want to warn you in advance so as not to cause unnecessary confusion: our time, the usual (the first dimension of time) I will write with a lowercase letter, and multidimensional - with capital letters.
Clairvoyance-
Everything is quite simple here. After what we have already considered, the phenomenon of clairvoyance should be clear. But it can be available only to people with paranormal abilities, the so-called psychics, but not to each of them - only to those who can tune in to a specific lifestream through the Thin Plan. For some clairvoyants, this happens spontaneously, others need a certain mood, and others need tools, such as mirrors, crystal balls, water vessels, crystals, etc.
The spiral of the lifestream of a particular individual (the first dimension of time familiar to us) from the time ó th space of TIME-ETERNITY, i.e. from the second dimension of time is visible immediately and entirely and seems flat. Take a look at fig. 4.9. The three-dimensional world in which the events of interest to us take place looks like a projection onto a plane (imagine a cube that you look at from above).
Rice. 4.9. Observation of the three-dimensional spatial world from the world of Time-Eternity
From the observation point marked with an asterisk, within the viewing cone, the base of which is limited by a spiral, everything is visible: the past, a specific moment of the present, and the future, and any of the successive incarnations (they are not indicated on the depicted spiral so as not to clutter up the picture). In this case, the term “lifestream” does not mean the living from birth to death of a specific Ivan Ivanovich Ivanov, but the entire set of embodied and disembodied states of this Essence. You just need to be able to tune in to a certain moment. But this is what each clairvoyant does in his own way.
Let's see how the seers, the most famous to the general public - Nostradamus, Edgar Cayce and Vanga achieved this. Each of them had their own way.
Nostradamus
His talents were largely determined by heredity and appropriate training and upbringing. Both on the mother's side and on the father's side in his family there were hereditary doctors with outstanding abilities, which to a large extent determined his main profession. Nostradamus' father belonged to the ancient Jewish family of Issachar. His genealogy was from Issachar, the fifth son of Jacob from Leah. The descendants of this kind were attributed a special prophetic gift. He received his early education in the family. The ancestors of Nostradamus inherited the art of healing and a penchant for Kabbalism.
We will not dwell on the professional medical activity of Nostradamus, but let's talk about a special prophetic gift. Firstly, unlike Edgar Cayce and, moreover, from Vanga, he was an excellently educated person for his time (XVI century). Secondly, he was an esotericist, an occultist, and, as they would now say, a very advanced occultist. Thirdly, he knew astronomy and astrology well, he could perform complex calculations. Fourthly, he possessed occult tools and knew how to work with them. Well, and fifthly, apparently, hereditary prophetic gift also played a role.
Of the magical tools of Nostradamus, the most widely known are the crystal ball and the famous mirror. With their help, he opened the temporary ó th channel into TIME-SPACE, having set a specific task for itself, and received information. This was often followed by its verification with the help of astrological calculations and encryption. Many quatrains have not been deciphered to this day. Why was such a tricky encryption needed? Remember the bonfires of the Inquisition that were burning at that terrible time throughout Europe.
For some reason it seems to me that he was the only one of all known and unknown prophets who knew where and how he draws information (Ancient civilizations do not count!).
Edgar Cayce
He was called the "sleeping prophet". Casey dictated all his revelations while in a state of trance, and did not remember anything after coming out of it. At first, in this way, he diagnosed patients and gave instructions, prescriptions for medicines, even sometimes those that were not yet in pharmacies. Then the range of questions began to expand. He could tell about previous incarnations of the client, about ancient civilizations, etc.
What led him to the opening of the corresponding channel to the world of multidimensional TIME was the question itself or the name and surname of the patient.
One can say with absolute certainty that he never set himself the task of studying and understanding the nature of his phenomenon.
Vanga
Her name is well known to everyone. A blind, poorly educated woman from a remote Bulgarian town became, one might say, modern symbol clairvoyance. Most of her predictions came true.
In order to tune her perception to a specific person, she usually asked him to put a piece of sugar under his pillow the night before the meeting. Why? Sugar in this case, having a crystalline structure, fixed the vibrations of a given person and played the role of a tool for opening the desired channel into the Thin Plan. Sometimes this was not required. She lacked mental focus.
Although Einstein believed that black holes are too small a phenomenon
the real and in nature cannot exist, later, such is the irony
fate, he showed that they are even more bizarre than anyone could
guess. Einstein explained the possibility of existence
space-time "portals" in the depths of black holes.
Physicists call these portals wormholes because, like
worm that bites into the ground, they create a shorter alternative
native path between two points. These portals are also called
sometimes portals or "gates" to other dimensions. No matter how they
name, someday they can become a means of travel between
different dimensions, but this is an extreme case.
The first to popularize the idea of portals was Charles Dodgson,
who wrote under the pseudonym Lewis Carroll. In "Alice in
Through the Looking-Glass" he presented the portal in the form of a mirror, which is connected
took the suburbs of Oxford and Wonderland. Because Dodgson was
mathematician and taught at Oxford, he was aware of these
multiply connected spaces. By definition, a multiply connected pro-
the space is such that the lasso in it cannot be contracted to the size of a point.
Usually, any loop can be pulled to a point without any difficulty. But
if we consider, for example, a donut wrapped around
lasso, we will see that the lasso will tighten this donut. When we
we begin to slowly tighten the loop, we will see that it cannot be compressed to
point sizes; at best, it can be contracted to a circle
compressed donut, that is, up to the circumference of the "hole".
Mathematicians enjoyed the fact that they were able to discover
live object that was completely useless when describing
space. But in 1935, Einstein and his student Nathan Rosen
introduced the theory of portals to the physical world. They try-
were willing to use the solution to the black hole problem as a model for
elementary particles. Einstein himself never liked
a theory going back to Newton's time that the gravity of a particle
tends to infinity as it approaches. Einstein considered
thought that this singularity must be eradicated, because in it
there is no point.
Einstein and Rosen had an original idea to present
electron (which was usually thought of as a tiny dot with no
structure) like a black hole. Thus, it was possible to use
use the general theory of relativity to explain the mysteries of quantum
new world in the unified field theory. They started with a decision
for a standard black hole, which looks like a big vase with
long neck. Then they cut off the "neck" and connected
it with one more particular solution of the equations for a black hole,
that is, with a vase that has been turned upside down. According to
Einstein, this bizarre but balanced configuration
would be free from the singularity in the origin of the black hole
and could act like an electron.
Unfortunately, Einstein's idea of representing the electron
black hole has failed. But today cosmologists suggest
that the Einstein-Rosen bridge can serve as a "gateway" between two
universes. We can move freely through the universe until
until we accidentally fall into a black hole, where we are immediately
drag through the portal and we will appear on the other side (after passing
through the white hole).
For Einstein, any solution to his equations, if it starts
came from a physically probable reference point, should have corresponded
carry around with a physically probable object. But he didn't bother
about who will fall into a black hole and fall into a parallel universe
lazy. The tidal forces would increase infinitely in the center, and
the vibrational field would immediately tear apart the atoms of any
an object that had the misfortune to fall into a black hole. (Bridge
Einstein-Rosen really opens in a split second, but
it closes so fast that no object can
pass it at such a speed as to reach the other side.)
Einstein's opinion, although the existence of portals is possible, life
no creature can ever pass through any of them and
talk about your experiences during this trip.
Einstein-Rosen Bridge. At the center of a black hole is a "neck" that connects to the space-time of another universe or another point in our universe. While traveling through a stationary black hole would be fatal, spinning black holes have an annular singularity that would allow passage through the ring and the Einstein-Rosen bridge, though this is still under conjecture.
