McDougall psychologist. McDougall William. biography. works, scientific theories and developments

short biography

McDougall was born June 22, $1871 in Chadderton. After graduating from Owen College, Manchester in 1890, he attended St John's College, Cambridge, graduating in $1894. Between $1894$ and $1898$ he studied medical science at St Thomas' Hospital in London.

In $1898, McDuggal accompanied an anthropological expedition to Australia and the islands of the Torres Strait. In this expedition, scientists carried out psychological diagnostics of the inhabitants of the continent.

After returning from the expedition, he underwent a scientific internship at the University of Göttingen with Muller, considering the problems of color vision. Between $1901$ and $1904$ McDougall worked as an assistant in an experimental laboratory in London.

From $1904 to $1920 he taught the discipline "mental philosophy" at Oxford University, and in 1908 he successfully defended his master's thesis here.

During this time he wrote several books: Physiological Psychology, Body and Mind: History and Defense of Animism. In them, the scientist tried to prove and substantiate the heritability of acquired traits, and also to explain the inhibition by the outflow of nervous energy.

McDougall moved to the USA in $1920 and became a follower of the famous Munsterberg at Harvard University as a professor. McDougall moved to Duke University in $1927, finding no support for his theories at Harvard.

Scientific achievements

Decisively, McDougall declared himself back in $1908, when his work "The Basic Problems of Social Psychology" was published, in which he formulated the main principles social behavior individual. this work became the basis of his "hormic psychology" - one of the parts of dynamic psychology, which focused on the modifications of mental processes, the energy basis of these processes.

At the same time, McDougall contrasted his psychology with theories of learning. Skills, according to McDougall, in themselves are not the driving force behind behavior, do not orient it. The scientist considered irrational, instinctive urges to be the main driving forces of human behavior. The basis of human behavior, in his opinion, is interest, which is due to an innate instinctive attraction, which only finds manifestation in a skill and is served by the mechanisms of behavior.

Remark 1

Any organic body, McDougall believed, is endowed from birth with some kind of vital energy, the forms and distribution of which are clearly predetermined by a set of instincts. When primary impulses are defined as directed impulses, they find their expression in certain bodily adaptations.

The term "instinct", McDougall replaced the term "inclination". Propensity is an innate formation that has control and incentive functions, containing a certain sequence of information processing, readiness for motor actions and emotional arousal. This psychophysical predisposition makes a person perceive something, experiencing from this a special emotional excitement, as well as an impulse to action.

McDougall identified twelve instincts:

escape,
curiosity (surprise)
rejection (disgust),
self-deprecation (embarrassment),
herd instinct,
aggressiveness,
self-affirmation (inspiration),
procreation instinct,
parental instinct (tenderness),
food instinct,
creation instinct,
acquisition instinct.

Each primary impulse corresponds to a certain emotion.

Remark 2

The scientist distinguished two fundamental forms of feeling - these are pleasures and sufferings, which are directly related to certain aspirations. Several emotions can add up to complex feelings, which is possible due to experience and learning when interacting with objects or circumstances involved in cognitive-emotional evaluation.

Among the feelings McDougall considered important "egotism"associated with self-consciousness. The feeling of happiness is due, according to the scientist, the harmonious coordination of feelings and actions in the unity of the individual.

McDougall is one of the pioneers of socio-psychological research, he introduced the concept of " social Psychology in 1908. William tried to scientifically interpret the processes in social groups. He considered social need as a herd instinct, and group communication as an organization of a system of interacting energies of all members of these groups. He actively developed the idea of a supra-individual national soul.

McDougall had a clear scientific interest in various occult phenomena. In 1927, he organized the first parapsychological laboratory at Duke University. The scientist understood psychic energy as the same effective energy as physical energy. Based on this, he tried to explain the phenomenon of "multiple personality". Gradually he came to understand human personality as systems of purposeful and thinking monads. His work in this area gave impetus to the study of personality and its motivational characteristics.

genus. June 22, 1871, Lancashire, England - d. Nov 28 1938, Durham, USA) - Anglo-Amer. sociologist and psychologist; since 1927 - professor at Duke University (North Carolina). He tried to apply anti-materialistic and psychological lines of thought to the social sciences. He is the author of the "hormic" concept, according to which the instinctive desire for a goal is inherent in the nature of the living. Based on this theory, he explained the social behavior of people, defending the superiority of the "Nordic race". Tried to prove that acquired traits are inherited. He put forward a number of psychophysical hypotheses, in particular, about inhibition as a "drainage" that causes an outflow of nervous energy.

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McDOUGALL WILLIAM

(June 22, 1871 - November 28, 1938) - English. psychologist and philosopher. Doctor by education. Worked in psychology. laboratories in Göttingen. He taught at University College London and at a number of Jesuit schools. institutions, at the same time being engaged in physiological. laboratories (since 1901). In 1920 he moved to the USA, where he became Münsterberg's successor at Harvard University, then (since 1927) prof. Duke University (North Carolina). M.-D. considered the desire for a goal to be a fundamental phenomenon, characteristic of both the behavior of animals, starting with the simplest (conduct), and the “behavior” of a person (behavior). He opposed the associationism and behaviorism of Thorndike and other concepts in psychology and physiology, proceeding from the recognition of the reflex theory, "target psychology", to-ruyu M.-D. called "hormic psychology" (from the Greek. ???? - aspiration, desire, impulse). "Gorme" M.-D. interprets very broadly, as Ch. sign of life in general. He openly characterizes his theory as teleological. and brings the concept of "horme" closer to the "will" of Schopenhauer, Bergson's elan vital, and so on. Then M.-D. expanded its vitalistic and teleological. concept to the scale of philosophy. systems, extending the concept of "horme" to inanimate nature (see "The hormic psychology", in the book: "Psychologies of 1930", L., 1930, p. 15). M.-D. interprets "gorme" not as consciousness, but precisely as a kind of driving force of an intuitive nature, which brings it very close to Bergson's "life impulse". At the same time, his theory is close to Tolman's "target" behaviorism and "dynamic" psychology in general. On the basis of the interpretation of "gorme" as the original instincts that determine the nature of man, M.-D. built an extremely reactionary "sociology", in which, for example, the eternity of wars was derived from the "instinct of pugnacity." Hosts. idealist, extremely reactionary. views, M.-D. sharply opposed any materialistic. trends in psychology. Op.: Physiological psychology, L.–?. ?., 1905; Outline of psychology, N. Y., 1923; Men or robots?, in Psychologies of 1925, ed. by C. Murchison, 3 ed., L., 1928, p. 273–75; Outline of abnormal psychology, 2 ed., L., 1933; Body and mind, 8 ed., L., 1938; The group mind, L., 1939; psychology. The study of behavior, 2 ed., L., 1952; in Russian per. - Main. problems of social psychology, M., 1916. Lit.: Flugel J., Prof. W. McDougall. 1871–1938, "Brit. J. Psychol.", Gen. section, 1939, v. 29, pt. 4; Langfeld H.S., Prof. McDougall's contributions to the science of psychology, ibid., 1940, v. 31.pt. 2; W. McDougall; a bibliography, ed. by A. L. Robinson, Camb., 1943. M. Rogovin. Moscow.

William McDougall was born on June 22, 1871 in Lancashire, England.
He graduated high school in England and then studied in Germany.
Enrolling at Queen Victoria University, McDougall graduated in 1890 with a bachelor's degree. After that, he also studied humanitarian sciences at St. John's College, Cambridge, graduated in 1894 and went to study medicine at St. Thomas' Hospital in London. During his studies, he received several degrees, which testified to the numerous scientific interests.
In 1899-1900 McDougall took part in the Cambridge anthropological expedition to Australia and the islands of the Torres Strait. As part of the expedition, he served as a doctor, and on the islands he conducted psychological diagnostics of local residents. Returning to Europe, he went to the University of Göttingen, where he did an internship with G. Müller on the problem of color vision. Since 1901, he began working in the physiological laboratory of University College London, at the same time his first works on the physiology of the brain were published. In these early
In his work in psychophysics and physiology, McDougall revived Jung's theory of visual perception and proposed a solution to the problem of psychophysical dualism in terms of field theory, cellular ensembles, and cybernetic concepts.
In 1904, W. McDougall became a lecturer at Oxford University, where he taught a course in mental philosophy.
In 1908, the scientist published the book "Introduction to Social Psychology", in which he formulated the basic principles of human social behavior.
ka. In this book, he made an attempt to connect the various methods of psychology with the psychology of personality.
To explain the causes of human behavior, he applied the concept of instinct. At the same time, he contrasted his instinctive psychology with theories of learning, and in particular with the ideas of J. Watson about instincts: a skill, from the point of view of McDougall, ϲam in itself is not the driving force of behavior and does not orient it.
By instinct, he understood, first of all, an innate formation that has incentive and control functions and contains a certain sequence consisting of the process of information processing, emotional arousal and readiness for motor actions. So, this predisposition causes a person to perceive something, while experiencing an impulse to act. In order to substantiate the energy basis of mental processes, W. McDougall introduced such a concept as "vital energy", which every organic body is endowed with from birth. The scientist professionally believed that not only the "reserves" of this energy, but also its distribution, and the ways of its "discharge" are predetermined and depend on instincts. When individuals interact in a group, in his opinion, their vital energies interact, forming the “soul of the group”.
In his opinion, instincts are the only existing engine of human actions, which define him as a social being. They are determinants not only of human behavior, but also of his consciousness. Not a single idea, not a single thought can appear without the motivating influence of instinct. Interest, due to innate instinctive attraction, finds its manifestation in a habit and is served by one or another behavioral mechanism. So, according to McDougall's theory, everything that happens in the field of consciousness is directly dependent on these unconscious principles.
In his work, W. McDougall singled out 12 main types of instincts: flight or fear, rejection, curiosity, aggressiveness, self-abasement (or embarrassment), self-affirmation, parental instinct (one of the manifestations of which is tenderness), procreation instinct, food, herd instincts, as well as the instincts of acquisition and creation.
The natural expression of instincts, according to McDougall, are emotions.
So, for example, the instinct of aggressiveness corresponds to such emotions as rage and anger, and the instinct of flight corresponds to a sense of self-preservation. The instinct of procreation is associated with female timidity and jealousy, the herd instinct is associated with a sense of belonging.
These basic instincts are based on derivative social (creation of a family, trade), as well as processes (for example, war). Great importance McDougall gave the herd instinct that holds people together, its consequence is the origin of cities, predominantly the collective nature of work and leisure. The scientist considered the so-called egoic feeling the most important, since it is associated with the instinct of self-affirmation. Several emotions can be summarized into more complex feelings, this is due to experience and learning when interacting with certain objects and circumstances.
As for the experience of happiness, from the point of view of McDougall, it is due to the harmonious coordination of all feelings and actions.
In 1912, McDougall published the book Psychology: The Study of Behavior, where he reflected his theory of instincts, emotions and will, which he called hormic psychology (from the Greek word "gor-me" - "aspiration", "desire", . "rush"). He considered the desire for a goal to be a fundamental phenomenon, which is characteristic of both animals and humans, and interpreted "gorme" as a sign of living things in general.
Subsequently, McDougall extended the concept of "horme" to inanimate nature, characterizing, So, his theory as teleological. It was from these positions that he criticized behaviorism for its lack of teleology, and later enthusiastically accepted the appearance of the term “drive” in some behavioral concepts.
During the First World War, McDougall was engaged in medical practice, which was associated with the treatment of shock conditions. This practice of his showed that Freud's theory was too much focused on the sexual and early childhood causes of neurosis.
In 1920, W. McDougall moved from England to the USA, where he became the successor of G. Munsterberg at Harvard University, receiving a professorship. After 7 years, he moved to Duke University in North Carolina, where he became dean of the psychology department.
In the book "Groupthink", published in the same 1920, McDougall linked the psychology of the individual already with cultural or national psychological structures.

While working at the university, McDougall encountered parapsychologists Joseph Rhine and his wife Louise. He, unlike all his colleagues, became interested in their research and took a couple of scientists under his patronage. In 1927, together they organized a parapsychological laboratory at Duke University.
Continuing his developments in the field of instinctivism, McDougall made an attempt to separate the concepts of "feeling" and "emotion". He admitted that he also used these concepts without great certainty, but in general they are often confused in science, since there is no consensus on the foundations, causes of occurrence and functions of the processes to which these terms refer.
After a long work on these concepts, W. McDougall came to the conclusion that the terms can be divided on the basis of "their functional relationship to the purposeful activity that they define and accompany, since these relationships are essentially separated in both cases."
From McDougall's point of view, there are two primary forms of feeling: pleasure and pain, which to some extent determine all the aspirations of the organism. In addition, there are also mixed feelings, which are a mixture of pleasure and pain - hope, anxiety, despair, a sense of hopelessness, repentance, sadness. They arise most often after a person’s aspirations have been successfully or unsuccessfully implemented, and it is them that people usually call emotions.
Genuine emotions, the scientist believed, do not depend on success or failure.

William McDougall died November 28, 1938 in Durham, North Carolina. He entered the history of science as the founder of hormic psychology, which emphasizes the energy basis of mental processes. The basic concept of this theory is "horme" - the driving force of an intuitive nature, which is realized in the action of instincts. McDougall's theory of social behavior became the basis for the development of instinctivism as a branch of psychology and sociology.

- BIOGRAPHY. WORKS, SCIENTIFIC THEORIES AND DEVELOPMENTS.

William McDougall was born on June 22, 1871 in Lancashire, England. He graduated from high school in England and then studied in Germany. Enrolling at Queen Victoria University, McDougall graduated in 1890 with a bachelor's degree. After that he also studied liberal arts at St John's College, Cambridge, graduating in 1894 and going to study medicine at St. Thomas' Hospital in London. During his studies, he received several degrees, which testified to the numerous scientific interests.

In 1899-1900 McDougall took part in the Cambridge anthropological expedition to Australia and the islands of the Torres Strait. As part of the expedition, he served as a doctor, and on the islands he conducted psychological diagnostics of local residents. Returning to Europe, he went to the University of Göttingen, where he did an internship with G. Müller on the problem of color vision. Since 1901, he began working in the physiological laboratory of University College London, at the same time his first works on the physiology of the brain were published. In these early

In his work in psychophysics and physiology, McDougall revived Jung's theory of visual perception and proposed a solution to the problem of psychophysical dualism in terms of field theory, cellular ensembles, and cybernetic concepts.

In 1904, W. McDougall became a lecturer at Oxford University, where he taught a course in mental philosophy. In 1908, the scientist published the book "Introduction to Social Psychology", in which he formulated the basic principles of human social behavior.

ka. In this book, he made an attempt to connect the various methods of psychology with the psychology of personality. To explain the causes of human behavior, he applied the concept of instinct. At the same time, he contrasted his instinctive psychology with the theories of learning, and in particular with the ideas of J. Watson about instincts: a skill, according to McDougall, in itself is not the driving force of behavior and does not orient it.

By instinct, he understood, first of all, an innate formation that has incentive and control functions and contains a certain sequence consisting of the process of information processing, emotional arousal and readiness for motor actions. Thus, this predisposition causes a person to perceive something, while experiencing an impulse to act. In order to substantiate the energy basis of mental processes, W. McDougall introduced such a concept as "vital energy", which every organic body is endowed with from birth. The scientist believed that not only the "reserves" of this energy, but also its distribution, and the ways of its "discharge" are predetermined and depend on instincts. When individuals interact in a group, in his opinion, their vital energies interact, forming the “soul of the group”.

In his opinion, instincts are the only existing engine of human actions, which define him as a social being. They are determinants not only of human behavior, but also of his consciousness. Not a single idea, not a single thought can appear without the motivating influence of instinct. Interest, due to innate instinctive attraction, finds its manifestation in a habit and is served by one or another behavioral mechanism. Thus, according to McDougall's theory, everything that happens in the field of consciousness is directly dependent on these unconscious principles.

In his work, W. McDougall singled out 12 main types of instincts: flight or fear, rejection, curiosity, aggressiveness, self-abasement (or embarrassment), self-affirmation, parental instinct (one of the manifestations of which is tenderness), procreation instinct, food, herd instincts, as well as the instincts of acquisition and creation.

The natural expression of instincts, according to McDougall, are emotions. So, for example, the instinct of aggressiveness corresponds to such emotions as rage and anger, and the instinct of flight - a sense of self-preservation. The instinct of procreation is associated with female timidity and jealousy, the herd instinct is associated with a sense of belonging. These basic instincts are based on derivative social (creation of a family, trade), as well as processes (for example, war). McDougall attached great importance to the herd instinct that holds people together, its consequence is the origin of cities, mainly the collective nature of work and leisure. The scientist considered the so-called egoic feeling the most important, since it is associated with the instinct of self-affirmation. Several emotions can be summarized into more complex feelings, this is due to experience and learning when interacting with certain objects and circumstances. As for the experience of happiness, according to McDougall, it is due to the harmonious coordination of all feelings and actions.

In 1912, McDougall published the book Psychology: The Study of Behavior, where he reflected his theory of instincts, emotions and will, which he called hormic psychology (from the Greek word "gor-me" - "aspiration", "desire",. "rush"). He considered the desire for a goal to be a fundamental phenomenon, which is characteristic of both animals and humans, and interpreted "gorme" as a sign of living things in general.

Subsequently, McDougall extended the concept of "horme" to inanimate nature, thus characterizing his theory as teleological. It was from these positions that he criticized behaviorism for its lack of teleology, and later enthusiastically accepted the appearance of the term “drive” in some behavioral concepts.

During the First World War, McDougall was engaged in medical practice, which was associated with the treatment of shock conditions. This practice of his showed that Freud's theory was too much focused on the sexual and early childhood causes of neurosis.

In 1920, W. McDougall moved from England to the USA, where he became the successor of G. Munsterberg at Harvard University, receiving a professorship. After 7 years, he moved to Duke University in North Carolina, where he became dean of the psychology department. In the book "Groupthink", published in the same 1920, McDougall linked the psychology of the individual already with cultural or national psychological structures.

Continuing his developments in the field of instinctivism, McDougall made an attempt to separate the concepts of "feeling" and "emotion". He admitted that he himself used these concepts without great certainty, but in general they are often confused in science, since there is no consensus on the foundations, causes of occurrence and functions of the processes to which these terms refer.

After a long work on these concepts, W. McDougall came to the conclusion that the terms can be divided on the basis of "their functional relationship to the purposeful activity that they define and accompany, since these relationships are essentially separated in both cases."

According to McDougall, there are two primary forms of feeling: pleasure and pain, which to some extent determine all the aspirations of the organism. In addition, there are also mixed feelings, which are a mixture of pleasure and pain - hope, anxiety, despair, a sense of hopelessness, remorse, sadness. They arise most often after a person’s aspirations have been successfully or unsuccessfully implemented, and it is them that people usually call emotions. Genuine emotions, the scientist believed, do not depend on success or failure.

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McDougall William

(6/22/1871, Chadderton, Lancashire - 11/28/1938, Durham, North Carolina) - Anglo-American psychologist, founder of hormic psychology.

Biography.

After graduating in 1890 from Owen College in Manchester, he studied at St. John's College, Cambridge, graduating in 1894 (bachelor, 1898), after which for several years, from 1894 to 1898, he studied medicine at the hospital St. Thomas in London. In 1898, he accompanied a group of specialists from the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Australia and the Torres Strait Islands, where he carried out psychological diagnostics of local residents. Upon his return, he underwent a scientific internship with G.E. Muller at the University of Göttingen on the problem of color vision (1900). From 1901 to 1904, McDougall worked as an assistant in the experimental laboratory of University College London, then, from 1904 to 1920, he was a teacher of mental philosophy at Oxford University (at that time he studied with Ch E. Spearman), in 1908 he defended his master's thesis here and wrote a number of books, in particular "Physiological Psychology" (1905) and "Body and Mind: A History and Defense of Animism" (1911), where he tried to prove the heritability of acquired signs and explain the effect of inhibition by the outflow of nervous energy. In 1920 McDougall moved from England to the USA, where as a professor he became G. Munsterberg's successor at Harvard University. Finding no support for his ideas at Harvard, McDougall moved in 1927 to Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, where he became dean of the psychology department.

Research.

He resolutely declared himself as an original thinker back in 1908, when one of his most important works was published (An Introduction to Social Psychology. L, 1908, in Russian translation: Basic Problems of Social Psychology. M., 1916), where he formulated the basic principles of human social behavior. This work formed the basis of his "hormic psychology" as a part of dynamic psychology, which emphasizes the modifications of mental processes and their energy basis. At the same time, he deliberately opposed his psychology to theories of learning and, in particular, to the ideas expressed by J. Watson about instincts (1913): according to McDougall, in itself is not the driving force behind behavior and does not orient it. As the main driving forces of human behavior, he considered irrational, instinctive urges. But his understanding of instinct, due to its vagueness, caused criticism from ethologists, in particular K. Lawrence. Behavior is based on interest, due to an innate instinctive attraction, which only finds its manifestation in a habit and is served by one or another behavioral mechanism. Every organic body from birth is endowed with a certain vital energy, the reserves and forms of distribution (discharge) of which are rigidly predetermined by the repertoire of instincts. As soon as the primary impulses are defined in the form of impulses directed to certain goals, they receive their expression in the corresponding bodily adaptations. Instinct - this term was later replaced by McDougall with the term "inclination" - is an innate formation that has incentive and control functions, containing a certain sequence of information processing, emotional arousal and readiness for motor actions. Thus, this psychophysical predisposition causes the individual to perceive something, experiencing from this a specific emotional excitement and impulse to action. Initially, he singled out 12 types of instincts: flight (), rejection (disgust), curiosity (surprise) - back in 1908, he pointed out the presence of cognitive motivation in higher primates, - aggressiveness (anger), self-abasement (embarrassment), (enthusiasm), parental instinct (tenderness), procreation instinct, food instinct, herd instinct, acquisition instinct, creation instinct. In his opinion, the basic instincts are directly related to the corresponding emotions, since the inner expression of the instincts are emotions. Based on the teachings of Charles Darwin about emotions, he interpreted them as an affective aspect of the instinctive process. Each primary impulse corresponds to a certain emotion: the impulse to escape is associated with fear, curiosity - with surprise, pugnacity - with anger, parental instinct - with tenderness. He criticized the James-Lange theory for focusing on the sensory component of emotions and ignoring the incentive component. He distinguished two primary and fundamental forms of feeling: pleasure and pain, directly related to a certain aspiration. Several emotions can be summarized into complex feelings, which is due to experience and learning when interacting with certain objects or circumstances that are involved in cognitive-emotional evaluation. Among the feelings he considered, as the most important, the so-called "egoic", associated with self-consciousness. The experience of happiness is due, in his opinion, to the harmonious coordination of all feelings and actions in the context of the unity of the individual. McDougall, one of the pioneers of socio-psychological research, introduced the very concept of "social psychology" (1908). He tried to give a scientific interpretation of processes in social groups: he interpreted social need as a herd instinct, and group communication as an organization of a system of interacting energies of all members of these groups ("the soul of a group"), developed the idea of a supra-individual national soul (The Group Mind. Cambridge, 1920 ). Like his predecessor, W. James, McDougall had a pronounced scientific interest in occult phenomena. In 1927, with the participation of J. Rine, he organized the first parapsychological laboratory at Duke University. He proceeded from the understanding of mental energy as as effective as physical energy (The Frotiers of Psychology. L., 1934). On this basis, he again tried to approach the problem of personality and explain the clinical material relating to the phenomenon of "multiple personality", here he came to an understanding of personality as a system of thinking and purposeful monads. In general, his work in this area gave a new impetus to the study of personality, primarily its motivational characteristics (G.W. Allport, G.A. Murray, R.B. Cattell, F. Lersh).

Works.

A contribution towards an improvement in psycholgical methods // Mind. 1898, 7, p. 15-33, 159-178, 364-387;

Pagan tribes of Borneo. V. 1-2, L., 1912; An Outline of Psychology. 2nd ed., 1923; An Outline of Abnormal Psychology. 1926; Character and the Conduct of Life. 2 ed., L., 1927; Emotion and feeling distinguished // (Ed.) Reymert M.L. Feelings and Emotions. Worcester, 1928; in Russian transl.: Distinguishing emotions and // Psychology of emotions. Texts, M., 1984; World Chaos. L., 1931; The Energies of Men: The Fundamentals of Dynamic Psychology. L., 1932; Psychoanalysis and Social Psychology. L., 1936; Psychology: Study of Behavior. 1912, 2nd ed., L., 1952. Literature.

Flugel J.C. McDougall and "Hormic" Psychology // A Hundred Jears of Psychology. L., 1933, pt. 4, chapter 7, p. 270-278;

W.McDougall: A Biography. (Ed.) Robinson A.L. Camb., 1943.

Psychological Dictionary. THEM. Kondakov. 2000 .

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