Fingerprints are studied by a special science - dermatoglyphics. It arose at the intersection of psychology, fingerprinting and forensic science and was originally used to clarify the psychological portrait of a criminal. The official date of birth of dermatoglyphics is 1892, when one of the brilliant biologists - cousin Sir Charles Darwin, Sir Francis Galton, released his monumental work on fingerprints and their relationship to human personality characteristics.

So no palmistry: a strictly scientific approach!

So, fingerprint yourself: leave prints of all 10 fingers on a white sheet of paper. Or you can just carefully examine each finger - as you prefer.

All fingerprints are individual, but typologically divided into 3 categories: waves, loops and curls.

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Usually a person has 2 or even 3 types of prints, rarely - one.

Write down on a piece of paper how many of which you got.

More "Waves"

It is the “waves” that are the most common pattern in our latitudes. Such people usually have a calm disposition, accommodating character and a balanced psyche. About such people at school they said “strong middle peasant”. There are not enough stars from the sky, but they don’t get involved in dubious adventures either, they easily converge with people, but they are not the “soul of the company”, they maintain equal relations with friends and colleagues, they are more family-oriented. Among the owners of “waves” as a predominant pattern, there are more people who have chosen a profession from the service sector: hair stylist, makeup artist, personal assistant, confectioner, florist, illustrator, interior designer.

Nuances:

If you have “waves” on your index fingers, you are very sociable and easy-going.

If the "waves" on right hand you have more than on the left, you are very quick-tempered, but you easily forgive insults. Accordingly, and vice versa: the predominance of “waves” on the left hand indicates that you are not inclined to be offended over trifles, but if you are offended, it will not be easy to earn forgiveness.

“Waves” on the thumbs indicate that you always insist on your own and sometimes even deaf to outside arguments. They say about such people “at least a stake on your head”: if you are sure that you are right, you are unshakable.

"Waves" on the index fingers speak of excessive emotionality and vulnerability of nature.

If the "waves" are placed on your index fingers, you are very responsible and devoted person. You will never leave a friend in trouble and will do everything to complete the task. For any boss, such an employee is a treasure!

More "Loops"

The pattern is more common in central Europe. These are quite open, self-confident and career-oriented people for whom self-development and self-expression are important, even if this does not bring specific material benefits. The predominance of this pattern on the fingertips indicates a developed intellect and a penchant for mental work. Looped people are the most in the most ambitious projects, they are the ones who take risks by participating in a startup or even organizing it, more often than others open their own business, start from junior assistants and work their way up to CEOs. These are very energetic, hard-working, creative people, about whom they say "the Earth turns with them."

Nuances:

If the "loops" are located on the index fingers, you are the perfect team player. You are not eager to become leaders, but you interact remarkably with colleagues, friends and relatives.

"Loops" on the middle fingers indicate a strong dependence on the opinions of others. Even if you don’t show it outwardly, deep down you worry about what your colleagues will think about your new dress, and what your mother will say when you tell her that the promotion did not take place.

“Loops” on the ring fingers and little fingers speak of good health: surprisingly, statistics have shown that, being quite painful in childhood, such people grow up and practically do not get sick with anything serious.

If there are more than 8 loops, you love to dream and fantasize. They say about such people "hovering in the clouds" or, in more advanced cases, "not of this world." It was the owners of the pronounced advantage of loops who became science fiction writers more often than others!

More Curls

The more “curls” on your fingers, the more potential your brain has. Scientists call 10 “curls” the “seal of genius”, since such a pattern is extremely rare and almost always found among scientists, brilliant inventors and discoverers. The predominance of "curls" speaks of highly developed logical thinking, the ability to analyze, good linguistic and mathematical ability. Such people calmly learn several languages, in adulthood they can radically change their profession, having mastered something fundamentally new, emigrate several times, finding a job more interesting, or, strictly opposite, dedicate their whole life to some scientific research. The only thing they are almost indifferent to is material wealth.

Nuances:

"Curls" on the thumbs speak of a desire for dominance. Such a person is not able to work in complete submission, he needs space for individual projects, attention to his ideas. Routine is the worst punishment for him.

If the "curls" are located on all fingers except the thumbs, we are talking about an extremely unstable psychological person. They say about such people “one step from love to hate”, such people can radically change their position in a matter of minutes, since new arguments or facts have appeared.

"Curls" on the index fingers indicate that a person can take on a hundred things at the same time, and often quite successfully. But the other side of the coin is that it is difficult for such people to concentrate. For successful work they need a clear daily routine and organization of the process.

"Curls" on the little fingers speak of the indecision and inner isolation of a person. Such people are distrustful, rarely get close to anyone, prefer to spend time alone. But if someone manages to win their trust, you won’t find a more devoted friend.

The existence of twins is an amazing phenomenon, which is not so rare these days. If you look at the situation from the outside, then their appearance in this world can be compared with the plot of a good science fiction novel. The twins themselves, as a rule, do not immediately manage to get used to the idea of ​​​​the presence of an identical double nearby. In this article, we will cover little-known and amazing facts about twins.

Identical twins have different fingerprints

The term "identical twins" should be taken literally. They are called so because they are practically indistinguishable from each other. But even the most similar twins will have different fingerprints. This feature is strictly individual.

According to experts, their shape depends on the position of the fetus and the density of the amniotic fluid, which spirally wraps around the fingers at different times. Identical twins occupy different parts in the womb, so their hands are pressed to different places.

Fingerprint testing is the only reliable way to tell one twin from the other.

Sometimes one twin disappears

One of the creepiest things that can happen when a woman is pregnant with twins is Vanishing Twin Syndrome.

First, the mother finds out on an ultrasound that she has twins. A few months later it turns out that one of them died right in the womb.

According to statistics, this happens in 20-30% of cases of multiple pregnancies.

Twins separated at birth often lead odd lives

Sometimes twins are separated at birth. At the same time, they do not even suspect that an almost complete copy of them exists somewhere. Surprisingly, at the same time they begin to lead parallel lives in adulthood.

One example is Paula Bernstein and Elise Shane, who reunited at the age of 30. They were surprised to find that both became writers, had the same political views and passion for art. In adolescence, they suffered from identical intestinal disorders, in addition, they edited school newspapers and studied film in college.

Twins begin to communicate even before birth

The womb is very similar to your first apartment outside of school. It's cramped, dirty, and you spend way too much time sucking weird drinks out of an even weirder pipe.

But this first apartment is completely yours, and it's brand new to you, so you dig it. The only thing that can make it even better is a cool, friendly roommate, which is exactly what the twins have.

Twins have an unusually strong bond with each other. According to recent research, they begin to communicate and feel sympathy for each other even in the womb.

For example, it was possible to establish that already at the 14th week of pregnancy, the twins begin to extend their hand to their brother. By the 18th week, they are already regularly touching their partner. At the same time, they are careful when touching the twin's eyes so as not to injure.

"Mirror Twins"

"Mirror twins" have quite a lot of differences compared to the more common identical twins.

In fact, they look exactly the same, but their functions are mirrored. They all have the same genes, but one twin can be left-handed and the other right-handed.

If one has a noticeable birthmark on the left leg, then the "mirror twin" will have a birthmark in the same place, but on the right leg. Often they have bite on opposite sides. Moreover, despite this strange asymmetry, most often, they are monozygotic.

The mind of Siamese twins can be connected

Tatiana and Krista Hogan are twins whose skulls are fused together. The fact that they are alive is already a miracle. Most of these phenomena require surgical separation in order to survive.

Even more incredible is that there is a physical connection between their brains, which neurosurgeons call the thalamic bridge. Thanks to this, they can even feel each other on a sensual level. For example, if Krista tries some new food, Tatiana tastes it.

Twins can have different fathers

It's hard to say where this strange fact would be more appropriate: in a science fiction novel or a sitcom. It is now reliably known that twins can have different fathers.

The fact is that twins appear when a woman produces two eggs, each of which is fertilized by a separate sperm. Therefore, if she meets in the same period with two men, this is quite likely.

Such situations most often occur in animals, but they also occur among people. There are at least a few proven cases.

Gemini communicate in their own language

This phenomenon is observed in 40% of twins. It's called cryptophasia. When twins are still very young, just beginning to learn speech, then, unlike most children, together with their partner they are able to create a language that no one else will understand.

These autonomous languages ​​tend to disappear when toddlers learn adult language. But this doesn't always happen.

Matthew and Michael Youlden are two adult twins who have not lost the language they spoke as children. From about the age of 7, they began to actively develop it. They had their own alphabet, grammatical rules, it became possible to fully communicate on it.

They call their personal language Umeri. This is an amazing phenomenon. Interestingly, the twins keep it a secret from the rest of the world.

The twin gene is passed down from mothers

Counts. that a woman's ability to produce two eggs instead of one. transmitted genetically. So if you didn’t have twins in your family line for several generations, it’s unlikely that you will have them either.

The birth of twins is always directly related to ovulation. Years of research have concluded that the genetic predisposition is transmitted only from woman to woman.

There are more and more twins

In 2014, it was found that a record number of twins were born in the world. Since 1980, the frequency with which they were born has increased by 76%.

Basically, this is due to the fact that modern women give birth all at a later age.

Incredible Facts

The idea that we all have unique fingerprints that can be identified from computer data is wrong, the expert argues.

Fingerprints for identifying criminals played a big role in finding guilty.

However, the British expert of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Mike Silverman(Mike Silverman), argues that human error, incomplete prints, and false positives result in fingerprints as evidence are not so reliable, as previously thought.

Fingerprints

No one has yet proven that fingerprints are unique, and family members may have the same elements of papillary patterns.

There are other problems, such as when scanning the fingerprints of older people, whose skin loses elasticity, and in rare cases, their fingerprints become smooth and inexpressive.

"Basically, you can't prove that no two fingerprints are the same. It's impossible, like winning the lottery, although people win every week," explained Mr. Silverman. "We need a specialist to determine that the print taken from the crime scene and from the person in question belongs to one finger."

There are numerous cases where fingerprints have mistakenly pointed to innocent people.

Besides, Many things affect the accuracy of a print. such as smear and dirt.

Unlike in forensic sciences, since DNA is an analysis that gives a statistical probability of a match, experts in fingerprinting usually state that the evidence is either a 100% match or a 100% exception.

Previous research has shown that experts don't always draw the same conclusions about whether a print matches the one at the crime scene when they're presented with the same evidence twice.

Fingerprinting

Fingerprinting is the field of study of fingerprints. The name comes from the Greek words "daktylos" - "finger" and "skopein" - meaning "to study".

There are furrows on our fingers that help us grasp objects. They provide us with both grip and friction, preventing objects from easily falling out of our hands. They also improve the sense of touch.

· When we touch objects, we leave fingerprints thanks to the natural oils contained in the skin and the salts secreted by the sweat glands.

English anthropologist Francis Galton (Francis Galton) classified fingerprints into such types as "spiral", "arc" and "loop".

· Koala fingerprints are similar to human fingerprints. The difference is that koalas have two thumbs and claws.

Fingerprints are formed before birth at 3 months of fetal development.

· Exists 1 in 64 billion chances that your fingerprint matches that of another person.

The fingerprint scanner

Apple has developed a Touch ID fingerprint scanner that can be used as a password.

People have long paid attention to skin patterns on their fingertips and even learned how to use them to identify a person, because for each person they are peculiar and unique. Forensic science uses this feature as a way to achieve the goal of proving the guilt of a suspect by taking fingerprints at the crime scene and comparing them with samples in the database or a potential criminal.

Identification procedure

The pattern on the fingertips is formed during the prenatal development of the fetus. The skin consists of several layers, which, connecting with each other, form folds - papillary patterns.

Like everything in the human body, this pattern is determined at the DNA level. There are so many possible combinations of grooves and curls in the print that the probability of matching such a pattern in two people is close to zero. Moreover, the fingerprints are different even for one person on different fingers.

For all its persuasiveness, the theory of the uniqueness of fingerprints cannot be fully proven. Despite the fact that bases with millions of prints have been created, it is physically impossible to remove and save this pattern from every inhabitant of the planet, as well as to compare the prints of living people with those who died long ago. Therefore, the theory remains a theory, although it has found wide practical application.

The fact that the patterns on the fingers are unique, people assumed thousands of years ago, but the real interest of the public this question caused in 1877 when the Englishman William Herschel suggested that the papillary pattern of our fingers remains unchanged throughout a person's life. Many researchers, and especially criminologists, asked themselves the question: "Isn't a fingerprint a unique identifier for each person?" This would open up completely new possibilities in the criminal investigation and would make it possible to keep an unmistakable record of persons suspected of committing a crime. But before this idea could become a reality, it was necessary to develop a classification system for papillary patterns and, most importantly, to prove that the papillary pattern of each person is unique. And if the experts coped with the first task rather quickly, then the proof of the uniqueness of fingerprints still raises questions from many experts.

Human palms are made up of two layers of skin: the cutis, the bottom layer, and the epidermis, the top layer. These layers do not adhere tightly to each other, so over time, folds appear on the cutis, from which our unique papillary patterns are formed. This happens around the seventh month of the fetus's life, so a person is born already with unique fingerprints. As the child grows older, the print increases, but the pattern remains the same. How did the researchers prove that each fingerprint is unique? Actually… not at all. Simply because it's impossible. This assumption was made on the basis of the examinations and analysis of fingerprint databases, among which it was not possible to find matching ones. However, it is not yet possible to take fingerprints from all 7 billion people inhabiting the planet and analyze their fingerprints. And if all the people who have lived on the planet throughout history, then the task becomes completely impossible.

Fingerprinting recognizes that it is still possible to re-draw on the fingertips. It all depends on the probability of this event. Most likely, a complete match of papillary patterns can happen no more than in one case in 64 billion. And if we take into account that, according to rough estimates, about 107 billion people were born on Earth in the entire history of its existence, then, for sure, two people, even if they lived in different eras, had the same fingerprints.

Interesting Facts about fingerprints:

- The Argentinean police were the first to use the Galton method in determining fingerprints.

– Juan Vucetih, a member of the Argentine police, was the first police officer to catch a criminal using fingerprinting. It turned out to be a woman who killed her own sons. After their deaths, she cut her throat to avoid being found guilty. However, after killing the boys, she left fingerprints on the door, so she could not escape punishment.

“Of all the types of forensic examinations, fingerprints are the most evidentiary evidence found at a crime scene.

- The pattern on the soles and toes is also individual for each person. Often it helps to find a person as well as the drawing of fingers.

- It is fingerprints that can show that a person has used drugs - the skin secretes lard, which includes the remains of any substances in the body.

- Your cat will not be able to escape responsibility either - after all, the imprint of his nose is also individual.

Illustration: depositphotos | JohanSwanepoel

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