specially protected natural areas do it yourself:
how to get protected status
for valuable natural sites and objects
One can protect one's right to a favorable environment not only by defending against destructive business projects, but also by working “preemptively” - seeking, for example, to give protection status to natural objects or even entire territories that are valuable ecosystems and landscapes and are significant for local communities (for example, these can be unique natural objects that have become the "calling card" of a particular area, etc.).
Let's try to figure it out how to initiate the creation of specially protected natural areas(SPNA), where to start, where and to whom to contact, and what should eventually appear at the output.
WHAT IS A SPA?
There are significant discrepancies between the philistine ideas about specially protected natural areas and the provisions of the law. For example, far from always popular natural areas that have high aesthetic qualities or are attractive from the point of view of recreation have the status of specially protected areas, and on the other hand, not all protected areas have qualities that are attractive from the point of view of the layman. For example, “unaesthetic” swamps or steppe areas that may seem to non-specialists not worth any protection can fall under protection.
So, specially protected natural areas- these are plots of land, water surface and airspace above them, where natural complexes and objects are located that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health valuee, which withdrawn decisions of public authorities in whole or in part from economic use and for which special protection regime(Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories" No. 33 FZ dated March 14, 1995).
The law establishes six categories of protected areas:
- State natural reserves, including biospheric ones
- National parks
- natural parks
- State nature reserves
- Monuments of nature
- Dendrological parks and botanical gardens
Nature reserves and national parks are areas that may be only federal, and natural parks, on the contrary, can be only regional significance
. As for the other categories, they can be of both federal and regional significance. In addition, the law allows for local government can also create specially protected natural areas in their municipalities (in this case they are considered to be protected areas of local importance). But for this, the law of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation should establish categories of local protected areas.
It is important to note that the regional authorities, by their law, have the right to establish and other categories of protected areas. For example, in the Moscow region there are seven categories of "own" protected areas - for example, natural micro-reserves and specially protected water bodies. The same is true in the Krasnodar Territory, where, for example, local authorities have established such a category as "natural landmark" - especially for the protection of natural objects and sites that are important for the development of tourism and have high aesthetic qualities.
The management system of protected areas in general terms is presented in the diagram and looks as follows. Behind protected area of federal significance, the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia is responsible; the corresponding subdivisions of regional administrations (ministries, departments, departments) are responsible for the territories of the regional level. Territories of local importance are managed by the administrations of municipalities.
Now let's look at the differences between PAs of different categories from each other.
State natural reserves are environmental, research and environmental education institutions aimed at preserving and studying the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund of flora and fauna, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems. The status of state natural biosphere reserves is given to state natural reserves, which are included in the international system of biosphere reserves.
On the territory of state natural reserves completely withdrawn from economic use specially protected natural complexes and objects (land, water bodies, subsoil, vegetation and animal world) having environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance as samples of the natural environment, typical or rare landscapes, places of conservation of the genetic fund of flora and fauna.
The tasks of the reserves:
Implementation of the protection of natural areas in order to preserve biological diversity and maintain protected natural complexes and objects in their natural state
- Organization and holding scientific research, including keeping the Chronicle of Nature
- Implementation of state environmental monitoring (state monitoring environment)
- Assistance in the training of scientific personnel and specialists in the field of environmental protection
- Environmental education and development of educational tourism
National parks are nature protection, environmental education and research institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, and are intended for use in environmental, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and for regulated tourism.
A feature of national parks and their main difference from nature reserves is the presence of zoning. As part of the national park, the following zones can be distinguished (areas with different protection regimes):
- protected area (where the regime is close to the regime of nature reserves)
- specially protected zone (excursions and educational tourism are allowed)
- recreational area (intended for ecological and educational tourism)
- zone of protection of objects cultural heritage
- economic zone
- zone of traditional extensive nature management.
The tasks of national parks include: preservation of natural complexes, unique and standard natural sites and objects; preservation of historical and cultural objects; environmental education of the population; creation of conditions for regulated tourism and recreation; development and implementation of scientific methods of nature protection and environmental education; implementation of state environmental monitoring; restoration of disturbed natural and historical-cultural complexes and objects.
natural parks- "younger brothers" of national. Natural parks are specially protected natural territories of regional significance (only), within the boundaries of which zones are allocated that have an ecological, cultural or recreational purpose, and, accordingly, prohibitions and restrictions on economic and other activities are established.
State natural reserves are territories (water areas) of particular importance for the conservation or restoration of natural complexes or their components and maintaining the ecological balance. State nature reserves may be of federal or regional significance.
Orders can be of the following types:
Complex (landscape), designed to preserve and restore natural complexes (natural landscapes);
- biological (botanical and zoological), intended for the conservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of plants and animals, including species valuable in economic, scientific and cultural terms;
- paleontological, intended for the conservation of fossil objects;
- hydrological (marsh, lake, river, marine) designed to preserve and restore valuable water bodies and ecological systems;
- geological, designed to preserve valuable objects and complexes of inanimate nature.
The tasks and features of the regime of special protection of the territory of a particular state nature reserve are determined position about him, approved by the relevant government agency.
On the territories of state nature reserves, any activity is permanently or temporarily prohibited or restricted if it contradicts the goals of creating state nature reserves or harms natural complexes and their components.
For example, if a sanctuary was created to protect some kind of animal, then hunting for this species may be limited, habitat deterioration - logging, violation of the soil cover, etc.
Owners, owners and users land plots, which are located within the boundaries of state nature reserves, are obliged to comply with the special protection regime established in state nature reserves and bear administrative, criminal and other liability established by law for its violation.
Monuments of nature- these are unique, irreplaceable, valuable natural complexes in ecological, scientific, cultural and aesthetic terms, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin. As a rule, these are relatively small objects or areas of natural areas (for example, a separate rocky outcrop, a gorge, an old-timer tree, a unique piece of forest (for example, represented by species atypical for a particular region), and so on. But natural monuments also territories can be quite large in area (for example, it can be a whole mountain range or a river valley).
On the territories where natural monuments are formed, and within the boundaries of their protected zones, any activity that entails a violation of the preservation of natural monuments is prohibited. Owners, owners and users of land plots on which natural monuments are located are obliged to comply with the regime of special protection of natural monuments. A classic example: if a state fund site with natural monuments is rented by a logging company, then it will be obliged to comply with all the restrictions (including a ban on timber extraction) that are specified in the passports of natural monuments.
Protected Areas of Local Importance
Concerning Protected Areas of Local Importance, then local governments can create them only on land plots owned by the relevant municipality. In the event that a specially protected natural area to be created will occupy more than five percent of the total area of land plots owned by the municipality, the decision to create a specially protected natural area is coordinated by the local government with the state authority of the corresponding subject of the Russian Federation. (Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories" No. 33 FZ dated March 14, 1995).
What documents should be studied when initiating the creation of protected areas?
You have discovered that in the vicinity of your area there is, say, some interesting geological object that does not have a protective status and may, for example, eventually be put under the placement of a quarry for the extraction of inert materials.
The first thing to look at is the Scheme for the location and development of protected areas or the territorial planning scheme for your region (as a rule, this is a map with protected areas plotted on it, as well as a list of existing and planned protected areas). You can search for such a scheme on the websites of the regional departments of architecture and urban planning, the bodies responsible for managing protected areas, or you can send a request to the relevant authority to provide such a scheme in printed form.
Also, all of them are published on the site fgis.economy.gov.ru.
If, according to the results of studying the scheme, it turns out that the natural object (territory) of interest to you is already listed there, then this is already half the battle: in this case, it remains only to induce local officials to start the process of creating protected areas: at least, you can force them to set a specific time frame.
Land reservation is a way to protect valuable areas before giving the status of protected areas.
Moreover, you can demand to reserve a land plot for a future protected area, using the norms of land legislation:
- article 70.1 Land Code of the Russian Federation, which states that the reservation of land for state or municipal needs is carried out, including when creating specially protected natural areas;
- article 95 Land Code of the Russian Federation, according to which "in order to create new and expand existing lands of specially protected natural areas, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation have the right to make decisions on reserving lands that are supposed to be declared lands of specially protected natural areas, with the subsequent withdrawal of such lands, and on limiting economic activity on them ".
At the same time, it must be remembered that only state or municipal lands that are not provided for ownership or lease can be reserved for the creation of protected areas.
Expert support and work with local authorities
In the event that the area where you would like to create a protected area is not listed in the Scheme, the first step to take is to initiate its inclusion there. The fact is that the Schemes for the location and development of protected areas (Schemes of territorial planning) are periodically updated (usually once every three to four years or more often) - the list of already created protected areas is replenished, and it also includes territories in respect of which proposals have been received to give them protection status*.
*Formally, to create a protected area, it is not necessary to include it in the Spatial Planning Scheme. However, in most regions, the authorities require this.
In this case, the appeal must be sent to the authority authorized to initiate changes to the Scheme (for example, the regional Ministry of Natural Resources). At this stage, it is very important to enlist expert support - to look for universities, specialized research institutes or scientists (in the end, you can even contact the local museum of local lore) who are ready to write an expert opinion that the natural area in question has unique ecological characteristics, is a rare landscape or ecosystem, or is, for example, a habitat for species listed in the Red Book.
It is very useful to refer both to the federal law on protected areas and to the relevant regional legislation, which defines specially protected natural areas and lists their signs and characteristics - you can indicate that the area in question meets all or part of these criteria.
The more complete and convincing your arguments, the higher the chances that the proposals will be accepted. Taking the initiative to create protected areas, it is desirable to immediately determine the most appropriate category (see above), which is most consistent with the objectives of the conservation of the territory.
However, even if your efforts are successful and the potential protected area is reflected in the Scheme for the allocation and development of protected areas (Scheme of territorial planning), it is not at all a fact that in the coming years the authorities will initiate design work. Here everything depends on your perseverance, desire and ability to conduct the necessary lobbying work, using a set of tools suitable for a particular case - from armchair negotiations to a wide public campaign with petitions, mass actions, media involvement and so on.
Since the authorities like to use the excuse that there is no money in the budget for the creation of new protected areas, then, as an option, one can try to find private funding for the preparation of a comprehensive environmental survey (CEO) of the territory in order to give it the status of a protected area. For example, the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) spends a lot of money on the preparation of IEA for the creation of protected areas in Russia, there are also a number of Russian funds that finance such projects.
You can also try to look for support among local businesses - it is possible that there are firms in your area that are ready to finance environmental initiatives to create a positive image for themselves.
The general scheme of the main stages of creating protected areas is as follows:
- Preparation of materials for a comprehensive environmental survey (ICEA) of the territory in order to give it the status of a protected area (including materials for assessing the impact of the creation of protected areas on the environment), preparing a draft regulation (passport).
- Coordination with the local administration (municipality).
- Conducting public discussions organized by local governments.
- Carrying out the state ecological expertise of the MCEA.
- Adoption of the decision of the MLA (for local protected areas), sending materials to the Government of the subject of the Russian Federation (for regional ones).
- Coordination with the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, adoption of the Governor's resolution.
One of the hardest steps– try to convince the local authorities that the created protected area will not harm the economic development of the municipality and the region and try to find a reasonable compromise with them. If possible, it is better not to engage in open confrontation, because the position of local authorities often plays a decisive role when the issue of establishing protected areas is discussed. In addition, local authorities are also responsible for organizing public hearings on the materials of the IEA: it does not cost anything for local officials to turn the local population against the created protected area and thereby greatly complicate the already difficult process (in response to your public campaign for the creation of protected areas, there may be campaign with opposite demands).
Again they can help. authoritative experts: you can prepare and send a detailed letter to the municipal head with explanations and economic calculations, if, for example, officials are unreasonably afraid of a fall in local budget revenues.
Procedure for holding public discussions
Holding public discussions KEO materials are regulated by the Regulation on the assessment of planned economic and other activities on the environment in the Russian Federation (Order of the State Committee for Ecology of Russia dated May 16, 2000 No. 372). So, clause 4.3. of this Regulation states that informing the public and other participants in the environmental impact assessment (EIA) at the stage of notification, preliminary assessment and preparation of the terms of reference for the environmental impact assessment is carried out by the customer.
Brief information is published in official publications federal bodies executive power(for objects of expertise at the federal level), in official publications of the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments, on the territory of which the implementation of the object of state environmental expertise is planned, as well as on the territory of which the planned economic and other activities may have an impact.
Clause 4.8. The Regulation establishes that information on the timing and place of availability of the preliminary version of materials on environmental impact assessment, on the date and place of public hearings, other forms of public participation is published in the media no later than 30 days before the end of public discussions (holding public hearings).
The customer (in this case, KEO) also informs this information the public concerned, whose interests may be directly or indirectly affected in the event of the implementation of the proposed activity or which has shown its interest in the impact assessment process and other participants in the environmental impact assessment process who may not have access to these media.
The customer ensures that public hearings are held on the planned activities with the preparation of a protocol that clearly records the main issues of discussion, as well as the subject of disagreement between the public and the customer (if any). The protocol is signed by representatives of executive authorities and local self-government, citizens, public organizations(associations), customer. The protocol of the public hearings is included as one of the appendices in the final version of the materials on the environmental impact assessment of the planned economic and other activities.
Clause 4.10 The Regulations regulate that the submission of a preliminary version of materials on environmental impact assessment to the public for review and comments is made within 30 days, but no later than 2 weeks before the end of public discussions (public hearings).
Acceptance of written comments and proposals from citizens and public organizations in the period before the decision on the implementation of the planned economic and other activities, documentation of these proposals in the annexes to the environmental impact assessment materials is provided by the customer within 30 days after the end of the public discussion.
It is important, however, to understand that the creation of a specially protected natural area is not a panacea at all, and having achieved the desired result, one should not wash one’s hands with a sense of accomplishment - in order for the protected area to be real, and not “paper”, it is necessary to organize public control over compliance with its regime. , it is necessary to monitor any actions of local authorities aimed at changing the boundaries, regime or zoning of the protected area. It is also important to achieve the cadastral registration of the protected area - this will eliminate any discrepancies regarding its boundaries and configuration.
Instruction author- Dmitry Shevchenko, Deputy Coordinator of the "Environmental Watch for the North Caucasus" (the instruction was prepared based on the materials of the webinar "PAs by the hands of citizens", conducted by Mikhail Kreindlin, program manager for PAs in Greenpeace Russia).
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Chapter 5
Urban lands as an object of special protection
5.1. Protection of lands of specially protected natural areas
One of important directions The use of land assessment and monitoring data is their application in the development of land protection measures. Measures for the protection of urban lands from negative processes, carried out on lands for various purposes and classification, are considered in detail (Sizov A.P., 2009). Below will be given a description of land protection measures carried out on the territory of lands subject to special protection. Such lands, which are ecological and historical-cultural framework urban areas, in accordance with land and town planning legislation, can be allocated as territorial zones of specially protected areas (Zemelny ..., 2001; Town planning ..., 2004). IN zones of specially protected territories includes land plots on which natural complexes and objects of special environmental, scientific, historical, cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health and other especially valuable significance are located. These sites are withdrawn by decisions of state authorities in whole or in part from economic use, and a special protection regime is established for them.
The most important components of lands belonging to the zones of specially protected territories are lands of specially protected natural areas12
Next up is PA.
AND lands of cultural heritage13
Next - OKN.
As cities grow, the need for natural surroundings increases; this need becomes more acute the faster urbanization proceeds. Everything more people regard the natural environment as the most important basis for their quality of life. The formation of protected areas, the composition of objects related to them, and the content of environmental protection measures are regulated by environmental legislation (Ob osobenno., 1995).
Specially protected natural areas - plots of land, water surface and air space where natural complexes and objects of special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health significance are located and for which a special protection regime has been established._
Taking into account the peculiarities of the territory protection regime and the status of objects, the following protected area categories:
1. State nature reserves, including biospheric ones (not typical for the territory of settlements);
2. National parks;
3. Natural parks;
4. State nature reserves;
5. Monuments of nature;
6. Dendrological parks and botanical gardens;
7. Therapeutic areas and resorts.
State natural reserves are environmental, research and environmental education institutions aimed at preserving and studying the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund of flora and fauna, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems. On the territory of state natural reserves, specially protected natural complexes and objects (land, water, subsoil, flora and fauna) that have environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance as samples of the natural environment, typical or rare landscapes, places are completely withdrawn from economic use. conservation of the genetic fund of flora and fauna. State natural reserves are objects of federal property.
Status state natural biosphere reserves have state nature reserves that are part of the international system of biosphere reserves that carry out global environmental monitoring.
State natural reserves, including biospheric ones, are not typical for the territory of settlements.
National parks are nature protection, environmental education and research institutions, territories (water areas 14
Water area (from lat. aqua - water) - a body of water within natural, artificial or conditional boundaries.
) which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, and are intended for use in environmental, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and for regulated tourism. National parks are exclusively federal property.
natural parks are environmental recreational institutions under the jurisdiction of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of significant environmental and aesthetic value, and are intended for use in environmental, educational and recreational purposes.
State natural reserves are territories (water areas) of particular importance for the conservation or restoration of natural complexes or their components and maintaining the ecological balance. May be federal or regional.
Monuments of nature– unique, irreplaceable, ecologically, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin. May be federal or regional.
Dendrological parks And botanical gardens are environmental institutions whose tasks include the creation of special plant collections in order to preserve the diversity and enrichment of the plant world, as well as the implementation of scientific, educational and educational activities. May be federal or regional.
Territories (water areas) suitable for organizing the treatment and prevention of diseases, as well as recreation for the population and possessing natural healing resources (mineral waters, therapeutic mud, brine of estuaries and lakes, healing climate, beaches, parts of water areas and inland seas, other natural objects and conditions ) can be attributed to health-improving areas. Territories used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes, which have natural therapeutic resources, as well as buildings and structures necessary for their operation, including infrastructure facilities, are resorts. Therapeutic areas and resorts may be of federal, regional or local importance.
State authorities of the Russian Federation, its constituent entities or local governments may also establish other categories of protected areas (territories on which monuments of landscape art, protected coastlines, protected river systems, protected natural landscapes, biological stations, micro-reserves, etc.) are located. To protect protected areas from adverse anthropogenic impacts, adjacent areas of land and water space can be created security zones or a regulated county.
5.1.2. Regimes of special protection of specially protected natural areasThe protection of SPNA lands in urban conditions includes the following activities:
♦ restriction of economic activity;
♦ monitoring the state of protected areas;
♦ implementation of measures to maintain protected areas in a condition corresponding to their purpose;
♦ implementation of comprehensive programs aimed at the protection of protected areas;
♦ economic incentives for the protection of protected areas, including the establishment of tax incentives;
♦ bringing to responsibility for non-compliance with the regime of protection and use of protected areas and other measures.
Economic activity in protected areas sharply limited. If possible, 3 groups of sites are distinguished:
♦ areas where economic activity is not allowed;
♦ areas where limited economic activity is allowed;
♦ areas where economic activities are allowed for environmental purposes.
On the territory of all 3 groups of protected areas, actions that cause harm to natural objects are not allowed, including:
♦ distortion of the historically formed protected landscape;
♦ construction of capital construction facilities not related to environmental protection purposes;
♦ carrying out works that lead to violation of the hydrogeological regime of the area, soil cover, the emergence and development of erosion and landslide processes;
♦ use of salts as anti-icing agents;
♦ violation of the habitats of plant and animal species included in the Red Book or rare in a particular protected area;
♦ making fires, burning dry leaves and grass, including spring fires;
♦ preparation and collection of all types of plants and their parts (with the exception of regulated haymaking in order to prevent overgrowing of meadows with woody vegetation);
♦ land use for horticulture and horticulture;
♦ damage or unauthorized felling of trees and shrubs;
♦ Unauthorized planting of trees and shrubs, as well as other unauthorized actions of citizens aimed at equipping certain sections of protected areas;
♦ intentionally disturbing, trapping and destroying, destroying nests and burrows of wild animals;
♦ stay of visitors with various types of tools for shooting or trapping animals;
♦ holding mass sports, entertainment and other events outside the places specially allocated for these purposes;
♦ change in the functional purpose of a land plot or its part, if it can lead to an increase in anthropogenic pressure on the natural complex;
♦ unauthorized placement of non-stationary objects of the small-scale retail network;
♦ dog walking within the protected areas of protected areas;
♦ entry and movement vehicle in violation of the established order.
In order to differentiate modes of protection and use carried out zoning of protected areas on the basis of a planning project in accordance with the established category of protected areas. To the main zones and areas of protected areas in urban conditions include the following (On especially ..., 2001):
♦ reserved areas, intended for the conservation (restoration) of natural communities of particular value, rare and endangered species of plants or animals, other objects of animate and inanimate nature;
♦ zones of protection of historical and cultural objects, intended for the preservation and restoration of objects of historical and cultural heritage;
♦ educational and excursion zones, intended for use for the purpose of environmental education and education of the population;
♦ recreation centers, intended for mass recreation of the population;
♦ fitness and health zones, designed for individual and group physical education;
♦ walking areas;
♦ administrative and economic areas, intended for the placement and operation of facilities serving protected areas;
♦ plots of third-party land users(provided to legal entities and citizens whose activities are not related to the protection and use of protected areas and do not contradict the established regime);
♦ protected landscape areas.
Within zones and plots, in accordance with the regime of protection of protected areas and their intended purpose, differentiated regimes of protection, economic and other use are established.
5.2. Protection of lands of cultural heritage sites
5.2.1. General characteristics of cultural heritage sitesThe composition of objects of cultural heritage and the content of protective measures on the lands occupied by these objects are regulated by urban planning and special legislation (On objects ..., 2002).
Objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation- objects of immovable property with related works of painting, sculpture, arts and crafts, objects of science and technology and other objects of material culture that have arisen as a result of historical events, which are of value from the point of view of history, archeology, architecture, urban planning, art, science and technology, aesthetics, ethnology or anthropology, social culture and are evidence of eras and civilizations, true sources of information about the origin and development of culture.
There are three main type OKN.
monuments- individual buildings, buildings and structures with historically developed territories (including religious monuments: churches, bell towers, chapels, churches, kirchs, mosques, Buddhist temples, pagodas, synagogues, prayer houses and other objects intended for worship); memorial apartments; mausoleums, individual burials; works of monumental art; objects of science and technology, including military ones; objects of archaeological heritage (traces of human existence partially or completely hidden in the ground or under water).
Ensembles- groups of monuments, buildings and structures for various purposes, clearly localized in the historically developed territories, including fragments of historical planning and development of settlements, which can be attributed to urban planning ensembles; works of landscape architecture and gardening art (gardens, parks, squares, boulevards), necropolises.
Landmarks- creations created by man, or joint creations of man and nature, including the places of existence of folk art crafts; centers of historical settlements or fragments of urban planning and development; memorable places, cultural and natural landscapes associated with the history of the formation of peoples and other ethnic communities, historical (including military) events, the life of prominent historical figures; cultural layers, remains of buildings of ancient cities, settlements, settlements, parking lots; places of religious rites. Sightseeing places, which are an outstanding integral historical, cultural and natural complex, in need of a special regime of maintenance, can be classified as historical and cultural reserves.
OKN are registered in unified state register of objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation, representing the state information system, which contains the relevant information about the OKN. OKN, as well as protected areas, are divided into objects according to their historical and cultural significance federal, regional And local (municipal) values. The Government of the Russian Federation may decide to recognize the OKN of federal significance especially valuable object of cultural heritage peoples of the Russian Federation. CHOs representing an outstanding universal historical, archaeological, architectural, artistic, scientific, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological value can be classified as world cultural and natural heritage sites in the manner prescribed by the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Such CHOs are included in the World Heritage List administered by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Committee (UNESCO) World Heritage.
CHOs are subject to state protection, and land plots within the boundaries of CHOs acquire a special legal regime in accordance with urban planning and land legislation.
5.2.2. Protection of lands of cultural heritage sitesIn order to ensure the safety of the cultural heritage in its historical environment, on the territory adjacent to it, cultural heritage protection zones: buffer zone, zone of regulation of development and economic activity, zone of protected natural landscape.
Secured territory- the territory within which, in order to ensure the safety of the cultural heritage site in its historical landscape environment, a special land use regime is established that limits economic activity and prohibiting construction, except for the application of special measures aimed at the conservation and regeneration 15
Regeneration (from Latin regeneratio - renewal, rebirth) - restoration, return to its original state.
Historical and town-planning or natural environment OKN.
Zone of regulation of development and economic activity- the territory within which the regime of land use is established, which restricts construction and economic activity, the requirements for the reconstruction of existing buildings and structures are determined.
Protected natural landscape zone- the territory within which a land use regime is established that prohibits or restricts economic activity, construction and reconstruction of existing buildings and structures in order to preserve (regenerate) the natural landscape, including river valleys, reservoirs, forests and open spaces related compositionally to the CHO.
The required composition of the protection zones of the OKN is determined the project of zones of protection of OKN. The procedure for the development of such projects, the requirements for the regime of land use and town planning regulations within the boundaries of these zones are established by the Government of the Russian Federation. Boundaries of zones of protection of OKN, modes of land use And urban planning regulations within the boundaries of these zones, they are approved on the basis of a project in relation to the OKN of federal significance - by the state authority of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation in agreement with the federal body for the protection of OKN, and in relation to the OKN of regional and local (municipal) significance - in the manner established by law subjects of the Russian Federation.
Design and implementation land management, excavation, construction, reclamation, economic and other works in connection with the presence of OKN or the potential possibility of such presence have their own characteristics (On objects ..., 2002).
The design and implementation of such works are carried out in the absence of CHOs in the given territory, and if they are, provided that the customer of the work meets the requirements for the safety of CHOs located in the given territory. Designing and carrying out such works on the territory monument or ensemble are prohibited, with the exception of work on the preservation of this monument or ensemble and their territories, as well as economic activities that do not violate the integrity of the monument or ensemble and do not create a threat of damage, destruction or destruction.
The nature of the use of the territory places of interest, restrictions on the use of this territory and requirements for economic activity, design and construction on the territory of a place of interest are included in the development rules and zoning schemes of territories developed in accordance with the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation.
Earthwork, construction, land reclamation, economic and other works must be immediately suspended contractor in case of discovery on the developed territory of an object with signs of OKN. At the same time, sections on ensuring the safety of discovered objects until the latter are included in the register of OKN, and the provisions of land management, town planning and project documentation, town planning regulations in the given territory are suspended until the relevant changes are made. The work contractor is obliged to inform the executive authority authorized in the field of protection of cultural heritage about the discovered object.
The condition of the lands is controlled by the relevant authorities for the protection of the CHO, which are obliged to conduct once every five years a survey of the state and photographic fixation of the CHO included in the register in order to develop annual and long-term programs for their conservation.
5.2.3. Protection of lands of historical settlementsA high concentration of valuable OKNs in settlements can serve as a basis for establishing their special status. Historic settlement recognized in the Russian Federation locality urban or rural type, within the territory of which there are various cultural heritage sites (monuments, ensembles, places of interest), as well as other cultural values created in the past, representing archaeological, historical, architectural, urban planning, aesthetic, scientific or socio-cultural value, important for preserving the identity of the peoples of the Russian Federation, their contribution to world civilization.
In historical settlements, all historically valuable city-forming objects are subject to state protection (planning, building, composition, natural landscape, archaeological layer, the relationship between different urban spaces, volumetric and spatial structure, fragmentary and ruined urban heritage, the shape and appearance of buildings and structures, their relationship with natural and man-made environments, various functions historical settlements acquired by him in the process of development, as well as other valuable objects). Town-planning, economic and other activities in historical settlements are subject to special regulation and should be carried out only if all the CHOs and the above-mentioned historically valuable town-forming objects are preserved.
Protection of lands of historical settlements provided by a special regulation of urban planning activities in them, carried out by carrying out, under the control of the relevant bodies for the protection of cultural heritage and executive authorities in the field of regulation of urban planning, a set of the following measures:
♦ drafting based on historical and architectural, historical and urban planning, archival and archaeological research historical and cultural reference plan within the boundaries of a historical settlement with the designation of all urban planning elements and structures on land plots that are of historical and cultural value, both preserved and lost, characterizing the stages of development of this settlement;
development of urban planning regulations, relating to the size and proportions of buildings and structures, the use of certain building materials, color solutions, prohibition or restriction of the placement of parking lots, advertising and signboards, other restrictions necessary to ensure the safety of the cultural heritage site and all historically valuable city-forming objects of this settlement.
Specially Protected Natural Territories (SPNA) are areas of land or water surface, which, due to their environmental and other significance, are completely or partially withdrawn from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established.
The law on protected areas was adopted by the State Duma on February 15, 1995. According to it, protected areas are designed to maintain an ecological balance, preserve the genetic diversity of natural resources, most fully reflect the biogeocenotic diversity of the country's biomes, study the evolution of ecosystems and the impact of anthropogenic factors on them, as well as to solve various economic and social tasks.
According to this law “On Specially Protected Natural Territories”, the following main categories of these territories are distinguished:
a) state natural reserves, including biospheric ones;
b) national parks;
c) natural parks;
d) state nature reserves;
e) monuments of nature;
f) dendrological parks and botanical gardens.
After briefly describing each category of territories, ladies Full description first.
And so, national parks are relatively large natural areas and water areas where the fulfillment of three main goals is ensured: environmental (maintaining the ecological balance and preserving natural ecosystems), recreational (regulated tourism and recreation of people) and scientific (development and implementation of methods for preserving the natural complex in conditions of mass admission of visitors). The most famous national parks are: Losiny Ostrov (a district of St. Petersburg), Sochi, Elbrus, Valdai, Russian North.
Natural parks are territories of special ecological and aesthetic value, with a relatively mild protection regime and used mainly for organized recreation of the population. The most famous are the "Russian Forest" in the Moscow region; "Turgoyak" in Chelyabinsk region, on the shore of Lake Turgoyak. It was on this lake that my friends and I went to rest last summer, and visited the natural park. Tent tourism, cycling, excursions to the island of St. Helena are developed there. Around the pine forest fresh air. I liked it very much.
The next category - state natural reserves - these are territories created for a certain period (in some cases permanently) to preserve or restore natural complexes or their components and maintain the ecological balance. Preserve and restore the density of populations of one or more species of animals or plants, as well as natural landscapes, water bodies, etc. Example: the Vienna Forest reserve in the Tikhvin district of the Leningrad region.
Natural monuments are unique, non-reproducible natural objects of scientific, ecological, cultural and aesthetic value (caves, small tracts, centuries-old trees, rocks, waterfalls, etc.). An example is: the waterfall "Kivach" on the river. Sune (Karelia); rock "Brothers" (Gorny Altai); dark bark birch (in the Lebyazhevsky district); Rocky remains (Northern Urals).
Dendrological parks and botanical gardens are environmental institutions whose task is to create a collection of trees and shrubs in order to preserve biodiversity and enrich the flora, as well as for scientific, educational, cultural and educational purposes.
And, finally, the State Nature Reserves are areas of the territory that are completely withdrawn from normal economic use in order to preserve the natural complex in its natural state.
The following basic principles are put in the basis of the nature reserve business:
Creation in the reserves of the conditions necessary for the conservation and development of all species of animals and plants;
Maintaining the ecological balance of landscapes by protecting natural ecosystems;
Opportunity to study the evolution of natural ecosystems, both in regional and broader biogeographical terms; solve many autecological and synecological issues (i.e., individuals and communities of organisms);
Inclusion in the sphere of activities of the reserves of socio-economic issues related to the satisfaction of recreational, local history and other needs of the population.
The foundations of nature conservation in Russia were laid by such scientists as I. P. Borodin, G. A. Kozhevnikov, A. P. Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky, D. K. Solovyov.
The reserves have become the basis for the conservation, reproduction and elimination of the threat of extinction of many rare species of plants and animals such as beaver, kulan, bison, spotted deer, tiger, leopard, sable, common eider, flamingo, etc.
Zoological and botanical research is carried out in the reserves; for the operational analysis of air, water, soil, mini-laboratories are being created, meteorological stations and meteorological posts are functioning.
In 2006, there were about 100 state natural reserves in Russia with a total area of 33.7 million hectares, which is less than 2% of the entire territory of Russia.
To smooth out the influence of adjacent territories, especially in areas with a well-developed infrastructure, protected areas are created around the reserves, where economic activity is limited.
Among the reserves of Russia, a special place is occupied by biosphere reserves, which are part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves. In six of them there are integrated background monitoring stations that provide data on chemical pollution of reference protected ecosystems. In a number of reserves there are nurseries in which the most valuable gene pool is preserved, rare species of animals are studied and bred.
The largest reserves are Taimyrsky and Ust-Lensky, the area of each of them exceeds 1.5 million hectares. The Teberdinsky, Altai, Kronotsky (Kamchatka), Voronezh reserves, as well as the Ilmensky reserve are unique in the diversity of flora and fauna.
More than 1100 species grow in the Teberdinsky Reserve higher plants, including 186 species endemic to the Caucasus. There are 137 species of vertebrates.
1500 species of vascular plants grow in the Altai Reserve, 73 species of mammals, 310 species of birds, 10 species of amphibians and reptiles live. In the Alpine belt there are snow leopards - irbis (listed in the Red Book), Siberian ibex, argali.
In the Kronotsky Reserve there are 30 species of mammals, more than 130 species of birds. The most valuable inhabitant is the Kamchatka sable.
In the Voronezh Reserve, the stocks of the river beaver are being restored. Also protected are European deer, elk, roe deer, martens, etc.
The Ilmensky Reserve in the Southern Urals is unique. Ilmeny is a natural geological museum. More than 250 minerals have been found here, from common to rare. A wide variety of flora and fauna. This is not all that I was able to cite as an example. In addition to these, there are many more reserves.
Nature, both living and non-living, is a great value on our planet. We are in excellent conditions for life. If you look at the planets closest to us, then there is a big difference appearance Earth and other planets is impressive. A huge volume of clean fresh and salt water of the oceans, life-giving atmosphere, fertile soils. The richness of the plant world that surrounds almost our entire planet, as well as the animal diversity, are surprising: it is impossible to study all kinds of living beings in a person's life.
However, it is precisely such diversity and such environmental conditions that are necessary for the harmonious state of the entire planet, for the balance of substances on it.
Harmony of nature
People by their activity transform nature more than any other kind of organisms. Moreover, the rest of the organisms are so merged with the natural environment that they even help to maintain the original balance on the planet. For example, a lion hunting an antelope is likely to catch the weakest individual, thus maintaining the survival of the herbivore population. The earthworm, making numerous holes in the soil, does not spoil the fertile surface layer. It loosens the ground, so that the air will only better reach the roots of the plants.
The economic activity of Homo sapiens
Man has a developed brain. The development of human economic activity is going faster than the evolutionary processes of nature. She does not have time to adapt to the changes caused by people.
Many years ago, the population of Australia herded cattle on a small mainland too intensively. According to this hypothesis, numerous deserts of the continent were formed precisely because of human activity.
Since ancient times, trees have been intensively cut down for the construction of houses. Nowadays, forests are shrinking just as fast: we still use wood for various purposes.
The world's population is huge and, according to scientists, will grow even faster. If people populate or use the entire area of the planet in their economy, then nature, of course, will not withstand such a load.
History of protected natural areas
Already in ancient times, people kept intact certain parts of the territory on which they lived. The faith of people in the gods made them tremble before sacred places. Even the protection of such sites was not required, the people themselves treated these sacred territories with care, believing in something mysterious.
In the era of feudalism, the lands of the nobility came to the fore in terms of inviolability. The property was protected. In such territories, hunting was forbidden, or even simply visiting other people's parts of the forest or other biotope was prohibited.
In the nineteenth century, the industrial revolution made it necessary to think seriously about the preservation of natural resources for future generations. Protected areas are being created in Europe. Natural monuments became the first of the specially protected natural areas. Preserved ancient beech forests and some of the sights, such as unusual objects of geology.
In Russia, the first protected areas were organized at the end of the 19th century. They weren't government yet.
What is a protected area
These are areas of land or water on which the economic activity of people is partially or completely prohibited. How is the abbreviation deciphered? As "Specially Protected Natural Territories".
Types of protected areas according to IUCN
Nowadays, there are about 105,000 specially protected natural areas on the planet. For such a large number of objects, classification is necessary. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has identified the following types of protected areas:
- Strict natural reserve. The protection of such a territory is especially strict, all economic activities are prohibited. Visiting only with a document permitting being on the site. The nature of this territory is the most integral.
- National park. It is divided into areas with strict protection and areas where tourist routes are laid.
- Monument of nature. An unusual well-known natural object is protected.
- Managed natural reserve. The state takes care of the conservation of species of living organisms and habitats for their habitat. A person introduces activities to help in a fairly rapid reproduction and maintenance of offspring.
- Protected marine and territorial landscapes. Recreational facilities are preserved.
- Protected areas with monitoring of resource consumption. It is possible to use natural resources if the activity does not cause major changes on the site.
Types of protected areas according to the law of the Russian Federation
The Russian Federation uses a simpler classification. Types of protected areas in Russia:
- State natural reserve. The strictest security regime is maintained. Visit only for the purpose of work on the conservation of ecosystems or training in the territory.
- National park. It is divided into ecological zones according to the possibility of using natural resources. In some areas, ecological tourism is developed. There are areas for the work of national park personnel. There may be sites for recreation of the population, as well as for the overnight stay of visitors passing the tourist route.
- Nature Park. Created to save ecosystems in the conditions of mass recreation of the population. New methods of nature conservation are being developed.
- State natural reserve. Natural resources are not only preserved, but also restored. In the reserve, active work is being carried out to restore the former natural wealth of the area. Ecotourism is possible.
- Monument of nature. Significant natural or artificial natural complex. Unique education.
- Dendrological parks and botanical gardens. In the territories, collections of plant species are created in order to preserve the species diversity of the planet and replenish lost species of land.
Wrangel Island
The UNESCO World Heritage Sites include 8 sites located on the territory of the Russian Federation. One of such protected areas is the Wrangel Island nature reserve.
The protected area is located in the Chukotka autonomous region. This is the northernmost of all protected natural areas in Russia. The protected area consists of two islands (Wrangel and Herald) and the adjacent water area. The area of protected areas is more than two million hectares.
The reserve was organized in 1976 to preserve the typical and unique flora and fauna. Nature, due to the location of the islands remotely from the mainland and because of the harsh climate, is preserved in an almost untouched form. Scientists come to the site to study local ecosystems. Thanks to the creation of the reserve, such rare animals as polar bear, walrus. A huge number of endemic species inhabit this area.
The islands are inhabited by the local population. It has the right to use Natural resources, but to a strictly limited extent.
Lake Baikal
The most valuable lake in the world is also a World Natural Heritage Site. The protected area data system is the largest reservoir of clean fresh water.
The huge number of endemic species surprises scientists. More than half of the animals and plants growing here are found only on Lake Baikal. In total, there are about a thousand endemic species. Of these, 27 species of fish. The Baikal omul and golomyanka are well known. All nematodes living in the lake are endemic. The crustacean epishura purifies the water in Baikal, which also lives only in this lake.
It makes up 80% of the biomass of plankton of animal origin.
Baikal was included in the World Natural Heritage List in 1996. The Baikal Reserve itself was founded in 1969.
The UNESCO World Heritage Site "Lake Baikal" is 8 protected areas located directly at the famous lake. Many scientists believe that Baikal is expanding every year, increasing the water area due to the drift of lithospheric plates.
Kronotsky Reserve
Another example of protected areas is the Kronotsky State Natural Biosphere Reserve. It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Volcanoes of Kamchatka".
Moreover, this protected area is a biosphere reserve. The UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Program highlights protected areas around the world that are almost untouched by human activities. The state is obliged to maintain a self-regulating natural system if the object is located on its territory.
The Kronotsky Nature Reserve is one of the earliest in Russia. In 1882, the Sable Reserve was located on this territory. Kronotsky State Reserve was established in 1934. In addition to the territory with numerous volcanoes, hot springs and geysers, the Kronotsky Reserve includes a significant area of water area.
Currently, tourism is actively developing in the Kronotsky Reserve. Not at all times it was allowed to visit him.
Reserve "Kedrovaya Pad"
Another example of protected areas in Russia is the Kedrovaya Pad Nature Reserve. This is the first reserve in the Far East. He is one of the oldest in Russia. The Far Eastern leopard lives here - a rare subspecies of leopards that has reduced numbers in the past. Now it is in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, has the status of "endangered".
The reserve itself was created for the conservation and research of liana coniferous-deciduous forests. The massifs are not disturbed by anthropogenic impact. There are many endemic species here.
Elk Island National Park
One of the very first in Russia. Founded in 1983 on the territory of Moscow and the Moscow region.
It includes 5 zones: reserved (access is closed), specially protected (visiting with a permit), protection of historical and cultural monuments (visiting is allowed), recreational (occupies more than half of the area, free access) and economic (ensures the operation of the park).
Legislation of the Russian Federation
The federal law on protected areas (1995) states that protected areas must have federal, regional or local significance. Reserves and national parks always have federal significance.
Any reserve, national park, natural park and natural monument must have a security zone. It additionally protects the object from destructive anthropogenic influence. The boundaries of protected areas, as well as the boundaries of the buffer zone, are determined by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Anyone can visit the territory of the protected zone. However, it is also protected.
The lands of protected areas are a national property. It is forbidden to build houses, roads, and cultivate land at federal facilities.
To create protected areas, the state authorities reserve new lands. Further, such lands are declared protected areas. In this case, the law prohibits further cultivation of land in this area.
Protected areas are an important component of our planet. Such territories preserve invaluable wealth for future generations. The balance of the biosphere is maintained, the gene pool of living organisms is protected. The inanimate nature of such territories is also preserved: valuable water resources, geological formations.
Specially protected natural territories have not only environmental significance, but also scientific, as well as environmental and educational. It is on such objects that the most educational tourism for connoisseurs of nature is organized.
The world's population is growing at an ever faster pace. Mankind needs to think more actively about maintaining nature, to take a more responsible approach to the conservation of natural resources. Every person should think about this and contribute to maintaining the health of the planet.
Question 39: Specially protected natural areas, architectural monuments, cultural heritage sites and their consideration in the development of construction projects.
Federal Law on objects of cultural heritage
Article 34 Cultural heritage protection zones
1. In order to ensure the safety of a cultural heritage object in its historical environment, zones of protection of a cultural heritage object are established on the territory adjacent to it: a buffer zone, a zone for regulating development and economic activity, a zone of protected natural landscape.
The necessary composition of the cultural heritage protection zones is determined by the project of the cultural heritage protection zones.
In order to simultaneously ensure the safety of several objects of cultural heritage in their historical environment, it is allowed to establish for these objects of cultural heritage a single buffer zone, a single zone for regulating development and economic activity, and a single zone of protected natural landscape (hereinafter - the integrated zone for the protection of cultural heritage objects).
The composition of the integrated zone of protection of cultural heritage objects is determined by the project of the integrated zone of protection of cultural heritage objects.
The requirement to establish zones of protection of a cultural heritage object is not presented to the identified object of cultural heritage.
2. Protected zone - a territory within which, in order to ensure the safety of a cultural heritage object in its historical landscape environment, a special land use regime is established that restricts economic activity and prohibits construction, with the exception of the application of special measures aimed at preserving and regenerating the historical and urban planning or the natural environment of a cultural heritage site. The minimum width of the buffer zone of a state natural reserve or national park is one kilometer.
According to (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 19, 2015 N 138"On approval of the Rules for the creation of buffer zones of certain categories of specially protected natural areas, the establishment of their boundaries, the determination of the regime for the protection and use of land and water bodies within the boundaries of such zones")
Zone of regulation of development and economic activity - the territory within which the regime of land use is established, which restricts construction and economic activity, the requirements for the reconstruction of existing buildings and structures are determined.
Protected natural landscape zone - a territory within which a land use regime is established that prohibits or restricts economic activities, construction and reconstruction of existing buildings and structures in order to preserve (regenerate) the natural landscape, including river valleys, reservoirs, forests and open spaces, related compositionally with cultural heritage sites.
According to the Federal Law on protected areas
State natural reserves are classified as specially protected natural areas of federal significance. Within the boundaries of state natural reserves, the natural environment is preserved in its natural state and economic and other activities are completely prohibited, except for the cases provided for by this Federal Law.
Article 9. The regime of special protection of the territories of state natural reserves
On the territory of a state nature reserve, any activity that is contrary to the tasks of the state nature reserve and the regime of special protection of its territory, established in the regulation on this state nature reserve, is prohibited.
2. In the territories of national parks, any activity that can damage natural complexes and objects of flora and fauna, cultural and historical objects and that is contrary to the goals and objectives of the national park, including:
a) exploration and development of minerals;
b) activities entailing disturbance of the soil cover and geological outcrops;
c) activities that entail changes in the hydrological regime;
d) provision of horticultural and summer cottages in the territories of national parks;
e) the construction of main roads, pipelines, power lines and other communications, as well as the construction and operation of household and residential facilities, with the exception of facilities, the placement of which is provided for in paragraph 1 of this article, facilities related to the functioning of national parks and ensuring the functioning of those located in their boundaries of settlements;
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