Protection of nature and the environment: sources of pollution of natural resources and protected objects and territories. Nature conservation in our region. International Conservation Organizations A small message about nature conservation

Protection of Nature- this is a rational, reasonable use of natural resources, which helps to preserve the pristine diversity of nature and improve the living conditions of the population. For nature protection Earth the world community is taking concrete action.

Effective measures to protect endangered species and natural biocenoses are to increase the number of reserves, expand their territories, create nurseries for the artificial cultivation of endangered species and reintroduce (that is, return) them into nature.

A powerful human impact on ecological systems can lead to sad results that can provoke a whole chain of environmental changes.

The influence of anthropogenic factors on organisms

Most of organic matter does not decompose immediately, but is preserved in the form of wood, soil and water sedimentary deposits. After being preserved for many millennia, these organic substances turn into fossil fuels (coal, peat and oil).

Every year on Earth, photosynthetic organisms synthesize about 100 billion tons of organic substances. Over the geological period (1 billion years), the predominance of the synthesis of organic substances over the process of their decomposition led to a decrease in the content of CO 2 and an increase in O 2 in the atmosphere.

Meanwhile, since the second half of the XX century. the intensive development of industry and agriculture began to cause a steady increase in the content of CO 2 in the atmosphere. This phenomenon can cause climate change on the planet.

Conservation of natural resources

In the matter of nature protection, the transition to the use of industrial and agricultural technologies, which make it possible to economically use natural resources, is of great importance. For this you need:

the most complete use of minerals natural resources;
recycling of production wastes, use of non-waste technologies;
obtaining energy from environmentally friendly sources by using the energy of the Sun, wind, ocean kinetic energy, underground energy.

Especially effective is the introduction of non-waste technologies operating in closed cycles, when waste is not emitted into the atmosphere or into water basins, but is reused.

Biodiversity conservation

The protection of existing species of living organisms is also of great importance in biological, ecological and cultural terms. Every living species is a product of centuries of evolution and has its own gene pool. None of the existing species can be considered absolutely beneficial or harmful. Those species that were considered harmful may eventually turn out to be useful. That is why the protection of the gene pool of existing species is of particular importance. Our task is to preserve all living organisms that have come down to us after a long evolutionary process.

Plant and animal species, the number of which has already declined or is endangered, are listed in the Red Book and are protected by law. In order to protect nature, reserves, micro-reserves, natural monuments, plantations of medicinal plants, reservations, National parks and other conservation activities. material from the site

"Man and the Biosphere"

In order to protect nature in 1971, the international program "Man and the Biosphere" (in English "Man and Biosfera" - abbreviated as MAB) was adopted. According to this program, the state of the environment and human impact on the biosphere are studied. The main objectives of the program "Man and the Biosphere" are to predict the consequences of modern human economic activity, to develop methods for the rational use of the riches of the biosphere and measures for its protection.

In countries participating in the MAB program, large biosphere reserves are being created, where changes that occur in ecosystems without human influence are studied (Fig. 80).

INTRODUCTION

The protection of nature is the most important task of mankind. The current scale of human impact on the natural environment, the commensurability of the scale of human economic activity with the potential ability of modern landscapes to assimilate its adverse effects. Crises in the development of the natural environment, the global nature of the current crisis environmental situation.

Definition of concepts: natural environment, geographical environment, nature protection (narrow and broad understanding of the term). The main object of nature protection. Interdisciplinary nature of environmental problems. The main aspects of environmental problems (environmental, resource, genetic, evolutionary, economic, social, demographic, historical).

History and main stages of the interaction of human society and nature, the main methodological levels of knowledge of problems and their interaction. Development of environmental knowledge. Nature management in the early stages of civilization. Ideas of G. Marsh, works of A.I. Voikova, V.V. Dokuchaeva, A.E. Fersman. The doctrine of the noosphere V.I. Vernadsky. The contribution of the noosphere concept to the development of the natural-science picture of the world and the scientific worldview.

GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS OF NATURE PROTECTION.

"Geographization" of ecology and "greenization" of geography. The importance of taking into account the spatial organization of the territory in the development of environmental policy. Tasks of geography in solving environmental problems: studying the mechanism of the impact of human economic activity on geosystems, creating a project for the rational organization of the territory, forecasting the state of the natural environment.

Geography and ecology. Development of ecology as a science. Interpretation of the term "ecology" in the narrow and broad environmental sense. Tasks of social ecology and human ecology. The concept of geoecology.

Geoinformation systems and their role in the development of environmental problems. The role of modeling and system analysis in studying the interaction between society and the natural environment. Global models of world development. Critical analysis of the ideas of the Club of Rome.

NATURAL RESOURCES AND PROBLEMS OF THEIR PROTECTION

Different approaches to the classification of natural resources. Alternatives in the use of natural resources, their multifunctionality and interchangeability. Criteria for the optimal use of resources depending on the size of their reserves and economic significance, needs and expediency of development. The principle of complexity in resource use.

Methodological problems of geographic resource science. Analysis of the role of resources as sources of raw materials and environment-forming factor. Problems of economic and non-economic assessment of resources. Causes of resource degradation, measures to protect various types of various natural resources.

1. Lands of the world.

Cadastre land resources. The role of melioration in their development. Adaptive farming systems.

Diversity and reserves of minerals, their finiteness and non-renewability. Energetic resources. Alternative energy sources. Prospects for the use of nuclear power plants.

2. Water resources and methods for their assessment.

Water management balance and water availability. Saving water consumption. ocean resources.

3. Biological resources.

Specific tasks and problems of wildlife protection. The concept of sustainability and vulnerability of populations and ecosystems. Levels of abundance, tolerance and specialization of populations, structure and functioning, processes of self-restoration of ecosystems. Natural and anthropogenic factors of influence on populations and ecosystems.

Strategy for the protection of wildlife. The concept of rare species of plants and animals, gradations of rarity. Factors determining the rarity of species, territorial distribution of rare species, strategies for their conservation and restoration. Protection of rare species in reserves and reserves, zoos and nurseries, botanical gardens, preservation of the gene pool in collections, conservation of the genome. Red Book of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). The Red Book of the USSR and the Red Books of the republics of the former USSR as relevant documents and sources of scientific information.

Biological diversity of the planet and the problem of its degradation. The problem of protecting the planet's gene pool.

MAIN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS.

1. Pollution of the natural environment in the process of economic activity.

Global and local changes in the quality of atmospheric air, water, soil, biota as a result of pollution. Consequences of air pollution. Urban air pollution, acid rain, greenhouse effect, ozone depletion. Geographic features distribution of pollutants in the atmosphere. Impact of atmospheric pollution on biota and human health. Measures to combat air pollution.

Pollution of fresh waters, eutrophication. Oil pollution. Water purification methods.

Soil pollution. The scale of the use of fertilizers and pesticides, ways of their detoxification. Methods of integrated pest management. Indicators possible speed transformation and removal of technogenesis products in soils.

Damage to biota as a result of environmental pollution. Technophilic and biophilic elements. Indicators of maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants. The concept of technobiogeomes.

2. Violation of the circulation of substances.

Influence of imperfection of technological processes, high losses of raw materials, dispersion of materials during wear, chemicalization of agriculture on the circulation of substances. Changes in the circulation of the main biophilic elements, the circulation of metals.

3. Exodynamic natural-anthropogenic processes.

Accelerated soil erosion. The scale of manifestation in different natural conditions and under various types of economic impact. Dependence of the intensity of accelerated erosion on zonal factors.

Reasons for the development of accelerated erosion. Quantitative estimates of erosion processes. Negative consequences of accelerated erosion. Measures to combat and prevent erosion.

Deflation. The main causes and manifestation in different zones. Dust storms and their distribution on the globe. The degree of soil deflation.

Desertification as a complex natural-anthropogenic process. The scale of manifestation and the main natural prerequisites and anthropogenic causes. Methods for a comprehensive assessment of the desertification process. World Atlas of Desertification. Landscape approach to the study of the process of desertification. Measures to prevent and combat desertification (experience of different countries).

4. Formation of anthropogenic modifications of landscapes.

Anthropogenic landscape science and the history of its formation. The concept of modern landscape. Main properties of anthropogenic landscape modifications, their types and degree of transformation. Landscape sustainability. Differentiation of modern landscapes of the world, their classification and typology.

Deforestation. The problem of degradation of forest landscapes in different natural zones. Degradation of tropical rainforests and its consequences. Secondary biotic successions. Anthropogenic savannas. Alternative and traditional land use systems in the humid tropics. Agroforestry.

5. Protection of ecosystem diversity of the biosphere.

The concept of ecotone as a zone of increased diversity with reduced stability. A strategy for the conservation of homogeneous and complex ecosystem complexes. Multifunctional value of protected areas. Types of protected areas. Creation and development of a network of protected areas in the world and the former USSR. The system of protected areas in Russian Federation. Reserves, micro-reserves, game reserves, national natural parks.

The concept of biosphere reserves (reserves). The role of domestic methodology and methods of conservation in the formation of the concept of biosphere reserves and the definition of their goals and objectives. World network of biosphere reserves and other protected areas by continents and countries.

ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF NATURE PROTECTION.

Ecological and economic projects for the development of the territory and environmental activities. Organization of environmental protection management. Modeling and mapping of ecological and economic systems. The concept of sustainable development.

Nature protection in our region is the most important set of measures in the current difficult environmental situation, which is observed in many regions of the country. Such activities are carried out not only in Russia. Exist great amount international organizations that control the state of the environment throughout the Earth.

Organizations for the protection of nature in Russia

Protecting the environment is something everyone should do. Often, due to irresponsible and negligent attitude towards the world around them, man-made disasters and mass pollution. It is necessary to protect nature both on a private and global scale. Everything starts small. Everyone should control themselves and their loved ones, not litter, take care of nature, etc.

Nature conservation in our region is regulated by the actions of many organizations that specialize in this. The main ones are listed below:

VOOP - All-Russian Society for the Protection of Nature.
ecological
RREC - Russian Regional Environmental Center.
"Green Cross" and others.

The WOOP was founded in 1924 and is still active today. The main goal of society is the preservation of the environment. Participants carry out a set of measures to maintain the diversity of fauna and flora. The society is engaged in public education, introduction to the masses. Participants advise the subjects of nature management, are engaged in environmental protection activities and much more.

The environmental movement in Russia is a relatively new phenomenon. In 1994, the "Green" society was founded, which appeared on the basis of the "Kedr" organization. Until 2009, the so-called environmental political party operated, but later its activities were terminated. The "Green" movement considers its goal to change the attitude of the state and the population towards the outside world. Participants believe that only organized political measures can achieve results.

The RREC appeared only in 2000. The center was approved by the Academy of Civil Service and under the President of the Russian Federation. The purpose of establishing the RREC was to establish links with similar centers in other countries. This is necessary to promote cutting-edge ideas for the well-being of life. Thanks to dialogues between environmental organizations, it is possible to stabilize the state of Russia, introduce and promote standards and methods for environmental protection.

The non-governmental organization "Green Cross" also appeared not so long ago - in 1994. The goal of the participants is to educate the population of the ability to live in a good neighborhood with nature.

International Organizations for the Conservation of Nature

There are many such communities all over the world. The most famous are:

"Greenpeace".
Wildlife Fund.
International "Green Cross".
International Union for the Conservation of Nature, etc.

Nature protection measures

The Law on Nature Protection says that everyone must conserve, rationally use and, if possible, restore natural resources.

It is necessary to maintain the purity of waters, forests, atmosphere, take care of the world around us - representatives of flora and fauna, etc. There are certain measures to protect nature:

Economic.
Natural sciences.
Technical and production.
Administrative.

Government programs to protect the environment play a huge role for the Earth as a whole. In some regions, excellent results have been achieved. But you need to understand that everything takes more than one year. A vivid example is the environmentally protected water treatment program. Several years later, its successful outcome is obvious. However, this set of measures was very costly.

Similar measures are being taken at the regional level. In 1868, a decision was made in Lvov to protect marmots and chamois living freely in the Tatras. Thanks to the meeting of the Diet and the decisions made, animals began to be protected and saved from extinction.

In connection with the current environmental situation, it was necessary to take a set of measures that limited the use of natural resources in industry, etc. The use of pesticides was prohibited. The set of measures also included measures to:

land restoration;
creation of reserves;
cleaning up the environment;
streamlining the use of chemicals, etc.

"Greenpeace"

Nature protection in our region is largely based on the principles of work of international organizations, although it is of a regional nature. "Greenpeace" - the most famous community, which has offices in 47 countries around the world. The main office is located in Amsterdam. The current director is Kumi Naidu. The staff of the organization is 2500 people. But Greenpeace also employs volunteers, there are about 12,000 of them. Participants promote an environmentally friendly lifestyle, urge people to protect and protect the environment. Problems that Greenpeace seek to solve:

preservation of the Arctic;
climate change, fight against warming;
whaling;
radiation, etc.

International Union for Conservation of Nature

International organizations for the protection of nature appeared at different times. In 1948, the World Union was established. This is an international non-profit organization whose main goal is to preserve the diversity of representatives of the animal and plant world. More than 82 countries have joined the union. More than 111 governmental and 800 non-governmental institutions have been opened. The organization employs more than 10,000 scientists from all over the world. Members of the union believe that it is necessary to maintain integrity and peace. Resources should be used evenly. The organization includes 6 scientific commissions.

WWF

Nature protection in our region is an integral part of the international fund. This public organization, engaged in the conservation of wildlife around the world, considers its mission to achieve balance, harmony between man and everything that surrounds him. The Fund's symbol is a giant panda, which is listed in the Red Book. The organization hosts many activities, including:

forest program;
protection of rare species;
climate program;
ecologization of oil and gas fields, etc.

Nature protection in our region is the duty of every inhabitant of the country. Only together can the natural grandeur of the surrounding world be preserved intact.

Blog code:

NATURE PROTECTION, a set of measures for the conservation, rational use and restoration of the Earth's natural resources, including the species diversity of flora and fauna, the richness of the subsoil, the purity of the waters and the atmosphere. The danger of irreversible changes in the natural environment in certain regions of the Earth has become real due to the increased scale of human economic activity.

By the 70s. 20th century (since the end of the 16th century, more than 250 species and subspecies of vertebrates have disappeared. Since the beginning of the 80s, on average, 1 species (or subspecies) of animals has disappeared daily, and a plant species has disappeared weekly (St. 20 are endangered Approximately 1,000 species of birds and mammals (mainly inhabitants of tropical forests, reduced at a rate of tens of hectares per minute) are under threat of extinction.

Approx. 1 billion tons of fuel equivalent, hundreds of million tons of oxides of nitrogen, sulfur, carbon (some of them are returned in the form of acid rain), soot, ash and dust are emitted into the atmosphere. Soils and waters are polluted by industrial and domestic effluents (hundreds of billion tons per year), oil products (several million tons), mineral fertilizers (about a hundred million tons) and pesticides, heavy metals (mercury, lead, etc.), radioactive waste .

There was a danger of violation of the Earth's ozone screen (see Ozone hole). The ability of the biosphere to self-cleanse is close to the limit. The danger of uncontrolled changes in the environment and, as a result, the threat to the existence of living organisms on Earth, including humans, required decisive practical measures to protect and protect nature, legal regulation of the use of natural resources.

Such measures include the creation of waste-free technologies, treatment facilities, streamlining the use of pesticides, stopping the production of pesticides that can accumulate in the body, land reclamation, etc., as well as the creation of protected areas (reserves, national parks, etc.), centers for breeding rare and endangered animals and plants (including for the conservation of the Earth's gene pool), compilation of world and national Red Data Books.

Environmental measures are provided for in land, forestry, water and other national legislation, which establishes liability for violation of environmental standards. In a number of countries, government environmental programs have resulted in significant improvements in environmental quality in certain regions (for example, a multi-year and costly program has restored the purity and quality of water in the Great Lakes).

On an international scale, along with the creation of various international organizations on certain problems of nature protection, the UN Environment Program operates. See also Biosphere, World Conservation Union, Greenpeace.

How will it look like:

Nature protection, as a scientific field of knowledge, reveals the essence of ecological processes, helps to anticipate possible violations of the ecological balance, make the right decisions and effective measures to restore it.[ ...]

The protection of nature (and the environment) consists in a system of measures to preserve the ecological niches of living organisms, including humans.[ ...]

NATURE PROTECTION - a set of international, state, regional, administrative, economic, political and public activities aimed at the regional use, reproduction and conservation of natural resources of the Earth and the nearest outer space in the interests of existing and future generations of people.[ ...]

Nature protection is a general designation of measures (technological, economic, biotechnical, administrative-legal, international, educational, etc.). providing the possibility of preserving nature's resource- and environment-reproducing functions, the gene pool, as well as the preservation of non-renewable natural resources. This system is also aimed at maintaining a rational interaction between human activities and the natural environment, and preventing direct and indirect impact of the results of society's activities on nature and human health. Nature protection is closely connected with nature management. Important principles of nature conservation are: negative consequences), complexity, ubiquity, territorial differentiation and scientific validity.[ ...]

The Department of Nature Protection of the SNPZ together with the NP STC "Bionika" carried out bioremediation of the soil of barn No. 5: when filling it with "clean soil", activated sludge was introduced from the treatment facilities of the enterprise itself with the addition of sawdust and mineral fertilizers. In 2000, the field was sown with rye. Uneven seedlings were obtained - from plots with high yields to almost none.[ ...]

Legal protection of nature is the establishment by the state of legal norms and legal relations arising on their basis, aimed at the implementation of measures to preserve the natural environment, rational use of natural resources, improve the human environment in the interests of present and future generations. Legal protection is carried out by enshrining in the relevant laws a list of objects of nature, introducing preventive, prohibitive, punitive and incentive norms, regulating the forms and methods of monitoring the state of the environment, fulfilling the requirements for its protection, determining the nature of responsibility and methods of compensation for damage caused to nature.[ . ..]

Monuments of nature are not independent legal entities. Ensuring the regimes of protection and use established for them is entrusted to the institutions on whose lands they are located. Control over compliance with the regime of protection and use should be carried out by state environmental protection authorities.[ ...]

First, nature conservation is a complex scientific discipline developing general principles and methods of conservation and restoration of natural resources, including the protection of land, water, atmosphere, natural complexes, flora and fauna. Secondly, nature conservation is a system of measures aimed at maintaining rational interaction between human activities and the natural environment, ensuring the conservation and restoration of natural resources, preventing direct or indirect impact of the results of society's activities on the natural environment and human health (GOST 17.00.01 -76).[ ...]

The concept of "nature protection" includes not only the natural environment, but also the environment transformed by man (cities, parks, gardens, recreational complexes, industrial zones, etc.), i.e. the entire environment as a combination of biotic, abiotic and social environments, natural and man-made material world (Tetior A.N., 1992), the latter is sometimes understood as “second nature”.[ ...]

Reimers N.F. Protection of nature and the human environment: Dictionary-reference book. - M.: Enlightenment, 1992.[ ...]

In 2001, the Department of Nature Protection of the Saratov Oil Refinery and graduate School environmental education conducted detailed surveys to identify the dependence of the crop on all of the above parameters in order to determine their regulations - hydrogeological studies of soils were carried out at the base - up to a three-meter depth, the biocenosis of the arable layer was determined by plots, heavy metals, content of Na, K, R.[ ...]

In the general problem of nature conservation and rational use natural resources, an important place is occupied by the protection of soils from chemical pollution, the reclamation of polluted lands.[ ...]

Most important issues environmental protection are: the protection of the atmosphere and natural waters from pollution by harmful substances, noise control, protection of subsoil and rational use of natural resources, ensuring radiation safety, protection of the gene pool of plants and animals, global monitoring of various anthropogenic pollutants, etc. “Nature in all its forms must be protected. Protecting the beautiful Russian landscape is the landscape that has played and is playing a huge role in shaping the character of the Russian people, in the fact that this people is infinitely talented and courageous ”(K. Paustovsky).[ ...]

Zakhlebny A. N. School and problems of nature conservation: The content of environmental education. - M., 1991.[ ...]

In our country, the soil, as well as nature and its resources in general, is protected by the state. Laws on the protection of nature and soils are in place in all Union republics. The Law “On the Protection of Nature in the RSFSR” adopted in 1960 states: “Nature protection is the most important state task and the business of the whole people.” In this law, land is indicated as the first object of nature to be protected. It is further noted that all lands, especially arable lands, assigned to land users, as the main means of production in agriculture, are subject to protection.[ ...]

The entire organization of state conservation of nature in our country is currently being built on the basis of all-Union laws on nature protection and the corresponding laws of the Union republics. The first law on nature protection in the RSFSR was adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR on October 27, 1960. Similar laws were adopted in other union republics. According to these laws, the objects of nature protection are land, subsoil, water, forests and other vegetation, green spaces in settlements, typical landscapes, resort areas, forest park protective belts and suburban green areas, rare and noteworthy objects, wildlife, atmospheric air. Laws on the protection of nature provide for strict liability for both the heads of enterprises and departments, and individual citizens for the misuse or damage to natural resources.[ ...]

The primary task in the field of nature protection at the enterprises of the oil and gas industry is the comprehensive and consistent reduction of emissions of harmful substances into the main elements of the biosphere and bringing them up to the established standards in the coming years 121.[ ...]

The most important document on the legal basis of nature protection is the Constitution of the USSR. It focuses the environmental policy of our state on the observance of the interests of the present and future generations of people, regulates social relations in the field of interaction between man and his environment.[ ...]

The first reaction to the irreversible destruction of nature (however, very belated) was the desire to at least partially preserve, conserve natural systems. In 1872, the famous Yellowstone Park-Reserve with an area of about 9 thousand km2 was founded in the USA. In 1898, the zoological and acclimatization park (garden) Askania-Nova was created in Russia and virgin lands were declared protected areas. At the beginning of the 20th century, nature conservation societies and environmental commissions began to form both in Europe and in Russia, for example, under the Russian Geographical Society.[ ...]

A new important stage in the further improvement of nature conservation and the rational use of natural resources, as already mentioned, was the decisions of the XXV Congress of the CPSU: “... you can use nature in different ways,” L. I. Brezhnev said at the congress. the history of mankind knows many examples of this - leaving barren, lifeless, hostile spaces behind it. But it is possible and necessary, comrades, to ennoble nature, to help nature to reveal its vital forces more fully. There is such a simple, well-known expression "blooming land". This is the name of the land where the knowledge, experience of people, their affection, their love for nature truly work wonders. This is our socialist path”2.[ ...]

Principles of A. G. Bannikov: 1 - the main direction of nature conservation - protection in the process of its use; 2 - an integrated approach to the use of natural resources; 3 - regional approach to the use of natural resources.[ ...]

Normative legislative documents on nature protection include environmental quality standards, which establish the optimal characteristics of the natural environment, achieved with the current level of technical progress and ensuring the preservation of public health, the development of flora and fauna. The main tasks of the system of standards in the field of nature protection are: ensuring the safety of natural complexes; promotion of restoration and rational use of natural resources; promoting a balance between the development of production and the sustainability of the environment; improvement of environmental quality management in the interests of humanity.[ ...]

The desire to harmonize the use of forests with the laws of nature conservation forces specialists to recognize the patterns of development of forest communities. Establishing relationships between the forest and the environment, the silvicultural characteristics of the main species and their combination, the development of forest care and harvesting methods, along with the rational use of harvested products and forest reproduction, as well as methods for controlling the quality of forest products, are the main tasks of specialists who optimize ecological forest management.[ ...]

It follows from this law that the ultimate goal of the so-called conservation of nature is the preservation of the biosphere as the natural and only habitat of human society.[ ...]

International scientific and technical cooperation in the field of nature protection is an integral part of relations with foreign countries. It includes the exchange of experience and research results, the intensification of development, the international division of labor, the development and implementation of collective measures to reduce the transboundary transfer of harmful substances, etc.[ ...]

The purposefulness of technological and organizational methods of nature protection in the process of industrial production and construction is of a managerial nature and contributes to the exact observance of the production regulations in strict accordance with the established criteria.[ ...]

Environmental legislation should establish the priority of protecting nature and public health over other types of activity, formulate principles and establish uniform rules and procedures for conducting economic activities for all forms of ownership in order to ensure this priority, primarily with the help of economic management methods. This requires an adequate introduction of appropriate changes and additions to the legislation related to the use of natural resources: laws on state enterprises, on property, on conversion, etc.[ ...]

In 1948, at the initiative of the United Nations, the International Council for the Protection of Nature (ICCP) was created on the basis of the Brussels International Bureau for Conservation of Nature. Since 1959, it has become known as the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN).[ ...]

Naturally arising due to certain historical conditions, the problem of nature protection is a vital and absolutely urgent problem of mankind, which, like the problems of disarmament and detente, has no reasonable alternative. It does not belong to the number of far-fetched problems, is not the fruit of someone's imagination or idle hobbies. Its emergence is predetermined by the entire course of previous social development. Further development of the productive forces of society not only does not remove this problem, but, on the contrary, requires even more attention to it.[ ...]

Among international non-governmental organizations, the most important is the IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources), established in 1948, whose main activities are the publication of Red Data Books on rare and endangered species of organisms, the organization of reserves and national natural parks, environmental education, etc. P.[ ...]

The sources of environmental law are the following legal documents: 1) the Constitution; 2) laws and codes in the field of nature protection; 3) Decrees and orders of the President on issues of ecology and nature management; government environmental regulations; 4) normative acts of ministries and departments; 5) regulatory decisions of the authorities local government.[ ...]

We started this book by substantiating two cornerstone postulates of modern nature management: firstly, to protect nature means to use it correctly, i.e., to use it in an environmentally correct way, and secondly, nature protection (or environmental protection) is the business of responsible professionals of each nature management industries at their workplaces. The second condition, obviously, provides for the need for ecological thinking of specialists, which is based on knowledge of the fundamental foundations of ecology, which was the subject of the previous chapters of the book.[ ...]

Our “home”, in which humanity lives, consists not only of a natural complex (which includes a person as part of nature), but also of a cultural complex (we will call it conditionally “human culture”, although there is also a culture created by animals and flora). We live in an environment of historical monuments, works of art, results scientific research, technical advances. Therefore, ecology consists of two parts: the protection of nature and the protection of culture. The latter is all the more important because it concerns the very essence of man. Man is a part of nature, but he is also a part of a culture created over millennia.[ ...]

An example successful work enterprises, aimed at protecting the environment, is the activity of the department of nature protection, created in the production association "Nitron" to coordinate the work of shops, services, departments, and a sanitary laboratory. The Department of Nature Protection identifies sources of pollution, conducts re-certification of wastewater and an inventory of emission sources, and compiles a material balance for all types of waste. As a result of his work, the amount of pollution discharged into the river has been significantly reduced.[ ...]

Obviously, in the last definition, the defining part is wider than the defined part: the words "environment" appear in it. The word "nature" refers more to the natural world, while "environment" means not only the natural, but also the world created or transformed by man: it includes man-made landscapes, residential areas, industrial complexes. Therefore, along with the concept of "nature protection", another concept is now more often used - "environmental protection".[ ...]

In the middle and senior grades, when studying the integrated courses "Health and the Environment", "Biosphere and Man", "Fundamentals of Ecology", "Human Ecology", "Nature and Culture", "Environmental Protection", the moral orientation of the student in his relationship with nature. Here the foundations of a dialectical understanding of the unity of nature and society are laid, and nature conservation is considered as part of common culture person. At this stage, a modern worldview is formed, which is based on integrative knowledge about the surrounding world and manifests itself in responsible, active behavior based on the belief in the need to protect the natural environment. The role of ecological practice is important.[ ...]

The transition from fishing to reproduction is the immediate prospect of forestry. Forestry resources will be practically exhausted in 2000 (deforestation, as stated in the World Strategy for Conservation of Nature, proceeds at a rate of 20 hectares per minute and on a global scale exceeds wood growth by 18 times). The planet's forest cover will decrease for several more years at a rate of about 1% per year and will become critical with a global forest area of about 20% of the land area. After that, people will begin to intensively grow forests not only for recreation and getting wood, but also “for oxygen”, the resources of which, although far from being exhausted, are melting before our eyes.[ ...]

In our country, great importance is attached to the protection of the lithosphere, the protection of the subsoil and their rational use. In this regard, we can point to a number of important documents adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR - "On measures to further improve the protection of nature and the rational use of natural resources" (1972), "On measures to further strengthen the protection of subsoil and improve the use of minerals" (1975).[ ...]

In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Standardization", annually the competent authorities involved in standardization draw up a program for the development of new and revision of existing standards (GOST) in the field of environmental protection, environmental quality, activities of enterprises, organizations, institutions and behavior of citizens, relevant terminology and normative-legal acts regulating nature protection. This program consists of a set of standards in the field of atmospheric protection (“Atmosphere”), protection and rational use of waters (“Hydrosphere”), rational use of biological resources (“Biological Resources”), protection and rational use of soils (“Soils”), improvement use of land (“Land”), protection of flora (“Flora”) and fauna (“Fauna”), protection and transformation of landscapes (“Landscapes”), rational use and protection of subsoil (“Nedra”), disposal of industrial and household waste ( "Waste"), etc.[ ...]

Kamid extract is a turpentine yield stimulant based on fodder yeast, the production of which was launched in 1991 at the Arkhangelsk hydrolysis plant with scientific and technical cooperation with the Arkhangelsk Institute of Forestry and Wood Chemistry and NPC Nature Protection.[ ...]

The manager and specialist of agricultural production of any profile, carrying out certain technological operations that ensure an increase in agricultural production, must first of all provide for their impact on nature, because the process of using and protecting nature is a single process.[ ...]

Environmental issues occupied a prominent place in the work of the Helsinki Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. In the Final Act, an entire section is dedicated to the environment. It contains the political leaders of Europe and North America emphasized that “the protection and improvement of the environment, as well as the protection of nature and the rational use of its resources for the benefit of present and future generations, is one of the tasks of great importance for the well-being of peoples and economic development of all countries, and many environmental problems, in particular in Europe, can only be effectively solved through close international cooperation”3.[ ...]

In our country, systematic work is underway to study erosion processes and develop measures to combat it. Special research institutes, experimental stations and strongholds have been organized, major measures are being taken on a nationwide scale to protect soils and protect them from erosion. All the Union republics have adopted laws on the protection of nature and soils, which emphasize that the protection of nature is the most important state task and the concern of the entire people. Great importance for the practical implementation of measures for the protection of soils, the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR “On urgent measures to protect soils from wind and water erosion” adopted in 1967 has. The resolution specifies a set of organizational, economic, agrotechnical, forest reclamation and hydrotechnical measures that must be applied to combat soil erosion, taking into account specific local soil and climatic conditions.[ ...]

Looking ahead, I note that the further presentation is built according to the scheme: the internal laws of the living and its separate parts - organisms, their relationship with the environment, the composition of populations, communities, ecosystems, the geographical display of these relationships, the general laws of the organization of the ecosphere and biosphere of the Earth, maintaining its reliability, evolutionary laws, interrelationships in the totality of man - nature, the main features of socio-ecological patterns, rules and restrictions on nature management, theoretical principles for the protection of nature and the human environment.[ ...]

The USSR Ministry of Agriculture established strict rules, according to which chemical treatment of crops, plantations and other lands is carried out only after a preliminary examination of them, determining the degree of pest infestation, and also colonization with useful insect species. About the beginning of work with pesticides, residents of nearby settlements, local councils of people's deputies, as well as relevant services (veterinary, nature conservation, etc.).[ ...]

In 1960-1970, the Fundamentals of the Land Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics (1968), the Fundamentals of the Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics on Health (1969), the Fundamentals of the Water Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics (1970) were adopted. d.), “Fundamentals of the legislation of the USSR and the union republics on subsoil” (1975), “Fundamentals of the forestry legislation of the USSR and the union republics” (1977). An important environmental document is the Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On measures to further improve nature conservation and rational use of natural resources" (September 1972). These documents define an integrated approach to solving the problems of nature protection and rational use of natural resources in all sectors of the national economy, distribute functions between ministries and departments in the field of planning and monitoring the implementation of environmental measures and the state of the natural environment.[ ...]

The verification of the correctness of the identification of invertebrates was carried out by T.N. Gridina and V.E. Efimik (Perm State University), B.R. Striganova, S.I. Golovach and A.R. Grabeklis (Institute of Problems of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences), for which we express our sincere gratitude to them. The authors are deeply grateful to B.M. Mirkin for scientific editing of the book, B.R. Striganova and G.M. Khanislamova for valuable advice in preparing the text of the monograph, L.K. Sadovnikova, N.Z. Pershina, S.I. Reshetnikov (Department of Soil Chemistry, Moscow State University) for performing chemical analyses. We also express our heartfelt gratitude to the managers and employees of the environmental protection departments of all enterprises where the authors conducted their research.[ ...]

AT study guide considered theoretical basis, methods and specific ways of translating graphic information into electronic formats understandable to information and computer technology, digitizing images. Made brief analysis the history of development and the current state of methods and methods of digitization, their connection with specific GIS - software products of different manufacturers. The general principles of inputting graphical information and its use in the process of analyzing spatially defined information, both separately and in combination with attribute data for solving typical tasks forestry and agriculture, forest industry and nature conservation in Russia, the countries of the European Community, Eastern Europe, the USA and Canada. Outlined technique and guidelines on digitization and use of images obtained as a result of remote sensing in GIS technologies for general and special purposes. Particular attention is paid to the characteristics of raster and vector formats graphic images and peculiarities of their use in solving specific problems.[ ...]

Industrial wastes (industrial wastewater) and fecal effluents from social and cultural facilities are characterized by a number of parameters: quantity (in kg or in l), physical and chemical properties from dissolved, emulsified or suspended substances, their degree of toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, alkalinity or acidity, organoleptic characteristics - smell, color, taste. Industrial wastes are divided into conditionally clean (from the cooling of process equipment) and dirty (from other workshops, sites, construction sites, etc.). Conditionally clean effluents are cooled in settling tanks or cooling towers, cleaned from suspensions and oils, and then returned to production with a limited additive cold water(evaporative loss). Such a process is called a closed cycle of water consumption; from the point of view of nature protection, it is the most harmless. Dirty industrial wastes are diverted to treatment facilities through sewer collectors, remove solid fractions from them, filter out oil products, then disinfect and send them to deep cleaning devices or settling tanks.[ ...]

Biosphere reserves - within the framework of the UNESCO program, they are an international form of protected areas, which began to be created in 1973. The status of state natural biosphere reserves has reserves that are part of the international system of biosphere reserves that carry out global environmental monitoring. Biosphere reserves are designed to be preserved in their natural form natural ecosystems and their gene pool, as well as for constant monitoring of the state and course of various processes in unchanged (or slightly modified) typical areas of the biosphere. The principle scheme is as follows: in the center is the core (absolutely protected territory), a buffer zone is allocated around (protected, on which economic activity), followed by a zone of ordinary, but strictly rational economic use of the territory. Therefore, on the territory of biosphere reserves, nature protection is combined with fundamental research work in the field of nature management and environmental protection. Currently, there are more than 300 biosphere reserves in the world, including 17 reserves in Russia (Astrakhansky, Baikalsky, Barguzinsky, Voronezhsky, Caucasian, Kronotsky, Laplandsky, Oksky, Pechoro-Ilychsky, Sikhote-Alinsky, Prioksko-Terrasny, Central Black Earth, etc.).