Src="https://present5.com/presentacii/20170505/213-proishoghdenie_dollora_i_evro.pptx_images/213-proishoghdenie_dollora_i_evro.pptx_0.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Presentation on the topic: "The history of the "dollar" and" euro »"> Презентация на тему: «История возникновения «доллара» и «евро» Подготовили: студентки 2-го курса Группы 0505 «а» Тарасова Анастасия и Голубева Кристина Министерство образования и науки, молодежи и спорта Украины Донецкий национальный университет Экономический факультет!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii/20170505/213-proishoghdenie_dollora_i_evro.pptx_images/213-proishoghdenie_dollora_i_evro.pptx_1.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Green rustling banknotes cause trembling in hands and feet. Today everyone used to seeing"> Зелененькие шуршащие купюры вызывают дрожь в руках и в ногах. Сегодня все привыкли видеть эти денежки «зелененькими», и желательно, чтобы купюр с изображением знаменитого президента Бенджамина Франклина (для непосвященных – это и есть заветная «доллар»). Ноподоплека этих заветных купюр, а также их переименования, цвета до сих пор для многих исследователей представляется загадкой. Откуда появился этот сегодняшний властитель мира? Как из маленькой никчемной монеты-купюры он превратился мирового господина?!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii/20170505/213-proishoghdenie_dollora_i_evro.pptx_images/213-proishoghdenie_dollora_i_evro.pptx_2.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>The history of the word "dollar" The corresponding sign ($) is much more ancient than the currency itself."> История возникновения слова «доллар» Соответствующий знак ($) гораздо более древние, нежели сама валюта. Версий о том, как появился этот знак и это название уйма. Начнем с того, откуда пошло само слово «доллар». История его происхождения настолько древняя, что не запутаться во всех хитросплетениях истории просто-напросто невозможно. Традиционно считается, что корни названия купюры уходят… в страну Восточной Европы под названием Чехия.Именно в одном из городов этой страны чеканили талер (тогда его называли иоахимталер). Но англичане в некоторой степени переврали и стали называть талером не только валюту иоахимталер, но и португальские реалы, а сними заодно и испанские песо, которые были как две капли воды похожи на иоахимталер. Позже американцы «позаимствовали» это название у англичан: так талеры стали «далерами».!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii/20170505/213-proishoghdenie_dollora_i_evro.pptx_images/213-proishoghdenie_dollora_i_evro.pptx_3.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>But there is another version. It steadily claims that the Americans borrowed the name of their national"> Но есть и другая версия. Она неуклонно утверждает, что американцы позаимствовали название своей национальной валюты не у англичан, а у скандинавов. Ведь примерно в это же время Дания и Швеция использовали монеты, которые назывались «далеры». А еще одна (не менее правдоподобная версия) говорит о том, что родиной доллара стала Северная Америка, где активно обращались голландские так называемые «левендаалдерсы» - «львиные даалердеры или талеры». Версия утверждает, что именно отсюда и пошел доллар. Тем не менее, талеры-далеры пока никакой из стран не были «приватизированы» они свободно обращались в качестве валюты, но статуса национального денежного знака так и не получили. А американцы в 1784 году сделали эту валютой своей национальной. При этом, история Соединенных Штатов Америки приводит такую своеобразную шутку: Центральная федеральная власть смогла «забрать» эмиссию доллара в свои руки спустя практически двести лет (во второй половине 19 века). Именно до 19 века все штаты могли спокойно выпускать доллары, которые им нравились: цвет, дизайн и пр. существенно различались. Кстати говоря, «первенец»-бумажный доллар появился в 1785 году.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii/20170505/213-proishoghdenie_dollora_i_evro.pptx_images/213-proishoghdenie_dollora_i_evro.pptx_4.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>How did the $ symbol come about? And who invented it? History dollar symbol - $"> Как возник символ «$»? И кто его придумал? История символа доллара - $ также полнится своими загадками и секретами. Как гласит официальная версия, прародителем символа доллара стало испанское песо (P), к которому добавлялось S, (это означало песо во !} plural). Later, merchants constantly superimposed the sign S on P, simplified it. And two vertical sticks on the dollar symbol turned out due to the fact that two columns were engraved on the Spanish currency, which symbolized the Pillars of Gibraltar or, as the British put it, “Dollars with Pillars”\Pillar Dollar. Another popular version says that the dollar symbol appeared thanks to the United States of America (it seems to me that this version was invented by the Americans themselves). In English, the name sounds like United States of America (abbreviated as USA). So, this version claims that the symbol is derived from the name of the American state in English. In this case, the first two letters and (U and S) are shifted, and part of the letter U has changed: the lower part of the letter has disappeared, and only two vertical sticks remain, which, in combination with the letter S, gave the symbol to the national currency of the country.

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii/20170505/213-proishoghdenie_dollora_i_evro.pptx_images/213-proishoghdenie_dollora_i_evro.pptx_5.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>U.S. history in faces can be viewed on its currency. The most famous and eminent presidents"> Историю США в лицах можно просмотреть на ее валюте. Самые знаменитые и выдающиеся президенты «засветились» на этой банкноте. Первый президент страны, прославившийся своими завоеваниями, Джордж Вашингтон гордо украшает $1, третий президент Томас Джефферсон, пламенный борец за свободу и демократию, украшает $2, шестнадцатый президент, победивший в войне Севера против Юга и отдавший свою жизнь в борьбе за свободу и демократию, умнейший человек своего времени,Абрахам Линкольн попал на купюру $5. 10 долларов украшает Гамильтон, которого справедливо называют одним из отцов-основателей Соединенных Штатов. Двадцатку украшает седьмой президент США Эндрю Джексон. Пятидесятка украшена восемнадцатым президентом, героем разыгравшейся в 18 веке гражданской войны Улиссом Грант. Ну и наконец-то сотка. На ней изображен один из самых удивительных президентов Сша, который был и замечательным ученым, талантливым публицистом и тактичным дипломатом, Бенджамин Франклин.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii/20170505/213-proishoghdenie_dollora_i_evro.pptx_images/213-proishoghdenie_dollora_i_evro.pptx_6.jpg" alt=">">

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii/20170505/213-proishoghdenie_dollora_i_evro.pptx_images/213-proishoghdenie_dollora_i_evro.pptx_7.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Few people know that in the history of the United States there were bills with a face value 500 dollars, thousand,"> Мало кому известно, что в истории США были купюры, номинальной стоимостью 500 долларов, тысяча, пять тысяч и даже десять. Но сегодня такая купюра – музейная редкость.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii/20170505/213-proishoghdenie_dollora_i_evro.pptx_images/213-proishoghdenie_dollora_i_evro.pptx_8.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Why can't I print living presidents on bills?"> Почему на купюрах нельзя печатать живых президентов? В 1864 году американцы приняли закон, согласно которому на денежных банкнотах категорически запрещается помещать портреты живых президентов. История принятия и причин принятия этого закона довольна интересная и смешная. Дело в том, что один из чиновников, отвечающий за выпуск денег на финансирование, главным образом, гражданской войны, был настолько честолюбив, что решил поместить на одну из банкнот свой собственный портрет. Все бы ничего, американцы, занятые в то время войной, наверное, даже не обратили бы внимания на то, чей портрет находится на их национальной валюте, если бы не удивительное стечение обстоятельств: чиновник был известным бабником и вскоре стал героем целого сексуального скандала, связанного с домогательством к своим подчиненным (практически все без исключения из них были женщинами). Вот законодатель США и решил внести такой запрет на помещение портрета действующего и живущего государственного лица, дабы он своим поведением не портил всю репутацию валюты и страны в целом.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii/20170505/213-proishoghdenie_dollora_i_evro.pptx_images/213-proishoghdenie_dollora_i_evro.pptx_9.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Euro € - history of origin and development Probably none of the stories occurrence"> Евро € - история возникновения и развития Наверное, ни одна из историй возникновения валют мира, не является столь же яркой и противоречивой, как история возникновения и развития евро €, с успехом заменившей многие европейские денежные единицы – фунт стерлингов, франки, гульдены и прочие. С одной стороны – евро, противопоставляя себя доллару, старается отвоевать финансовую независимость стран Европы от наносного господства Америки. С другой – курс евро, как ни странно, зависим от доллара.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii/20170505/213-proishoghdenie_dollora_i_evro.pptx_images/213-proishoghdenie_dollora_i_evro.pptx_10.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Initially, the euro was used only for non-cash payments, and later it became firmly established in cash"> Изначально евро употреблялось только для безналичных расчетов, а позже уже прочно вошло в наличный оборот. Официальный отсчет начался 1 января 1999 года. Разумеется, сразу изъять из оборота национальные деньги невозможно, поэтому сначала на рынках параллельно использовались и местные деньги, и евро. Затем, после официально установленного курса каждой европейской валюты, национальные денежные знаки начали обмениваться на евро. Начинается история возникновения и развития евро € в 1992 году с момента создания Европейского Союза. Объединив в себе такие разноликие государства, Евросоюз просто нуждался в укреплении единства через создание общей валюты.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii/20170505/213-proishoghdenie_dollora_i_evro.pptx_images/213-proishoghdenie_dollora_i_evro.pptx_11.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>And in a period of six months, the euro becomes the full owner of the pan-European market. They talked like"> И за период в шесть месяцев евро становится полноправным хозяином общеевропейского рынка. Поговаривали, будто первоначальный курс евро по отношению к доллару (1: 1,1736) чрезвычайно и необоснованно завысили, из-за чего в течение года после введения новой валюты, она стала обесцениваться. Лишь в 2001 году за счет волны экономического кризиса в Америке, в результате которой курс доллара снизился, евро начало постепенно наращивать темпы своего подорожания. А террористические атаки на Америку еще более увеличили стабильность европейской единой валюты.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii/20170505/213-proishoghdenie_dollora_i_evro.pptx_images/213-proishoghdenie_dollora_i_evro.pptx_12.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>The most correct and competent financial decision in relation to the euro was the release of the currency in "> The most correct and competent financial decision in relation to the euro was the release of the currency into cash circulation, in addition, the crisis and debt state of America did not inspire credit banks and financial funds (investing in euro was considered more profitable, than throwing money down the drain, investing it in a falling dollar.) Today, the history of the emergence and development of the euro €, being the forerunner of euro-popularity, speaks of the fidelity of uniting efforts on the path to financial prosperity.

The territory of the modern United States was discovered by the English navigator John Cabot in 1497. The first European settlements on the territory of the present state were founded by the Spaniards in Florida (St. Augustine in 1565) and the British in Virginia (Jamestown in 1607). By the 70s, here 13 English colonies were founded. On July 4, 1776, the colonies that rebelled against the authorities of the mother country declared their independence and began to be called the United States of America. Introduction

Territory: km² Water surface: 6.76%. It occupies the fourth place in the world in terms of territory, slightly inferior to China.

The United States consists of three parts: 1. The main territory (or the USA itself - 48 states), it has the shape of a massive quadrangle, stretches from east to west for almost 4.7 thousand km, and from north to south for 3 thousand km . 2.Alaska. 3. Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean.

CanadaMexico Russia The Pacific Ocean The Atlantic Ocean The Arctic Ocean The United States borders Canada in the north, Mexico in the south, and also has a maritime border with Russia. It is washed by the Pacific Ocean from the west, the Atlantic Ocean from the east and the Arctic Ocean from the north.

The Atlantic Lowland extends for more than 3,500 km along the Atlantic coast of the United States from New York Bay to the border with Mexico (and further into Mexico) in the states of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, Kentucky, Alabama, Mississippi, the Atlantic Lowland extends for more than 3,500 km along the Atlantic coast of the United States from New York Bay to the border with Mexico (and further into Mexico) in the states of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, Kentucky, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas. This area has an average altitude of less than 200 m above sea level and recedes from the ocean at a distance of 50 to 100 km (and more in the Mississippi Delta region). The lowland is indented by a huge number of bays, river deltas, and there are a lot of wetlands on its territory. Atlantic lowland

Appalachians - mountain system in the east of the USA and Canada with a length of about 2500 km. The Appalachians are located in the states of Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina. The average height of the Appalachians is about 900 meters above sea level, the highest point - Mount Mitchell in North Carolina has a height of 2037 m. This is the highest point in the United States east of the Mississippi River. The Appalachian mountain system is divided into two regions: the Northern and Southern Appalachians. Appalachians

Laurentian Upland The Laurentian Upland is a vast upland located primarily in Canada. In the United States, it occupies the north of the states and Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan. The heights in the area of ​​the Laurentian Upland are m, there are a lot of small rivers and lakes, dense forests. In the south, the Laurentian Upland passes into the Great Plains.

The Interior Highlands is the only major mountainous region between the Appalachians and the Rocky Mountains. The interior highlands are located in the states of Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri, and Kansas. The highlands are formed by the Ozark Plateau and the Washita Mountains. inner highlands

Interior Plains The Interior Plains is a huge area in the center of the United States, formed by the low plateaus of Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, the lowlands of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Nebraska and South Dakota, as well as the Great Plains. The Great Plains stretch from the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains and cover the lands of Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota Texas, Wyoming and several Canadian provinces. The length of the Great Valleys is about 800 km from east to west and 3200 km from north to south (including Canada).

The Rocky Mountains are a mountain system in the Cordillera, stretching for more than 4,500 km across the United States and Canada. The Rocky Mountains begin in New Mexico, become wider and higher to the north, reaching a width of 500 km in Colorado and Utah. Most of the highest mountains in the Rocky Mountains are located in Colorado, including the highest peak of the Rocky Mountains (and the second highest in the continental United States, after Mount Whitney in California) - Mount Elbert (4401 m). Further northwest, in Idaho, Wyoming and Montana, the width of the Rocky Mountains does not exceed 240 km, and the height is meters. Rocky Mountains

The Intermountain Plateaus (or Intermountain) is a region in the western United States, bounded by the Rocky Mountains in the east and the Cascade and Sierra Nevada mountains in the west. Intermountain is located in the states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, and Colorado. It is divided into three regions: the Columbia Plateau, the Great Basin, and the Colorado Plateau. The Columbia Plateau is a large plateau between the Cascade and Rocky Mountains, through which one of the largest rivers in the United States, the Columbia, flows. Intermountain plateaus

The Great Basin - located south of the Columbia Plateau, in Nevada, Utah, California, Oregon and Eid Aho, is the largest drainless region, occupied mainly by deserts and semi-deserts. The Great Salt Lake is located on the territory of the Great Basin.

Further south, in the southwestern United States, is the Colorado Plateau. Almost entirely occupied by the Colorado River basin, it is located in the states of Utah, Arizona, Colorado and New Mexico. In the southwestern part of the plateau, the Colorado River forms the famous Grand Canyon (Grand Canyon).

The Pacific Mountains are a series of mountain ranges that stretch along the entire Pacific coast of the United States. To the north, in Washington state, is the Olympic Mountains. They are relatively low, the largest mountain - Olympus, rises to 2427 meters. The western slopes of the Olympic Mountains descend directly into the Pacific Ocean. Pacific mountains

In the east of California, the Sierra Nevada mountains are located, stretching for more than 750 kilometers. It is in the Sierra Nevada mountains that Mount Whitney (4421 m) is located - the highest in the continental United States. Here, in the Sierra Nevada, you can see the alpine Lake Tahoe, famous for its beauty, whose area is almost 500 km 2, and the Yosemite Valley.

The Mississippi is the largest river in the United States and North America, one of the largest rivers in the world. This river, which is over 3,730 kilometers long, originates in Lake Itasca, Minnesota, and flows into the Gulf of Mexico 150 kilometers from New Orleans, Louisiana. The Mississippi Basin, with its tributaries, spans thirty-one states of the United States, from the Rocky Mountains in the west to the Appalachians in the east. The Mississippi is the fourth longest and tenth longest river in the world in terms of water flow (m 3).

Lake Michigan in the USA, one of the North American Great Lakes. The only one of the Great Lakes that is completely located on the territory of the United States Michigan area is about km2 (the third largest among the Great Lakes), about 500 km long, about 190 km wide.

Niagara Falls is a series of waterfalls on the Niagara River, which separates the US state of New York from the Canadian province of Ontario. Niagara Falls is a series of waterfalls on the Niagara River, which separates the US state of New York from the Canadian province of Ontario. The height of the waterfalls is 53 meters. The foot of the American Falls is obscured by a heap of stones, which is why its apparent height is only 21 meters.

According to the state system, the United States is a federal republic, consisting of 50 states. In addition, the Federal District of Columbia is singled out, on the territory of which the capital of the country, Washington, is located. The head of state is the president, who is elected for four years. The highest legislative body is Congress (House of Representatives and Senate). Each state has its own Constitution, its own legislative and executive authorities, an elected governor, as well as symbols. POLITICAL STRUCTURE OF THE COUNTRY Political parties of the USA: Democratic Party of the USA Republican Party of the USA

The American Constitution was drafted and adopted by the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention (May-September 1787). However, provisions guaranteeing the political, personal and procedural rights of citizens were not included in the text of the Constitution. The American Constitution was drafted and adopted by the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention (May-September 1787). However, provisions guaranteeing the political, personal and procedural rights of citizens were not included in the text of the Constitution. In 1789, a draft Bill of Rights was adopted - the first 10 amendments to the constitution, proclaiming a number of political, personal and procedural rights of citizens (under pressure from public opinion and democratically minded legislators). In 1789, a draft Bill of Rights was adopted - the first 10 amendments to the constitution, proclaiming a number of political, personal and procedural rights of citizens (under pressure from public opinion and democratically minded legislators). On March 4, 1789, the US Constitution went into effect. On March 4, 1789, the US Constitution went into effect.

Democratic Party of the USA donkey The unofficial symbol of the donkey (a symbol of stubborn overcoming obstacles). blue "Party" color is blue. Initially, the party was for the preservation of slavery. Now Democrats traditionally support social reforms, supranational corporations, sexual, racial and other minorities. Democratic US Presidents: Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren, James Polk, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, Grover Cleveland, Woodrow Wilson, Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson, Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, Barack Obama .

Republican Party USA Elephant The unofficial symbol of the party is the elephant (representing power). red. "Party" color is red. US Republican Presidents: Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, Herbert Hoover, Dwight Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan, George Herbert Walker Bush, George Walker Bush. It was organized as an association of opponents of slavery, reflecting the interests of the bourgeoisie of the North and the working class. Republicans, unlike Democrats, adhere to the following positions: tax cuts, reduced government spending on medicine and education, and a more aggressive foreign policy.

Barack Hussein Obama II August 4, 1961 (aged 51) The current (since January 20, 2009) 44th President of the United States of America. Religion - Protestantism. Democrat. Education: Columbia University and Harvard Law School. Barack Obama was an early opponent of President George W. Bush's Iraq policy. According to Obama, he is a supporter of the idea of ​​a world without nuclear weapons.

Joseph Robinette Biden Jr November 20, 1942 (age 70) November 20, 1942 (age 70) Democrat. Awards Grand Officer of the Order of the Three Stars (Latvia, February 17, 2006) Grand Officer of the Order of the Three Stars (Latvia, February 17, 2006) Order of Victory named after St. George (Georgia, 2009) Order of Victory named after St. George (Georgia, 2009 ) The current (since January 20, 2009) 47th Vice President of the United States of America. Education: Syracuse University School of Law in New York State, University of Delaware. Religion - Catholicism

The flag is a rectangular panel with horizontal equal-sized alternating seven red and six white stripes. There are 50 five-pointed white stars in the dark blue roof. The 13 stripes symbolize the 13 British colonies that formed an independent state. The blue roof symbolizes the Union The number of stars in the blue roof corresponds to the number of states (there are currently 50 of them). Red represents endurance and valor; dark blue zeal, justice, vigilance; white innocence and purity.

Human population Density: 32 people/km2

The graph shows the proportion of mechanical and natural increase in the absolute increase in the US population. The huge growth in the US population is largely due to immigration, which determined not only the mechanical increase in the population, but also its young age composition, which contributed to a high natural increase.

The United States is often referred to as a country of immigration, and indeed it is. First, the rapid expansion of the US territory, its expansion and development created a constant need for new labor forces. Secondly, socio-economic the situation (national and religious oppression, outbreaks of famine, political persecution) in other parts of the world created conditions for the redistribution of labor resources through migration. The United States is often referred to as a country of immigration, and indeed it is. First, the rapid expansion of the US territory, its expansion and development created a constant need for new labor forces. Secondly, the socio-economic situation (national and religious oppression, outbreaks of famine, political persecution) in other parts of the world created conditions for the redistribution of labor resources through migration. The nature and extent of immigration to the United States has changed many times over such a long period of time. Therefore, following the stages of immigration, one can see how the American nation was formed. The nature and extent of immigration to the United States has changed many times over such a long period of time. Therefore, following the stages of immigration, one can see how the American nation was formed.

The National Composition of the USA The modern American nation is the result of ethnic mixing and merging of immigrants from different parts of the world, and especially from Europe and Africa. The structure of immigration flows to the United States in different historical periods (in % of the total number of immigrants) XVIII - XIX centuryEarly XX centuryMid 20th centuryMid XX century - Europe - Africa - Latin America - Asia

Chart: "2009 U.S. Population Ratio by Ethnic Group by Ethnic Origin Group". origin in 2009”. European American 70% African American 13% Hispanic 12% Asian 4% Indigenous 1%

The modern American nation includes at least five subgroups (see diagram). The modern American nation includes at least five subgroups (see diagram). The main one is formed by "white" Americans. Their share is gradually decreasing. Thus, according to the 1980 census, this group accounted for 83% of all citizens of the country, while in the 1990 census - 76%. The main one is formed by "white" Americans. Their share is gradually decreasing. Thus, according to the 1980 census, this group accounted for 83% of all citizens of the country, while in the 1990 census - 76%. The second group is made up of African Americans. Thanks to higher birth rates and natural increase, their share in the population is constantly increasing. According to the 1990 census, their share was 9.6%. The second group is made up of African Americans. Thanks to higher birth rates and natural increase, their share in the population is constantly increasing. According to the 1990 census, their share was 9.6%. The third group is formed by Hispanic Americans, their share is also increasing. In 1990 it was 9%. The third group is formed by Hispanic Americans, their share is also increasing. In 1990 it was 9%. The fourth group is Asian-Pacific Americans. Their share increased from 1.5% in 1980 to 4% in 2000. This growth is explained by current immigration mainly from China, Japan, and the Philippines. The fourth group is Asian-Pacific Americans. Their share increased from 1.5% in 1980 to 4% in 2000. This growth is explained by current immigration mainly from China, Japan, and the Philippines. The fifth group is indigenous people(Indians, Eskimos, Aleuts, Hawaiians). For a long time, due to physical destruction and harsh living conditions, the number of indigenous people was declining. But in the twentieth century, the aboriginal population began to increase again. The fifth group is the indigenous population (Indians, Eskimos, Aleuts, Hawaiians). For a long time, due to physical destruction and harsh living conditions, the number of indigenous people was declining. But in the twentieth century, the aboriginal population began to increase again.

The US education system includes: preschool institutions where children aged 3-5 years are brought up; elementary School(grades 1-8), in which children aged 6-13 are studying, high school(grades 9-12) with the task of teaching boys and girls at the age of 12 years; educational institutions of the last level of education that are part of the higher education system.

The grading system is usually alphabetic, based on the first five letters. English alphabet. On average, in the country's schools, marks are distributed and characterized as follows: A - 15% of students - a constantly high level of readiness, deep knowledge and originality (excellent). B - 25% of students - a level frankly higher than average (good). C - 35% of students - middle level completing tasks (medium). D - 15% of students - the minimum level of knowledge (below average). F - 10% of students - unsatisfactory results or complete ignorance of the educational material.

P S N A degree of achievement assessed as C is generally necessary for continuing education in the pre-graduate period; Grade B is mandatory for graduates to continue their studies. There are also designations: P - pass (100%), S - satisfactory (70%), N - fail (below 70%).

In the most economically developed parts of the United States, urban agglomerations are merging, vast urbanized areas are emerging - megalopolises. One stretched along the northeast coast of the country from Boston to Washington (Boswash). The other is in the Lakeland, from Chicago to Pittsburgh (Chipits). The third in California is from San Francisco to San Diego (San - San). In the most economically developed parts of the United States, urban agglomerations are merging, vast urbanized areas are emerging - megalopolises. One stretched along the northeast coast of the country from Boston to Washington (Boswash). The other is in the Lakeland, from Chicago to Pittsburgh (Chipits). The third in California is from San Francisco to San Diego (San - San).

SPECIFIC FEATURES OF A NORTH AMERICAN CITY: American cities are characterized by a distinct rectangular layout. Typically, the Central Business District stands out - "downtown", where American cities are characterized by a clear rectangular layout. Typically, the central business district stands out - "downtown", where governments, banks and service enterprises are concentrated. In big cities, its appearance is usually determined by buildings - skyscrapers. In other parts of the city, low-rise buildings predominate, and individual buildings further from the center. authorities, banks and service enterprises are concentrated. In big cities, its appearance is usually determined by buildings - skyscrapers. In other parts of the city, low-rise buildings predominate, and individual buildings further from the center.

The US economy is one of the most diversified national economies in the world and has been a leader in the global economy for the past 100 years. However, since the beginning of the 1990s, as indicated by the accelerated globalization and the growth of developing countries, its influence in the world economy has been declining.

Oil is a key source of energy for the US. It currently provides about 40% of the total energy demand. The United States Department of Energy has a Mineral Energy Management Unit that is responsible for critical oil issues, the readiness to respond to supply disruptions and the maintenance of US oilfields. In case the US runs into oil production problems or supply disruptions, there is a so-called strategic oil reserve created after the oil crisis, which currently stands at about 727 million barrels of oil.

Transport The country's road as well as railway network (km and km respectively) are the longest in the world. Also, the United States has the largest number of airports and airfields with hard runways (runways) in the world. Total number such air hubs is the Leadership is held in the number of airfields with unpaved runways. There are such objects Air space over the US is one of the busiest on the planet. So, according to The Guardian in 2012, 4 of the 10 busiest airports on earth were American. According to a study by Hofstra University, the US accounts for up to 70% of the world's domestic air travel.

The US financial system has a very developed financial sector of the economy. According to the World Federation of Exchanges, the total volume of traded financial instruments in 2010 on the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ alone amounted to $17.796 trillion. and $12.659 trillion. respectively, which is the highest figure among all financial centers in the world. Also major financial centers are Los Angeles (Pacific Exchange), Chicago (Chicago Mercantile Exchange) and Philadelphia (Philadelphia Stock Exchange).

Foreign Direct Investment The United States has traditionally been the world leader in attracting foreign direct investment. Over the period of the year, foreign investment in the United States amounted to $1.7 trillion. In 2010, they amounted to $194 billion. Investment in R&D The United States also consistently holds the lead in investment in R&D. In 2011, the US accounted for 34% of global spending in this area. The public and private sector spent $405.3 billion, which amounted to 2.7% of the country's GDP. Investments in infrastructure In 2011, 2.4% of the country's GDP was spent on the maintenance of transport, engineering and other infrastructure. That amounted to approximately $362 billion. But, despite the increase in spending in absolute terms over the past 10 years, the share of spending on the country's infrastructure remains below the maximum figure of 3.1% of GDP achieved in the 1990s.

International Trade (Imports and Exports) According to the US Census Bureau, in fiscal year 2010 the United States imported $1,913 billion worth of goods and exported $1,278 billion worth of goods, resulting in a trade deficit of $634 billion. Which is 4.3% of US GDP or 19.57% of total US industrial production.

As of early 2012, the largest US private employers were 01) Wal-Mart Stores (retail) 2.1 million 02) IBM ( information Technology) 436.1 thousand 03) United Parcel Service (postal services and logistics) 400.6 thousand 04) McDonalds ( catering) 400 thousand 05) Target Corporation (retail) 355 thousand 06) Kroger (retail) 338 thousand 07) Sears Holdings (retail) 312 thousand 08) General Electric (engineering and electrical engineering) 287 thousand 09) Citigroup (financial services) 267K 10) Albertsons (Retail) 240K

This work is intended to show the life modern America in all its diversity, in particular, the influence of the mentality and culture of Americans on the origin of the "nicknames" of the states. The material will be useful and interesting for those working with UMK "English 10-11" V.P. Kuzovlev

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Introduction…………………………………………………….3

Chapter 1. US states ……………………….. 4

Chapter 2 . American state nicknames ……………4

Chapter 3 . Unofficial mottos of the US states……… 8

Conclusion……………………………………………….9

List of used literature…………………….10

Applications…………………………………………………11

Introduction

The relevance of this research work is that English, without exaggeration, is the most common foreign language in the world. It became the language of the entire planet, the first truly world language. Three-quarters of the world's correspondence, telegrams, are in English. Just like more than half of the world's technical and scientific publications: it is the language of technology from Silicon Valley to Shanghai. English is the medium for over 80% of the information collected in the computers of the world. English is the official language of the air and the sea, the voice of Christianity. The largest broadcasting companies in the world (BBC, ABC, CBS, NBC) broadcast programs in English to an audience that exceeds 100 million. In addition, English is state language UK, USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.

Improving language skills is impossible without the formation of knowledge about the specific socio-cultural conditions for the functioning of the language. Therefore, the purpose of my research is to reveal the national-specific background of the functioning of the English language in its American version, as well as to study the national and cultural characteristics of the modern US nation. The study is designed to show the life of modern America in all its diversity, in particular, the influence of the mentality and culture of Americans on the origin of the "nicknames" of the states.

Chapter 1. American states.

Today the United States of America is the fourth largest country in the world. It covers an area of ​​3,618,465 miles². The USA is made up of 50 states and the District of Columbia, the national capital. Those states that border on each other on the continent are divided into 7 regions:

• New England / New England / (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont);
• Middle Atlantic States / Mid-Atlantic States /(New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania);
• Southern States / Southern States / (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North and South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia and West Virginia);
• Midwestern States / midwestern states / (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North and South Dakota, Wisconsin);
• Rocky Mountain States / Rocky Mountain States/(Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming);
• Southwestern States / Southwestern States /(Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas);
• Pacific Coast States / pacific states / (California, Oregon, Washington);
• Hawaii / Hawaii / and Alaska / Alaska / belong to separate groups.

Some states are known for cities, others for forests and mountains, others for rich agriculture.

Chapter 2. Nicknames of the American states.

Each state has its own symbols: a motto, a flag, an anthem ... But in addition to such individual features, each state also has its own unofficial, popular name or even several, and given the diversity of the “nicknames” of the country, one of them can be used quite officially. Such names are often used in literature, advertising, and are found in reference publications.

I would like to introduce you to the most interesting titles:

Rhode Island (Rhode Island .) Official nickname Little Rhody - "Baby Rhody" (the smallest state in the US) Ocean State" . The origin of the name is not exactly known. There are two theories. The first says that the Italian geographer Giovanni di Veraziano, who mapped this piece of land in 1524, noticed that its size coincides with the size of the Mediterranean island of Rhodes (“ Rodo" - in Italian transcription). The second is that the Dutch navigator named the island Roode Island (literally " beautiful island ”) for the color of clay deposits.

Next on the list of the most unusual country nicknames is South Carolina (South Carolina) . People call her:dwarf palm state- Palmetto state. It got its name due to the fact that many palm trees grow in South Carolina, especially along the coast. The palm tree is depicted on the coat of arms of the country.

But Alabama (Alabama) is called The Heart of Dixie - “Heart of Dixie ", since it is located in the very center of the belt of states" Deep South" and "Dixie ' is the common name for the American South. The nickname came from the fact that Louisiana, where the majority of the population in the 19th century spoke French, began printing 10-dollar bills with the French word " dix" - "ten" . Americans pronounce it like " dix", hence both Dixie and Dixieland - "the edge of Dixie", which later became the name of the musical style. But " Heart of Dixie ”was not Louisiana, but Alabama.

Arkansas (Arkansas) are referred to "A land of opportunity»- The land of Opportunity . The name was coined by local legislators solely for promotional purposes. Arkansas is one of the poorest American states, but rich in natural resources and affordable for retirees who recent times willingly move here.

A popular Spanish novel was about a fictional island called"California" (California), full of gold. Indeed, in the state named California, placers of the precious metal were discovered in 1848, an unprecedented gold rush began there, and the state itself received the nickname"Golden" - The Golden State.

It would be logical to assume that Colorado (Colorado) should have been called the Rocky Mountain State. But Colorado is called"The State of the Century- The Centennial State , since it received its status in 1876, exactly one hundred years after America's independence.

Connecticut (Connecticut) is called " Muscat State- The Nutmeg State , but not in connection with nutmeg, a spice that sailors brought from overseas countries. It's just that the Connecticut Yankees were known for their cunning, and the saying went that they were able to pass off a wooden ball as nutmeg and sell it for a profit.

Delaware (Delaware) is called the "First State" - The First State because he was the first to ratify the US Constitution.

Georgia known for its sweetest peaches. Therefore it is called"Peach State" The Peach State.

Hawaii (Hawaii) in the Pacific received the name The Aloha State - The Aloha State - this is the greeting in the local language.

Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania) one of those countries that have several informal names. In this case, there are five: The Coal State (coal), The Keystone State (keystone ) - such a stone is laid last during the construction of the building. Pennsylvania was the last, 13th colony to vote for the independence of the North American colonies, Oil State (petroleum), Quaker State (Quaker State), Steel State (steel ).As for the official name of the state, it is historically formed: in 1681, the English king Charles II transferred to the young English Quaker William Penn a large territory west of the Delaware River. In 1682, Penn founded a colony of refuge for Society of Friends Protestants (the official name of the Quakers) and others persecuted for their faith. In honor of Penn's father, an admiral in the Royal Navy, the colony was named Pennsylvania. Then William Penn, who professed the idea of ​​brotherly love between fellow believers, founded the city, which he came up with the name Philadelphia (Philadelphia) which means in ancient GreekCity of brotherly love.

Regarding the etymology of the name Arizona (Arizona) there is no consensus, among the main hypotheses are Spanish and Indian. The name of the state comes from the word of the Indians of the Pima tribe transmitted by the Spaniards - "little stream place", in the language of the Aztec tribe -"giving birth to silverabout". The most commonly used name"The Grand Canyon State" - The Grand Canyon State , because the state is known for being largely mountainous, plateau and desert, and in the north of the state is the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River.

The state of Iowa (Iowa) was nicknamed as "Hawkeye State" The Hawkeye State , since the highest point in the state is Hawkeye Point (509 m).

Mississippi (Mississippi) has an official nickname"Magnolia State" - Magnolia State , informal -Hospitality State.The state got its name from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western border.

Alaska (Alaska) - the largest US state in the northwestern outskirts of North America. Has two nicknames:"The Last Frontier"- The Last Frontier , Land of the Midnight Sun.

Florida (Florida) - "Sunshine State" - The Sunshine State . It got its name due to the climatic conditions.

Official nickname Michigan (Michigan) - Wolverine State - "The Wolverine State" , and the inhabitants of Michigan are called "wolverines" and Great Lakes State Great Lakes State"

Vermont (Vermont) nicknamed « Green Mountain State- The Green Mountain State . This name is due to the dense (compared to the forests in the higher mountains of New Hampshire and New York) Vermont forest. Others believe that Vermont is so named because of the greenish mica schist that prevails here.

Illinois (Illinois) is referred to as "Lincoln Land""- The Land of Lincoln, as well as" The state in the award ". During the period civil war the state supported its native President Lincoln.

Massachusetts (Massachusetts) - "State of the Bays" - The Bay State , since there are several bays on its coast (Massachusetts Bay, Cape Cod Bay, Buzzards Bay and Narragansett).

Chapter 3 Unofficial mottos of US states.

Each US state has its own history, customs and customs. New Yorkers see their country differently than Texans. Each state has its own official motto, but unofficial slogans can say much more about the features of the states. We present some of them.

● Alabama (Alabama) - Camellia State.

Unofficial state slogan:"Now we have electricity!"Such an unusual slogan was coined because Alabama is considered one of the most backward states in the United States.

● Colorado (Colorado) - "Centenary State" - Centennial State. Unofficially:"You can not skiing - nothing to come» (The state is known for its mountain resorts)

● Florida (Florida) - Sunshine State - « Sunshine State". Popular nickname-"reserve of headless drivers". Florida has a huge number of retirees. Because of this, the state adopted rules traffic designed for the elderly.

● Iowa (Iowa) - Hawkeye State ". In Scottish the word"hokey "literally means"cow with a white muzzle". In Russian, the closest semantic meaning is the word " hillbilly" . The informal slogan is close to the formal one:"We do simply amazing things from corn!”

● Illinois (Illinois) - « Hack on your nose that the letter with not pronounced!" How is the name of the state supposed to be pronounced? Illinois

●Unofficial motto Massachusetts (Massachusetts) : “Our taxes are higher than in Sweden”

● Mississippi (Mississippi) , whose official nickname is: Magnolia State- " magnolia state ". Unofficial:"Come to us and you will understand how good your state is"

● Rhode Island (Rhode Island) ; official nickname: Little Rhody-" Baby Rodi." Motto: " Honestly! We are not an island! Believe!

● Texas. Lone Star State "The Lone Star State". Or "A veces hablan un poco ingles"-

“Sometimes we speak English too”. This state has a huge population of Mexicans, and Spanish language much more popular than English.

Conclusion.

Americans have become accustomed to giving nicknames not only to each other, but also to geographical areas. And all fifty states have nicknames, some posh, some quirky, some historically interesting. I have come to the conclusion that the origin of state nicknames depends on several factors such as, geographical position, natural conditions and resources, historical events and the impact of American mentality and values.

Bibliography.

1. Coastal N.V., Sapgir T.M., USA, M., 1997
2. Klementieva T., Happy English 2, O., 1997
3. Kuzovlev V.P., Lapa N.M., English 10-11, M., 2004
4. Muller V.K., New English-Russian dictionary, M., 1998
5. Oshchepkova V.V., USA: geography, history…, M., 1997
6. Tokareva N.D., Peppard V., What is it like in the America? M., 1998

First Americans

The first people appeared in America 10-15 thousand years ago, having got to Alaska through the frozen or shallow Bering Strait. The tribes of the mainland of North America were divided and periodically feuded with each other. The famous Icelandic Viking Leif Erikson discovered America, naming it Vinland. The first visits to America by Europeans did not have an impact on the life of the indigenous population.

Discovery of America by Europeans

After the Vikings, the first Europeans in the New World were the Spaniards. In October 1492, a Spanish expedition led by Admiral Christopher Columbus arrived on the island of San Salvador. At the end of the XV - beginning of the XVI century. Several expeditions were made to the regions of the Western Hemisphere. The Italian Giovanni Cabot, who was in the service of the English King Henry VII, reached the coast of Canada (1497-1498), the Portuguese Pedro Alvares Cabral discovered Brazil (1500-1501), the Spaniard Vasco Nunez de Balboa founded the first city on the American mainland and left to the Pacific Ocean (1500-1513), who was in the service of the Spanish king Ferdinand Magellan in 1519-1521. circumnavigated America from the south.

In 1507, the Lorraine geographer Martin Waldseemüller proposed to name New World America in honor of the Florentine navigator Amerigo Vespucci. At the same time, the development of the mainland began. In 1513, the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de Leon discovered the Florida peninsula, where the first permanent European colony arose in 1565 and the city of St. Augustine was founded. In the late 1530s, Hernando de Soto discovered the Mississippi and reached the Arkansas River valley.

By the time the British and French began to colonize America, the Spaniards were well established in Florida and the American Southwest. The power and influence of the Spaniards in the New World began to decline after the defeat of the Spanish Invincible Armada in 1588. During the 16th century, information was collected about new lands, documentary sources were translated into many European languages.

The first English settlement in America arose in 1607 in Virginia and was named Jamestown. The trading post, founded by members of the crews of three English ships under the command of Captain Newport, served at the same time as an outpost on the path of the Spanish advance deep into the continent. In just a few years, Jamestown turned into a prosperous village thanks to the tobacco plantations laid there in 1609. Already by 1620 the population of the village was about 1000 people. European immigrants were attracted to America by the rich Natural resources distant continent, and its remoteness from European religious dogmas and political predilections. The exodus to the New World was financed primarily by private companies and individuals who received income from the transportation of goods and people. In 1606, the London and Plymouth Companies were formed in England, which took up the development of the northeast coast of America. Many immigrants moved to the New World with entire families and communities at their own expense. Despite the attractiveness of the new lands, there was a constant shortage of human resources in the colonies.

Over the course of 75 years after the appearance of the first English colony of Virginia in 1607, 12 more colonies arose - New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia.

colonial period

The first colonists of North America were not distinguished by either common religious beliefs or equal social status. For example, shortly before 1775, at least a third of the population of Pennsylvania was already made up of Germans (Lutherans), Mennonites and representatives of other religious beliefs and sects. English Catholics settled in Maryland, French Huguenots settled in South Carolina. Swedes settled Delaware, Polish, German and Italian artisans preferred Virginia. Also, many criminals were sent to America: murderers, robbers, thieves, rapists. Wage workers were recruited from among them. The colonists often found themselves defenseless against Indian raids, one of which served in 1676 as the impetus for an uprising in Virginia, known as "Bacon's rebellion." The uprising ended inconclusively after the unexpected death of Bacon from malaria and the execution of 14 of his most active associates.

Trade and economic relations of the colonial period

Beginning with mid-seventeenth For centuries, Great Britain tried to establish complete control over the economic operations of the American colonies, implementing a scheme in which all manufactured goods (from metal buttons to fishing boats) were imported into the colonies from the mother country in exchange for raw materials and agricultural goods. Under this scheme, English entrepreneurs, as well as the British government, were extremely uninterested in the development of industry in the colonies, as well as in the trade of the colonies with anyone other than the mother country.

Meanwhile, American industry (mainly in the northern colonies) made significant progress. Especially American industrialists succeeded in building ships, which made it possible to quickly establish trade with the West Indies and thereby find a market for domestic manufactory.

The English Parliament considered these successes so threatening that in 1750 it passed a law forbidding the construction of rolling mills and iron-cutting workshops in the colonies. Foreign trade of the colonies was also subjected to harassment. In 1763, the shipping laws were passed, which allowed goods to be brought in and out of the American colonies only on British ships. In addition, all goods destined for the colonies had to be loaded in the UK, regardless of where they were taken from. Thus, the metropolis tried to put all the foreign trade of the colonies under its control. And that's not counting the many duties and taxes on goods that the colonists brought home with their own hands.

Background of the War of Independence

By the second half of the 18th century, the population of the American colonies more and more clearly acted as a community of people who were in confrontation with the mother country. The development of the colonial press played a significant role in this. The first American newspaper appeared in April 1704, and by 1765 there were already 25. Fuel was added to the fire by the Stamp Act, which hit American publishers hard. Dissatisfaction was also shown by American industrialists and merchants, who were extremely dissatisfied with the colonial policy of the mother country. The presence of English troops (remaining there after seven years war) on the territory of the colonies also caused discontent of the colonists. Demands for independence were increasingly heard.

Feeling the seriousness of the situation, both Great Britain and the American bourgeoisie sought a solution that would satisfy the interests of both the mother country and the colonies. So in 1754, on the initiative of Benjamin Franklin, a project was put forward to create an alliance of the North American colonies with their own government, but headed by a president appointed by the British king. Although the project did not provide for the complete independence of the colonies, it caused an extremely negative reaction in London.

The spark that ignited american revolution became the Boston Tea Party. Boston, like the rest of the Massachusetts colony, has long been considered "troublemakers" in Britain. Therefore, the British government took the most decisive steps to pacify the rebels. The port was blocked until the city troops paid compensation for the destroyed cargo. The British stubbornly did not want to notice the breadth of the rebellion, believing it to be the work of a group of radical fanatics.

But the punitive action against Boston not only did not pacify the rebels, but also served as a call to all American colonies to rally together for the struggle for independence.

First Continental Congress

On September 5, 1774, the First Continental Congress began its work in Philadelphia with the participation of 55 representatives from all the colonies, with the exception of Georgia. One of Virginia's seven delegates was George Washington. During the congress, which continued until October 26, requirements for the metropolis were formulated. The "Declaration of Rights" drafted by Congress contained a statement of the rights of the American colonies to "life, liberty and property," and the Continental Association document drafted at the same Congress authorized the renewal of the boycott of English goods in the event of the British crown refusing to make concessions in its financial and economic policy. The declaration also expressed the intention of a new convocation of the Continental Congress on May 10, 1775, if London remained adamant in its intransigence. The retaliatory steps of the metropolis were not long in coming - the king put forward a demand for the complete subordination of the colonies to the power of the British crown, and the English fleet began to blockade the northeast coast of the American continent. General Gage was ordered to put down the "open rebellion" and enforce the Repressive Laws by the colonies, resorting to the use of force if necessary. The First Continental Congress, and especially the reaction of London to its decisions, convincingly demonstrated to the Americans that their strength lies in unity and that one should not count on the favor of the British crown and its condescending attitude towards their demands for independence. Less than six months remained before the start of active hostilities of the War of Independence.

War of Independence (1775 - 1783)

The formation of the American state (1783 - 1841)

Louisiana Purchase

In 1803, thanks to the successful actions of American diplomats, a deal was concluded between the United States of North America and France, called the Louisiana Purchase, which allowed the States to almost double its territory.

Missouri Compromise

On March 6, 1820, members of the US Congress, representing the slave-owning South, on the one hand, and the North, which sought to limit the spread of slavery, on the other, approved an Act "permitting the population of the territory of Missouri to form a government and adopt the Constitution of the state, accepting this state into the Union, on an equal footing with former states, and prohibiting slavery in certain territories"; this compromise actually turned out to be a concession on the part of the North.

International environment

The formation of American statehood was accompanied by the strengthening of the international position of the United States. Allied relations with the leading European countries have already ensured their diplomatic recognition of the United States, and with it the exchange of official representatives. But this did not mean that a military alliance and diplomatic recognition would be followed by post-war cooperation. The contradictions between the United States and their European allies began to manifest themselves in the process of concluding the Paris Peace Treaty and became noticeably more complicated already in the first post-war years.

Slavery in the USA

The first initiatives to abolish the slave trade were put forward as early as the 1770s, especially since the Declaration of Independence set out the idea that God created all people equal. And many Americans extended it to black slaves as well. In 1774, a proposal to abolish the slave trade was considered at the first Continental Congress, but it met with resistance from the southern colonies. The southerners were so conservative in this matter because the most important component of the economy of the southern colonies were cotton and tobacco plantations, and black slaves were an indispensable labor force. Even then, the contradictions between the northern and southern colonies on the issue of slavery could develop into a confrontation. But the American nation needed unity in view of the extremely tense relations with the mother country.

The southern colonies (soon states) were allowed to keep the slave trade. Moreover, the Second Continental Congress already made concessions to the slave owners and on February 12, 1793, passed the law on fugitive slaves, which allowed the owners of runaway slaves to be pursued and returned even from the territory of other states (including those where slavery was abolished). Also under this law, Americans were forbidden to shelter fugitives or prevent their arrest. During these years, the profession of hunters of runaway blacks was born in the United States. The beginning of the Abolitionist movement, supporters of the abolition of slavery, also dates back to this time.

The Fugitive Slave Law was revised in 1820. At 36 degrees and 30 minutes north latitude, a border was drawn separating the slave-owning and non-slave-owning areas of the United States. Crossing it, a slave from the south gained freedom.

Anglo-American War 1812-1814

Administration of J. C. Adams (1825-1829)

John Quincy Adams - 6th President of the United States (1825-1829) Won the election implicitly. The votes of the American electorate and the Electoral College were divided among four candidates. The final decision was left to the US House of Representatives. One of Adams' rivals, G. Clay, gave him his votes, bargaining for himself the post of US Secretary of State. As a result, Adams was declared the winner. In his inaugural address on March 4, 1825, he called on Congress to allocate funds for the construction of canals and roads, national university and observatories, to study the territory of the United States and natural resources. But the president failed to fulfill his election promises. In particular, the problem of building communication lines was not solved. Failure to comply with this paragraph was of particular importance for the country, whose territory was growing significantly. The steam engine invented in England has already gained recognition in the United States, but for its effective use in rail and river transport, it was necessary to more actively develop the construction of transport arteries, in which the Adams administration did not succeed. The popularity of the president was also reflected in his promiscuity in the selection of leading personnel, as a result of which unsuitable officials ended up in responsible government posts. However, the President did not dare to replace them with more worthy people. Also, Adams did not show sufficient decisiveness in the implementation of the already begun program of resettlement of Indians beyond the Appalachians. The President's attempts to acquire Texas from Mexico and strengthen US influence in Latin America were unsuccessful.

Background of the Civil War (1841-1861)

Civil War (1861-1865)

In the middle of the 19th century, white Americans of the North and South were unable to reconcile fundamental differences in approach to the state, economy, society, and the institution of slavery. The issue of slavery in the new territories was raised by the Compromise of 1850 between Henry Clay and Democrat Stephen Douglas. The "compromise" included recognizing California as an independent state and making it easier for masters to return escaped slaves. In 1854, the proposed Kansas-Nebraska Act amending the Missouri Compromise decreed that each new state must choose whether to be a slave state or not. Following Abraham Lincoln's victory in the 1860 election, eleven southern states seceded from the United States between the end of 1860 and 1861, establishing a rebellious state, the Confederate States of America, on February 8, 1861.

By 1860 there were approximately 4 million slaves in the United States, about eight times the number in the 1790s during the same period, and cotton production had risen from less than a thousand tons to almost a million in a year. There were several slave rebellions - including those of Gabriel Prosser (1800), Denmark Vesey (1822), and Nat Turner (1831) - but they all failed and led to sharper surveillance of the slaves. White abolitionist John Brown tried, and failed, to free a group of black slaves at Harper's Ferry, Virginia - for which he was hanged. Harriet Beecher Stowe, daughter of Minister Liman Beecher, published Uncle Tom's Cabin in response to Clay's Compromise. The purpose of the novel was to show her views on the cruelty of slavery. The novel sold nearly 300,000 copies during its first year of publication. Many believe that this book marked the beginning of the Civil War. Same way a large number of slaves escaped from their masters via the "Underground Railroad", a term used to describe a secret route where abolitionists smuggled escaped slaves into free territory.

fighting began on April 12, 1861, with the battle for Fort Sumter in Charleston Bay, in the Confederate state of South Carolina. Together with northwestern Virginia, four of the five slave states did not secede from the United States and became known as the Border States. Encouraged by the Second Battle of Bull Run, the Confederacy made its first foray into the North when General R. E. Lee led 55,000 troops of the Army of Northern Virginia along the Potomac River into Maryland. The Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862 was the bloodiest day in American history. In early 1864, Abraham Lincoln appointed Ulysses Grant as a lieutenant general in the army. General William Sherman traveled from Tennessee to Atlanta, Georgia defeating Confederate generals John Joseph and Hood Bell. Sherman's army destroyed about 20% of all farms in Georgia during their "March to the Sea", and reached the Atlantic Ocean in Savannah in December 1864. Lee surrendered with his army on April 9, 1865. According to the 1860 census, 8% of all white males aged 13 to 43 died during the war, including 6% in the Army of the North and 18% in the Army of the South.

Reconstruction and industrialization (1865 - 1890)

Reconstruction took place almost a decade after the Civil War. During this era, the "Reconstruction Amendments" were introduced to expand civil rights for black Americans. These amendments include the Thirteenth Amendment, which outlaws slavery, the Fourteenth Amendment, which guarantees citizenship to all those born or naturalized in the United States, and the Fifteenth Amendment, which guarantees the right to vote for men of all races. In response to Reconstruction, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) emerged in the late 1860s, a white supremacist organization opposed to civil rights for blacks. Increased violence from organizations such as the Klan influenced both the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1870, which classified the KKK as a terrorist organization, and the Supreme Court's decision in 1883 that overturned the Civil Rights Act of 1875, however, in a Supreme Court case court "USA v. Cruikshank" The Fifteenth Amendment declared civil rights to be the concern of the states themselves.

The end of the 19th century was the time of the powerful industrial development of the United States. The "Gilded Age," as the classic of American literature, Mark Twain, dubbed this era. The development of the American industrial industry, led to the fact that, by the end of the 19th century, per capita income in the United States was the highest in the world, leaving behind only Great Britain. Later, an unprecedented wave of immigrants brought not only the labor force for American industry, but also created a diversity of national communities that inhabited the sparsely populated western territories. Inhumane industrial practices have played a major role in the upsurge of violence emanating from the labor movement in the United States. The influential figures of the time were Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie.

Progressivism, imperialism, World War I (1890 - 1918)

After the "Gilded Era" came the "Era of Progress", whose followers called for reform against industrial corruption. Progressive demands included federal regulation of antitrust laws and control of the meatpacking, pharmaceutical, and railroad industries. Four new constitutional amendments - from the 16th to the 19th - are the result of the activities of the progressives. The era lasted from 1900 to 1918, the year of the end of the First World War.

Beginning with the administration of James Monroe, the U.S. federal government resettled native populations outside of white settlements on a series of Indian reservations. The tribes were mostly relocated to small reservations, so their land went to white farmers.

During this period, the United States began its rise as an international power with a substantial population and industrial growth at home and numerous military adventures around the world, including the Spanish-American War, which began when the US blamed Spain for the sinking of the USS Maine. The United States had an interest in freeing Cuba, an island nation fighting for freedom from Spain, as well as Puerto Rico and the Philippines, also Spanish colonies, seeking liberation. In December 1898, representatives from Spain and the United States signed the Paris Peace Treaty to end the war, according to which Cuba gained independence, and Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines became US territories. President Woodrow Wilson announced his entry into World War I in April 1917, after a long neutrality.

1920s and the Great Depression

In the 1920s, the United States became the first country to experience mass motorization. In 1929, 5.4 million cars were produced, in total about 25 million cars were produced in the 1920s (the population was 125 million people).

In 1929, a severe world economic crisis broke out, which lasted until the middle of 1933 and shook the entire system of capitalism to its foundations. Industrial production during this crisis decreased in the US by 46%, in the UK by 24%, in Germany by 41%, in France by 32%. Stock prices of industrial companies fell in the US by 87%, in the UK by 48%, in Germany by 64%, in France by 60%. Unemployment reached colossal proportions. According to official data, in 1933 there were 30 million unemployed in 32 capitalist countries, including 14 million in the USA. The world economic crisis of 1929-33. showed that the contradiction between the social nature of production and the private form of appropriation of the results of production has reached such a sharpness that the capitalist economy can no longer function more or less normally. This circumstance required state intervention in the economy, the use of methods of state influence on spontaneous processes in the capitalist economy in order to avoid shocks, which accelerated the development of monopoly capitalism into state-monopoly capitalism.

World War II (1941-1945)

As in World War I, the United States did not enter World War II until the rest of the active Allies had done so. The first US contributions to the war were cutting off supplies of oil and raw materials vital to Japan to support the offensive in Manchuria, and increasing military and financial aid to China. The first aid to the Allies came with the creation in September 1940 of the Lend-Lease program together with Great Britain.

On December 7, 1941, Japan launched a surprise attack on the American naval base at Pearl Harbor, citing the American embargo as justification. The next day, Roosevelt successfully arranged a joint session of Congress to declare war on Japan. Four days after the attack on Pearl Harbor Nazi Germany declared war on the United States, drawing the United States into a war on two fronts.

Beginning of the Cold War and the Civil Rights Movement (1945 - 1964)

After World War II, the United States became one of the world's two superpowers. On December 4, 1945, the US Congress approved the entry into the United Nations, thereby moving away from the traditional policy of isolationism towards greater involvement in international relationships. The post-war era in the United States around the world has been defined as the beginning of the Cold War, in which the United States and the Soviet Union tried to increase their influence at the expense of other countries, building up their nuclear arsenal and the doctrine of mutual destruction. The result was a series of conflicts, including the Korean War and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Within the United States itself, the Cold War raised concerns about the influence of communism, and also culminated in efforts to support math and science for such ventures as the "space race."

Decades after World War II, the US has become a global influence in the economy, politics, military affairs, culture and technology. In the middle class culture since the early 1950s, there has been an obsession with the consumption of goods.

John Kennedy was elected president in 1960. Famed for his charisma, he was the only Catholic president of the United States. During his tenure, the Cold War reached its highest point during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Kennedy was shot dead in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963.

In the meantime, the American people have completed their great migration from farms to cities, enjoying a period of sustained economic growth. At the same time, ingrained racism throughout the United States, and especially in the South, was challenged by the growing Civil Rights Movement, as well as by African American leaders such as Martin Luther King. During the 1960s, the Jim Crow Laws, which legalized segregation between whites and blacks, were repealed.

Martin Luther King delivers a speech at a civil rights march

Countercultural revolution and détente (1964 - 1980)

During the Cold War, the United States became involved in Vietnam War, the unpopularity of which contributed to the emergence of social movements, including movements among women, minorities and youth. President Lyndon Johnson's "Great Society" social programs and Chief Justice Earl Warren's legal activism brought about a wide range of social reforms throughout the 1960s. Feminism and the environmental movement became political forces, and the progress of civil rights for all Americans continued. The countercultural revolution swept through all of America and much of the Western world in the late 1960s, further dividing the dissenting society, but also bringing more liberal public attitudes.

Richard Nixon succeeded Lyndon Johnson in 1969, increasing involvement in the Vietnam War, but was soon ready to sign a peace treaty in 1973, successfully ending American involvement in the war. The Americans lost 58,000 people during the war, the Vietnamese - millions. Nixon used the conflict in the Communist bloc between the Soviet Union and China, which was beneficial for the United States, by maintaining relations with the People's Republic of China. A new era of the Cold War, known as détente, has begun. The embargo affected a period of economic recession in 1973. The Nixon administration left in disgrace because of the Watergate political scandal in August 1974. Under his successor, Gerald Ford, the pro-American South Vietnamese regime collapsed.

Jimmy Carter was elected in 1976 because he was not part of the Washington establishment. The US suffered from recession, energy crisis, slow economic growth, high unemployment and high interest rates. On the world stage, Carter brokered the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt. In 1979, Iranian students took over the American embassy in Tehran and took 52 American hostages. Carter lost the 1980 election to Republican Ronald Reagan, who promised to "bring morning to America".

The Reagan Revolution and the End of the Cold War (1980 - 1991)

In 1980, the Reagan coalition was made possible by the loss of Democrats in most socioeconomic groups. "Reagan Democrats" was the name given to those who normally voted Democratic but were drawn to his policies, personality, and leadership. The implementation of the Economic Recovery Tax Act reduced income tax from 70% to 28% over a seven-year course. Reagan continued to reduce government taxation and regulation. In 1982, the US went through a recession with unemployment and bankruptcies close to those of the Great Depression. The following year, the situation changed dramatically: inflation fell from 11% to 2%, unemployment to 7.5%, and economic growth increased from 4.5% to 7.2%.

Reagan took a hard line against Soviet Union, declaring it the "Evil Empire". He shared many views and goals with friend and ally Margaret Thatcher, the British Prime Minister. Reagan met with Mikhail Gorbachev four times. Gorbachev tried to maintain socialism in the Soviet Union by first ending a costly arms race with America and then freeing the countries of the Eastern European bloc. The collapse of the USSR in 1991 ended the Cold War.

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In the 16th century, the territory of the United States was inhabited by Indian tribes, and during this period the first Europeans appeared here. By the 18th century, the entire North American continent was colonized by Europeans, as a result of which three zones of influence were formed. The British zone appeared in the areas of the Atlantic coast, the French zone appeared in the Great Lakes region, and the Spanish zone arose on the Pacific coast, in and.

In 1774, 13 English colonies began hostilities in the struggle for independence and achieved their goal on July 4, 1776 - the date of the formation of the new sovereign state of the United States of America. On September 17, 1787, the Constitution was adopted with the main convictions of the democratic formation of the country. The approved Constitution contained the rights of "free" states with a powerful state power.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the territory increased due to the acquisition of Louisiana from the French, Florida from the Spaniards and the conquest of colonies of other lands, for example,. The capture of local states was accompanied either by the forced eviction of the Indian people in the reservation, or the complete destruction of the population.

In 1861, disagreements arose between the southern and northern states related to economic and cultural issues, as a result of which the Confederation of 11 southern states arose, declaring its separation. In the beginning, the southerners won several victories, but in the end it ended with the victory of the northern states and the preservation of the federation. In 1867 the United States bought the Aleutian Islands and Alaska from Russia. The end of the 19th - the beginning of the 20th century was distinguished by the grandiose rise of the United States into a strong economic state due to the influx of immigrants from other continents. By 1914, the population of the state already amounted to 95 million inhabitants.

April 4, 1917 America entered the First World War. Until that time, the state preferred to take a neutral position in relation to the events that were taking place at that time in Europe, since the United States was engaged in creating zones of influence in countries Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean and Central America. At the end of the war, the US Senate refused to vote for the Treaty of Versailles.

After the war in 1929, a sharp jump in the country's economy gave way to a terrible crisis. During the Great Depression, production dropped significantly and unemployment increased. On December 7, 1941, the US Army entered World War II with Japan as a result of the bombing of the American base at Pearl Harbor by Japanese fighters. After December 11, 1941, America entered into a military conflict with Italy and Germany. The Americans deployed all their military operations mainly in the Pacific. After the Tehran Conference on June 6, 1944, the US Army figured in the defeat of the German army on the Atlantic coast of France. The fighting against Japan successfully took place in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands. August 6, 1945 the Americans threw on Hiroshima atomic bomb, and on August 9, a bomb was dropped on another Japanese city - Nagasaki. On September 2, 1945, the Japanese Emperor Hirohito signed an act of surrender.

After the war, the strongest world state, the United States, contributed to the economic recovery of the countries of Western Europe and deployed cold war", preventing the spread of communist influence around the world, and especially in Europe. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, directly within the state, the American authorities persecuted all those suspected of participating in the communist movement.

In the future, America, one way or another, got involved in international conflicts: Cuba, Vietnam, the Arab-Israeli war. A pacifist movement emerged in the United States against military action against the Vietnamese, which coincided with the struggle of African American residents against racial discrimination. In April 1968, the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., was committed, urging the peaceful resolution of the issue of upholding their civil rights of the African American population. His constructive political activity did not go unnoticed, as African Americans subsequently became integrated into the American public.

The 1970s saw a significant political turnaround with the resignation of President Nixon, fueled by the Watergate scandal. In 1979 China's relations with the United States normalized, of which J. Carter was president during this period. This, in turn, favorably influenced the signing of a peace treaty between Israel and Egypt. But, since an unsuccessful operation was carried out to free American citizens who were hostages in the US Embassy in Tehran, the Democratic Party failed in the elections. As a result of these events, R. Reagan was elected President of the United States in 1980. Thanks to negotiations with the USSR, initiated by R. Reagan and picked up by George W. Bush, who took over as president in 1989, the arms race was localized and the Cold War ended.