: Ossetian etymologies by G. V. Bailey
K. E. Gagkaev
1981
A few years ago, a well-known English orientalist, Dr. Harold Walter Bailey, visited the North Ossetian Research Institute. Professor G. V. Bailey stayed in Ordzhonikidze, returning from Georgia to his homeland. In Tbilisi, he took part in the anniversary celebrations in honor of the great Shota Rustaveli. The invitation to the USSR and Bailey's stay in the Caucasus were important events in the life of the scientist. He was admired by everything: the scope of the anniversary celebrations, and the Caucasian hospitality, and the Georgian Military Road, and especially the successes in cultural and scientific life Caucasian peoples. At our institute, G. V. Bailey shared his impressions of the trip with the staff and spoke about his work in Oriental studies.
As an orientalist, G. W. Bailey enjoys the fame of a world-famous scientist. This is evidenced by this fact. When at the 25th International Congress of Orientalists in Moscow (1960) a survey of Iranian scholars was conducted on the degree of popularity of famous modern Orientalists, the first place was taken by an English scholar. Unfortunately, he was not at the congress at that time, but the participants in this impromptu a congratulatory letter addressed to him, which was signed by all Iranists - participants in the congress, including the late Professor B. A. Alborov and the writer of these lines.
Before telling about the Ossetian interests of GV Bailey, we will give here his brief curriculum vitae. G. V. Bailey was born in 1899 in the town of Divizez in Wiltshire (Great Britain). In 1910 he moved to Australia, where he became first a bachelor, then a master of arts from the University of Western Australia.
In 1927-1933. he attended Oxford University in England where he received his Ph.D. Around the same time (1926-1936) Bailey was a teacher of Iranian studies at the School of Oriental Studies at the University of London. For over thirty years (1936-1976) - Professor of Sanskrit at the University of Cambridge. In 1967 he became an emeritus professor (Professor Emeritus). In 1944, G. V. Bailey was elected a member of the British Academy, in 1946 a member of the Danish Academy, in 1947 a member of the Norwegian Academy, in 1948 a member of the Swedish Academy (“Witterhete History oh Antikvitets”). AT post-war years Bailey was a board member of the British School of Oriental and African Studies (1946-1969), President of the Philological Society (1948-1952), President of the Royal Asiatic Society (1964-1967) and honorary member of many foreign academies, universities and scientific institutions. and societies - it is impossible to list them all. Professor G. V. Bailey published up to two hundred works on Oriental studies in various European, Asian and American periodicals. In these works, the material of almost all Indo-Iranian, ancient and modern, written and non-written Indo-European, Turkic, Mongolian, Caucasian and other languages is widely used. The bulk of his work has been published in the Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (bsos) and in the Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies bsos at the University of London.
The main area of research interests of G. V. Bailey is, perhaps, the etymology of the languages and culture of the Indo-European peoples. An important source of his etymological studies is undoubtedly the Indo-Iranian language material. G. W. Bailey is a great etymologist in the best sense of the word. Following the established linguistic tradition, the English scientist makes extensive use of the entire scientific apparatus of comparative-historical linguistics. Where necessary, linguistic material is studied in the complex of ethnography, history, literature, religion and culture of peoples. Most Attention is given to the early history of the languages and cultures of the Indo-European peoples. The object of the study is the materials of dead and living languages, evidence of written monuments, relic remnants of non-written languages and dialects. The material under study is carefully checked against the most authoritative etymological dictionaries: Chr. Bartholome, Old Iranian Dictionary, (1904), Y. Pokorny, Indo-Germanic Etymological Dictionary, (1959-1969), M. Mayrhofer, A Brief Etymological Dictionary of the Old Indian Language, (1953), etc. G. V. Bailey closely follows for all emerging etymological literature and uses and summarizes the observations of the most prominent representatives of Indo-European comparative historical linguistics, among which, in particular, the works of such comparative linguists as E. Benveniste, E. Kurilovich, J. Dumezil, V. Henning, X. Nyberg, L. Palmer, G. Morgenshern, I. Gershevich, V. Minorsky, V. I. Abaev and others.
In a large list of works by G. V. Bailey, Ossetian material occupies an honorable place due to its importance for the etymological study of Indo-European languages. Materials about the Ossetian language are taken from the works of V. F. Miller, A. A. Freiman, and especially from the works of V. I. Abaev. G. V. Bailey began to study the Ossetian language a long time ago. So, back in 1934, he compared the Ossetian fezoneg - physical with Old English awesome. This comparison turned out to be unsuccessful, and Bailey then abandoned his etymology. Referring to the material of the Khotan language, Bailey came to the conclusion that the root of the Ossetian fez-(-physical-) is an epithet, like a root shish- in the Turkish word "kebab".
V. I. Abaev also emphasizes the etymological connection of the Ossetian physical with Anglo-Saxon awesome"roast". Doubt arises from the absence of other Iranian parallels (IES, 1, 478).
Ossetian material is used more systematically in the works of GV Bailey, published in the post-war years. In particular, he needs Ossetian material to restore the languages of the Scythians, Sarmatians and Saks. To this end, he dedicates his comments on the language of the poem in honor of the Saka king Vijaya Sangram, which has survived to the present day. For a comparative analysis of the text of the poem, Bailey draws on some words from ancient and new Iranian languages, including Ossetian. The following words are taken from the Ossetian language: irazyn, which ascends *araz- and is connected with sak. rrāys (cf. IES, 1, 58); bӕlas- presumably goes back to other Ind. palása- (IES, I, 247); hyntsyn- etymology not established.
In the etymological analysis of the Iranian daha- and agua-, G. V. Bailey finds the root in the first gift- from Ossetian daryn"keep" (-power-holder). Root gift- finds a match in all Iranian languages (cf. IES, 1, 346-347). Therefore, the word ĕrdar-ĕldar is undeniably of Iranian origin. As for the root agua-, then, according to Bailey, it reflects Persian, era-, Parth. īra- and Khotan. hira-. According to V. I. Abaev (IES, 1, 545-546), the Ossetian ir is not related to agua-, although it is claimed that in the toponym (hydronym) Ir-af, name of the river in Digoria, you can see two elements: Ossetian - up and ancient irai ӕf-ar"water", "river", therefore, Iraf translated as "Ossetian river" (IES, 1, 547).
To interpret some obscure forms of the dead Khotan language, G. V. Bailey uses Ossetian words. Yes, the word widag(-uedagĕ) "root" is matched with hot. -Viya- fӕndag "road" -from Khorezm. pindak; Osset. kalak"fortress" - pahlev. Kalaka; Osset. uyrnyn (-urnyn)"believes" - with hot. haura; Osset. bӕgҕny"beer" - with hot. bviysna, etc. ("Ambages Indo-iranica"). The Ossetian material is very abundantly presented in comparative historical terms in a series of articles under the general title "Aria". Ossetian words of one lexical nest happ and app"core" are associated with sak. agva - "inside"; Osset. ar-, ard-, past temp. ardta in a broad sense - "to receive", "to conceive", "to give birth" (children) finds numerous correspondences in Iranian languages and dialects (cf. IES, 1, 74); Osset. kuymӕl"sour drink" is associated with oset. huymӕllӕg "hops"; Osset. zaryn"sing", uakhsk"shoulder", aftauyn(ӕftyd) “put”, “shift”, tonyn"pluck, tyllag"grain", "harvest", etc. also have their parallels in the ancient and modern Iranian languages.
G. V. Bailey studies the Ossetian adjective tӕpӕn"flat", "smooth" in connection with the ancient *tapana-; Ossetian adjective fӕtӕn"wide" is considered in connection with the ancient *patana-; Ossetian noun tang"gut", found in the verb atang uyn"stretch" and mtang kanyn"stretch", compared with the ancient *tan-; the latter is also associated with the Ossetian tӕn (-tӕnӕ)"string", "string"; Ossetian noun khӕpӕn"heap", "snowdrift" (cf. mita hӕpӕn"snowdrift") is associated with the ancient gaf-, etc.
In an article published in a collection in honor of V. B. Henning, G. V. Bailey studies the etymological connections of Ossetian words bӕlvird, tel, uarӕn fӕz and some others. Through numerous etymological comparisons, the author comes to the conclusion that bӕlvird"accurate", "clear", "true" finds its correspondence in Sanskrit, ancient Persian, Avestan and in the new Iranian languages. The most ancient basis of this adjective was the root *vara-vurta - “categorically affirm”, “declare”, “represent yourself." This basis is formed by reduplication. Ossetian word tel"wire" is common with Armenian tel and Turkic tel (tӕl): in the same sense. This word is also found in many indigenous languages of the Caucasus, as well as the word white"shovel". From Iranian languages with Ossetian tel definitely corresponds to Khotanese ttila- in the same sense. phrase uarӕn fӕz“place of division” is taken by G. V. Bailey from the language of the Nart epic legends and its meaning is determined on the basis of a large illustrative material. The second element of the phrase uarӕn fӕz"place of division", namely fez is indisputably traceable to the Avest. pazah- hot. paysa- and sogd. p'z*paza-. Without much difficulty, the first element of the phrase is also explained on the material of the Iranian languages.
In the article "Aryan Notes", published in the Roman edition of "Studia classics and orieitalia", we are talking about the etymology of Ossetian words ӕftseg"pass", bӕrzӕy "neck", ӕtseg"truth", "truth", walzag "spring" etc. All these words, according to Bailey, find faultless interpretations in the Indo-Iranian languages. Word ӕftseg"pass", for example, goes back to the ancient Indo-Iranian apcaka- and finds matches in other Indo-European languages. From Ossetian, this word also penetrated into the non-Indo-European Karachay-Balkar language in the form ipchik. The meaning of this word is extensive: in addition to the “mountain pass”, it is also understood: “isthmus”, “peak”, “protruding part of an object, body”, etc.
G.V. Bailey usually gives all his linguistic illustrations in two Ossetian dialect variants, and preference is given to the forms of the Digor dialect as more archaic. Here are some examples given by the author in his various works: a piece of chalk - mil in the sense of "twilight", cf. izӕr - miltӕ, sugzarinӕ - syzgarin"gold", go - thin"a cap", kizgӕ - chyzg"young woman", ustur khedzar - Styr Hadzar « big house», sigit - sydzhyt"earth", "soil", mud - myd"honey", etc.
In one of the latest works - "Saki Essays", published in the British journal "Iran", G.V. Bailey connects his etymological research in the field of Ossetian historical lexicology with the problem of the origin and migration of the Scythian-Sarmatian-Alanian tribes. These migration processes took place at the beginning of our era (4th-5th centuries), when the Sarmatians and Alans penetrated into France and Spain. A little earlier than this time, the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius wins (in 173 AD) over the Sarmatians and, as a winner, appropriates the title "Sarmatian" to himself. Eight thousand Iranian Sarmatians were enrolled in the Roman army, of which 5,500 were sent to Britain. Until now, an inscription about the stay of the Sarmatians in Northern Britain, namely, at St. John's College in Cambridge, has been preserved. Information about the stay of the Sarmatians in the British Isles is scarce, but historically reliable.
Traces of the presence of the Sarmatians and Alans in the territory of France are preserved to this day. So, the road through the French city of Reims was once called via Sarmatarum - "the road of the Sarmatians." There is evidence of the presence of the Alans in the territory Iberian Peninsula and North Africa. G. V. Bailey also dwells on the history of the movement of the Alans to the North Caucasus, speaks in detail about the connections of the Alans with the Greeks, Georgians and other peoples of the Middle Ages, emphasizes their cultural, historical and dynastic ties with many peoples. The influence of the Alanian element, Bailey continues, is evidenced by the fact that the Alanian name Bahr al-lan was given to the Caspian Sea, and the Migrels called their bravest youths alani k'oc'i "Alanian man".
GV Bailey also speaks of the migration of the Alanian tribes to the east and their penetration into China. This is evidenced by onomastic and historical materials left by the Alans on the way of their advancement and at the place of their stay.
The School of Oriental and African studies at the University of London (School of Oriental and African studies) is an important training center for special oriental studies in England. The school has the following faculties: 1) languages and cultures of India, Burma and Ceylon, 2) languages and cultures Far East, 3) languages and cultures of the Near and Middle East, 4) languages and cultures of Africa, 5) phonetics and linguistics, and 6) oriental history and law. With the exception of the Faculty of History and Law, the main focus of the school is the study of Oriental languages. During the Second World War, the largest number of students studied Japanese and Chinese.
Along with language training, the school provides its students with episodic lectures or short cycles of lectures, on average no more than two or three lectures on one topic on the history, history of culture or economy of the countries studied. An example of this kind of thematic cycles can serve as lectures given at the Faculty of the Far East: "Japan's international relations between the two wars", "Japanese colonies", "Religion in Japan", " Economic history Japan since 1868. In 1944 Africanist students listened to lectures on the following topics: "Social Anthropology", "The American View of the Colonial Administration", "African Music".
The school's faculties do practical consulting work for the British Colonial Office. It should be noted that a number of British departments are represented in the school council, which are interested in training orientalists; Ministries of Foreign Affairs, Colonies, Indian Affairs and Military. The chairman of the school council is a prominent colonial figure in England, Lord Haley, who in the past held the post of governor of Bengal.
The teaching staff of the school is largely composed of specialists from India and other colonial possessions of England. Characteristically, of the more than twenty public lectures given at school in 1944, three-quarters were devoted to India and Burma. The professorship of the Faculty of Oriental History and Law consisted in 1944 of the following specialists: Dean prof. Dodwell - the history and culture of the British, possessions in Asia and especially India, Captain Philips - the history of India, Barnet - senior lecturer on the history of India, prof. Minorsky - history of Iran "Bernard Lewis - history of Islam, Wittek - history of Turkey and Turkish culture, Wisey-Fitzgerald - Indian law. MacGregor - Burmese Buddhist law, Farnivol - history of Burma, Hall - history of Burma, Lieutenant Colonel Hart - history of India, prof. Toinbee - the history of the Middle East, Luce - ancient and medieval history and epigraphy of Burma. The composition of the lecturers shows a clear predominance of Indo-Burmese subjects in the teaching system.
According to school reports, the main general courses During the war years at the Faculty of Oriental History and Law, there were the courses "History of Asia" and "Muslim Law". At the same time, the number of students at the Faculty of History and Law was significantly inferior to other faculties that trained mainly translators. This was also reflected in the school's research publications, which are dominated by linguistic works, mainly of pedagogical and applied significance. Of the few non-linguistic publications of a general nature, attention is drawn to the articles of Sir Richard Winstadt "The Spiritual Anxiety of Dependent Peoples", "The Education of Colonial Civil Officials", "Anthropology for the Colonies" (all of which were published in The Quardian, an article by Vesey-Fitzgerald " Training of commercial representatives for Asia and Africa", etc.
16.11.17
I thank the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London and Valerie Amos, a prominent scholar in the humanities, former colleague and good friend, for bringing us here today at their instigation.
And I also want to thank you all for coming here to discuss one of the most difficult issues of our time: how to fight the global menace of terrorism without compromising our respect for human rights.
Let me be clear from the outset: nothing can justify terrorism - no motives, no grievances.
Nothing can ever justify indiscriminate attacks on civilians, senseless killings, depriving people of their livelihoods and creating panic as an end in itself.
Unfortunately, humanity has faced terrorism in its various forms and manifestations at all times and on all continents.
Today, however, terrorism has acquired a completely different scope, and in particular, I mean its geography. Nobody is immune from terrorism.
It has become an unprecedented threat to international peace, security and development.
Along with the rise in intensity and number of conflicts, terrorist attacks have become more frequent in the last ten years, terror has spread, destroying the fabric of society and destabilizing entire regions.
Last year, there were at least 11,000 terrorist attacks in more than 100 countries, resulting in more than 25,000 deaths and 33,000 injuries.
And although the focus is usually on the problem of terrorism in the West, it should not be forgotten that the vast majority of terrorist attacks occur in developing countries.
In 2016, nearly three-quarters of all deaths from terrorism occurred in just five countries: Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria, Nigeria and Somalia.
Global economic losses from terrorism are estimated to have reached $90 billion in 2015, but the real figures could be much higher. In 2015, due to terrorism, the GDP of Iraq decreased by 17.3%, and the GDP of Afghanistan - by 16.8%.
A distinctive feature of modern terrorism is not only its scale, but also its nature.
The problem became more complicated, the terrorists began to apply new methods.
How can one not be horrified by the fact that cars, including trucks, are being driven into crowds of ordinary people with the aim of maiming and killing? It happened here, on the streets of London, in Jerusalem, Barcelona and most recently in New York. How can one not be shocked to the core by the use of girls under the age of 10 as suicide bombers in Maiduguri?
This is a blow to our security, a challenge to our very humanity.
In addition, the state of shock and horror from these bloody attacks today is only exacerbated by round-the-clock newscasts, social media comments and cynical political manipulation.
As a result, an acute sense of insecurity has arisen in society, endangering the social fabric of society.
As Secretary General of an organization created to "be tolerant and live together, in peace with each other, as good neighbors", I am painfully aware of the danger of societal fragmentation posed by global terrorism.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
In London, not far from here, the British Library holds the originals of Magna Carta.
More than 800 years ago, this Charter declared that no one could be deprived of their liberty without due process of law. Thus, the principle of the rule of law was established.
And it would not be an exaggeration to say that this laid the foundation for all those freedoms that terrorists directly violate today.
At their core, human rights are a genuine recognition of our common humanity. It unites people, while our division is the breeding ground for terrorism.
Here, in London, one involuntarily imbued with a sense of respect for the long historical path passed by mankind to recognize the aspirations of people for justice, freedom and human rights.
These same aspirations spurred many young men and women languishing under the Salazar dictatorship in Portugal to fight for human rights and democracy.
And I believe that you young people can take the baton of these enduring aspirations.
Based on my experience and a sense of urgency, I would like to make one important point here in London:
Terrorism is essentially the denial and violation of human rights.
The fight against terrorism will not be successful until their denial and trampling is done away with.
We must tirelessly fight terrorism in the name of the triumph of human rights.
At the same time, by upholding human rights, we address the root causes of terrorism.
The unifying force of human rights is stronger than the destructive principles of terrorism.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
Let me re-emphasize two important points:
First, terrorism should not be associated with any particular religion, ethnic or racial group.
Secondly, there is no justification for terrorism. I would like to emphasize this again.
Article 5 of the International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings states that “such criminal acts (…) shall under no circumstances be justified on grounds of a political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic, religious or other similar nature.”
Contrary to the propaganda of terrorist groups, acts of terrorism are not murders for which there is a justification - they are, without any pretense, ordinary murders, which, as such, are crimes.
At the same time, it must be recognized that there are indeed conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism and violent extremism.
To address this issue and ensure the effectiveness of our collective response to this global threat, they must be clearly identified.
First, it is clear that terrorist groups use conflict zones and ungoverned territories.
Often originating in conflict zones, terrorism spills far beyond them and serves as an inciting and organizing motive for attacks and radicalization of people in different countries and on different continents.
Second, underdevelopment and unrepresentative governance structures, including extreme poverty, inequality and social exclusion and discrimination, are also contributing factors to terrorism and violent extremism.
Both developing and developed countries tend to increase income inequality.
A new study on the threat of violent extremism in Africa finds that lack of education and poverty lead to radicalization. However, state violence and abuse of power often play the role of the last straw.
93% of all terrorist attacks committed between 1989 and 2014 were committed in countries with high rates of extrajudicial killings, torture and extrajudicial imprisonment.
Third, the Internet has become a powerful tool for disseminating violent extremist propaganda, recruiting new supporters, and raising funds in the hands of terrorist groups.
It was first used in the 1990s by white supremacists in the United States as a way to easily and cost-effectively reach a wider audience, and has become a mouthpiece for many forms of racism and anti-Semitism.
Recruitment of violent extremists through social media occupies a central place in the terrorist campaign of ISIS today.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
Although the factors of radicalization that breed violence vary from country to country and even within individual countries, terrorism thrives where people are dissatisfied with their position, where they are humiliated, where education is lacking.
Terrorism flourishes where the disenfranchised and the dispossessed see only with indifference and nihilism. It is deeply rooted in hopelessness and despair.
That is why ensuring human rights, all human rights, including economic, social and cultural rights, is undoubtedly part of the solution to the problem in the fight against terrorism.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
The threat of terrorism is real, dangerous and, unfortunately, will not go away soon.
Member States bear the primary responsibility for protecting their citizens. As a former Prime Minister, I know only too well the priority nature of the task of strengthening safety and security.
Military operations in Syria and Iraq have driven ISIS out of its strongholds in Mosul and Raqqa.
At the same time, one should not delude oneself that terrorism can be eradicated through military operations alone.
Technology continues to allow terrorist groups to get their message across to disenfranchised people around the world—and win them over to their cause.
That is why a smart and comprehensive global counter-terrorism strategy to address the root causes of violent extremism is so important.
I would like to outline five key counter-terrorism priorities while highlighting how respect for human rights and the rule of law will provide long-term benefits.
First, we need much stronger international cooperation in the fight against terrorism.
The corresponding signal sounded loud and clear to me. In September, during the high-level segment of my first session of the General Assembly, 152 leaders, representing 80 per cent of all members of the United Nations, stressed the need to intensify the exchange of information.
In a globalized world, the miscalculations of one state can quickly turn into a threat to its neighbors and far beyond.
Therefore, our slogans should be unity, solidarity and cooperation.
This means unity in the United Nations. One of my first reforms in office Secretary General was to create an Office of Counterterrorism to coordinate the 38 different UN groups and units working in this area. In this regard, I intend to draw up for the UN a new system-wide "global compact" on counter-terrorism coordination.
It also means unity in the international community. There is an urgent need for governments and security agencies to cooperate much more effectively in the fight against terror.
There is still no consensus on a comprehensive convention on international terrorism.
However, there are 19 different international conventions and many regional instruments in this area that facilitate the prosecution of terrorists, strengthening protection and cooperation in other key areas.
They are a true manifestation of the international legal order.
It is not enough to simply sign and ratify them. All governments should seriously address their implementation.
In addition, these conventions are often supplemented by Security Council resolutions.
The Security Council not only imposed sanctions against terrorist groups, but also played a leading role in establishing general rules on foreign terrorist fighters and financial measures against terrorist groups, and more recently on international judicial cooperation.
In the implementation of these norms, capacity building and proper expertise remain of paramount importance for all Member States.
Member States also need to intensify international efforts to eliminate sources of funding, including curbing money laundering and illicit trafficking.
But in the face of today's threat, these multilateral efforts are not enough.
It is also necessary that the law enforcement agencies operating on the ground learn to better share information and take appropriate measures based on it.
To give just one example, in some countries the police are divided into local units that literally speak different languages and are reluctant to share information.
The time has come new era exchange of intelligence information and cooperation to save lives.
As a small contribution to this endeavour, I intend to convene, next year, the first ever summit of counter-terrorism leaders in the United Nations to forge new partnerships and build trust.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
The second key area of efforts to improve the effectiveness of the fight against terrorism is persistent work on its prevention.
First, conflict prevention and sustainable development is our first line of defense against terrorism. When I took office as Secretary General, I identified this as one of my priorities, calling for an upsurge in preventive diplomacy.
The international community is already addressing some of the factors that drive violent extremism. The 2006 UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy sets out strategic priorities and overarching recommendations. One of its four pillars is to ensure full respect for human rights and the rule of law in countering terrorism.
Prevention includes containment. We need strong cross-border cooperation to ensure that well-trained terrorists who go to conflict areas and commit atrocities are prosecuted under national law if they return home.
But prevention also means overcoming the factors that radicalize youth and force them to make their own fatal bet on terrorism.
Second, the best way to combat debilitating poverty, inequality, and lack of opportunity and public concern is development.
Development itself is important goal, and it cannot be considered simply as a means of solving certain problems.
At the same time, sustainable and inclusive development can certainly make a decisive contribution to the prevention of conflicts and terrorism.
The UN Development System helps governments address some of the root causes: poverty, inequality, youth unemployment, lack of public services such as health care and education.
United Nations agencies are currently supporting national governments in the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which is a global agenda for peace, prosperity and dignity for all, and thus a powerful antidote to some of the causes of terrorism .
Third, a major element of any strategy to prevent terrorism must be investing in youth. The age of most recruits in terrorist organizations is between 17 and 27 years old.
Extremist groups can play on feelings of disillusionment and alienation by offering disgruntled youth, including girls and girls, a distorted sense of belonging to a goal.
One of the main reasons for this is the lack of opportunities.
Youth employment, education and training should be an absolute priority in national plans and international development cooperation.
Youth is in the highest degree a positive asset for our societies. We must invest in it and strengthen its viability.
It is no wonder that the Kingdom of Jordan, which faces so many threats on its borders with Syria and Iraq, has wisely taken the lead at the United Nations on the topic “The Role of Youth in Countering Violent Extremism and Promoting Peace.” I am also grateful to the Kingdom of Jordan for its initiative and generosity towards refugees.
We are on the side of all young victims of terrorism, whether they are girls from the Nigerian city of Chibok, Iraqi Yazidi women and girls, or boys who are forced to commit atrocities.
Fourth, preventing terrorism also means winning the fight on the Internet.
Terrorists are losing physical positions in Syria and Iraq, but are taking up virtual positions in cyberspace. Defeating them will require coordinated and decisive global action.
Facebook, Microsoft, Twitter and YouTube have launched an anti-terrorism partnership called the Global Internet Forum on Counter Terrorism, which aims to prevent the spread of extremist content on the Internet. A start. Now we need to keep pace.
I welcome the recent demarches in this area by the British, French and Italian governments at the General Assembly of the United Nations.
We will never be able to completely prevent terrorists from communicating. But we must make it as difficult as possible for them.
Third, the safest way to prevent the vicious cycle of instability and discontent is to uphold human rights and the rule of law.
Terrorist groups, including Daesh and al-Qaeda, thrive in conflict zones, notably Iraq, Syria and Libya. Protracted conflict and radicalization correlate with violations of international humanitarian law.
Therefore, I strongly urge the conflicting parties to show and ensure respect for international humanitarian law and human rights in situations of armed conflict.
When we don't take every precaution to avoid civilian casualties, don't provide full access to humanitarian assistance, don't equip places for prisoners of war according to their status, or don't prohibit torture, it shows what kind of people we are.
And it's not just about our values. It's also about efficiency.
Corresponding norms, codified in the 19th century, are designed to prevent the suffering of war victims in modern conflicts.
Henri Dunant played a major role, but jurists from the United States (where the Lieber Code originated in 1863), Russia (where the Martens Clause came from), the United Kingdom, France, and many other countries also contributed.
These rules go far beyond how to regulate the conduct of war on the battlefield.
They make it possible to achieve lasting peace and reconciliation.
Faced with threats of an unprecedented nature, states are trying to strengthen the effectiveness of their anti-terrorism legislation.
Heightened vigilance and targeted surveillance are essential if we are to disrupt terrorist networks, detect their activities, and hit their finances.
But without a firm foundation in human rights, counter-terrorism policies can be subject to violations and abuses. By undermining good governance and the rule of law, it can actually make us less secure.
As I said earlier, terrorism is essentially the denial and violation of human rights.
If the fight against terrorism is necessarily accompanied by the same trampling and denial, then it will never be successful.
There are some very difficult questions here. How can governments take preventive security measures without undermining due process and legal safeguards? How to adapt judicial systems, making them more prepared for impending threats? What legal guarantees should state surveillance be provided with? How can we ensure effective border control while restoring the full integrity of the refugee legal regime?
I firmly believe that the unifying parameters are based on the principles of international criminal law.
The great Italian thinker of the Enlightenment, Cesare Beccaria, laid the foundation for these principles in 1764: there is no punishment without law - the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to the law - the punishment must be commensurate with the gravity of the crime committed.
These principles are reflected in international human rights conventions. They remain as relevant as ever.
Unfortunately, counterterrorism strategies can be used to suppress peaceful protests and legitimate opposition movements; to end discussions; for targeted search and detention of human rights defenders; and also to stigmatize minorities.
Such actions are not conducive to the establishment of a lasting peace.
Instead, they can lead to long-term instability and discontent, creating chaos.
I reaffirm that societies based on respect for human rights and economic opportunities for all are the most viable and constructive alternative to terrorist recruitment strategies.
Fourth, we must win the battle of ideas.
Under no circumstances should we shy away from our duty to point out the cynicism and viciousness of terrorism.
From this "bottomless mist" we must build a new era of enlightenment.
When terrorists portray violence as the best way problem of inequality or discontent, we must respond with non-violence and inclusive decision-making.
When terrorists say they are punishing the people they accuse of betrayal or exploitation, we must point to a strong judicial system and legal accountability.
To hate messages, we must respond with inclusiveness, diversity, protection of minorities and vulnerable groups.
There is a need to invest in social cohesion, education and inclusive societies in which diversity is seen as a wealth, not a threat, and in which everyone believes that his or her person will be respected and that he or she belongs fully to society as a whole.
Political, religious and community leaders must fulfill their obligations to promote a culture of tolerance and mutual respect.
Fight against fanaticism and conservatism; upholding freedom of the media and the right to dissent; promotion of the rule of law; the demand for accountability and justice—all of which are taken on by courageous activists and civil society organizations to help keep us safe.
Deradicalization could work. Repentant terrorists must understand that this change is possible. In addition, we should not close our eyes to how they abandon their false ideals.
Teachers, scientists, social workers are at the forefront. At the same time, they protect us.
I recognize and respect their contributions and urge everyone in positions of influence to support them.
Fifth, and last, we must help the victims of terrorism raise their voices.
Some of our best guides are victims and survivors of terrorist attacks, who invariably demand accountability and performance, not general measures or collective punishment.
I would like to pay tribute to communities around the world that are showing resilience in response to terrorist attacks. They confront violent extremism daily in their homes, schools and places of worship.
Here in the United Kingdom, all the people of the city of Manchester came together earlier this year and became an inspiring example of solidarity and unity. In London, your mayor, Sadiq Khan, described terrorism as "an attack on our shared values of tolerance, freedom and respect."
We must resist stereotyping and treating large communities as monoliths if we are to truly develop effective means to combat this threat.
Stereotypes come from numerous sources, including the media. We all have a responsibility to base our descriptions of events on facts and not do the terrorists' work for them by demonizing and stigmatizing certain groups.
In some countries, most terrorist plots and attacks are perpetrated by right-wing extremist groups. However, the media most often focuses on attacks by immigrants or members of ethnic and religious minorities.
Refugees fleeing conflict are often the focus of attention. Blaming the victims of terrorism for the crime they just fled from is a terrible misrepresentation of their plight.
We will fail in our duty if we refuse to support all those affected by terrorism: communities, victims, survivors and their families. These groups constantly remind us that without the criminal process there is no possibility of justice.
When we respect the human rights of victims and provide them with support and information, we reduce the long-term damage caused by terrorists to individuals, communities and society.
Dear friends,
Earlier this year, I was in a tent in Kabul talking to some of the victims of terrorism. The women and men I met were forced to leave their homes in a series of explosions. They have lost everything.
They told me that they would like to return home, rebuild their lives and send their children back to school once peace and security are restored.
They have not lost faith in our common humanity.
They don't lose hope. We must act in the same way.
We cannot allow terrorism to challenge the fundamental principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, national constitutions and international law.
The foundations of our global order are our strongest defense against this scourge.
We can only win this fight by upholding the dignity and worth of the human person.
However, principles alone are not enough.
I call on world leaders to play their leading role.
And I want to tell them that in addition to security measures, we need education and social cohesion.
This is how young people can be kept from false illusions and helped to become clear-thinking and enlightened citizens.
We have much to do, and I urge everyone to join this work. Thank you for attention.
Bulletin of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia. Series: International relations is the leading Russian Science Magazine in International Relations, published since 2001 by the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia. The journal is included in the list of the Higher Attestation Commission for political, historical and economic sciences.
Our focus is on current international problems and the history of international relations, regional security in Asia, Africa, Latin America, North-South relations, cooperation within the BRICS, SCO, CIS, international educational cooperation. The thematic focus of the journal is reflected in the titles of the permanent headings: International Economic Relations, Applied Analysis, Bilateral Relations, Scientific Schools, History of International Relations, Portraits, International Educational Cooperation.
Among our authors are leading Russian international researchers from Russian universities, as well as institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, leading experts from European, American and Asian universities. Many of our authors - teachers and graduate students of RUDN University - come from the CIS countries, Asia, Africa and Latin America who study foreign policy their countries and bring their own, national (local) understanding global problems modernity.
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announcement
international Conference
Theater in public space: aesthetics, economics and politics of in situ performances
The Laboratory for Historical and Cultural Research STEPS RANEPA and the Institute for Theater Studies of the University of Paris III Neue Sorbonne announce the acceptance of applications for international conference dedicated to the study of performative practices that unfold outside the stage space intended for them (in situ), which will be held in Moscow on November 12-14, 2020.
We propose to consider the aesthetic, economic and political principles of creating and producing performances in situ, in a comparative perspective of France and Russia. While in France the street and public art sector has already been institutionalized, resulting in creation and distribution centres, information platforms and educational programs, then in Russia it is an emerging direction, remarkable, nevertheless, for its pace of development. The conference will provide an opportunity to compare and clarify terminology, compare methods for analyzing performances, aesthetic and economic features of their existence, discuss the history of the direction, the current state of affairs and development prospects.
We welcome applications from both practitioners and researchers of the performing arts and/or sociology and cultural economics alike.
Within the framework of the conference, applications are accepted for the following sections:
– Places, spaces, arrangement of in situ projects
– Dramaturgy and aesthetics of performances in situ
– Political aspects of theater and performance in public space
– Cultural policy and in situ project financing models
– Touring: cultural, territorial and linguistic challenges
Conference working languages: Russian, French.
Those wishing to attend the conference must until April 10, 2020 send abstracts (max. 500 words) and a short CV to [email protected] Please indicate in the subject line of the letter the name of the section for which you are applying. Candidates will be notified of the decision of the Organizing Committee by April 25.
Conference Organizing Committee: E.I. Gordienko, V.V. Zolotukhin, Yu.G. Leaderman, E.Yu. Nagaeva (RANEPA STEPS), A. Mouton-Rezzuc, D. Urrutiage (Paris III New Sorbonne).
announcement
Student conference
Academic Dialogues 2020
Department of World History STEPS RANEPA invites senior students, undergraduates, graduate students to take part in the work of the section "Power, state, society in Greater Europe: problems of political and cultural history" within the framework of the annual conference of the RANEPA.
About the magistracy of the department →
31 Mar (Tue)
Conference
Department of General History
"The Responsibility of the Historian"
Applications are accepted for participation as a speaker in the second Readings in memory of Arseniy Roginsky.
Theme of readings: "Responsibility of the historian".
Applications are accepted until March 9, 2020.
Apply →
Within the framework of the Readings, three blocks are planned:
1. "Historian and source" - How does the responsibility of a scientist manifest itself in the choice of the subject and methods of research, the struggle for access to archival sources?
2. "Historian and Education" - What tasks do historians solve outside the professional research community? The focus is on public history, popular science texts and statements, teaching work, and informal historical circles.
3. "Historian Today" - The Historian and the State Politics of Memory: From Confrontation to Proactive Loyalty and Collaboration. Experience from different countries.
Applications are accepted until March 9, 2020. On March 16, we will send you a letter in which we will give an answer regarding your participation.
Each performance will last approximately 15 minutes.
23, 24 Mar (Mon, Tue)
International colloquium
Lab. historical and literary research
History and fiction in literature, culture and society of the Golden Age (XVI-XVIII)
Within the framework of the joint research project LILI STEPS with the Center for the Study of the Culture of the Golden Age (GRISO, Grupo de Investigación Siglo de Oro) of the University of Navarra (Spain), an international Russian-Spanish colloquium “La percepción del “otro” en las culturas europeas de los siglos XVI-XVIII: ¿asimilación o rechazo? (Perception of "foreign" in European cultures of the XVI-XVIII: acceptance or rejection?).
The aim of the project is to study the forms of cultural creation in the Spanish culture of the Golden Age (XVI-XVII centuries), as well as to study the form of interaction of literature and historiography with social and cultural practices (custom, ritual, everyday life).
From the Russian side, the project is attended by: head. Laboratory LILI Doctor of Philology, prof. I.V. Ershova, Ph.D. PhD, leading researcher, O.V. Aurov, Ph.D. Sci., Senior Scientist ON THE. Pastushkova, PhD in Philology, Assoc. RGGU M.B. Smirnova, Ph.D., NRU HSE A.V. Marey, graduate student of the Russian State Humanitarian University N. Kiseleva.
From the GRISO Center of the University of Navarra: Director of GRISO Prof. Ignacio Arellano, Secretary of the GRISO, prof. Carlos Mata Indurain, prof., Jesus Maria Usunaris, prof. Blanca Oteisa and others.
In autumn 2020, within the framework of the project, the RANEPA will host the conference “STUDIA IBERICA-2. Fact and Fiction: Modes of Interaction and Representation in Spanish Culture.
19 Mar (Thu)
19:00–21:00Open lecture
Lab. historical and cultural research
The Land of Love and Other Imaginary Worlds in Allegorical Maps of the 17th-19th Centuries
Head STEPS RANEPA Laboratory of Historical and Cultural Research Maria Neklyudova will give a public lecture at the Pushkin Museum im. A.S. Pushkin in the framework of the program "Laboratory for the Study of Image Migration"
Anyone who has read A. Milne's Winnie the Pooh or J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings trilogy probably remembers the maps that help navigate these imaginary worlds. But not everyone knows that one of the first novels to which maps were attached appeared in France in mid-seventeenth century. The map, invented by the writer Madeleine de Scudery and drawn by the engraver Francois Chauveau, pointed the way to the Land of Tenderness, that is, it allegorically represented the birth of love. Soon, parodies of this map and imitations of it appeared - maps of the Land of Love, the Land of Coquetry, the Land of Marriage, the Empire of Bacchus, etc. The beginning of this fashion and the formation of a tradition that has survived to our time will be discussed in the lecture.
Scientific report
Lab. historical and cultural research
Performances in situ: the philosophy of French theater in public space
Associate Professor of the Department of Culturology and Social Communication STEPS RANEPA Elena Gordienko will make a presentation at the Center for Franco-Russian Studies
(the event will be held in French without translation)
25 Feb (Tue)
19:00 – 20:30
Open lecture
Lab. historical and cultural research
Key concepts of the early modern period in modern research culture and society
Public lecture by Richard Scholar, professor at Durham University (Great Britain) within the framework of the conference "Conceptualization of the Early Modern Age: Words, Images and Theories".
In recent decades, the study of "words in history" has become one of the main directions in the study of European society and culture. Although its development bears some resemblance to what is done by historians of political ideas, there is an important difference between their methods and their approach to the word in sociocultural studies: in an obvious way, cultural historians have a strong predilection for language.
The first part of Professor Scholar's lecture will be devoted to the scientific heritage of the British theorist and critic Raymond Williams, and the methodological problems associated with his work " Keywords» (1976). In the second part of the lecture, Professor Scholar will propose to modify the Williams model through a comparative and multilinguistic approach, especially with regard to English vocabulary.
As an example, Professor Cholard will consider two "migrant" words that came into English from French, naïveté (naivete) and ennui (boredom). Their untranslatability makes it possible to identify the most important cultural and social features of the English-speaking society, among which an ambiguous attitude towards everything foreign and, specifically, everything French, plays an important role.
Richard Scholar- professor, deputy school director modern languages and Cultures at Durham University, and author of Je-Ne-Sais-Quoi: Facing Uncertainty in Early Modern Europe (2005) and Montaigne, The Art of Freethinking (2010).
Lecture on English language(with translation), pre-registration is required.
