. Mason. Master of Pathological Speech.

biography

Having received a good home education, Grigoriev graduated from Moscow University as the first candidate of the Faculty of Law ().

There were provincial actors, and merchants, and petty officials with swollen faces - and all this petty rabble, along with writers, indulged in colossal, monstrous drunkenness ... Drunkenness united everyone, they flaunted drunkenness and were proud.

Grigoriev was the chief theorist of the circle. During these years, Grigoriev put forward the theory of “organic criticism”, according to which art, including literary art, should grow organically from the national soil. Such are Ostrovsky and his predecessor Pushkin with his "meek people" depicted in The Captain's Daughter. Completely alien to the Russian character, according to Grigoriev, the Byronic "predatory type", most clearly represented in Russian literature by Pechorin.

Grigoriev commented on Ostrovsky not only with articles, but also with poems: for example, with the “elegy-ode-satire” “Art and Truth” (), caused by the presentation of the comedy “Poverty is not a vice”. Lyubim Tortsov was proclaimed here as a representative of the “pure Russian soul” and was reproached with “old Europe” and “toothless-young America, sick with dog-like old age.” Ten years later, Grigoriev himself recalled his trick with horror and found the only justification for it in the "sincerity of feeling."

In "Moskvityanin" Grigoriev wrote until his termination in, after which he worked in the "Russian conversation", "Library for reading", the original "Russian Word", where for some time he was one of the three editors, in the "Russian World", "Light" , "Son of the Fatherland" by A. V. Starchevsky, "Russian Bulletin" by M. N. Katkov.

S wrote in the magazine "Vremya" of the Dostoevsky brothers. A whole circle of writers of "soil" was grouped here - Nikolai Strakhov, Dmitry Averkiev, Dostoevsky. In the magazines "Time" and "Epoch" Grigoriev published literary-critical articles and reviews, memoirs, led the column "Russian Theater".

V went to Orenburg as a teacher of Russian language and literature in cadet corps. A year later he returned to St. Petersburg. Grigoriev edited the magazine "Anchor".

GRIGORIEV, APOLLO ALEKSANDROVICH(1822–1864), Russian poet, literary and theater critic, translator, memoirist.
Born July 20 (August 1), 1822 in Moscow. Grigoriev's grandfather, a peasant, came to Moscow from a remote province to earn money and received the nobility for hard work in various bureaucratic positions. Father, against the will of his parents, married the daughter of a serf coachman. The scandalous marriage took place a year after the birth of Apollo, so the child was considered illegitimate. Only in 1850, having risen to the rank of titular adviser, Grigoriev received personal nobility, thus “restoring” the noble title that his grandfather had inherited with such difficulty.
An excellent home education allowed the future poet, bypassing the gymnasium, to enter the law faculty of Moscow University, where T.N. Granovsky, M.P. Pogodin, S.P. Shevyrev and others lectured at that time. Fet and Ya.P. Polonsky Grigoriev created a literary circle, where young poets read their works to each other. Grigoriev graduated from the university in 1842 with the title of the first candidate and was left to work first in the library, then as secretary of the Council
A. Grigoriev published from 1843. During this time (1843-1845) he wrote especially a lot, falling in love with A.F. Korsh unrequitedly. The themes of the poet's lyrics are also explained by the love drama - fatal passion, unbridled and spontaneity of feelings, love-struggle. A poem characteristic of this period Comet, in which the chaos of love experiences is compared with cosmic processes. Grigoriev's first prose work in the form of a diary tells about these feelings. Leaves from the manuscript wandering sophist(1844, publ. 1917).
From 1844 to 1845 he served in the Council of the Deanery and in the Senate, then left this service, driven by the desire to engage exclusively in literary work. At this time, he wrote poetry, and dramas, and prose, and criticism - literary and theatrical. In 1844-1846 he collaborated in the magazine "Repertoire and Pantheon", in which he became a professional writer. In addition to reviews of performances, cycles of critical articles on the theatrical theme, he published numerous poems, a poetic drama Two egotisms(1845), trilogy Man of the future, My acquaintance with Vitalin, Ophelia. One of Vitalin's memories(1845–1846), translated widely ( Antigone Sophocles, 1846, School of Husbands Moliere, 1846 and other works).
In 1847 he returned to Moscow, where he contributed to the Moscow City Leaflet newspaper. The most notable works of this period were four articles Gogol and his last book(March 10–19, 1847), in which Grigoriev, appreciating the importance Selected places from correspondence with friends contemplating the loss modern society"puritanically strict, stoic spirit."
In 1848-1857 Grigoriev taught law in various educational institutions, without leaving creativity and cooperation with magazines. In 1850, he entered the circle of the Moskvityanin magazine and, together with A.N. Ostrovsky, organized a “young editorial office”, which, in fact, was the department of criticism of the magazine. Since that time, Grigoriev has become a leading Russian theater critic, preaching realism and naturalness in dramaturgy and acting.
After the closure of Moskvityanin in 1856, Grigoriev was invited to work in other journals - in Russkaya Beseda, Sovremennik - but he made it a condition to lead the criticism department. Cooperation negotiations ended only with the publication of his articles, poems and translations.
In 1852-1857 Grigoriev experienced an unrequited love - for L.Ya.Wizard. In the poetic cycle of this period Fight(1857) included the most famous poems of the poet Oh, talk to me though... and gypsy Hungarian(“Two guitars, ringing ...”), which A.A. Blok called “pearls of Russian lyrics”.

This collection includes beautiful lines about love addressed by A. Pushkin, F. Tyutchev, Y. Polonsky, Af. Fetom, Ap. Grigoriev to his beloved. Many of these poems sounded later in songs and romances.

The music of love, multiplied by the music of the verse, is the best music that has ever been carried over the expanses of Russia. This collection includes beautiful lines about love addressed by Pushkin, Tyutchev, Polonsky, Fet, Apollon Grigoriev to their beloved. Many of these poems sounded later in songs and romances. We sing them today, enjoying the brilliant creations of our favorite poets.

The textbook describes industrial types of deposits of ferrous, nonferrous, rare, precious and radioactive metals. For each metal, historical and economic data, information on geochemistry and mineralogy, industrial types of deposits and metallogeny are given. The most representative deposits of Russia and foreign countries. The textbook consists of six sections. Section 1. Ferrous metals compiled by V. M. Grigoriev; section II. Non-ferrous metals - V. M. Grigoriev (aluminum and magnesium) and V. V. Avdonin (nickel, cobalt, copper, lead and zinc, tin, tungsten, molybdenum, bismuth, mercury and antimony); section III. Rare metals - N. A. Solodov; section IV. Noble metals - Zh. V. Seminsky; section V. radioactive metals- V. E. Boytsov, section VI. Metallogeny - V. I. Starostin. For students of geological specialties of universities and geologists involved in the study, prospecting and exploration of ore-bearing territories, ore deposits and geological maintenance of mines. 2nd edition, revised and enlarged.

One thing is good - today he will part with Grigoriev. He will say: he cannot provide any evidence of his wife's infidelity, all her movements and meetings were of a completely innocent nature ... Drawing a picture of parting with a client, Shibaev understood that unforeseen complications could happen. Suppose they were seen together with Irina and reported to the banker. Then… Shibaev vaguely imagined the consequences. Too bad he didn't tell her that her husband had hired him to keep an eye on her! He tried, but she interrupted: Shut up, come here! And then it got too busy… Shibaev entered the familiar, dimly lit hall. He resolutely went into the room, driven by one desire - to explain himself to Grigoriev as soon as possible. He lay on the couch with his head thrown back and arms outstretched in a circle of red light. Shibaev realized with horror: there was a corpse in front of him ...

Dance on smoldering coals One thing is good - today he will part with Grigoriev. He will say: he cannot provide any evidence of his wife's infidelity ... What if they were seen together with Irina and reported to the banker? Then… Shibaev vaguely imagined the consequences. It's a pity he didn't tell her that her husband hired him to follow her!.. Shibaev entered the dimly lit hall. He resolutely went into the room, driven by one desire - to explain himself to Grigoriev as soon as possible. He lay on the couch with his head thrown back and his arms outstretched. Shibaev realized with horror: there was a corpse in front of him ... Dima, the killer of dummies, fell in love with Lydia. For life, passionately, sacrificially ... Lydia was going to leave her husband, but she was stopped by the thought of money ... Before the New Year, she and Dima broke up: they thought - for a few days, it turned out - forever ... swing. The guests enjoyed themselves selflessly, and only businessman Yuri Rogov was worried - he could not find his wife in any way ... She was lying on the floor under the stairs. Lydia's neck was cinched by a long shiny scarf, red to match the dress. The dead woman was beautiful...

July 28, 1822 was born Apollon Grigoriev, poet, critic, author of popular songs and romances.

Private bussiness

Apollo Alexandrovich Grigoriev (1822-1864) was born in Moscow from a connection between the titular adviser Alexander Ivanovich Grigoriev and the daughter of a serf coachman Tatyana Andreeva. Two days after the baptism, the illegitimate baby was given to the Imperial Moscow Orphanage. Only after the wedding of his parents in 1823 was the boy taken from the Orphanage.

Apollon Grigoriev was addicted to music and poetry from an early age, spoke excellent French, read a lot and played the piano. He received a very good education at home, which allowed him, bypassing the gymnasium, to go directly to Moscow University. In 1842 he graduated from the university, the first candidate of the Faculty of Law for round fives. During his studies, he developed close relationships with A. A. Fet, Ya. P. Polonsky, S. M. Solovyov.

After graduation, from December 1842 to August 1843, he worked at the university: first he was in charge of the library, then, despite the great competition and the abundance of rivals, he received a good position as secretary of the Council of Moscow University, but he could not stay in this place because of his carelessness and disorganization.

Soon after graduating from the university, Grigoriev created the first prose work, which he called "Leaflets from the Wandering Sophist's Manuscript" - in fact, this is something like an artistically processed diary, which in turn was draft material for the story "My Acquaintance with Vitalin." The basis of "Leaflets ..." and the story was the first dramatic event in Grigoriev's biography, from which he could not recover for many years - an unhappy love for Antonina Fedorovna Korsh.

Having failed in love for Antonina Korsh and weighed down by the willfulness of his parents, Grigoriev suddenly left for St. Petersburg, where from June 1844 he served as an official in the Deanery Council, and in December he was transferred to the Senate.

Since the summer of 1845, Apollon Grigoriev devoted himself entirely to literary pursuits.

He made his debut in print in 1843 with the poem Good Night!, published under the pseudonym A. Trismegistov in the Moskvityanin magazine. In 1844-1846 he wrote reviews of dramatic and opera performances, articles and essays. During this time, he also wrote the poetic drama "Two Egoisms", the novels "Man of the Future", "My Acquaintance with Vitalin" and "Ophelia", which were published in the magazine "Repertoire and Pantheon". At the same time he was engaged in translations (“Antigone” by Sophocles, “School of Husbands” by Moliere), occasionally participated in other publications.

In 1846, Grigoriev published his poems as a separate book, but the collection was received by critics with nothing more than condescending. Subsequently, he did not write so many original poems, but he translated a lot, including from Shakespeare ("A Midsummer Night's Dream", "The Merchant of Venice", "Romeo and Juliet") from Byron ("Parisina", excerpts from "Childe Harold "and others), Moliere, Delavigne.

During his stay in St. Petersburg, Grigoriev led the most riotous lifestyle, he drank a lot, having become addicted to drunkenness since his student days.

In 1847, disappointed in St. Petersburg, the poet returned to Moscow and tried to settle down. He married the sister of his first love, Lydia Korsh, but the marriage calmed down Grigoriev for a short time - the marriage was quickly terminated due to the frivolous behavior of his wife.

Grigoriev actively collaborated with the Moscow City List, was a teacher of jurisprudence, first at the Alexander Orphan's Institute (1848), then at the Moscow Orphanage (until August 1853), from March 1851 to May 1857 he also taught jurisprudence at the 1st Moscow gymnasium.

In 1849-1850 he acted as a theater and literary critic in the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski.

At the end of 1850, Grigoriev headed a circle of authors, known as the “young editors” of the Moskvityanin magazine - a “young, brave, drunk, but honest and brilliant with talents” friendly circle, which included A. N. Ostrovsky, Pisemsky, B. N. Almazov, A. A. Potekhin, Pechersky-Melnikov, E. N. Edelson, L. A. Mei and others.

Grigoriev was the chief theoretician of this circle. Therefore, in the fight against the St. Petersburg magazines, it was he who became the object of attacks, including for the irrepressible enthusiasm for Ostrovsky, who was for him not just a talented writer, but "the herald of the new truth."

During these years, Grigoriev put forward the theory of "organic criticism", according to which art, including literary art, should grow organically from the national soil. Such, in his opinion, are Ostrovsky and his predecessor Pushkin with his "meek people" depicted in The Captain's Daughter. Completely alien to the Russian character, according to Grigoriev, is the Byronic "predatory type", most clearly represented in Russian literature by Pechorin.

Grigoriev commented on Ostrovsky not only with articles, but also with poems - for example, the "elegy-ode-satire" "Art and Truth" (1854), written after the presentation of the comedy "Poverty is no vice." Lyubim Tortsov was proclaimed in it as a representative of the “pure Russian soul” and was reproached with “old Europe” and “toothless-young America, sick with dog old age.” Just ten years later, Grigoriev himself recalled this with shame and found the only justification in the "sincerity of feeling." Such antics of Grigoriev were one of the characteristic phenomena of his entire literary activity and one of the reasons for his low popularity.

Like-minded people often spent evenings in taverns, where “dead drunk, but pure in heart, kissed and drank with factory workers”, listened to gypsies, reproached the West for lack of spirituality and extolled the Russian national character.

The more Grigoriev wrote, the less his popularity became. In the 1860s, with his vague and confused discourses about the "organic" method and various other abstractions, he was out of place in an era of "seductive clarity" of tasks and aspirations, he was no longer read.

A great admirer of Grigoriev's talent, the editor of Vremya, Fyodor Dostoevsky, who indignantly noticed that Grigoriev's articles were not even cut, friendly suggested that he sign under a pseudonym and at least in this way draw attention to his articles.

In "Moskvityanin" Grigoriev wrote until its termination in 1856, after which he worked in "Russian Conversation", "Library for Reading", the original "Russian Word", where for some time he was one of the three editors, in the "Russian World", " Svetoche”, “Son of the Fatherland” by Starchevsky, “Russian Herald” by M. N. Katkov - but he did not manage to settle down anywhere.

In 1861, the "Time" of the Dostoevsky brothers appeared, where Grigoriev found refuge. As in The Moskvityanin, a whole circle of “pochvennik” writers—Strakhov, Averkiev, Dostoevsky, and others—were bound together by common sympathies and antipathies, as well as by personal friendship. They all treated Grigoriev with sincere respect. In the magazines Vremya and Epoch, Grigoriev simultaneously published literary-critical articles and reviews, memoirs, and led the Russian Theater column.

Feeling over time and in this environment a cold attitude towards his mystical broadcasts, in 1861 Grigoriev left for Orenburg, where he got a job as a teacher of Russian language and literature in the cadet corps. Taking up a new business with enthusiasm, however, he quickly cooled down, and a year later he returned to St. Petersburg, where he again began to live a hectic life of literary bohemia.

In 1863 "Time" was banned. Grigoriev migrated to the weekly "Anchor". He edited a newspaper and wrote theater reviews, which unexpectedly had great success thanks to the enthusiasm that Grigoriev brought into the routine of theatrical notes. He analyzed the acting of actors with thoroughness and passionate pathos, while, in addition to fine taste, he also showed great acquaintance with German and French theorists of stage art.

In 1864 Vremya was resurrected as Epoch. Grigoriev again returned to the role of the "first critic", but not for long. The binge, which became a painful physical ailment, eventually ended in death.

Apollon Grigoriev died on October 7, 1864 in St. Petersburg. He was buried at the Mitrofanevsky cemetery.

What is famous

Apollon Grigoriev, poet

Grigoriev is known to lovers of Russian literature as a poet and as a critic, but he is almost completely unknown as a prose writer. Meanwhile, he is the author of original memoirs, passionate confessional diaries and letters, romantic stories and artistic essays.

Songs created to the verses of Grigoriev have gone to the people: “Oh, speak at least with me, seven-stringed friend, the soul is full of such longing, and the night is so moonlit!...”; gypsy Hungarian - "Two guitars, ringing, whined plaintively ... Since childhood, a memorable tune, my old friend - are you? ...".

Grigoriev also left a great legacy as a translator - he translated Sophocles' Antigone into Russian; "School of Husbands" by Moliere; A Midsummer Night's Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.

What you need to know

One of Grigoriev's strong hobbies in the mid-40s was Freemasonry. Fet dates his acquaintance with the Freemasons (and not just acquaintance, but also joining the organization) back to the Moscow period. With Masonic funds, Grigoriev left for St. Petersburg. Fet's information confirms V. N. Knyaznin's assumption that Vasily Imeretinov, a freemason from Grigoriev's story "The Other of Many", is an artistic embodiment of a real prototype - K. S. Milanovsky, who was a classmate of Fet and Grigoriev at Moscow University.

Grigoriev's St. Petersburg Masonic connections are undoubted: this was reflected in his stories, and in the cycle of poems "Hymns", which were translations of German Masonic songs, and in critical reviews.

Grigoriev, like Tolstoy's Pierre Bezukhov, was attracted to Freemasonry by the grandiose utopian ideas of a radical reorganization of the world on the basis of brotherhood, love and spirituality.

Soviet researchers (B. Ya. Bukhshtab, P. P. Gromov, B. O. Kostelyanets) convincingly showed the close connection between Grigoriev’s Masonic and socialist ideas: it was not for nothing that he was fond of George Sand’s novels “Consuelo” and “Countess Rudolstadt” in those years, reflecting the ideology of Christian socialism, at the intersection of Masonic mysticism and socialist utopia. The hero of these two novels, Count Albert Rudolstadt, a freemason and mystic, organizes the Order of the Invisibles, whose goal is to rebuild the world on the slogans of the Great French Revolution (freedom, equality, fraternity), on truth and love. The characters of these novels are repeatedly mentioned and quoted by Grigoriev, and he signed many of his works “A. Trismegistov ”(Trismegistus is the pseudonym of Count Albert).

Direct speech

About love for Antonina Korsh:“... everything was disgusting and hateful to me, except for this woman whom I love with the passion of a mad dog”

About myself: " This is written, of course, not to arouse pity for my person, an unnecessary person, but to show that this person has always - as in those days when Kraevsky's faithful 50 rubles per sheet was exchanged for the wrong 15 rubles per sheet of "Moskvityanin" - remained fanatically devoted their selfish convictions"

Journalist E. M. Feoktistov about the young editorial staff of Moskvityanin:“There were provincial actors, and merchants, and petty officials with swollen faces - and all this petty rabble, together with writers, indulged in colossal, monstrous drunkenness ... Drunkenness united everyone, they flaunted and were proud of drunkenness.”

B. Egorov. Artistic prose Ap. Grigorieva:“Another of Many” is the most “violent” story by Grigoriev, filled with seductions, bacchanalia, death, demonic men and women; therefore it is least of all autobiographical. .

3 facts about Apollon Grigoriev

• The grandfather of Apollon Grigoriev was a peasant who came to Moscow to work from a remote province. By hard work in bureaucratic positions he received the nobility. The poet's father, however, disobeyed the will of his parents and connected his life with the daughter of a serf coachman. Since the parents got married only a year after the birth of their son, the future poet was considered an illegitimate child. Apollon Grigoriev managed to receive personal nobility only in 1850, when he was in the rank of titular adviser.
• It is Apollon Grigoriev who owns the famous phrase: "Pushkin is our everything."
• In 1876, Grigoriev's articles scattered in various journals were collected into one volume by N. N. Strakhov.

Materials about Apollon Grigoriev

Apollon Grigoriev (1822-1864)

Apollon Alexandrovich Grigoriev was born into the family of a wealthy Moscow official. His grandfather, Ivan Grigoryevich Grigoriev, according to the remark of his grandson, appeared in Moscow in 1777 in a "naked sheepskin coat" and came from "chief officer's children." “Having made his fortune” by serving in various institutions of that time, he rose to the rank of court adviser. According to the memoirs of Apollon Grigoriev, his grandfather was friendly with Novikov. The father is a graduate of the university noble boarding school, "a comrade in the upbringing of Zhukovsky and the Turgenevs." Apollon Grigoriev was born on June 16, 1822. His parents were not married at that time, and the future poet spent the first year of his life in the Imperial Moscow Orphanage. After the wedding in 1823, the parents took their son home.

In August 1838, after successfully passing the exam, the young man was admitted to the law faculty of Moscow University. At the university, Grigoriev became friends with the future poets A. Fet, Ya. Polonsky, historian S. Solovyov. A. Fet for some time he lived as a tenant in the house of Grigoriev. Like many other young people of his time, the future poet was fond of the idealistic philosophy of Schelling. In 1842 he graduated with honors from the university and entered the service (he was in charge of the university library, and in 1843 he was elected secretary of the Council of Moscow University).

In February 1844, Apollon Grigoriev moved to St. Petersburg, and a year later he left the service and devoted himself entirely to literary activity, only periodically entering the service in various educational establishments. The first collection - Poems by Apollon Grigoriev”- was published in 1846. But Apollon Grigoriev gained the widest fame as a literary and theater critic. He published articles in the magazines "Moskvityanin", "Russian Bulletin", "Domestic Notes", " Russian word”, magazines of the Dostoevsky brothers “Time” and “Epoch”.

The poetic work of Apollon Grigoriev developed under the strong influence of Lermontov, he called himself "the last romantic." The main motives of his poetry are hopeless suffering and the eternal disharmony of the world, often spilling over into the element of revelry, hysterical fun. Many of his poems (especially the cycle of poems about the city) because of their sharp social orientation could-whether be printed only in the foreign Russian press. The poetic heritage of Apollon Grigoriev is very unequal, but his best poems are distinguished by extraordinary emotionality and brightness. A. Blok showed great interest in the poet's work.

In 1857, Apollon Grigoriev, on the recommendation of the editor of "Moskvityanin" M.P. Pogodin, was invited to be an educator to the fifteen-year-old prince I.Yu. for a conflict with the mother of the pupil, he stops classes with the young prince. Having visited Rome, Paris and Berlin, at the end of 1858 Grigoriev returned to St. Petersburg.

Literary work gave too little livelihood, Grigoriev's financial situation was very difficult, three times in 1861 and 1864. the writer had to sit in a debtor's prison. This undermined his already rather poor health, and on September 25, 1864, four days after leaving the debtor's prison (from where A. I. Bibikova ransomed him), he died of apoplexy.