GENERAL ECONOMIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ASIA

Foreign Asia is the largest region in the world in terms of area and population, and it retains this primacy, in essence, throughout the entire existence of human civilization.

The area of ​​Foreign Asia is 27 million km2, it includes more than 40 sovereign states. Many of them are among the oldest in the world.

Foreign Asia is one of the origins of mankind, the birthplace of agriculture, artificial irrigation, cities, many cultural values ​​and scientific achievements. The region mainly consists of developing countries.

Geographical position. General review.

The region consists of countries of various sizes: two of them are giant countries, the rest are mainly rather large countries. The boundaries between them pass along well-defined natural boundaries.

The EGP of Asian countries is determined by their neighboring position, the coastal position of most countries, and the deep position of some countries.

The first two features have a beneficial effect on their economy, and the third complicates external economic relations.

The political structure of countries is very diverse: Japan, Malaysia, Thailand, Nepal, Bhutan, Jordan are constitutional monarchies, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Brunei, Oman are absolute monarchies, the rest of the states are republics.

Natural conditions and resources.

The area is extremely homogeneous in terms of tectonic structure and relief: within its boundaries, the greatest amplitude of heights on earth is noted, both ancient Precambrian platforms and areas of young Cenozoic folding, grandiose mountainous countries and vast plains are located here. Consequently mineral resources Asia is very diverse. The main pools of coal, iron and manganese ores, and non-metallic minerals are concentrated within the Chinese and Hindustan platforms. Ores predominate within the Alpine-Himalayan and Pacific fold belts. But the main wealth of the region, which also determines its role in the MGRT, is oil. Oil and gas reserves have been explored in most countries of Southwest Asia, but the main deposits are in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, and Iran.

The agro-climatic resources of Asia are heterogeneous. Vast massifs of mountainous countries, deserts and semi-deserts are of little use for economic activity, with the exception of animal husbandry; the provision of arable land is low and continues to decline (as the population grows and soil erosion increases). But on the plains of the east and south, quite favorable conditions for agriculture are created.

Asia is home to 3/4 of the world's irrigated land.

Population.

The population of Asia is 3.1 billion people. All countries in the region, with the exception of Japan, belong to the 2nd type of population reproduction, and now they are in a state of so-called "population explosion". Some countries are fighting this phenomenon by pursuing a demographic policy (India, China), but most countries do not pursue such a policy, rapid population growth and its rejuvenation continue. At the current rate of population growth, it could double in 30 years. Among sub-regions of Asia, East Asia is the furthest away from the peak of the population explosion.

The ethnic composition of the Asian population is also extremely complex: more than 1,000 peoples live here - from small ethnic groups numbering several hundred people to the largest peoples in the world. The four peoples of the region (Chinese, Hindustanis, Bengalis and Japanese) make up over 100 million each.

The peoples of Asia belong to about 15 language families. There is no such linguistic diversity in any other large region of the planet. The most complex countries in ethnolinguistic terms: India, Sri Lanka, Cyprus. In East and Southwest Asia, with the exception of Iran and Afghanistan, a more homogeneous national composition is characteristic.

The complex composition of the population in many parts of the region (India, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Iraq, Turkey, etc.) leads to acute ethnic conflicts.

Foreign Asia is the birthplace of all major religions, all three world religions were born here: Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam. Among other national religions it is necessary to note Confucianism (China), Taoism, Shintoism. In many countries, interethnic contradictions are based precisely on religious grounds.

The population of foreign Asia is distributed unevenly: the population density ranges from 1 to 800 people. per 1 km 2. In some areas it reaches 2000 people. per 1 km 2

The growth rate of the region's urban population is so high (3.3%) that this growth has become known as the "urban explosion". But, despite this, in terms of the level of urbanization (34%), Foreign Asia is in the penultimate place among the regions of the world.

For rural settlement, the rural form is most characteristic.

economy

The role of foreign Asia as a whole in the world economy in recent decades has increased significantly. But the differences in the levels of development and specialization of individual countries are better expressed here than in foreign Europe.

There are 6 groups of countries:
1. Japan - occupies a separate position, as it is the "power No. 2" of the Western world, the only member of the "Big Seven" in this region. In many important indicators, it occupies a leading position among the economically developed countries of the West;
2. China and India have also made great strides in economic and social development behind a short time. But in terms of per capita indicators, their successes are still small;
3. the new industrial countries of Asia - the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore, as well as the ASEAN members Thailand and Malaysia. The combination of a profitable EGP and cheap labor resources made it possible, with the participation of Western TNCs, to carry out in the 70-80s. restructuring the economy along the lines of Japan. But their economy is export-oriented;
4. oil-producing countries - Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and other countries of the Persian Gulf, which, thanks to "petrodollars", in a short time managed to go through a path of development that would have taken them several centuries. Now not only oil production is developing here, but also petrochemistry, metallurgy and other industries;
5. countries with a predominance in the structure of industry of mining or light industry - Mongolia, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Jordan;
6. the least developed countries - Laos, Cambodia, Nepal, Bhutan, Yemen - in these countries, modern industry is practically absent.

Agriculture

In most Asian countries, the bulk of EAN is occupied in agriculture. In general, the region is characterized by a combination of commodity and consumer economy, landownership and peasant land use, a sharp predominance of food crops in the crops. The food problem in many countries has not yet been resolved; in South and Southeast Asia, tens of millions of people are on the verge of starvation.

In accordance with the distribution of agro-climatic resources, population and traditions, 3 large areas of agriculture have developed: rice-growing area (covers the monsoon sector of East, Southeast and South Asia) combined with tea cultivation in higher parts; area of ​​subtropical agriculture (Mediterranean coast); the rest of the territory is dominated by the cultivation of wheat, millet, pasture animal husbandry.

Ecology

As a result of the low culture of managing the economy, the negative anthropogenic impact in foreign Asia is becoming rampant. As a result of intensive mining without environmental protection measures, extensive agriculture, and an increase in the number of inhabitants, atmospheric pollution, depletion of water resources, soil erosion, land alienation, deforestation, and impoverishment of natural biocenoses occur. Frequent conflicts and wars in the region only exacerbate the situation. For example, the Gulf War led to acid rain, dust storms, massive pollution of water and soil with soot and oil, caused irreparable damage to the fauna and flora of the region. No less notorious is ecocide during the American aggression in Vietnam, when over the course of several years forests were deliberately destroyed on an area of ​​about 0.5 million km2.

Figure 9. Sub-regions of Foreign Asia.

Notes

1. Palestinian territories (West Bank and Gaza) occupied by Israel in 1967
2. In May 2002, East Timor gained independence.
3. The territory of Macao (Macao), which is under Portuguese administration, enjoys internal self-government.

Tasks and tests on the topic "General economic and geographical characteristics of Asia"

• Asian states - Eurasia 7th grade

  Lessons: 3 Assignments: 10 Tests: 1

Lessons: 3 Assignments: 9 Tests: 1

Leading ideas: show the diversity of cultural worlds, models of economic and political development, the interconnection and interdependence of the countries of the world; and also to be convinced of the need for a deep understanding of the patterns of social development and the processes that are taking place in the world.

Basic concepts: Western European (North American) type of transport system, port-industrial complex, "axis of development", metropolitan region, industrial belt, "false urbanization", latifundia, shipstations, megalopolis, "technopolis", "growth pole", "growth corridors"; colonial type of branch structure, monoculture, apartheid, subregion.

Skills: be able to assess the impact of EGP and GWP, the history of settlement and development, the characteristics of the population and labor resources of the region, the country on the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy, the level economic development, role in the MGRT of the region, country; identify problems and predict the prospects for the development of the region, country; highlight the specific, defining features of individual countries and give them an explanation; find similarities and differences in the population and economy of individual countries and give them an explanation, compile and analyze maps and cartograms.

South Asia is a region located on the southern peninsula of Hindustan, with several small coral and volcanic islands in the Indian Ocean, the Indo-Gangetic Valley, the Himalayas. This is a remarkable part of the planet that attracts tourists and exists according to its own customs and rules.

South Asia includes seven countries:

1. Bangladesh;
2. Nepal;
3. Butane;
4. India;
5. Sri Lanka;
6. Pakistan;
7. Maldives.

The area of ​​the southern region is 4% of the entire earth, but the density is quite high and is determined by about 20% of the total population of the planet.

In the southern part, the region is surrounded by the seas and bays of the Indian Ocean. Of all the states, only two countries, Bhutan and Nepal, are not provided with access to the sea.
The population fluctuates around 1.2 billion people.

Bangladesh

A relatively poor state with a rapidly increasing population. Located on an area of ​​about 144,000 km2, the number is 142 million.
Most of the country is flat lowland. The Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers form one channel a little west of the capital Dhaka and flow into the Bay of Bengal. The state is almost regularly exposed to floods, which cause the loss of many lives.
About 20% of the total population of the country lives in the cities of Bangladesh. Since it is problematic to find work here, people live by farming (tea, sugar cane, jute) and fishing.

State of Bangladesh

Capital of Bangladesh– Dhaka with a population of 6.97 million. It is located on the Buriganga (Ganges) river. It appears to be a major port and aquatourism concentration.

Capital Dhaka

The main share of industrial enterprises is located in the capital and suburbs:

• production of jute fiber,
• lightweight and cotton.

Almost 90% of the population are Muslims.

Nepal

The Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal is located between two neighbors: from the north it borders Tibet, from the south, west and east - India.

The highest mountain state is located on an area of ​​140,800 km2. The population of Nepal is almost 30.4 million people, they profess Hinduism.

Countryside Nepal

In Nepal, three high-altitude zones can be noted: the flat territory - 17% of the total area, the mountainous part - 64% of the area and the high mountain Himalayan ranges.

A large number of rivers: Karnali, Arun through the slopes of the Himalayas flow south and fall into the Ganges.

The capital of the country is Kathmandu.. It is home to about 1 million people.

In the city there are various craft workshops and small enterprises: textile, leather, pottery.

Butane

The Kingdom of Bhutan is located on the slopes of the Eastern Himalayas. On the one hand, it borders on China, on the other, its neighbor is India. Its territory is 47,000 km2. The population practicing Buddhism is 770 thousand people.

Cities of Bhutan

The capital is Thimphu is the largest city in the state. It is home to 40 thousand people.
For the rest of the world, Bhutan remained a closed state for a long time, and only in 1974 the veil was slightly opened. For 80% of the inhabitants, the rural and forest industries are the main source of livelihood. The industry is undeveloped, there are a number of woodworking enterprises and the food industry.

Bhutan surprises with its contrasts. On the plain, near India, bananas grow, and on a hill, in the central part of the state, oaks grow. From the north, Bhutan is surrounded by the Himalayan mountains.

India

Republic of India It is the seventh largest state in the world and the second largest in terms of population. The country is located on the Hindustan Peninsula, the Himalayan mountains and the Indo-Gangetic plain. The most significant height is Kanchenjunga (5898 meters). The number is 1.3 billion. India borders Pakistan in the west, Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east, and China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast. Almost 80% of the inhabitants practice Hinduism.

Holy city of India

major rivers, flowing from the Himalayan mountains and flowing into the Bay of Bengal are the Brahmaputra and the Ganges. Several rivers: Krishna, Mahanadi, Godavari serve as the main source of irrigation. India has no large lakes.

Capital of India - New Delhi. It is located in the northern part of the country, in the seismic zone and occupies almost the entire area of ​​the Indo-Gangetic plain.

City in India New Delhi

New Delhi is the official capital of the state and one of the districts of the city of Delhi. The buildings of the government of India and various historical sights are located here.
Since 1997, Delhi has been territorially divided into 9 districts, and each of them is divided into 3 districts.

New Delhi has a population of around 295,000 while the city of Delhi is home to over 13 million people. This is one of the most economically developed regions.

The economy of the capital consists of industries: tourism, telecommunications, information technologies. Industry includes the manufacture of products for mass consumption. In Delhi, in comparison with other cities in India, transport and infrastructure are best developed. In this regard, in the suburbs of the capital are developing international corporations, automotive manufacturing.
Energy, healthcare and various services for the population make up a significant share in the economy.

Sri Lanka

Democratic Socialist Republic. It is located on the island of the same name off the coast of Hindustan. The area of ​​the country is small - approximately 65,000 km2. Along and across the island, small rivers cross: Nai-Aru, Kalu.

The majority of the population professes Buddhism - 69%, while adherents of Hinduism make up 15%. The total population is 21.7 million people.

Tea plantations in rural Sri Lanka

The country got its name from the Sanskrit "Shri" - glorious and "Lanka" - land. Familiar to the whole world under another one - Ceylon. The state is proud of its huge tea plantations and rice fields.

The capital of Sri Lanka in 1982 was transferred from Colombo to the nearby suburb of Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte. It houses the State Parliament and the Supreme Court. The process of transferring the capital to the end is not yet completed. The population of Kotte is 150,000 inhabitants. In fact, the capital continues to be Colombo - the most Big city in the country (there are almost 600 thousand people). Colombo has a deep-water harbor, and the city center is located near the port. The port of Colombo is the largest in South Asia. Several industries are developed here: chemical, glass, woodworking, textile and oil refining.

Pakistan

The country arose as a result of the division of British India in 1947 and is officially called the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. It borders with countries: Iran, India, China, Afghanistan.

City and slums of Pakistan

In the south is the outlet to the Arabian Sea. There is a relatively high population density. In terms of the number of residents, it ranks sixth in the world - almost 194 million people with an available territory of 803,940 km2. The majority of the population professes Islam - more than 97%. Most of the region is the Indus Plain and the mountains located from the north and west, belonging to the Iranian plateau.

The capital of the country is Islamabad. It was founded in 1967. The population is 1150000 people. In the west of the capital, the Indus River flows, the Himalayas stretch east of the city.
Since Islamabad was originally built as a capital, there is practically no industry in the city.

City of Islamabad

The exception is:

• light, food industry, handicrafts.
• The financial sector and telecommunications industries are developing.

Maldives

The state is located on several small islands in the Indian Ocean. Closest countries: India, Sri Lanka. The Republic of Maldives includes 1196 islands, the length from east to west is 130 km, from south to north - 823 km. Islands of volcanic origin, form a paired necklace of 26 large coral patches (atolls). Of the total number of islands, only 202 are inhabited. The longest island is eight kilometers long. Due to the gradual melting of glaciers, the Maldives is threatened with flooding.

City in the Maldives

The population living on the archipelago is 400,000 people. The population professes Islam.

Capital Male located on the neighboring islands of Villingili and Male. The territory is 5.8 km2, the number of inhabitants is about 105 thousand people.
The absence of industry determined the occupation of the population: fishing, resort business.

South Asia 1. The composition of the region 2. Features and main stages of the formation of the region 3. The resource base of South Asia 4. The structure of the region - leaders - international economic and political organizations 5. Modern evolution Region 6. Regional Differences in South Asia

Composition of the region Area - 4.5 million km. sq. The population is 1.7 billion people. - Islamic Republic of Afghanistan - Republic of India - People's Republic of Bangladesh - Islamic Republic of Pakistan - Kingdom of Nepal - Kingdom of Bhutan - Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka - Republic of Maldives

Features and main stages of the formation of the region 1. ancient period 7th-6th centuries BC e. - the emergence of the first Indo-Aryan states in the Indus and Ganges valleys IV-II centuries. BC e. - Mauryan Empire IV-V centuries. n. e. - Gupta Empire

2. Middle Ages In the early Middle Ages - India - an amorphous conglomerate of small and warring principalities from the 7th century. - the beginning of the invasions of the Turkic Muslim conquerors In the XI century. - the formation of the Delhi Sultanate of the 16th - the middle of the 19th centuries. (after the invasion of Timur) - the Mughal Empire

3. Colonial period From the XVI century. - the beginning of European colonial conquests From the 17th century. England begins to create strongholds By the 1760s. - in fact, the recognition of the British monopoly on the colonization of South Asia 1795 Great Britain captures Ceylon The specifics of the English colonization Features of the management of India

4. The specifics of the formation of independent states The only non-colonized state - Afghanistan 1923 - Great Britain recognized the independence of Nepal 1947 - the independence of India 1947 - the abolition of the protectorate status of the Kingdom of Bhutan 1948 - the independence of Ceylon 1965 - the independence of the Maldives 1971 - Education Bangladesh

Resource base of South Asia 1. Minerals - hard coal - brown coal - iron ore - oil - gas - bauxite - copper ores - polymetallic and chromite ores - graphite - diamonds

2. Natural resources - quite fertile lands - powerful hydrographic network - location in the tropical climate zone - unique forests with valuable tree species - richness of wildlife

3. Features of the population of South Asia - the second region of the world in terms of the number of inhabitants after East Asia - high population growth - motley ethnic composition and the ongoing process of the formation of nations - linguistic diversity - religious diversity - features of population distribution - external migrations - specifics of employment

Structure of the region Leader - India Claims for leadership - Pakistan International organizations represented in the region: South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Colombo Plan Indian Ocean Association for Regional Cooperation (ARSIO) Commonwealth

This is the name of the part of the world that is part of the Eurasian continent. The land border between Asia and Europe runs along Ural mountains, the Emba, Kuma, Manych rivers, the Caspian, Azov, Black, Marble seas, the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits. Asia occupies a third of all land. It is washed by the waters of three oceans: the Arctic, Indian and Pacific, and it borders not only on Europe, but also on Africa and Australia.

In general, Asia is a high-mountainous part of the world - 3/4 of the area is occupied by mountains and plateaus, but there are also plains, huge, boundless, such as West Siberian, and there are deep depressions, the bottom of which lies below sea level. In the central part of Asia, the Tibet plateau rises on average for 4-5 km. The Himalayas rise along its southern edge with the highest peak on Earth - Chomolungma (or Everest, Sagarmatha), rising almost 9 km above sea level. Since Asia stretches over a huge distance from north to south and from west to east, the differences in climate in different parts of this part of the world are very large. There is a long winter in the Far North, snow lies for many months, snowstorms sweep, icy winds blow, there are severe frosts, polar lights blaze in the dark night sky. There is no sun beyond the Arctic Circle in winter, but in spring and summer it only sets below the horizon for a few minutes, and then the day lasts around the clock. Most of the northern tip of Asia is occupied by tundra. There is no tall trees, only grass grows, colored with many flowers, and low dwarf birches and willows. White foxes and small animals - lemmings are found in the tundra. To the south of the tundra, vast Asian spaces are occupied by dense coniferous forests, called taiga, where larch and Siberian cedar grow. Bears, wolves, foxes live here, nimble squirrels jump along the branches and handsome sables hide in fluffy needles. Further south are the semi-deserts and hot deserts of Central and Central Asia, separated by the high mountains of the Pamirs, Tien Shan, and Altai. The Himalayas and other high mountains bordering the Central Asian plateau cover the southern parts of Asia from cold northern winds. On the shores washed by the warm Indian Ocean, eternal summer reigns. It's very hot here. On most of the mainland and on the islands, of which there are many - both large and small, it rains a lot and dense evergreen forests grow. South of the Himalayas is the rainiest place on Earth - Cherrapunji. If all the moisture that had fallen during the year had remained there, it would have formed a layer as high as a four-story building.

Elephants, tigers, rhinos, monkeys, crocodiles and many beautiful birds of paradise live in Asia. In the southwest, the Red Sea washes the Arabian Peninsula, also belonging to Asia. This peninsula has a very hot climate. There is a burning Arabian desert, and date palms, orange and lemon trees grow in oases. Like hundreds of years ago, camel caravans roam the desert. The peninsula is very rich in oil, it is mined here in large quantities and sent to all parts of the world.

In the east, the entire Asian coast is washed by the largest and deepest Pacific Ocean. There are many volcanic islands near the coast, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes often occur, and next to high volcanoes there are several deep ocean trenches, or, as scientists say, trenches. In one of them - Mariana - the greatest depth of the World Ocean is noted: 11022 m. Terrible hurricanes - typhoons often arise in the Pacific Ocean, which form huge waves. Typhoons rush to land at breakneck speed, destroying everything in their path and bringing heavy downpours.

There are many large full-flowing rivers in Asia, here are the largest lake on the globe - the Caspian Sea - and the deepest lake Baikal. Many Asian rivers flow from high mountains from melting glaciers. They are full of water all year round, it is convenient to build hydroelectric power stations on them. Rivers flow from the mountains in different directions and flow into the Arctic, Indian and Pacific oceans. In the bowels of Asia, huge reserves of a wide variety of minerals have been discovered, especially oil, gas, coal, non-ferrous metals, and precious stones. More than 2 billion people live in Asia, these are people of three races: white - Caucasoid, yellow - Mongoloid, black - Negroid-Australoid. They are divided into many different nations.

Most of the territory of our country is located in Asia. Its southern border runs from Pacific Ocean to the Black Sea. The largest Asian states: China, India, Indonesia, Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos, Pakistan, Afghanistan, etc.

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The video tutorial allows you to get interesting and detailed information about the countries of South Asia. From the lesson you will learn about the composition of South Asia, the characteristics of the countries of the region, their geographical position, nature, climate, place in this subregion. Your instructor will explain to you in detail about main country South Asia - India. In addition, the lesson provides interesting information about the religions and traditions of the region.

Theme: Overseas Asia

South Asia- a cultural-geographical region that includes states located on the Hindustan peninsula and neighboring territories (Himalayas, Sri Lanka, Maldives).

Composition:

2. Pakistan.

3. Bangladesh.

6. Sri Lanka.

7. Republic of Maldives.

The area of ​​the region is approximately 4480 thousand square meters. km, which is approximately 2.4% of the earth's surface area. South Asia accounts for about 40% of the Asian population and 22% of the world's population.

South Asia is washed by the waters of the Indian Ocean and its parts.

The climate in most of South Asia is subequatorial.

South Asian countries with the largest population:

1. India (1230 million people).

2. Pakistan (178 million people).

3. Bangladesh (153 million people).

The maximum average population density is 1100 people. per sq. km - in Bangladesh. In Indian cities, the population density can reach 30,000 people. per sq. km!

The peoples of South Asia are a huge variety of ethnic formations, more than 2000 varieties can be counted. Each ethnic group can include from hundreds of millions of people to several thousand. Over the centuries, South Asia has been repeatedly invaded by various peoples who are firmly rooted in the region, forming such ethnic groups as Dravidian, Indo-Aryan and Iranian.

The most numerous peoples of South Asia:

1. Hindustanis.

2. Bengalis.

3. Punjabis.

In most countries, the Hindustani language is spoken, and it is also common to meet a person who speaks Bengali or Urdu. And in some parts of India only Hoodoo is spoken.

Judaism and Islam are common in South Asian countries, and in some countries Buddhism is the dominant religion. There are also small tribal religions. For more than two centuries, the culture of South Asia was influenced by colonial invaders, but this did not prevent the preservation of the primitiveness and ethnic diversity of cultural values ​​and traditions.

At the same time, South Asia is a region with persistently high mortality. Due to the lack of hygiene conditions and developed healthcare, a large number of children. The region ranks sixth on the World Hunger Index.

The religious composition of the region is diverse. Islam is practiced by the majority of residents in Pakistan, in Bangladesh, in the Republic of Maldives and in some states of India. Hinduism is practiced in India and Nepal, Buddhism - in Bhutan and Sri Lanka.

The form of government of Bhutan is a monarchy.

India has the most powerful economy in the region.

All countries of South Asia are characterized by the traditional type of population reproduction.

In most countries, mining, agriculture, animal husbandry, production of textiles, leather, and spices are widespread. Tourism is developing in some countries of South Asia (Maldives, Sri Lanka, India).

India. The Republic of India is located in South Asia on the Hindustan Peninsula. The capital is New Delhi. It also includes the Laccadive Islands in the Arabian Sea, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal. India borders on Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar. The maximum length of India - from north to south - 3200 km, from west to east - 2700 km.
The economic and geographical position of India favors the development of the economy: India is located on the sea trade routes from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean, halfway between the Middle and Far East.
Indian civilization arose in the third millennium BC. e. For almost two centuries India was a colony of England. In 1947, India gained independence, and in 1950 it was proclaimed a republic within the British Commonwealth.
India - federal Republic consisting of 28 states. Each of them has its own legislative assembly and the government, but while maintaining a strong central authority.

India is the second country in the world in terms of population (after China). The country has a very high rate of population reproduction. And although the peak of the population explosion has already been generally passed, demographic problem hasn't lost its edge yet.
India is the most multiethnic country in the world. Representatives of several hundred nations, nationalities and tribal groups live in it, at different stages of socio-economic development and speaking different languages. They belong to the Caucasoid, Negroid, Australoid races and the Dravidian group.
The peoples of the Indo-European family predominate: Hindustanis, Marathas, Bengalis, Biharis, etc. official languages throughout the country - Hindi and English. Each state has its own common language.
More than 80% of the inhabitants of India are Hindus, 11% are Muslims. The complex ethnic and religious composition of the population often leads to conflicts and increased tension.
The distribution of the population of India is very uneven, since from ancient times the fertile lowlands and plains in the valleys and deltas of the rivers, on the sea coasts were first settled. The average population density is 365 people. per 1 sq. km. Despite this high figure, there are still sparsely populated and even deserted territories.
The level of urbanization is quite low, but the number of large cities and millionaire cities is constantly increasing; in terms of the absolute number of citizens (more than 310 million people), India ranks second in the world. But, nevertheless, most of the population of India lives in crowded villages.

The main economic, political and industrial centers of India:

1. Mumbai.

2. New Delhi.

3. Calcutta.

India is a developing agro-industrial country with huge resources and human potential. Along with traditional industries for India (agriculture, light industry), extractive and manufacturing industries are developing. Currently, the Indian economy continues to grow at a good pace.

The creation of an energy base in the country began with the creation of hydroelectric power stations, but among the newly built in last years power plants are dominated by thermal power plants. The main source of energy is coal. Nuclear energy is also developing in India - 3 nuclear power plants are operating.

India produces a variety of machine tool and transport engineering products (TVs, ships, cars, tractors, airplanes and helicopters). The industry is developing rapidly. The leading centers of mechanical engineering are Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Hyderabad, Bangalore. In terms of production of the radio-electronic industry, India has taken second place in overseas Asia. The country produces a variety of radio equipment, color televisions, tape recorders, and communications equipment.

In a country with such a role of agriculture, the production of mineral fertilizers is of exceptional importance. The importance of petrochemistry is also growing.

Light industry is a traditional sector of the economy, the main areas are cotton and jute, as well as clothing. Textile factories are found in all major cities country. In India's exports, 25% are products of the textile and clothing industry.
The food industry is also traditional, producing products for the domestic and foreign markets. The most widely known in the world is Indian tea.

Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy have been developed in the east of the country. We use our own raw materials.

India is a country of ancient agricultural culture, one of the most important agricultural regions in the world.
Agriculture employs 60% - 70% of the economically active population of India, but the use of mechanization is still insufficient.
4/5 of the value of agricultural products comes from crop production, agriculture needs irrigation (40% of the sown area is irrigated).
The main part of the arable land is occupied by food crops: rice, wheat, corn, barley, millet, legumes, potatoes.
The main industrial crops of India are cotton, jute, sugar cane, tobacco, and oilseeds.
There are two main agricultural seasons in India - summer and winter. Sowing of the most important crops (rice, cotton, jute) is carried out in the summer, during the summer monsoon rains; in winter, they sow wheat, barley, etc.
As a result of several factors, including the Green Revolution, India is completely self-sufficient in grain.
Animal husbandry is much inferior to crop production, although India ranks first in the world in terms of livestock. Only milk and animal skins are used, meat is practically not consumed, since Hindus are mostly vegetarians.

Rice. 4. Cows on the streets of India ()

Fishing is of considerable importance in the coastal regions.

Among the others developing countries transport in India is quite developed. In the first place in terms of importance is railway transport in domestic transportation and maritime transport in external transportation, a horse-drawn mode of transport continues to play a significant role.

India is the largest producer of motion pictures after the USA. The authorities and business are developing tourism and banking services.

Homework

Topic 7, P. 4

1. What are the features of the geographical location of South Asia?

2. Tell us about the economy of India.

Bibliography

Main

1. Geography. A basic level of. 10-11 cells: Textbook for educational institutions/ A.P. Kuznetsov, E.V. Kim. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2012. - 367 p.

2. Economic and social geography of the world: Proc. for 10 cells. educational institutions / V.P. Maksakovskiy. - 13th ed. - M .: Education, JSC "Moscow textbooks", 2005. - 400 p.

3. Atlas with kit contour maps for grade 10. Economic and social geography of the world. - Omsk: Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Omsk Cartographic Factory", 2012. - 76 p.

Additional

1. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., cart.: tsv. incl.

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

1. Geography: a guide for high school students and university applicants. - 2nd ed., corrected. and dorab. - M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2008. - 656 p.

Literature for preparing for the GIA and the Unified State Examination

1. Thematic control in geography. Economic and social geography of the world. Grade 10 / E.M. Ambartsumova. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2009. - 80 p.

2. The most complete edition standard options real tasks of the Unified State Examination: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: Astrel, 2010. - 221 p.

3. The optimal bank of tasks for preparing students. Single State exam 2012. Geography. Tutorial/ Comp. EM. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukov. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2012. - 256 p.

4. The most complete edition of typical options for real USE assignments: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2010. - 223 p.

5. Geography. Diagnostic work in USE format 2011. - M.: MTSNMO, 2011. - 72 p.

6. USE 2010. Geography. Collection of tasks / Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 272 p.

7. Tests in geography: Grade 10: to the textbook by V.P. Maksakovskiy “Economic and social geography of the world. Grade 10 / E.V. Baranchikov. - 2nd ed., stereotype. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2009. - 94 p.

8. Study guide for geography. Tests and practical tasks in geography / I.A. Rodionov. - M.: Moscow Lyceum, 1996. - 48 p.

9. The most complete edition of typical options for real USE assignments: 2009. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2009. - 250 p.

10. Unified state exam 2009. Geography. Universal materials for the preparation of students / FIPI - M .: Intellect-Center, 2009. - 240 p.

11. Geography. Answers on questions. Oral exam, theory and practice / V.P. Bondarev. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2003. - 160 p.