Engine of evolution

First letter "t"

Second letter "r"

The third letter is "u"

The last beech is the letter "d"

Answer for the clue "Evolution engine", 4 letters:
work

Alternative questions in crossword puzzles for the word labor

Patience and ... they will grind everything

Russian newspaper

work, occupation

He made a man out of a monkey

Newspaper of the proletariat

Martyshkin...

Workers' newspaper

Word definitions for work in dictionaries

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova. The meaning of the word in the dictionary New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.
The initial part of compound words, introducing the meaning of the word: labor (labor colony, labor service, labor school, etc.).

Wikipedia The meaning of the word in the Wikipedia dictionary
Trud is a stadium in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. Geographically located in the Sormovsky district. The stadium has a capacity of just over 20,000 spectators and is (together with the Start stadium) the venue for home matches of the local Start hockey club.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov The meaning of the word in the dictionary Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov
labor, m. only units. Expedient human activity is work that requires mental and physical stress. The principle of socialism is being implemented in the USSR: "From each according to his ability, to each according to his work." History of the CPSU (b). ...Annihilation of the opposite...

Examples of the use of the word work in the literature.

We withstood the waves easily, based on such a rich port as the Banque de France, but we escaped from the reefs in the form of Russian intrigues with labor.

But in order to put it into action, the sanction of the leadership is necessary, and, most importantly, time is needed to arrange insurance details, and even rather complex measures, otherwise everything works can go down the drain.

In desperation, Abbot perched on the back of his chair, labor lifted his leg and placed it on the back of the chair in front of him.

Agha Abdurrahman, coming close to the lying Casper, sniffling, labor bent over him and began to feel his arms, legs, chest, neck, muttering something into his beard, and finally patted the young man approvingly on the shoulder.

A gentleman named Abell created an immense scientific work on general history, full of names, dates and detailed descriptions of forgotten battles, all participants of which have long since turned to dust.

Mitsubishi 4G63T 2.0L engine.

Characteristics of the MMC 4G63T engine

Production	Kyoto engine plant
Engine brand	Sirius
Release years	1987-2007
Block material	cast iron
Supply system	injector
Type	in-line
Number of cylinders	4
Valves per cylinder	4
Piston stroke, mm	88
Cylinder diameter, mm	85
Compression ratio	7.8 (1 Gen.) 8.5 (1 Gen.) 9 (1 Gen.) 8.8 (2-3 Gen.) (see modifications)
Engine volume, cc	1997
Engine power, hp / rpm	200-270/6000-6250 (1 Gen.) 280/6500 (2 Gen.) 265-280/6500 (3 Gen.) (see modifications)
Torque, Nm/rpm	275-309/3000 (1 Gen.) 353-373/2750-3000 (2 Gen.) 343-407/2750-3000 (3 Gen.) (see modifications)
Fuel	95-98
Environmental regulations	up to Euro 4
Engine weight, kg	~180
Fuel consumption, l/100 km (for Evolution IX) - city - track - mixed.	14.6 8.2 10.6
Oil consumption, g/1000 km	up to 1000
Engine oil	5W-30 5W-40 5W-50 10W-30 10W-40 15W-50
How much oil is in the engine, l	5.1
When replacing pour, l	~4.5
Oil change is carried out, km	7000-10000
Operating temperature of the engine, hail.	-
Engine resource, thousand km - according to the plant - on practice	- 300+
Tuning, HP - potential - no loss of resource	1000+ 350-400
The engine was installed	Mitsubishi Galant VR-4 Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution I-IX Mitsubishi Outlander Mitsubishi Eclipse I-II Mitsubishi Space Runner/RVR Eagle Talon/Plymouth Laser

Reliability, problems and repair of the Mitsubishi 4G63T 2.0 liter engine.

A cult engine from Mitsubishi, which brought the 4G63 name incredible popularity, largely due to the fantastic penchant for tuning, the widest range of tuning parts and excellent reliability. An engine was developed based on the atmospheric 4G63, the block height of which is 229 mm, a new crankshaft with a piston stroke of 88 mm was put there, connecting rods 150 mm long, pistons 35 mm high, oil nozzles were added to cool them. From above, they covered it all with a two-shaft 16-valve DOHC cylinder head, replaced the 240/210 cc injectors with more productive 450 cc (390 cc for AT versions), installed a 60 mm throttle with a two-stage intake manifold, installed a TD05H 14B turbine (TD05H 13G for AT versions) and inflated 0.6 bar. In the future, 4G63T was finalized and this configuration changed, see the modifications below.
The timing mechanism uses a belt, the timing belt is replaced every 90 thousand km.
Together with the Evo engine, the Sirius family included: 4G61, 4G62, 4G63 aspirated, 4G64, 4G67, 4G69, 4D65 and 4D68.
Production of the turbocharged 4G63 continued until 2007, when the Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution IX gave way to the new Evolution X with a completely different two-litre 4B11T turbo engine.

4G63 Turbo engine modifications

1. 4G63T 1G (1987 - 1996) - the first version of 4G63, which appeared on the Mitsubishi Galant VR-4, had a compression ratio of 7.8, standard camshafts 252/252 with a lift of 9.5 / 9.5, a turbine TD05H 14B (TD05H 13G for versions with automatic transmission), boost pressure 0.6 bar, power 195 hp at 6000 rpm, torque 294 Nm at 3000 rpm. Since 1989, due to the ECU firmware, the power has been increased to 220 hp. In 1990, the turbine was replaced by a TD05 16G (the version with automatic transmission remained the same), the pistons, connecting rods and crankshaft were replaced with lighter ones, the compression ratio increased to 8.5, along with this, the output increased to 240 hp.
With the release of the Lancer Evo II in 1994, the engine power was increased to 260 hp at 6000 rpm, torque 309 at 3000 rpm. In the same year, the 4G63T was put on the Mitsubishi RVR model, for these purposes the TD05 turbine gave way to the small TD04HL, as a result, such a power unit produced 220 - 230 hp. at 6000 rpm and torque 278 -289 Nm at 3000 rpm.
The most powerful 4G63 1G was installed on the third Evolution, it was distinguished by a compression ratio increased to 9, a new exhaust manifold and the so-called Large TD05 16G6 turbine with a large compressor wheel (68 mm versus 60 mm for the previous Small TD05 16G). This set made it possible to increase the power to 270 hp. at 6250 rpm, torque 309 at 3000 rpm.
2. 4G63T 2G (1996 - 2001) - the second generation 4G63T was developed for installation on the right side of the car and from 1 Gen. features a smaller intake reservoir, a reduced throttle to 52 mm, reduced channels in the cylinder head, 450 cc injectors on all versions, light pistons and a compression ratio reduced to 8.8, sportier camshafts (phase 260/252, lift 10.0/9.5), metal gasket The cylinder head, with a modified exhaust manifold, the TH05H 16G turbine was replaced with a twin-scroll TD05HR-16G6-9T and the boost pressure was increased to 0.9 bar. All these improvements made it possible to remove 280 hp. at 6500 rpm and a torque of 353 Nm at 3000. Lancer Evo IV was equipped with such a motor.
With the release of the fifth Evik, the 4G63T received a slightly enlarged twin scroll turbine TD05HR-16G6-10.5T (TD05HRA-16G6-10.5T for RS versions), more efficient injectors (560 cc), modified camshafts, which made it possible to keep the power at the same level, and raise the torque to 373 Nm at 3000 rpm.
In 1999, the Lancer Evo VI saw the light, the engine remained the same, the cooling was somewhat improved. Later Evo 6 was finalized and the result was called Evolution 6 Tommi Makinen Edition, or simply Evo 6.5. The engine of this car received a TD05RA-15GK2-10.5T turbine, the RS versions ran on the old TD05HRA-16G6-10.5T, the pistons were lightened and the intercooler was enlarged. The power of this 4G63 was 280 hp. at 6500 rpm, torque 373 at 2750 rpm.
3. 4G63T 3G (2001 - 2007) - the third version of 4G63T appeared on the Lancer Evolution VII and differed by other camshafts (phase 260/252, lift 10/10), a new intake manifold, a large intercooler, an oil cooler, a TD05HR turbine -16G6-9.8T (for RS versions, TD05HRA-16G6-9.8T was used), GTA versions (with automatic transmission) were equipped with TD05-15GK2-9.0T and developed 272 hp. at 6500 rpm and 343 Nm at 2750 rpm.
With the advent of the Evo VIII, the 4G63 engine received new forged connecting rods (lightened by 1 gram, up to 618 g), other heavy aluminum pistons (476 g versus 457 g for the Evo 7), a lighter crankshaft (13.38 kg versus 13.8 kg for the Evo 7) , new valve springs, phase 248/248 camshafts, 9.8/9.32 lift, modified pump, improved turbine cooling, the turbine itself remained the same. All this provided 265 hp. at 6500 rpm and 355 Nm at 3500 rpm.
Together with the regular GSR, a version of the Evolution 8 MR was produced, with even heavier pistons (up to 485 g), a thicker cylinder head gasket (1.18 mm versus 0.79 mm on the Evo 8) and a TD05HR-16G6-10.5T turbine, this made it possible to develop 280 hp. from. at 6500 rpm and a torque of 400 Nm at 3500 rpm. RS modification used turbine TD05HRA-16G6-10.5T for 6MKPP and TD05HRA-16G6-9.8T for 5MKPP. Power is similar to MR.
For the Evolution 9, in 2005, the most modern version of the 4G63 was released with the MIVEC variable valve timing system on the intake (standard camshafts on the Evo 9: phase 256/248, lift 10.05/9.32) with other candles and a turbine TD05HRA-16G6C-10.5T. The power of the Evo 9 is 280 hp. at 6500 rpm, torque 400 Nm at 3000 rpm.

Problems and disadvantages of Mitsubishi 4G63 2.0 liter engines.

1. Problem with balance shafts. With inadequate lubrication of the shaft bearings, the risk of their wedge and breakage of the balance shaft belt increases sharply, which leads to a breakage of the timing belt with all the ensuing consequences. Solution: buy only high-quality oil, monitor the condition and change the belts regularly. Another option is to remove the balance shafts.
2. Engine vibration. The most common problem here is the wear of the engine mount (most often the left one). Check and replace.
3. The revolutions of XX are floating. Main causes: injectors, temperature sensor, dirty throttle and idle speed control. Check, wash and everything will work as it should.
Besides,hydraulic lifters quickly die from low-quality oil, their resource is about 50 thousand km. In general, timely maintenance and high-quality oil will ensure trouble-free operation of the motor for a long time. Under these conditions, the average resource of 4G63 is 300-400 thousand km or more. However, the turbo version is not bought for quiet movement, the engine is easily tuned, has a pronounced sporty character and the owners use it, as a result of which the resource is significantly reduced.

Engine tuning MMC 4G63 Turbo

Chip tuning. CHVN

The easiest and most popular way to increase the power of the 4G63 is Stage 2 on a stock turbine. The inlet remains standard or we set it to zero, we buy nozzles 750-850 cc, a Walbro 255 pump, Kelford 272 camshafts (or another manufacturer), a full straight-through exhaust on a 76 mm pipe without narrowing and we go to tune (there are a lot of 4G63 tuners). At the output we get about 400 hp, such configurations are the most common, relatively reliable and go significantly faster than the standard 4G63T.
To further increase power, it is necessary to change the connecting rod and piston group, modify the head, buy a Garrett GT30 or 35 turbine, change the fuel system, there are options with a stroker ... the possibilities are endless, up to 1000 or more hp. Such modifications do not differ in particular reliability and are of little use for daily operation.

engine of evolution

Alternative descriptions

Great cure for all diseases and sorrows of mankind

The newspaper that awarded Blokhin for performance

Key to all keyholes

He and patience will grind everything

Apostate of tempestuous pleasures, Onegin locked himself at home, Yawning, took up his pen, Wanted to write - but ... stubborn He was sick. (A. Pushkin, "Eugene Onegin")

work, work, business

Work, activity related to the creation of something

Roman E. Zola

With patience - all will grind

Synonym for work

A word to which the epithets "vain" and "martyshkin" are equally suitable

Pushkin's verse

Expedient human activity aimed at creating material, artistic and spiritual values ​​and an important moral and ethical category in the people's worldview

Expedient human activity aimed at creating material and spiritual values

Central newspaper

Human activity disliked by a fish in a pond (folklore)

Pushkin's poem

. "respect... cleaners!"

Reynolds Price's novel "Love and..."

This word in Old Russian meant sadness, suffering

Mental or overbearing

The best cure for laziness

Monkey's aimlessness

The creator of man from the point of view of an atheist

Monkey Transformer

He made a man out of a monkey, and a horse out of a man

And Sisyphus, and martyshkin

Companion of Patience for Grinding

work, occupation

The result of activity, work

Together with patience, he will grind everything

He made a man out of a monkey

Can't fish without it

Goes before May, but after the world

Novel by the French writer E. Zola

An ally of patience in grinding everything

Sisyphus or martyshkin

Useful business

Activity

craft lesson

Needlework lesson at school

Useful activity

. "peace, ..., May!"

Partner of Patience

Patience and ... they will grind everything

Patience and ... they will grind everything

Proverb grinder

That which ennobles a man

Patience

Ally of Patience

Martyshkin...

. “patience and ... they will grind everything” (proverb.)

Sisyphus and martyshkin

Soviet newspaper

Goes after the world

. "t" in GTO

A lesson in which a stool is made

At what lesson do they give a stool?

popular newspaper

Brother of Patience for Grinding

Russian newspaper

Monastic obedience

The work that created man from apes

Newspaper of the proletariat

Workers' newspaper

The meaning of the second letter in the TRP

. "... relieves anxiety much better than alcohol"

Sports Society

Human production activity

Work in progress on something

Work, activity related to the creation of something

work, business, occupation, human activity

The beginning of evolution (more precisely, the first prototype of the internal combustion engine, in which the combustion energy of the fuel-air mixture was converted into mechanical movement) can be considered 1801, when Philippe Lebon took the first patent for an original design in which, during combustion of the air supplied to the cylinder by compressors and lighting gas, the pressure of the products of combustion could be used to create a driving force ...

Basically, the idea lived on paper, but the direction for development was set.
For several years, many inventors have struggled to create a workable engine using light gas, but it was not possible to create an engine that could successfully compete with existing steam engines. Jean-Étienne Lenoir, a Belgian by birth who worked at an electroplating plant, came up with the idea that it was possible to ignite the gas-air mixture in an engine using an electric spark. The machine he assembled did not work for long - the piston overheated inside the cylinder jammed. After some time, the engine was improved and found water cooling. After working a little more, the engine stopped due to poor piston stroke, scratches appeared on the surface of the cylinder. Something is wrong, not enough... LUBRICANTS. Lenoir added a lubrication system to the design. Now the engine is running.

In the mid-1860s, about three hundred of these engines were produced, of various capacities. Lenoir got rich, got lazy and... Lenoir's engine was forced out of the market by a more advanced engine by August Otto, a German inventor. Otto, having entered into an agreement with the wealthy engineer Langen, created the company Otto and Company.
At first glance, the new engine represented a step backwards from the Lenoir engine. The cylinder was placed vertically. The rotating shaft was placed above the cylinder and slightly to the side. Along the axis of the piston, a rail was attached to it, connected to the shaft. The engine worked like this: The rotating shaft raised the piston by 1-tenth of the height of the cylinder, as a result of which a vacuum formed under the piston and the gas-air mixture was sucked in. This mixture was then ignited. Neither Otto nor Langen had knowledge of electrical engineering and abandoned electric ignition, they ignited the mixture with an open flame through a tube. During the explosion, the pressure under the piston increased to approximately 4 atm. Under the action of this pressure, the piston rose, the volume of gas increased and the pressure fell. When the piston was raised, a special mechanism disconnected the rail from the shaft. The piston, first under gas pressure, and then by inertia, rose until a vacuum was created under it. Thus, the energy of the burnt fuel was used in the engine with maximum completeness. This was Otto's main original find. The downward working stroke of the piston began under the influence of atmospheric pressure and the weight of the piston itself, and after the pressure in the cylinder reached atmospheric pressure, the exhaust valve opened, and the piston displaced the exhaust gases with its mass. Due to the more complete expansion of the combustion products, the efficiency of this engine was significantly higher than the efficiency of the Lenoir engine and reached 15%, that is, it exceeded the efficiency of the best steam engines of that time.

Since Otto engines were almost five times more efficient than Lenoir engines, they were immediately in high demand. In subsequent years, about five thousand of them were produced. Otto worked hard to improve their design. Soon the gear rack was replaced by a crank gear. But the most significant of his inventions came in 1877, when Otto took out a patent for a new four-stroke engine. This cycle still underlies the operation of most gas and gasoline engines to this day. The next year, the production of new motors began.
The four-stroke cycle was Otto's greatest technical achievement. But it soon turned out that a few years before his invention, exactly the same principle of operation of the engine was described by French engineers. A group of French industrialists challenged Otto's patent in court and the court found their arguments convincing. Otto's rights were significantly reduced, including the annulment of the monopoly on the four-stroke cycle.
Although competitors launched the production of four-stroke engines, the Otto model worked out for many years of production was still the best, and the demand for it did not stop. By 1987, more than 40 thousand of these engines of various capacities were produced. However, the fact that light gas was used as fuel greatly narrowed the scope of the first internal combustion engines. In Russia, there were only two factories for the production of lighting gas - in Moscow and St. Petersburg, in Europe things were a little better ....
The search for a new fuel capable of replacing lighting gas and gas generators did not stop. Attempts have been made to use liquid fuel vapors, including gasoline. The first created evaporators for liquid fuels, working on the principle of a heated plate and fuel dripping onto it, turned out to be inconvenient. In 1893, Donat Banki, a Hungarian engineer, first created the prototype of the carburetor familiar to us, where liquid fuel was sprayed into the air stream using a jet.
A workable gasoline engine did not appear until ten years later. It was invented by the German engineer Gottlieb Daimler. For many years he worked in the company Otto, was a member of the board. In the early 80s, he proposed to his boss a project for a compact gasoline engine that could be used in transport. Otto reacted coolly to Daimler's proposal. Then Daimler, together with his friend Wilhelm Maybach, made a bold decision - in 1882 they left the Otto company, acquired a small workshop near Stuttgart and began working on an independent project.
The task facing Daimler and Maybach was quite difficult: they decided to create an engine that did not require a bulky gas generator, was light and compact, but at the same time powerful enough to independently move the crew. Daimler expected to increase power by increasing the shaft speed, but for this it was necessary to ensure the required ignition frequency of the mixture. In 1883, the first gasoline engine was created with ignition from a hot hollow tube open into the cylinder.

The first model of a gasoline engine was intended for an industrial stationary installation, the engine power depended on the size of the cylinder, but by the end of the 19th century, 2 and then 4-cylinder engines appeared.
That's how it all started. What have we come to now, at the beginning of the 21st century, in the era of high technology and giant steps of technological progress?
On the basis of the four-stroke and two-stroke principle of operation of the internal combustion engine, many models of engines, gasoline, gas and diesel, were built for completely versatile applications - from miniature engines for aircraft models to stationary power plants of huge ships, factories, power plants. In addition to the crank - connecting rod principle of operation, the designs of rotary piston and gas turbine engines have found application. Unlike gas turbine engines, rotary engines are serially installed on cars (for example, Mazda RX8). The design of the gas distribution mechanism has undergone changes, even the usual familiar crank mechanism has been changed in engines used in hybrid vehicles.
Engine for light training aircraft

In the next hundred years, there will be fewer alcoholics on Earth and more people immune to the development of AIDS. Many will stop drinking milk, and some individuals of Homo sapiens will have an increase in brain volume. At least such conclusions can be drawn from the results of the work of a group of American geneticists and anthropologists who found out that over the past forty millennia, human evolution has not only not stopped (as was previously thought), but has accelerated.

It turned out that we are different from the people who lived five thousand years ago, more than they were different from the Neanderthals. The pace of change may still be accelerating today. "Over the past few thousand years, the rate of evolution has been a hundred times greater than at any time in human history," says one of the study's authors, anthropologist John Hawkes of the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Scientists analyzed the world's largest genetic database, which contains information about 4 million mutations in 270 people from China, Japan, Africa and Europe. And they found 1800 genes (this is 7% of the human genome) that change as a result of natural selection. “This is the first work in which such a huge amount of genetic data from all over the world has been analyzed,” says Ph.D. N. I. Vavilova Svetlana Borinskaya. - Previously, all these data were very scattered, now scientists have put them together, which allowed us to talk not so much about which genes change in humans during evolution, but about the pace of these changes. And the pace is impressive."

Selection won't stop

The engine of evolution is natural selection. And if earlier it was believed that modern man has already gone beyond the power of the laws of natural selection, now these ideas are changing. According to Henry Harpending, professor of anthropology at the University of Utah, it would be wrong to say that natural selection has stopped today. Of course, the times when children born weak were left to fend for themselves, or even killed, are long gone. Child mortality has been drastically reduced, life expectancy has increased. However, selection will not stop as long as there are factors to which a person has to adapt.

For example, differences in skin color among peoples are the most direct consequence of evolution, since, once in different climatic conditions, our ancestors were forced to adapt skin pigmentation to new conditions. “But don't think that evolution makes us better,” says Harpending. It is neither bad nor good, it is just those genes that allow their owner to survive.”

According to Svetlana Borinskaya, new factors to which a person had to adapt arose with the transition to cattle breeding. In all mammals, at the end of the breastfeeding period, the enzyme that helps to absorb milk ceases to be synthesized. So it was with man, until he domesticated a cow about six thousand years ago. But, since drinking milk is very useful, a mutation has spread in the most ancient pastoral regions that prevents the enzyme from being turned off. By the way, this, according to American scientists, led to a sharp increase in the number of Indo-Europeans 4000 years ago.

New organisms

“The world's population is constantly growing,” explains John Hawkes. - Therefore, the amount of genetic material in which a mutation can occur also increases. These are simple statistical calculations.” On the other hand, constantly changing living conditions cause such mutations that mammoth hunters simply did not need.

“Now there is a mixture of different races on a scale that was previously unattainable,” says Svetlana Borinskaya. “The rate of evolution cannot be more than 5,000 years ago, although natural selection, of course, continues to act, it will not go anywhere.”

One of the most intriguing questions that arises after the publication of the work of American biologists is not even the pace (they are still not noticeable on the scale of one human life), but the direction of evolution: how, in what direction are we changing? But what will be a person in the future, scientists do not undertake to predict. “No one knows what lies ahead for us,” says John Hawkes. Maybe a new AIDS, increased radiation or climate warming - who can say now? But the human body will be able to rebuild and respond to a change in the environment. And again there will be a selection according to these new indicators.

There are several more studies that are cautiously groping for the direction in which Homo sapiens will change. The genes responsible for increasing the volume of the brain were found in most of the subjects from Europe and East Asia by geneticist Bruce Lahn from the University of Chicago. In his opinion, in a few thousand years the volume of the human brain will increase. It is still difficult to say what benefits this will give our descendants - perhaps the number of neurons in the cerebral cortex, which is responsible for the analysis of visual information, will increase.

Lonnie Orssen, a biologist at Queen's University in Kingston, Canada, believes that the genes that regulate sexual activity (primarily in men) are being replaced by those that are responsible for love for children and parental feelings.

And the head of the laboratory of the Medical Genetic Research Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Viktor Spitsyn, is generally sure that each of us can participate in the evolutionary race and not lose. “You can take a genetic analysis and identify your predisposition to certain hereditary diseases,” he says. “Therefore, preventive measures can be taken in advance.”