The main features by which the races differ from each other are: the shape of the hair on the head; the nature and degree of development of hair on the face (beard, mustache) and on the body (tertiary hair in men is much more pronounced than in women); hair, skin and eye color; the shape of the upper eyelid, nose and lips; body length, or height. The most important racial trait is also pigmentation. In the skin, the pigment (melanin) lies in the surface layer, the epidermis. In the deeper layer of the skin, the dermis, pigment is usually absent in adults. If it is still present, then the skin acquires a bluish tint, since melanin shines through a thin layer of the epidermis. This phenomenon is more often observed in children in the region of the sacrum. It was first observed among the Mongols, so it was called "Mongolian spots". For skin color, translucence of blood through the walls of the smallest vessels (capillaries) is essential. This translucence gives the skin pink color and typical of fair-skinned people.

Main morphological features of races

Representatives Negroid races have dark skin color, dark eye color, dark curly hair.

At Mongoloid race yellow skin, coarse, straight dark hair, dark eyes, a narrow slit of the eyes, the so-called Mongoloid eyelid.

Representatives Caucasian races have light skin of various shades, soft hair, various shades of light blond or dark blond, eye color from hazel to blue.

Despite the difference, the representatives of these races have a lot of common features: the same number of chromosomes - 46, the same level of brain development, brain volume. The most important sign is that in marriages between representatives of different races, the children born from these marriages are healthy and full. This suggests that humans are a single species, regardless of race (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Man as a single species ()

Geneticists have calculated that the genetic difference between representatives of different races is only about 8%, while the genetic differences between the closest neighbors in cities and villages range from 20 to 40%. Therefore, a stranger can be genetically closer than a neighbor living nearby.

The data of physiologists suggest that Caucasoids are closer to Negroids in terms of blood groups, and closer to Mongoloids in terms of the composition of immunoglobulin in the blood. This tells us that the biochemical composition of human blood, its genetic characteristics developed much earlier than the division of a single species into different races. Influence natural conditions on the development of the human races, no doubt. Initially in ancient humanity it was probably stronger, but in the process of the formation of modern stories it was less pronounced, although it is still quite clear in some signs, for example, in the pigmentation of the skin. The influence of the entire complex set of conditions of life, obviously, had essential for the emergence, formation, weakening and even disappearance of racial characteristics.

An example would be skin color; the ancestor of man, most likely, had a dark skin color, this is due to the place of its origin - Africa. Due to the fact that in Africa there is a very strong solar radiation, dark skin served as a protection to man. When it settled in the northern regions, where solar activity is much less, another problem arose - without sunlight, vitamin D is not formed in the inner layers of the skin. Without it, rickets develops and infant mortality increases, therefore, in the evolutionary process, people with light skin color gained an advantage .

All differences between races are related to habitats. ancient man So, the short stature of the Eskimos, their thickened subcutaneous fatty tissue speaks of the cold climate in which they live, and the widely developed chest of the Negroid race living in the mountains is adapted to rarefied air.

In all races, most of the genes are represented by the same alleles; the only difference is the relationship in which these alleles participate in the gene pool. The number of genes that distinguish one race from another is small, and they determine only external features: skin color, eye color, nose shape, and so on, that is, they have the same hereditary potential, which means single origin.

Bibliography

1. Mamontov S.G., Zakharov V.B., Agafonova I.B., Sonin N.I. Biology. General patterns. - Bustard, 2009.
2. Ponomareva I.N., Kornilova O.A., Chernova N.M. Fundamentals of General Biology. Grade 9: A textbook for students in grade 9 educational institutions / Ed. prof. I.N. Ponomareva. - 2nd ed., revised. - M.: Ventana-Graf, 2005.
3. Pasechnik V.V., Kamensky A.A., Kriksunov E.A. Biology. Introduction to general biology and ecology: Textbook for grade 9, 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2002.

1. sbio.info().
2. Reftrend.ru ().
3. Festival.1september.ru ().

Homework

1. What are the main races distinguished by science?
2. Name the main morphological features of the races.
3. How did living conditions influence the formation of racial characteristics?

A race is a group of people that has historically developed under certain geographical conditions and has some common hereditary-conditioned morphological and physiological characteristics.

Racial features are hereditary, being adaptive to the conditions of existence / survival.

Three main races:

Mongoloid (Asia) 1. The skin is swarthy, yellowish. 2. Straight coarse black hair, narrow slit eyes with a fold of the upper eyelid (epicanthus). 3. Flat and rather wide nose, lips are moderately developed. 6. Growth of the majority is average or below average.

→Steppe landscape, high temperature, sharp drops, strong wind.

Caucasoid (Europe) 1. Light-skinned (to absorb the sun's rays). 2. Straight or wavy light blond or dark blond soft hair. Grey, green or brown eyes. 3. Narrow and strongly protruding nose (to warm the air), not thick lips. 4. Medium or strong development of hair on the body and on the face.

Australo-Negroid (Africa) 1. Dark skin. 2. Curly dark hair, brown or black eyes. 3. Wide nose, thick lips. 4. Tertiary hairline is poorly developed.

→High humidity and temperature.

Racial differences of the 1st order - morphological (skin color, nose, lips, hair).

Racial differences of the 2nd order: adaptation to the environment, isolation over vast expanses as a result of sharp borders between the continents, social isolation (endogamy, isolation of the group), spontaneous mutation (for example, head index, blood composition, bone composition).

The problem of the number of main races is still actively debated. In almost all schemes of racial classifications, at least three general groups (three large races) are necessarily distinguished: Mongoloids, Negroids and Caucasians, although the names of these groups may change. The first known classification of human races was published in 1684 by F. Bernier. He singled out four races, the first of which is common in Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor and India, and to which the indigenous people of America are also close, the second race is common in the rest of Africa, the third in East Asia, the fourth in Lapland.

K. Linnaeus in the tenth edition of "The System of Nature" (1758) described four geographical options within the species he introduced Homo sapiens: American, European, Asian, African, and also proposed a separate option for Lapps. The principles for distinguishing races were then still uncertain: in the characterization of races, K. Linnaeus included not only signs of appearance, but also temperament (the people of America are choleric, Europe - sanguine, Asia - melancholic and Africa - phlegmatic) and even such cultural and everyday features as tailoring, etc.

In similar classifications by J. Buffon and I. Blumenbach, the South Asian (or Malay) race and the Ethiopian race were additionally distinguished. For the first time, an assumption was made about the emergence of races from a single variant as a result of settlement in climatically different regions of the Earth. I. Blumenbach considered the Caucasus to be the center of racial formation. He was the first to apply the method of anthropological craniology to build his system.

In the 19th century racial classifications became more complicated and supplemented. Within the large races, small ones began to stand out, but the signs of such a distinction in the systems of the 19th century. often served as features of culture and language.

The famous French naturalist and naturalist J. Cuvier divided people into three races according to skin color: the Caucasian race; Mongolian race; Ethiopian race.

P. Topinar also distinguished these three races by pigmentation, but determined the width of the nose in addition to pigmentation: light-skinned, narrow-nosed race (Caucasoid); yellow-skinned, medium-broad-nosed race (Mongoloid); black, broad-nosed race (Negroid).

A. Retzius introduced the term "cranial index" into anthropology, and his four races (1844) differed in the combination of the degree of protrusion of the face and the head index.

E. Haeckel and F. Müller based the classification of races on the shape of the hair. They identified four groups: tufted (lofokomy) - mainly Hottentots: woolly-haired (eriokomy) - Negroes; wavy-haired (euplocomas) - Europeans, Ethiopians, etc .; straight-haired (euplokoms) - Mongols, Americans, etc.

Three main approaches to the classification of races:

a) without regard to origin - three large races are distinguished, which include 22 small ones, some of which are transitional, depicted as a circle;

b) taking into account the origin and kinship - highlighting signs of archaism (ancient) and evolutionary advancement of individual races; depicted as an evolutionary tree with a short trunk and divergent branches;

c) based on the population concept - based on the data of paleoanthropological studies; the essence is that large races are huge populations, small races are subpopulations of large ones, within which specific ethnic formations (nations, nationalities) are smaller populations. It turns out a structure that includes levels of hierarchy: an individual - an ethnic group - a small race - a large race.

The classification system of I. Deniker is the first serious system based only on biological characteristics. The groups singled out by the author practically unchanged, although with different names, passed into later racial schemes. I. Deniker was the first to use the idea of ​​two levels of differentiation - the selection first of the main, and then of the minor races.

Deniker identified six racial trunks:

group A (woolly hair, wide nose): Bushman, Negro, Negro and Melanesian races;

group B (curly or wavy hair): Ethiopian, Australian, Dravidian and Assyrian races;

group C (wavy, dark or black hair and dark eyes): Indo-Afghan, Arab or Semitic, Berber, Southern European, Ibero-Islandic, Western European and Adriatic races;

group D (wavy or straight hair, blondes with light eyes): North European (Nordic) and East European races;

group E (straight or wavy, black hair, dark eyes): Ainos, Polynesian, Indonesian and South American races;

group F (straight hair): North American, Middle American, Patagonian, Eskimo, Lopar, Ugric, Turko-Tatar and Mongolian races.

Among the European races, in addition to the above, Deniker singled out certain sub-races: northwestern; sub-nordic; whistulian or eastern.

Again, let's take this easy. Recall that the Old Testament is adapted for NOT JEWS TALMUD, which in turn is IS(Z)TOR series JEWISH PEOPLE - what it says directly. The events described in these books have nothing to do with the past of other peoples, with the exception of those events that were “borrowed” from other peoples for writing these books.

If we consider it differently, then it turns out that all people living on Midgard-Earth are Jews, since Adam and Eve were Jews. Everyone understands this very well, and, first of all, JUDEA that all people WHITE RACE called GOYAM and separate themselves both from them and from people of other races and peoples. Thus, with all the desire on the part of the defenders of the biblical version of the origin of man, they will not succeed in this, they simply have nothing to object to.

Further, JUDEA belong to the so-called GRAY SUB-RACE, which is an intermediate subrace between WHITE AND BLACK RACES, with the dominance of genetics WHITE RACE. It would be more correct to say that people related to GRAY SUB-RACE, have an insignificant admixture of features BLACK RACE. Everyone who is at least in general familiar with genetics understands that a number of signs BLACK RACE, such as the color of the skin, hair, eyes, the structure of the skull, the type of metabolic processes, etc., ARE DOMINANT in relation to the corresponding signs WHITE RACE. Therefore, the entire first generation of children with MIXING WHITE AND BLACK RACE will have BLACK LEATHER and most external SIGNS OF THE BLACK RACE. Before continuing further, I would like to recall that a person has forty-six chromosomes, twenty-three of which he receives from his father and twenty-three chromosomes from his mother. The twenty-third chromosome determines the sex of the child - a combination XY gives male gender XX- female, but not only belonging to a particular sex is determined by human chromosomes, but more on this later.

Now, if a man and a woman belong to the same race, then the entire set of chromosomes, including the sex chromosomes, BEARS SIGNS OF THE SAME RACE . For convenience, we denote X and Y human sex chromosomes WHITE RACE in blue, and the sex chromosomes X and Y black race - red. With this designation, men and women WHITE RACE will have, respectively, - XY and XX, a BLACK - XY and XX. From a white woman XX and black man XY children will be black with some softening of negroid traits and they (children) will have chromosome combinations XY or X X. From a black woman XX and a white man XY the first generation of children will also be black, with brighter negroid signs and a chromosomal combination of the species X X and XY. Naturally, all mestizos carry the signs of both races ... but it is very important from whom and which chromosomes come to children, which FROM THE MOTHER, what kind FROM THE FATHER.

In genetics, the main attention is paid to external traits that are inherited, such as the color of the skin, eyes, hair, body shape, skull, etc. Yes, this is understandable, because these external signs are easily determined, and they are guided by them, carrying out the selection of animals and plants. But it is inherited through the genes NOT ONLY EXTERNAL SIGNS , but also TYPE OF EXCHANGE PROCESSES, TEMPERAMENT (type of hormonal balance), PROPERTIES and QUALITIES OF CHARACTER, ABILITIES and TENDENCIES etc. Modern genetics has an idea about the role of about ten percent of genes in human chromosomes, considering the remaining ninety percent of genes to be just genetic garbage, ballast that a person inherited from his “evolutionary ancestors”. And all for one simple reason - these ten percent of the genes determine the majority external signs person. Everything else is for genetics "UNKNOWABLE" , which means "TRASH". Many genes from these "unknown" ninety percent carry PROPERTIES AND QUALITIES a person like OPEN BY HUMAN, so also UNOPENED. Or these genes are responsible for properties and qualities that a person does not suspect that he has them. Such as, for example, the possibilities INFLUENCE on others PEOPLE AND ANIMALS , on the LIVING AND NON-LIVING MATTER , capabilities INFLUENCE ON NATURAL PROCESSES, SPACE PHENOMENA and on herself THE UNIVERSE and many many others. Many people don't realize this. And many of those WHO GUESSES AND KNOWS IT, do everything so that most people, BY NATURE ENDOWED WITH SIMILAR QUALITIES, NEVER THOUGHT ABOUT THIS and even NOT ALLOWED THE THOUGHT ABOUT THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH .

In which, to a large extent, they succeeded. Nevertheless, they themselves, secretly, use such opportunities to the best of their ability. I would like to draw attention to the fact that X and Y-chromosomes carry not only information about the female or male sex, but are also carriers OTHER PROPERTIES AND QUALITIES OF A HUMAN . Moreover, it should not be forgotten that along with X and Y-chromosomes, in addition from parents, everyone receives more and TWENTY TWO EACH OTHER CHROMOSOMES both on the mother's side and on the father's side.

Everything will fall into place if you pay attention to the fact that racial signs in people WHITE RACE TRANSMITTED by father, through him Y-CHROMOSOME due to the fact that people of the white race Y-CHROMOSOME dominates X-CHROMOSOME, as, for example, dark eye color dominates over blue or green. Y-CHROMOSOME and the remaining twenty-two, who come with her, carry the basic qualities and properties inherent in the people of the white race. It is for this reason that in all Aryan tribes children are determined by their father, especially BOYS CARRYING THE MAIN SIGNS OF THE WHITE RACE . Representatives BLACK RACE, everything is exactly the opposite. Exactly X-CHROMOSOME(together with the remaining twenty-two chromosomes attached to it) DOMINATES above Y-CHROMOSOME and is the bearer of the properties and qualities inherent in BLACK RACE. Therefore, properties and qualities NEGROID (BLACK) RACE ONLY TRANSMITTED THROUGH A WOMAN . And given that BLACK WOMAN carries in itself TWO X CHROMOSOMES and bears a future child in herself, she thereby renders DETERMINING ACTION on the properties and qualities shown by her unborn child. dominant Y -CHROMOSOME OF THE WHITE RACE , without a doubt, it turns out DOMINANT and over X-CHROMOSOME BLACK RACE in the zygote cell (fertilized egg), but DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF A FETUS CARRYING MIXED RACE CHARACTERISTICS , in the uterus BLACK WOMAN suppressed not only RECESSIVE QUALITIES X-CHROMOSOME OF THE WHITE RACE , but also DOMINANT QUALITIES Y-CHROMOSOMES. Against TWO MATERNAL X-CHROMOSOME the mother herself and ONE ZYGOTIC X-CHROMOSOME her own, and under the influence of powerful streams of primary matters penetrating the physical body and Essence of the representative BLACK RACE, DOMINANTY -CHROMOSOME OF THE WHITE RACE UNABLE TO SAVE own DOMINANT POSITION , and as a result, it turns out to be SUBJECTED, SUPPRESSED POSITION .

In the same depressed, subordinate position, are DEFINING PROPERTIES AND QUALITIES OF THE WHITE RACE . It is for this reason that NEGROID (BLACK) RACE MOTHER LINE IS DETERMINING . And it is no coincidence that some nationalities GRAY SUB-RACE nationality DETERMINED BY MOTHER , this is especially strictly observed JEWS. We will return to this issue, but for now, let us turn our inner gaze back to the events taking place in DRAVIDIA described in SLAVIC-ARYAN VEDAS and in OLD TESTAMENT.

After FIRST ARYAN CAMPAIGN in DRAVIDIA, as a result of which priestesses and priests KALI-MA - BLACK MOTHER were expelled, a small number LEVEL-TEACHERS stayed in ancient india, to BRING THE LIGHT OF KNOWLEDGE tribes DRAVIDOV and Nagas, and CHANGE FOR THE BETTER them GENETIC QUALITIES . According to Indian legends SEVEN WHITE TEACHERS (Rishis) who came from behind the Northern High Mountains (Himalayas), HAVE BROUGHT local population VEDA and new VEDIC FAITH, which over time, after many distortions, transformed into (Hinduism), taught people:

...............................................................

with skin of the color of the Darkness of the Wisdom of the World

Radiance so that they stop bringing

bloody sacrifices to their Goddess - Black

Mother and Serpent-Dragon from the world of Navi, and

gained new Divine Wisdom and Faith

….........................................................................

This knowledge, in the form of the last part of the Sacred Sayings from the Wisdom of the Radiances, was included in a book called the Rig Veda, which has been preserved in modern India under the name of the Indian Vedas. Seven white teachers ROV wonderful KNOW THE COMMUNICATION between MENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL REACTIONS OF A HUMAN and his GENETICS. They understood that worship for thousands of years GODDESS KALI-MA - BLACK MOTHER was not an accident, but A CONSEQUENCE OF RESONANCE this cult MENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL FEATURES inherent GENETICS OF THE BLACK (NEGROID) RACE .

These properties and qualities were especially strongly manifested through X-CHROMOSOMES OF THE BLACK RACE due to the fact that in a genetically pure black woman, each of X-CHROMOSOME enhances the dominant properties of the other, which in turn causes a significant mutual reinforcement of their properties and qualities, creating a pronounced female dominant. Therefore, understanding this URY-TEACHER FORCED were CHANGE THE GENETIC CODE tribes Nagas and Dravidians adding to their genetics FRAGMENTS OF THE WHITE RACE GENETICS . Similar GENETIC CORRECTION was carried out by them everywhere to block negative mental and behavioral reactions, among many tribes of the black and yellow races, who turned to them for help. Most of the tribes resettled by Urami teachers from Asia to both North and South America underwent such genetic correction. This migration continued until the disappearance of the Bering Isthmus between Kamchatka and Alaska.

In a situation with BLACK RACE The White Teachers-Uras faced a special situation when adding their own genes to the genetic "cauldron" was not sufficient to obtain the necessary qualitative changes in the mental and behavioral reactions of the race as a whole. Active X-CHROMOSOME did not allow such an opportunity for the reasons stated above. Moreover, the remaining twenty-two chromosomes, transmitted through the female line, also had active properties. So UR applied a new principle of genetic engineering. They used the passive (recessive) chromosomes of the black race, transmitted through the male line, to create a new subrace.

For this they used MALE YELLOW BONE MARROW CELLS as the most suitable for this purpose. Cells of the yellow bone marrow during their division produce white blood cells, which have many functions, of which one of the main ones is construction. White blood cells are delivered by the bloodstream to the tissues, where, depending on the need, certain cells, tissues of the multicellular human organism are formed from them. Yellow bone marrow is located in the bone cavities of the human skeleton, including inside the ribs. The simplest option for obtaining yellow bone marrow, with minimal consequences for the human body, is EXTRACTION OF IT FROM ONE OF THE EDGE . For this, most likely one of LEVEL TEACHERS, "responsible" for genetic correction, perfectly mastering a powerful psi-field, PUT INTO A DEEP HYPNOTIC SLEEP "ADAMA" and TAKEN FROM HIM FROM THE RIB yellow bone marrow. The Old Testament puts it this way: “... AND THE LORD GOD BROUGHT A SLEEP ON MAN; and when he fell asleep he took ONE OF HIS RIBS and covered that place with the flesh…”. The difference between these two versions is only in what was done - GOD TAKEN ONE EDGE person or TAKEN FROM ONE RIB human?! A person has twelve pairs of ribs, both a man and a woman. If a GOD TAKEN in humans EDGE, one rib should be without a pair, at least in a man, which is naturally not observed.

Thus, one option remains - FROM RIBS. Most likely, there is a distortion when translating from Old Russian language, which "for some reason" is called Sanskrit, or runic writing, which was used by the Magi and sorcerers of the Slavic-Russians along with the alphabetic one. Further in the Old Testament: "... AND THE LORD GOD CREATED A WIFE FROM A RIBBH taken from a man, and BROUGHT her to the man". As follows from the above analysis, there is a distortion in the translation, involuntary or INTENTIONAL. It would be correct to translate: "And CREATED God (?), FROM TAKEN FROM RIBS in a person WIFE, and led her to Man. In this version, at least, all the absurdities disappear with one rib taken from a person, which, against God's will, again ended up where it was supposed to be - in the human chest. When analyzing texts, a parallel can be clearly seen between UROM-GENETICOM and LORD GOD which, in principle, is not surprising. Until recently, genetic engineering was science fiction, and what about the Dravidian and Naga tribes, for whom the possibilities ROV, who came with the Slavic-Aryans, were clearly supernatural and they (URs) were perceived by these tribes as Gods. reacted similarly to ROV and the so-called American Indian tribes who worshiped the White Masters as Gods. The White Masters left these tribes when they began to make human sacrifices in their honor and refused to comply with the request to stop such sacrifice. But this is a different story. In the meantime, back to the genetic engineering of the ancients.

An analysis of the biblical version of the origin of man leads to the conclusion that in the Old Testament there is no information about the appearance of man on Midgard-Earth, but only a mythologized story of origin Jews on the territory of modern India as a result of mixing of white and black races, and the history of tribal migration GRAY SUB-RACE from Dravidia to the Land of Man-Made Mountains ( Ancient Egypt), as a consequence of the Second Aryan Campaign in Dravidia against BLACK MAGES who worship BLACK MOTHER. Neither modern science, nor the main religions give an answer where and how it appeared modern man on the ground?!

The population of our planet is so diverse that one can only be surprised. What kind of nationalities, nationalities you will not meet! Everyone has their own faith, customs, traditions, orders. Its beautiful and unusual culture. However, all these differences are formed only by the people themselves in the process of social historical development. And what underlies the differences that appear externally? After all, we are all very different:

• blacks;
• yellow-skinned;
• white;
• with different eye colors
• various heights, etc.

It is obvious that the reasons are purely biological, not dependent on the people themselves and formed over thousands of years of evolution. That's how they formed modern races human, which explain the visual diversity of human morphology theoretically. Let us consider in more detail what this term is, what is its essence and meaning.

The concept of "race of people"

What is a race? It is not a nation, not a people, not a culture. These concepts should not be confused. After all, representatives of different nationalities and cultures can freely belong to the same race. Therefore, the definition can be given such as the science of biology gives.

The races of man are a collection of external morphological features, that is, those that are the phenotype of the representative. They were formed under the influence of external conditions, the impact of a complex of biotic and abiotic factors, and were fixed in the genotype during evolutionary processes. Thus, the signs that underlie the division of people into races should include:

• growth;
• skin and eye color;
• structure and shape of hair;
• hairiness of the skin;
• features of the structure of the face and its parts.

All those signs of Homo sapiens as a biological species that lead to the formation of the external appearance of a person, but do not affect his personal, spiritual and social qualities and manifestations, as well as the level of self-development and self-education.

People of different races have a completely identical biological springboard for the development of certain abilities. Their general karyotype is the same:

• women - 46 chromosomes, that is, 23 pairs of XX;
• men - 46 chromosomes, 22 pairs XX, 23 pairs - XY.

This means that all representatives of a reasonable person are one and the same, among them there are no more or less developed, superior to others, higher. From a scientific point of view, everyone is equal.

Types of human races, formed over about 80 thousand years, have an adaptive value. It is proved that each of them was formed in order to provide a person with the possibility of a normal existence in a given habitat, to facilitate adaptability to climatic, relief and other conditions. There is a classification showing which races of Homo sapiens existed before, and which are at the present time.

Race classification

She is not alone. The thing is that until the 20th century it was customary to distinguish 4 races of people. These were the following varieties:

• Caucasian;
• australoid;
• negroid;
• Mongoloid.

For each, detailed characteristic features were described by which any individual could be identified. human species. However, later the classification became widespread, which includes only 3 human races. This became possible due to the unification of the Australoid and Negroid groups into one.

So modern views the races of man are as follows.

1. Large: Caucasoid (European), Mongoloid (Asian-American), Equatorial (Australian-Negroid).
2. Small: many different branches that were formed from one of the large races.

Each of them is characterized by its own characteristics, signs, external manifestations in the appearance of people. All of them are considered by anthropologists, and the science itself, which studies this question is biology. Human races have interested people since ancient times. Indeed, completely contrasting external features often became the cause of racial strife and conflict.

genetic research recent years allow us to speak again about the division of the equatorial group into two. Consider all 4 races of people who stood out earlier and have become relevant again recently. We note the signs and features.

australoid race

Typical representatives of this group include the indigenous people of Australia, Melanesia, Southeast Asia, and India. Also the name of this race is Australo-Veddoid or Australo-Melanesian. All synonyms make it clear which minor races are included in this group. They are the following:

• australoids;
• veddoids;
• Melanesians.

In general, the characteristics of each group represented do not vary too much among themselves. There are several main features that characterize all small races of people of the Australoid group.

1. Dolichocephaly - an elongated shape of the skull in relation to the proportions of the rest of the body.
2. Deep-set eyes, wide slit. The color of the iris is predominantly dark, sometimes almost black.
3. The nose is wide, the bridge of the nose is pronounced flat.
4. The body hair is very well developed.
5. The hair on the head is dark in color (sometimes there are natural blonds among Australians, which was the result of a once-fixed natural genetic mutation of the species). Their structure is rigid, they can be curly or slightly curly.
6. The growth of people is average, often above average.
7. The physique is thin, elongated.

Within the Australoid group, people of different races differ from each other sometimes quite strongly. So, a native of Australia can be a tall blonde with a dense build, with straight hair, with light brown eyes. At the same time, the native of Melanesia will be a thin, short dark-skinned representative who has curly black hair and almost black eyes.

Therefore, the general features described above for the entire race are only an average version of their cumulative analysis. Naturally, miscegenation also takes place - a mixture of different groups as a result of natural crossing of species. That is why it is sometimes very difficult to identify a specific representative and attribute him to one or another small and large race.

Negroid race

The people who make up this group are the settlers of the following territories:

• Eastern, Central and Southern Africa;
• part of Brazil;
• some peoples of the USA;
• representatives of the West Indies.

In general, such races of people as Australoids and Negroids used to unite in the equatorial group. However, research in the 21st century has proved the failure of this order. After all, the differences in the signs shown between the designated races are too great. And some similarities are explained very simply. After all, the habitats of these individuals are very similar in terms of the conditions of existence, therefore, the adaptations in appearance are also close.

So, the representatives of the Negroid race are characterized by the following signs.

1. Very dark, sometimes blue-black, skin color, as it is especially rich in melanin content.
2. Wide eye slit. They are large, dark brown, almost black.
3. The hair is dark, curly, coarse.
4. Growth varies, often low.
5. The limbs are very long, especially the arms.
6. The nose is wide and flat, the lips are very thick, fleshy.
7. The jaw is devoid of a chin protrusion and protrudes forward.
8. Ears are large.
9. Facial hair is poorly developed, beard and mustache are absent.

Negroids are easy to distinguish from others by external data. Below are the different races of people. The photo reflects how clearly Negroids differ from Europeans and Mongoloids.

Mongoloid race

Representatives of this group are characterized by special features that allow them to adapt to rather difficult external conditions: desert sands and winds, blinding snow drifts, and so on.

Mongoloids are the indigenous people of Asia and much of America. Their characteristic features are as follows.

1. Narrow or slanting eyes.
2. The presence of epicanthus - a specialized skin fold aimed at covering the inner corner of the eye.
3. The color of the iris is light to dark brown.
4. characterized by brachycephaly (short head).
5. Superciliary ridges thickened, strongly protruding.
6. Sharp high cheekbones are well defined.
7. The hairline on the face is poorly developed.
8. The hair on the head is coarse, dark in color, of a straight structure.
9. The nose is not wide, the bridge of the nose is low.
10. Lips of different thickness, usually narrow.
11. Skin color varies in different representatives from yellow to swarthy, there are also fair-skinned people.

It should be noted that another hallmark is short in stature, both in men and women. It is the Mongoloid group that prevails in numbers, if we compare the main races of people. They populated almost all climatographic zones of the Earth. close to them quantitative characteristics there are Caucasians, which we will consider below.

Caucasian race

First of all, we will designate the predominant habitats of people from this group. This is:

• Europe.
• North Africa.
• Western Asia.

Thus, representatives unite the two main parts of the world - Europe and Asia. Since the living conditions were also very different, then the general signs are again an average option after analyzing all the indicators. Thus, the following features of appearance can be distinguished.

1. Mesocephaly - medium head in the structure of the skull.
2. Horizontal section of the eyes, absence of strongly pronounced superciliary ridges.
3. Narrow protruding nose.
4. Lips of different thickness, usually of medium size.
5. Soft curly or straight hair. There are blondes, brunettes, brown-haired.
6. Eye color from light blue to brown.
7. Skin color also varies from pale, white to swarthy.
8. The hairline is very well developed, especially on the chest and face of men.
9. The jaws are orthognathic, that is, slightly pushed forward.

In general, a European is easy to distinguish from others. Appearance allows you to do this almost unmistakably, even without using additional genetic data.

If you look at all the races of people, the photo of whose representatives is located below, the difference becomes obvious. However, sometimes the signs are mixed so deeply that the identification of the individual becomes almost impossible. He is able to belong to two races at once. This is further aggravated by intraspecific mutation, which leads to the appearance of new traits.

For example, albinos-Negroids are special case the appearance of blondes in the Negroid race. A genetic mutation that disrupts the integrity of racial traits in a given group.

Origin of human races

Where did such a variety of signs of the appearance of people come from? There are two main hypotheses that explain the origin of human races. This is:

• monocentrism;
• polycentrism.

However, none of them has yet become an officially accepted theory. According to the monocentric point of view, initially, about 80 thousand years ago, all people lived in the same territory, and therefore their appearance was approximately the same. However, over time, growing numbers have led to a wider settlement of people. As a result, some groups found themselves in difficult climatic conditions.

This led to the development and consolidation of genetic level some morphological adaptations that help in survival. For example, dark skin and curly hair provide thermoregulation and a cooling effect on the head and body in Negroids. And the narrow cut of the eyes protects them from sand and dust, as well as from blinding by white snow among the Mongoloids. The developed hairline of Europeans is a kind of thermal insulation in severe winters.

Another hypothesis is called polycentrism. She says that different types of human races descended from several ancestral groups that were unevenly settled around the globe. That is, there were initially several foci, from which the development and consolidation of racial characteristics began. Again, under the influence of climatic conditions.

That is, the process of evolution proceeded linearly, simultaneously affecting aspects of life on different continents. This is how the formation modern types people from several phylogenetic lineages. However, it is not necessary to assert for certain about the viability of one or another hypothesis, since the evidence of a biological and genetic nature, molecular level no.

Modern classification

The races of people according to the estimates of current scientists have the following classification. Two trunks stand out, and each of them has three large races and many small ones. It looks like this.

1. Western trunk. Includes three races:

• Caucasians;
• capoids;
• negroids.

The main groups of Caucasians: Nordic, Alpine, Dinaric, Mediterranean, Falian, East Baltic and others.

Minor races of capoids: Bushmen and Khoisans. inhabit South Africa. In the fold above the eyelids, they are similar to the Mongoloids, but in other ways they differ sharply from them. The skin is not elastic, which is why the appearance of early wrinkles is characteristic of all representatives.

Groups of Negroids: Pygmies, Nilots, Negroes. All of them are settlers of different parts of Africa, therefore they have similar signs of appearance. Very dark eyes, the same skin and hair. Thick lips and no chin protrusion.

2. Eastern trunk. Includes the following major races:

• australoids;
• americanoids;
• Mongoloids.

Mongoloids - are divided into two groups - northern and southern. These are the indigenous inhabitants of the Gobi Desert, which left its mark on the appearance of these people.

Americanoids - the population of North and South America. They have a very high growth, the epicanthus is often developed, especially in children. However, the eyes are not as narrow as those of the Mongoloids. Combine the characteristics of several races.

Australoids consist of several groups:

• Melanesians;
• veddoids;
• Ainu;
• Polynesians;
• Australians.

Their characteristic features have been discussed above.

Minor races

This concept is a rather highly specialized term that allows you to identify any person to any race. After all, each big one is subdivided into many small ones, and they are already compiled on the basis of not only small external distinguishing features, but also include data from genetic studies, clinical analyzes, and molecular biology facts.

Therefore, small races - this is what allows you to more accurately reflect the position of each individual in the system of the organic world, and specifically, in the composition of the species Homo sapiens sapiens. What specific groups exist was discussed above.

Racism

As we found out, there are different races of people. Their signs can be strongly polar. This is what led to the emergence of the theory of racism. She says that one race is superior to another, since it is made up of more highly organized and perfect beings. At one time, this led to the appearance of slaves and their white masters.

However, from a scientific point of view this theory completely absurd and untenable. The genetic predisposition to the development of certain skills and abilities is the same for all peoples. The proof that all races are biologically equal is the possibility of free interbreeding between them with the preservation of the health and viability of the offspring.

The current appearance of humanity is the result of a complex historical development of human groups and can be described by highlighting special biological types - human races. It is assumed that their formation began to occur 30-40 thousand years ago, as a result of the settlement of people in new geographical zones. According to researchers, their first groups moved from the region of modern Madagascar to South Asia, then Australia, a little later on Far East, to Europe and America. This process gave rise to the original races from which all subsequent diversity of peoples arose. Within the framework of the article, it will be considered which main races are distinguished within the species Homo sapiens (reasonable man), their characteristics and features.

Race Meaning

To sum up the definitions of anthropologists, a race is a historically formed set of people who have a common physical type (skin color, structure and hair color, skull shape, etc.), the origin of which is associated with a certain geographical area. At the present time the relation of race to area is not always sufficiently clear, but it definitely took place in the distant past.

The origin of the term "race" is not reliably defined, but there has been much debate in scientific circles over its use. In this regard, initially the term was ambiguous and conditional. There is an opinion that the word represents a modification of the Arabic lexeme ras - head or beginning. There is also every reason to believe that this term may be related to the Italian razza, which means "tribe". Interestingly, in modern meaning given word first found in the writings of the French traveler and philosopher Francois Bernier. In 1684 he gives one of the first classifications of the major human races.

races

Attempts to put together a picture classifying the human races were made by the ancient Egyptians. They identified four types of people according to their skin color: black, yellow, white, and red. And for a long time this division of mankind persisted. The Frenchman Francois Bernier tried to give a scientific classification of the main types of races in the 17th century. But more complete and constructed systems appeared only in the twentieth century.

It is known that there is no generally accepted classification, and all of them are rather conditional. But in the anthropological literature most often refer to Ya. Roginsky and M. Levin. They identified three large races, which in turn are divided into small ones: Caucasoid (Eurasian), Mongoloid and Negro-Australoid (Equatorial). When constructing this classification, scientists took into account morphological similarities, the geographical distribution of races and the time of their formation.

Race characteristics

A classic racial characteristic is defined by a set of physical features related to appearance man and his anatomy. The color and shape of the eyes, the shape of the nose and lips, the pigmentation of the skin and hair, the shape of the skull are the primary racial features. There are also minor features such as physique, height and proportions of the human body. But in view of the fact that they are very variable and depend on environmental conditions, they are not used in racial science. Racial traits are not interconnected by one or another biological dependence, therefore they form numerous combinations. But it is stable traits that make it possible to distinguish races high order(main), while minor races are distinguished on the basis of more variable indicators.

Thus, the main characteristic of a race includes morphological, anatomical and other features that have a stable hereditary nature and are minimally influenced by environment.

Caucasian race

Almost 45% of the world's population are Caucasians. Geographic discoveries America and Australia allowed her to settle around the world. However, its main core is concentrated within Europe, the African Mediterranean and southwestern Asia.

In the Caucasoid group, the following combination of signs is distinguished:

• clearly profiled face;
• pigmentation of hair, skin and eyes from the lightest to darkest shades;
• straight or wavy soft hair;
• medium or thin lips;
• narrow nose, strongly or moderately protruding from the plane of the face;
• poorly formed fold of the upper eyelid;
• developed hairline on the body;
• large hands and feet.

The composition of the Caucasoid race is distinguished by two large branches - northern and southern. The northern branch is represented by Scandinavians, Icelanders, Irish, British, Finns and others. South - Spaniards, Italians, southern French, Portuguese, Iranians, Azerbaijanis and others. All the differences between them are in the pigmentation of the eyes, skin and hair.

Mongoloid race

The formation of the Mongoloid group has not been fully explored. According to some assumptions, the nationality was formed in the central part of Asia, in the Gobi desert, which was distinguished by its harsh sharply continental climate. As a result, representatives of this race of people generally have strong immunity and good adaptation to cardinal changes in climatic conditions.

Signs of the Mongoloid race:

• brown or black eyes with a slanted and narrow slit;
• overhanging upper eyelids;
• moderately extended nose and lips of medium size;
• skin color from yellow to brown;
• straight coarse dark hair;
• strongly protruding cheekbones;
• poorly developed body hair.

The Mongoloid race is divided into two branches: the northern Mongoloids (Kalmykia, Buryatia, Yakutia, Tuva) and southern peoples(Japan, residents of the Korean Peninsula, South China). Ethnic Mongols can act as prominent representatives of the Mongoloid group.

The equatorial (or Negro-Australoid) race is a large group of people that makes up 10% of humanity. It includes Negroid and Australoid groups, which mostly live in Oceania, Australia, the tropical zone of Africa and in the regions of South and Southeast Asia.

Most researchers consider the specific characteristics of a race as a result of the development of a population in a hot and humid climate:

• dark pigmentation of the skin, hair and eyes;
• coarse curly or wavy hair;
• the nose is wide, slightly protruding;
• thick lips with a significant mucous part;
• protruding lower face.

The race is distinctly divided into two trunks - eastern (Pacific, Australian and Asian groups) and western (African groups).

Minor races

The main races in which humanity has been successfully imprinted on all the continents of the earth, branching out into a complex mosaic of people - small races (or races of the second order). Anthropologists distinguish from 30 to 50 such groups. The Caucasoid race consists of the following types: White Sea-Baltic, Atlanto-Baltic, Middle Caucasoid, Balkan-Caucasian (Ponto-Zagros) and Indo-Mediterranean.

The Mongoloid group distinguishes: Far Eastern, South Asian, North Asian, Arctic and American types. It is worth noting that the last of them in some classifications tends to be considered as an independent big race. In today's Asia, the Far Eastern (Koreans, Japanese, Chinese) and South Asian (Javanese, Probes, Malays) types are most prevalent.

The equatorial population is divided into six small groups: the African Negroids are represented by the Negro, Central African and Bushman races, the Oceanian Australoids are the Veddoid, Melanesian and Australian (in some classifications it is put forward as the main race).

mixed race

In addition to races of the second order, there are also mixed and transitional races. Presumably, they were formed from ancient populations within the boundaries of climatic zones, through contact between representatives of different races, or appeared during long-distance migrations, when it was necessary to adapt to new conditions.

Thus, there are Euro-Mongoloid, Euro-Negroid and Euro-Mongol-Negroid sub-races. For example, the Laponoid group has signs of three main races: prognathism, prominent cheekbones, soft hair, and others. The carriers of such characteristics are the Finno-Permian peoples. Or Ural which is represented by Caucasoid and Mongoloid populations. She is characterized by the following dark straight hair, moderate skin pigmentation, brown eyes, and medium hairline. Distributed mostly in Western Siberia.

• Until the 20th century, there were no representatives of the Negroid race in Russia. In the USSR, during the cooperation with developing countries, about 70 thousand blacks remained to live.
• Only one Caucasian race is capable of producing lactase throughout its life, which is involved in the absorption of milk. In the other major races, this ability is observed only in infancy.
• Genetic studies have determined that the fair-skinned inhabitants of the northern territories of Europe and Russia have about 47.5% of Mongolian genes and only 52.5% of European ones.
• A large number of people who self-identify as pure African Americans have European ancestry. In turn, Europeans can find Native Americans or Africans in their ancestors.
• The DNA of all the inhabitants of the planet, regardless of external differences (skin color, hair texture), is 99.9% the same, therefore, from the standpoint of genetic research, the existing concept of "race" loses its meaning.