The most ancient stages in the history of the anthropological composition of the population of East Asia, inseparable from the history of its economy and culture, have already been covered in the previous chapter.

As we have seen, the mainland of East Asia during the late Paleolithic and Mesolithic period was mainly inhabited by people who belonged to the Mongoloid great race. Mongoloid features stand out clearly on Late Paleolithic skulls from Shandingtung, Ziyang, and Liujiang.

Origin of the Mongoloid great race

Comparing these, still very scarce, paleoanthropological materials with data on the racial composition of the population of East Asia in later historical periods (up to the present day), one can put forward a hypothesis about the formation of one of the largest races of mankind - the Mongoloid - in the arid zone of the Central and East Asian steppes. and semi-deserts. Also noteworthy is the hypothesis of S. A. Semenov about the development of some characteristic Mongoloid features, such as a narrow, oblique palpebral fissure, a highly developed fold of the upper eyelid, an epicanthus covering the lacrimal tubercle, as protective adaptations to the peculiar harsh climatic conditions of Central Asia, with a pronounced ultraviolet radiation from the sun, huge seasonal and daily fluctuations in temperature, strong winds that raise whirlwinds of fine sandy-loess dust that irritates and clogs the eyes.

Pacific and Continental Mongoloids

In the period of the late Paleolithic and the Mesolithic that replaced it, the Mongoloids, apparently, were not completely homogeneous. Skulls from Shandingtung, Ziyang and Liujiang have some features characteristic of the Pacific (southeastern) branch of the Mongoloids, various types of which in all subsequent historical eras were widespread among the population of China, Korea and Japan, as well as Indo-China and Indonesia. Pacific racial features of these skulls are a significant height of the braincase (136-150 mm), alveolar prognathism, and some tendency to broad nose.

The second main branch of the Mongoloid large race - the continental, or northwestern - is represented in the east of Asia in the period under consideration only by skulls from the Chzhalainor region. The height of these skulls is small, according to the cranial index they are mesocranial, their face is very flat, absolutely wide and high, the nasal bones protrude slightly. All these features bring the Zhalainor skulls closer to the continental-Mongoloid types of later periods, which are widespread in Central and North Asia. It seems very probable that during the period of transition from the ancient Stone Age to the new one, in the east of the Asian continent, the initial differentiation of the Mongoloids took place. Their Pacific (southeastern) variants were concentrated at that time mainly south of the Mongolian llato, while the continental (northwestern) variants were concentrated mainly west of the Khingan and the edge of the Mongolian plateau in Central Asia.

East Asian and South Asian type groups

For the history of the anthropological composition of the population of East Asia great value has a question about the southern border of the area of ​​formation of the Pacific Mongoloids. Unfortunately, due to the lack of paleoanthropological materials, this question cannot be fully resolved at present. Of great interest for its resolution are the skulls from Lujiang in Guangxi and Tampong (in Upper Laos), which, with a general Mongoloid appearance, are distinguished by alveolar prognathism, a very wide nose, and some other features characteristic of the Negro-Australoid (equatorial) large race. It is possible that these skulls belong to one of the earliest representatives of that group of racial types, which both morphologically and geographically represents the transition from the Pacific Mongoloids to the eastern (Asiatic-Oceanian) Negro-Australoids, who probably constituted the oldest population of all Indochina, and partly, perhaps, and South China. In Soviet anthropological literature, this group was called South Asian, or South Mongoloid.

Close ties and transitions between both groups of Pacific Mongoloids apparently persisted much later. The ancient skulls from the Neolithic sites mentioned in the previous chapter, described by D. Black, reveal many characteristic features of the East Asian group of types with a general Mongoloid appearance: a significant height of the skull (137 mm), a large height of the face (75 mm) with a relatively small width (131 mm). ), relative narrow nose (47), etc.

On the other hand, another Neolithic group of skulls from the sites of the Shaanxi province is distinguished by a combination of general Mongoloid features (flattened face, slightly protruding nasal bones, high, rounded eye sockets, etc.) with southern Mongoloid features (noticeable alveolar prognathism and broad nose). It is difficult to say whether in this case we are dealing with an incomplete differentiation of the Pacific Mongoloids or with the presence of racial types of southern origin in the Shenxi series.

North Chinese racial type

The Neolithic skeletons belonging to the North Chinese tribes that created the Yangshao culture not only possess all the distinctive features of the Pacific Mongoloids, but also reveal a specific combination of features characteristic of the racial type, which in Soviet anthropological literature was called North Chinese. On skulls of this type, the common features of the southeastern branch of the Mongoloids: a significant height of the braincase, a relatively small zygomatic diameter, a tendency to alveolar prognathism, etc. - are combined with mesocrania (cranial index 78-79) and a very high face (upper height 75 -77 mm). The height of the ancient representatives of the North Chinese type reached, according to the measurement of long bones, 169-170 cm (for adult men). In addition to the skeletons associated with the Yangshao culture, the skeletons from the burials of the Shang-Yin period and from the burial grounds of the 5th-2nd centuries belong to the type under consideration. BC e. from the territory of the eastern regions of Inner Mongolia (the former province of Zhehe).

All features of the North Chinese type are also characteristic of modern population North China, which has such common Mongoloid features as tight and straight hair, poor development of tertiary hairline on the face and body, yellowish skin color, brown eyes, flattened face, strongly protruding cheekbones, developed fold of the upper eyelid, often the presence of epicanthus, low nose bridge etc., combined with height above average (166-169 cm for adult men), mesocephaly (average head index 78-80), very high and relatively narrow face (morphological height 131-136 mm, zygomatic diameter 140-143 mm), pronounced narrow-nosedness (nasal index to live 60-62). The main distribution area of ​​the North Chinese type is currently the provinces of Shandong, Hebei, Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi and Gansu. This type also predominates among the Chinese of Xinjiang and some regions of Sichuan and Yunnan.

Other types of East Asian group

The North Chinese type is not the only geographical variant of the East Asian group of Pacific Mongoloids. Among the Chinese of Manchuria - mainly the descendants of settlers of the 19th-early 20th centuries, as well as among the Manchus, Sibo, Daurs and Koreans, another variant of the same group is widespread - the Korean-Manchu type, which in most respects is close to the North Chinese, but differs somewhat from it. shorter stature (162-165 cm), brachycephaly (head index 83-85), an absolutely wider face (143-145 mm), probably a greater development of tertiary hairline. In its origin, the Korean-Manchurian type is closely related to the North Chinese type, in the process of brachycephalization of which it probably developed. The initial forms of this process could be mesobrachycranial Neolithic skulls from Ungi in the far north of Korea (explored by the Japanese anthropologist Imamura).

A certain role in the formation of the Korean-Manchurian type could also be played by the mixing of the relatively short-headed northeastern (Tungbei) variants of the Pacific Mongoloids with the continental (Siberian) types of the same large race, especially with the peculiar "Amur-Sakhalin" type identified by M. G. Levin among the Amur and Sakhalin Nivkhs (Gilyaks). Such a mixture can explain the increase in the tertiary hairline observed in the Korean-Manchu type compared to the North Chinese type, a certain tendency to depigmentation of the iris, and an increase in the width of the face. It is interesting to compare with anthropological data latest views many Soviet and foreign linguists about kinship Korean language with the Altai (in particular, with the Tungus-Manchu), as well as the participation in the ethnogenesis of both Koreans and Manchus of ancient Paleo-Asian tribes, probably close to the Nivkhs in language and economic and cultural characteristics. one

The question of the reasons for the predominance of the Korean-Manchurian type among the Chinese of the northeast is very interesting. Mixing with the Manchus probably played a certain role here, but it was hardly decisive, since the Manchus in Manchuria had long been inferior in numbers to the Chinese settlers from Shandong, Hebei and other provinces of Northern China. Of greater importance, presumably, was the process of brachycephalization (shortening and widening of the head), which proceeded in northeastern China - as elsewhere in areas of late colonization and intense racial miscegenation - more rapidly than in other parts of the country. Finally, one should also take into account the custom, widespread among the local Chinese, of placing a plank under the back of the head of babies, which causes a noticeable decrease in the longitudinal and increase in the transverse dimensions of the skull.

Among the Nanais of the Amur region and Manchuria, known there under the name "hezhe", another type of the East Asian group is outlined - the Amur - mesocephalic, but more massive and broad-faced compared to the North Chinese. It is possible that this type was formed as a result of a mixture of Pacific and continental Mongoloids. Noteworthy, however, is another explanation of the "intermediate" features of the Korean-Manchurian and Amur types. Manchuria and the Amur region could have been a transitional zone between the areas of formation of the Pacific and continental Mongoloids since ancient historical periods; Here, to this day, slightly, sharply differentiated types have been preserved, combining the features of both branches of the Asiatic large race.

Similar relationships can be traced at the opposite end of the area of ​​distribution of racial types of the East Asian group, where, according to old descriptive and partly craniological data, among the Tibetans and related peoples of the Chamdo (Kam) district and western Sichuan (the territory of the former province of Xikang) a special one stands out - East Tibetan (Kamsky ) a type that differs from the North Chinese in greater massiveness, a lower skull height and a greater width of the face, as well as a less pronounced Mongoloid features of the eye area and nose (epicanthus, fold of the upper eyelid, low nose bridge). The listed features bring the East Tibetan type closer to the northern (continental) Mongoloids and at the same time make it "Americanoid" (similar to the American Indians) appearance. Perhaps here we are dealing with the preservation of some ancient morphological features that were once characteristic of all Mongoloids.

Southern Mongoloids in East Asia

South of the Huaiyang and Qinling mountains, in the Yangtze basin and even further south in the Xijiang basin, as well as in the Tsangpo valley in southern Tibet, the racial types of the East Asian group are gradually replaced by other anthropological variants of the Pacific Mongoloids. This change, when moving from north to south of China, can be observed both among the Chinese and among various national minorities who speak the languages ​​of the Sino-Tibetan family. Comparing among themselves the natives of Northern, Central and Southern China, it is easy to see that with a general Mongoloidity, many characteristic features of the Asian big race, as it were, somewhat weaken in the meridional direction. So, the percentage of straight and tight hair decreases, the growth of the beard increases somewhat, the cheekbones protrude weaker, the fold of the upper eyelid is less pronounced, the epicanthus is less common. This “softening” of Mongoloidity is combined with a noticeable darkening of the skin, a large amount of wavy hair, a decrease in the height of the face, an increase in the width

nose (and a corresponding increase in the nasal index), a tendency: to alveolar prognathism, a large development of the outer mucous membrane of the lips (frequent appearance of thick and even swollen lips).

The Chinese themselves are well distinguished by physical characteristics of people from the northern, middle and southern provinces of the country. The contrast is especially great between the relatively fair-skinned, almost always straight-haired, tall-faced and narrow-nosed natives of the Yellow River basin, on the one hand, and the much darker-skinned, often wavy-haired, short-faced and broad-nosed Fujian, Guangdong and Guaneans, on the other hand. A transitional position between the two is occupied by the Chinese of the provinces located in the Yangtze (Changjiang) basin or adjacent to them (Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, and partly also Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan). The geographical variability of the total body length (height) is also very distinct in China: in the north it is 166-169 cm in adult men, as we have already seen, in the central provinces - 163-166 cm, in the south - 160-163 cm. this variability of the main racial characteristics, the Chinese anthropologist Liu Xian proposes, along with the Huanghe (Northern Chinese) type, to single out two more territorial types among the Chinese - Changjiang (Middle Chinese) and Zhujiang (Southern Chinese).

It is obvious that the general direction of intergroup differences between the northern, middle, and southern Chinese completely coincides with the above-described differences between the East Asian and South Asian groups of Pacific Mongoloids. Comparing anthropological materials with data already known to us on the ethnic history of East Asia, there is no doubt that the Chinese, during their centuries-old advance to the south, which continued throughout almost their entire history, absorbed a significant number of South Asian racial elements that prevailed among the San Miao and Yue tribes. , who were the ancestors of the modern Miao and Yao, Zhuang Tung, Tibeto-Burman, and partly, perhaps, the Indonesians.

In favor of this understanding of history racial composition of the population of South China is also evidenced by the latest data on the ethnic anthropology of the national minorities of the PRC, collected by Chinese and Soviet researchers. These data clearly show that the majority of the Zhuang Tung peoples, as well as the Miao, Yao and some groups of Tibeto-Burmese (southern Lizu, Jingpo) and Mon-Khmers (Kawa, Benlong), in comparison with the neighboring Chinese, show a greater expression of all of the above southern Mongoloid features. . These features appear with maximum brightness, apparently, among the Hainanese Li and Miao, examined by the author of this chapter in the spring of 1958. With a general Mongoloid appearance, the national minorities of Hainan are distinguished by small stature (158-161 cm for adult men), relatively dark skin of olive- yellowish shades, gracile structure, small absolute dimensions of the skull and face, mesocephaly (cephalic index 78-80), relatively wide nose (nasal index 87-90 when measuring the height of the nose from the nose), alveolar prognathism, thickened lips.

The inhabitants of East and North Asia, as well as the Far North, belong to the Mongoloid race. It is known that people with features of the Mongoloid race occupy a fifth of the entire hemisphere. Representatives of this race have characteristic features, which we will discuss in this article. Naturally, many Mongols, due to the mixing of blood, do not have clear external signs indicating belonging to a given race, but we will now try to figure out the main features.

The main features of the representatives of the Mongoloid race
A clear feature of the indigenous inhabitants of the Mongoloid race is the slanted section of the eyes, narrow and peculiar, since top part eyelid is characterized by swelling that hangs over the inner eyelid. Also, the Mongols have very coarse hair of a dark shade. Only by these two signs it is already possible to recognize a resident of the Mongolian peoples.

The face of these people has a brown or yellowish tint, and the color of their eyes is either brown or raven.

The cheekbones of these people have brightly expressive clear lines. Their lips are of medium fullness - not thin, but not too full, like those of representatives negroid race. The bridge of the nose is slightly lower than it is in Europeans. Straight lines, either moderately wide or thin nose, also indicate that the person is directly related to the Mongols.

We have described many features, but this is not the whole set of features of the Mongoloid race. Also, a characteristic feature is sparse hair on the surface of the entire body. It is not often in the male half of this race that vegetation can be seen on the chest or on the lower abdomen. They also don’t have to constantly shave, since there is practically no stubble on their faces - this fact is also decisive due to which one can recognize Mongoloid men, whose appearance clearly differs from that of representatives of the Euroid race.

Different variants of the appearance of representatives of the Mongoloid race
It is known that peoples who belong to the Mongoloid race are divided into two types. This division is due geographic location which assumes different climatic conditions. One species is Pacific, and the other is continental. People belonging to the first type have large lips, a small head, fair skin and a protruding jaw. And the other type has a dark skin color and thin lips.

Differences (signs) of the Mongoloid race

Rice. The main races of people a - Caucasoid, b - Negroid, c - Mongoloid

Representatives of the Mongoloid race

There are different groups, each of which has its own morphological features. They live in Central and Southeast Asia, the Philippines and North America (Eskimos in Alaska and Canada).

Mongoloid race

The indigenous population of the American continent only partially has characteristic Mongoloid features (see below).

Main features of the head:

- the skull (and head) is large, wide and short (brachycephalic type),

- eye sockets are high, shallow, their upper and lower edges are located horizontally,

- the lower jaw is strong, the intermandibular diameter is large,

- skin color is white-yellowish of varying intensity, from very light to dark,

The face is large, high, flattened. The nasal fold does not stand out,

- hair is smooth, thick, thick with a round section, color - black, facial hair is insignificant,

- the forehead is wide, straight and slightly sloping, the superciliary ridges and bridge of the nose do not stand out,

- the nose is small, the tip of the nose is thin, the back is straight and slightly raised (especially in the root area), the base of the nose is thin (something between "leptorrino" and "camerrino"),

- cheeky face, cheekbones are large, protrude forward,

- the auricle is medium in size or large, the earlobe is medium-sized,

- the eyeball is not convex, the section of the eyes is narrow, slightly oblique, in the median (inner) corner of the eye there is a fold (Mongoloid fold, expressed in varying degrees, characteristic of some nationalities), the color of the eyes is brown or black, the distance between the palpebral fissure and the eyebrow is significant,

- lips of medium thickness or narrow, not particularly prominent,

- the chin practically does not protrude.

According to their characteristic morphological features, indigenous people The American continent is approaching the Mongoloid race (Eskimos, Indians living in the regions of the Andes, the Amazon, etc.)

Their distinctive features of the head and face:

- the skull and head are large, wide, belonging to the dolichocephalic or mesocephalic types,

skin color varies from light brown to brownish yellowish or brownish reddish,

- the face is wide, with slight manifestations of alveolar prognathism,

- hair is straight or wavy, the color is black, facial hair is either insignificant or absent,

- forehead high, wide, sloping,

- the nose is strong, upturned, wide at the nostrils, the back of the nose is convex, there are aquiline noses,

- the cheekbones stand out in the lateral part - the eyes are deeply set, the cut of the eyes is narrow, slightly oblique, the Mongoloid fold is expressed to a greater or lesser extent, the color of the eyes is dark brown, the lips are of medium fullness (sometimes upper lip protrudes above the lower one), the mouth opening is wide enough, the chin is well defined.

2131-2140

Characteristics of the Caucasoid, Mongoloid and Negroid races of a person

The results of evolution are
A) genetic drift
B) hereditary variability
C) population waves
D) variety of species

Abstract

2132. The Mongoloid race of people is characterized by
A) black straight hair, protruding cheekbones
B) brown eyes, wavy hair
B) dark skin, tall
D) dark eyes, thick lips

2133. The formation of sulfur deposits in the biosphere is associated with the vital activity of what organisms?
A) red algae
B) chemosynthetic bacteria
B) cyanobacteria
D) coral polyps

Abstract

2134. In cells, the primary synthesis of glucose occurs in
A) mitochondria
B) endoplasmic reticulum
B) the Golgi complex
D) chloroplasts

Abstract

2135. Oxygen molecules in the process of photosynthesis are formed due to the decomposition of molecules
BUT) carbon dioxide
B) glucose
B) ATP
D) water

Abstract

2136. The mother is a carrier of the gene for color blindness, the father distinguishes colors normally (the gene for color blindness is recessive and linked to the X chromosome, the Y chromosome does not carry the visual impairment gene). What is the probability of having a daughter with color blindness in this family?
A) 0%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%

Abstract

2137. Choose one of characteristic features type of chordates
A) the nervous system is in the form of a tube
B) abdominal nerve chain
B) single chamber heart
D) five-fingered limbs

2138. The breakdown of proteins in the human body is completed
A) removal of carbon dioxide, water and urea
B) accumulation of oxygen in cells
C) converting thermal energy into energy chemical bonds
D) the formation and accumulation of antibodies in the blood

Abstract

2139. Parasympathetic department nervous system human
A) reduces undulating bowel movements
B) weakens the secretion of gastric juice
B) reduces the heart rate
D) narrows the lumen of the blood vessels of the heart

© D.V. Pozdnyakov, 2009-2018

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The eastern (Pacific) coast of Asia is inhabited by groups that are included in the large Mongoloid race, but differ in a number of ways. Far Eastern minor race. Skin color is dark. The Arctic race includes the Eskimos, Chukchis and Koryaks. These differences formed the basis for the selection of small Mongoloid races. All racial groups of the Pacific coast of Asia have mixed Mongol-Australoid features, which unites them.

The term was introduced at the beginning of racial science to describe primarily the Asian populations of various countries of Central and East Asia. Can be divided into Asian and American races. He also noted that of the races of the Old World, East Asians are closest to Native Americans.

In the Mesolithic era, Mongoloidity (or, more precisely, a complex of racial characteristics close to Mongoloid) is noted in Europe (Bavaria). There are three main racial groups on Earth - Mongoloid, Negroid and Caucasoid. The race should not be confused with other communities of people - clan, tribe, nationality, nation, which differ in social, not biological characteristics.

The original population that underwent such a profound transformation in Central Asia is unknown. The skulls from the Upper Cave near Beijing (18,000 years old), which undoubtedly belonged to Homo sapiens, also have pronounced Mongoloid features. The skull is sharply dolichocranial with a huge longitudinal diameter and moderate width. The face is exceptionally high and at the same time broad.

South Asian minor race. The skin color is darker than that of the Far Eastern race. There is a certain percentage of wavy hair. Epicanthus is less common (20-50%). The race is widespread in the countries of South and Southeast Asia. American (americanoid) minor race. Includes Native Americans (Indians). In addition to three (or, according to another classification, four) large human races with sub-races, there are special minor races whose origin is not clearly established.

Representatives of the Laponoid race are the Saami. This peculiar anthropological type was formed in Northern Norway, Northern Finland, Kola Peninsula. A number of authors put forward the hypothesis that facial features of the Mongoloid type are a special adaptive feature for life in severe cold conditions. It is known that increased fat deposition on the face is characteristic of children of the Mongoloid race, who, as is known, have a particularly strong development of the epicanthus.

Reviews, articles and news on the origin of the Mongoloid race

There is also a transitional race, the Eurasian. The creators of this monument had a very flat face, absolutely wide and high. Central Asian minor race. Its representatives include the Mongols of the People's Republic of China and the Mongolian People's Republic, Kalmyks, Buryats, Yakuts, Tuvans, Khakasses, and Altaians.

American Mongoloids (Indians)

In 1882 August Henry Keane stated that the "Mongolian type" included the following "races": "Tibetans", "Burmese", "Tai", "Koreans", "Japanese", Ryukyus and "Malays". In 1940, the anthropologist Franz Boas included the "American races" within the framework of the "Mongoloid race", among those mentioned were the Aztecs in Mexico and the Maya of Yucatán.

In 1984, Roger J. Lederer, professor of biological sciences at California State University, Chico, separately listed Pacific Islander and American Indian Mongoloid races. Race - a group of people united by a common origin, differing in purely external - biological - characteristics: skin color, hair, etc.

The forehead is strongly sloping, the brow is powerful, the eye sockets are rectangular, absolutely and relatively low. Distributed in the extreme northeast of Asia, North America, in Greenland. The face is narrow, of medium width, high, flat. With modern Asian Mongoloids, Americanoids have a yellowish-brown complexion, straight and very coarse hair. With Caucasoids, they are brought together by a high nose bridge, a strongly protruding nose and the absence of an epicanthus in adults.

Only "pure" Australoids are known that came along the coast indian ocean, who somewhere in East Asia developed Mongoloid characteristics. Along with clearly Mongoloid features (strong development of the epicanthus, flat face, low nose bridge), they also have undoubted southern features: a strong development of the beard, noticeable prognathism.

As it always happens, according to popular wisdom, the name thief always shouts the loudest: Stop the thief!" The same can be said about those "figures" who came up with the myth that the Russians are a mixture of different peoples, including Mongoloids.

However, genetic and anthropological studies just say the opposite: it is the Russians with their R1A1 haplogroup that are the most pure-blooded Caucasians, along with other Slavs and East Germans (who are, in fact, Germanized Slavs). But even Western Germans (with the exception of the native Bavarians) retained much more Caucasoid genes than the same Anglo-Saxons, who, in fact, are representatives of a hybrid race that has absorbed, in addition to Caucasoid, also genes of archanthropes.

And that is why they hate the Slavs, but especially the Russians, already on genetic level. From this one can understand why the Anglo-Saxons throughout their history, openly or secretly, but always intrigued against Russia and Russia, pushing other European and even Asian peoples to attack our country. Hatred of the Russians, aggressiveness and the desire for world domination at any cost - this is all the result of the presence of the animal genes of the archanthropes. They also force Anglo-Saxon politicians to lie and actively use "double standards", especially in relation to Russians and Russia.

And the fear that their genetic inferiority will be revealed to the whole world has forced them for centuries to come up with all sorts of fables about Russians and Russia-Rus, one of which is precisely the myth of the mixed origin of the Russian people and its "Mongoloid" nature. By the way, just with the help of this myth, the Anglo-Saxon special services "brainwashed" the Ukrainians after 1991, frightening them with a new "invasion of the Mongoloid Russia-Horde."

But how are things really? Yes, everything is exactly the opposite! For example, here are some interesting studies mentioned by the traveler, biologist, anthropologist G. Sidorov in his book "Behind the Seven Seals":

“I turned over a few pages, and I came across N.N. Cheboksarov’s monograph “Mongoloid elements in the population of central Europe.” I was surprised by the number of people the scientist studied. There were not many, not few, but as many as 8500 people.

“Well, this Cheboksarov did the job! I involuntarily admired. - How many years did he work?

And I wanted to find the conclusions made by scientists. When I found them, I could not believe my eyes: N.N. Cheboksarov, referring to the data of his work, argued that the main sign of Mongoloidness - the epicanthus in Russians in a developed form is almost never found. Out of 8500 examined, he met his barely noticeable rudiments in only 12 people! In Germany, an undeveloped epicanthus is noticeable in 8% of citizens. Estonians, Latvians, Germans, French, even Western Ukrainians consider us Russians to be semi-Asians.

They write scientific articles that we, Russians, arose from a mixture of Finns, the Ural Ugric peoples and the ancient inferior Caucasoid tribes who left Europe for the east. Not only that, since the 6th century we were periodically pressed either by the Huns, or by the Avars, later by the Pechenegs, Polovtsians, and finally, by the Mongols. But data from anthropological research suggests that We Russians are more Caucasian than Germans! What does it mean? The Germans have 2% more Mongoloid features than we do. Where could the Mongoloids come from in Western Europe? Are these the descendants of the mysterious Tungros? Hybrid tribes mixed with the European Pithecanthropus? I didn't find any other solution.

“If so, then much of the behavior of Western Europeans becomes clear. It turns out that over time, the genetic animal complex has spread throughout Western Europe. As a result of this phenomenon, the population of the central part of Germany and Austria has become more Mongoloid than we Russians! Okay, I reasoned. - All this concerns the descendants of Pithecanthropes. But in Europe there were also dumb people - Neanderthals. “Nemethy” means those who cannot speak, that is, dumb. From them came the word Germans. But the Germans did not possess Mongoloidity. It is a pity that N. Cheboksarov did not conduct research along the line of the Germans. Otherwise, the conclusions could be even more interesting.

I flipped through a few more pages of the collection and came across an article by Kozhevnikov called "Rusology". It spoke about the results of the anthropological expedition of 1955-1959 by V. Bunak. The scientist examined one hundred groups of Great Russians. In his work, Bunak revealed the maximum and minimum limits of deviations and came to the conclusion that they are minimal for the Russian people. Various groups of Russians, despite the enormous distance from each other, were practically a homogeneous ethnic group!

“How could it be? I wondered. - Has the ancient Arian gene pool really not changed for thousands of years of isolation of Russian clans from each other? He had to become different by itself, under the influence of various living conditions, not to mention the factor of genetic mixing with other ethnic groups. But for some reason it didn't. Why? Is our stellar nature really so powerful, as Yaroslava says, that even millennia of isolation cannot change it?

And the Balts, the French, the Anglo-Saxons, even the Poles, brothers in blood, consider us half-Tatars ... Here you have half-Mongols-half-Tatars! Why do you, gentlemen, Westerners, consider us "God make me laugh"? Well, is it not because you yourself represent in your majority a hybrid race? V. Bunak did not draw such a conclusion, but noted that the anthropological spread of changes among Russians is two times less than among the Germans, French, British and other peoples of Europe.

It turns out that we, Russians, are pure-blooded Caucasians on a racial basis, and, moreover, extremely homogeneous. Western Europeans are completely different. They have twice as many Mongoloid and other signs as we do, but the latter are sure that they represent the standard of the Caucasoid race, and we are Great Russians, Belarusians and Little Russians - a mixture of Mongoloids, Finno-Ugric peoples and inferior hybrid Slavs. It's the other way around! As it should be in our upside down world!

...Thinking about what came to mind, I found an article by V.E. Deryabin about the method of statistical intergroup analysis of anthropological data.

- "Consideration of a mixed set of features" - I read a long promising headline.

After flipping through the article, I took up its study. There was nothing new in Deryabin's work. The scientist, just like his predecessors, now having applied mathematical analysis, came to the conclusion about the anthropological unity of the Russian ethnos. Moreover, according to his research, we Russians are lighter than the rest of the peoples of Europe. There are 25-30% more blondes among us than in Germany, Denmark or Sweden ... From what I read, I was thrown into a fever.

“It turns out that the“ blond beasts ”are not Germans at all, but we, East Slavs! The German blondes are, for the most part, the Germanized descendants of the Western Slavs and the inhabitants of the Baltic Rus region of the Rus.

No other conclusion came to my mind. After thinking a little, I took up the study of the article "Craniology of the peoples of Eastern Europe and the Caucasus in connection with the problems of their origin."

This work was written by the outstanding Soviet anthropologist V.P. Alekseev, the same one that Uncle Yosha mentioned more than once. Therefore, I read it with special attention. Conclusion from V.P. Alekseev was the same: the Russian ethnic group is more homogeneous than any Western one. In addition, referring to the works of his colleagues, Alekseev came to the conclusion that in the Russian ethnos, despite its homogeneity, ancient tribal differences can be traced. For example, Belarusians descend from the Radimichi and Dregovichi, the right-bank Ukrainians from the Drevlyans. The same is true with other groups of the Russian population.

Chernigovians are a copy of their ancestors - northerners, Smolensk and Pskovians - Krivichi, Novgorodians and Pomors are very similar to medieval Slovenes. According to Alekseev, the Russian ethnos is the oldest layer of the purely Nordic population in Europe. Despite the tribal differences barely visible by specialists, it is holistic and surprisingly homogeneous. The scientist did not answer the question of how this could happen in his work.

Having thoroughly studied the article by V.P. Alekseev, I briefly looked in the Russian anthropological journal No. 3 and Krasnov's article, the scientist wrote it in 1902. He examined ten Russian provinces. The scientist carried out his work at military recruiting stations. And what is the conclusion: the same. Russians are mostly blond, gray-eyed Caucasians. Blonds among them in the south are 20% and above. In the north, from 50 to 70%.

After leafing through the articles of several more anthropologists, I opened the odontological study of A.A. Zubov. Zubov published his work in 1970, during the heyday of Soviet science. To the surprise of the researcher, among all the groups of the Russian ethnos he studied, he did not find spoon-shaped Mongoloid teeth in more than one person. According to A.A. Zubov, the Mongoloids in the entire history of the Russian people have never mixed with it.

Zubov was the first of the Soviet scientists to question the fact of the Mongol-Tatar yoke. In his opinion, there were never Mongols and Mongoloid Turks in Russia, and those who are considered to be Mongol-Tatars were not at all. I looked at the work of other researchers. They all stated the same thing. For a few minutes I stopped at the conclusions of geneticists. In their opinion, the Russian ethnos is more than 90% homogeneous and belongs to the Caucasoid Nordic race. Hybrids in it amounted to 8-9% of the strength, there are practically no Mongoloids at all.

“Here you are, half-Huns, half-Avars, half-Khazars, half-Pechenegs, half-Polovtsy, half-Mongols! I thought as I went to my bedroom. - Everything is like from Krylov's fable, when they put a label on the lion's tail that he was a donkey. For the last thousand years, the time of labels has reigned on earth. The labels are imposed on the peoples by the degenerate Western civilization. The whole world understands this, but nothing can be done about it. And if someone begins to intensively fight this misfortune, then in the Middle Ages they arranged for him Crusades. In our time, they are both bombed and conquered.”

.. IN recent decades Russian and foreign scientists conducted genetic studies that fully confirmed that it is Russians (together with Belarusians and eastern Ukrainians) who are the most purebred carriers of the haplogroupR1A1 and therefore studies and conclusionsV. Bunak N. Cheboksarova, V. Deryabin, V. Alekseev, A. Zubov were fully confirmed.

Three characteristic "areas" of human habitation with the greatest admixture of non-Caucasian genes have now been identified, which quite clearly coincided with some traditional "foci" of Russophobia: Western Ukraine (with adjacent territories of Poland), Bavaria and England. Thus, characteristic conclusions can also be drawn in relation to our "liberoids" who hate everything Russian, scold the Russian people and work for the enemies of our state. It is quite obvious that the mystery of the manifestation of the disease of admiration for the West should be sought in the same bestial genes of the archanthropes.

It is easy to see that in countries with a hot climate, the skin color of people is noticeably darker than in countries with a cold one. Also, closer to the equator, the width of the nose, the thickness of the lips, and the forward protrusion of the face increase. This distribution of features is explained as follows.

In deep antiquity, probably in the Upper Paleolithic, biological adaptation to environmental conditions was of great importance. Man was not yet so technically armed as to effectively protect himself from the action of the elements. Under such conditions, skin color, for example, played a vital role in heat transfer. The dark pigment of the skin absorbs much more ultraviolet light, protecting the body from the danger of cancer. Although dark skin heats up more from the sun's rays, more efficient work of the skin glands saves from overheating. The skin temperature of a Negroid under the same conditions is less than that of a European or Asian. Fair skin is more susceptible to UV radiation. This can be useful in the northern hemisphere, since under conditions of relatively low insolation - solar illumination - there is a problem of rickets - lack of D. Thus, in the northern latitudes, an increase in skin sensitivity to ultraviolet saves children from rickets. Have adaptive value, curly hair and elongated high form heads of equatorial population groups. Curly hair creates an air cushion on the head, and air is one of the best heat insulators. In addition, the Negro's hair contains more number air bubbles than in the hair of a Mongoloid or Caucasian. The elongated narrow and high head of the equatorial groups has a smaller upper area with the same volume as the low wide head of the northern peoples. This saves her from excessive overheating in the sun.

The large width of the mouth and the significant width of the mucosa of the lips of Negroids are useful in hot climates, as they increase the surface for evaporation of moisture, cooling the body. A flattened wide nose has a similar meaning. At the same time, the small size of the nasal cavity does not allow the air to heat up additionally during inhalation.

The high long nose of Caucasians and northern Mongoloids has the opposite meaning. The air passing through the long nasal passage has time to heat up and enters the lungs warm. The orthognathism of the northern races - the shortness of the face - increases the bending of the nasal passage and protects the nasopharynx from hypothermia.

The width of the palpebral fissure differs markedly in representatives of different races. The narrow section of the eyes of the Mongoloids, Bushmen and Tuareg protects the eyeball from dust, wind and too bright sun in open spaces. At the same time, the eye of the Mongoloids is significantly distinguished by a large amount of subcutaneous tissue, designed to retain heat.

A more exotic example of the adaptive significance of racial traits is the steatopygia of the Bushmen, Hottentots, and Andamanese. Fat deposits on the buttocks and thighs serve as a reserve of nutrients in conditions of their sharp lack. Thanks to the sculptures of the Upper Paleolithic, we know that steatopygia was common in Europe about 25-20 thousand years ago, during the formation of racial complexes

Classical racial characteristics include physical features - the color and shape of the eyes, lips, nose, hair, skin color, the structure of the face as a whole, the shape of the head.

MONGOLOID, or Asian-American, a large race, which is sometimes called “yellow” in outdated terminology, covers about 50% of the total population of the globe, that is, 1.3 billion. Of this number, almost half are Chinese - about 600 million people. The main mass of representatives of the "yellow" race occupies vast expanses of Asia, especially its northern, eastern, central and southeastern regions. The Mongoloid race also spread to Oceania and the mainland of America. Very many Mongoloid groups are part of the population of the USSR, mainly its Asian part, where their characteristic representatives are the Yakuts, Buryats, Tungus (Evenks), Chukchi, Tuvans, Altaians, Gilyaks (Nivkhs), Aleuts, Asian Eskimos and many others. In the European part of the USSR, Mongoloid anthropological types are included in the Bashkirs, Tatars, Chuvashs and some other peoples. The following features are characteristic of the large Mongoloid race: the skin is light or swarthy, with a yellowish or yellowish-brown tint; the hair on the head of almost everyone is straight and hard (tight), usually black; beard and mustache, as a rule, develop late and poorly; hair of the tertiary cover on the body is almost absent. Representatives of many anthropological types of this race, especially the northern Mongoloids, have a large face, medium protrudes forward (mesognathism); in connection with the growth and protrusion of the cheekbones to the sides, it is significantly flattened; the eyes are brown, their incision is medium in most, but narrow in many, and the outer corner of the palpebral fissure is often higher than the inner; the fold of the upper eyelid is highly developed, in very many it almost reaches the eyelashes, passes to the lower eyelid and completely or partially covers the inner corner of the eye, capturing the lacrimal tubercle: a special fold is formed here - the epicanthus; the nose is of medium width, protrudes slightly, usually with a low nose bridge (among the Indians it protrudes strongly, the bridge of the nose is high, among the Eskimos it is very low); the position of the nostrils in most is average; lips thin or medium thickness, upper procheilic; the chin protrusion is moderately developed; the head of very many is mesocephalic. The Mongoloid big race is divided into three small races. The first of them is the northern Mongoloid, or Asian continental; the second is the southern Mongoloid, or Asiatic-Pacific; the third is American (Indian). Representatives of the northern Mongoloid, or, as it is also called, the Central Asian, small race are, for example, the Buryats and Mongols. These are rather typical Mongoloids, which, however, are distinguished by somewhat weakened features, since their skin color, hair and eyes are lighter, their hair is not always tight; but the beard hardly grows, the lips are thin, the face is large and flat. In southeast Asia, the southern Mongoloid race predominates, the majority of whose representatives - Malays, Javanese, Probes - have darker skin; the face is narrower and lower; lips of medium thickness going thick; wide nose; epicanthus is less common than in northern Mongoloids; the beard develops, although not much; some have wavy hair on their heads; growth is somewhat lower than that of the northern Mongoloids, and significantly lower than that of the Chinese. The third Mongoloid race - American (Indian) - reveals a transitional character, as it has more weakly expressed Mongoloid features and at the same time some features that bring it closer to the Caucasoid type. The hair of the Indians is usually straight and tight, black in color; beard, mustache, tertiary body hair develop poorly; the skin is yellowish-brown, the eyes are dark, brown; many people have wide faces. According to these features, the Indians are similar to typical Mongoloids. However, according to the crease of the upper eyelid (which, although it is strongly developed, it usually does not form an epicanthus), according to a strongly protruding nose, often with a convex back, according to the average or high height of the bridge of the nose, and also according to the general type of face, the Indians resemble Caucasoids. Some tribes have wavy hair on their heads.

A race is a historically formed human population, which is distinguished by certain physical and biological characteristics. Differences can be observed in the shape of the eyes, hair structure, physique, skin tone. At the time of these criteria people They were divided into three main races: Mongoloid, Negroid, Caucasoid.

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The emergence of the term "Mongoloids"

A little over two hundred years ago, scientists began to seriously study the anatomical features of representatives of various peoples and nationalities. In particular, the Mongols attracted considerable interest from researchers. There is an opinion that these are the descendants of the Mongols, who conquered most of Eurasia in the 13th century and created Great Mongol Empire. The peoples are diverse and many-sided, differ in some characteristic features and are divided according to the following factors:

• continent, country, region, region of residence;
• beliefs, religion, customs and traditions;
• political and socio-social structure.

All of them make up the a larger group. The appearance of the term "Mongoloid race" is connected with the research of Christoph Meiners, who created a binary racial scheme.

In his opinion, the Tatar-Caucasians consisted of the Celtic - western and Slavic - eastern groups, and a separate Asian branch of the Mongols.

Later, the German anthropologist Johann Blumenbach called the Mongols the second race living in Asian territories, in the Ganges and Amur river basins, and also inhabiting the Pacific islands and Australia.

• 1861, to the Mongoloids belongs to the Australian subrace;
• late 19th century Georges Cuvier refers to the Mongols the American Indians, who, in his opinion, have a similar type of face;
• Arthur de Gobineau studies the Altaic, Finnish, Mongolian and Tatar branches;
• Thomas Huxley includes in the Mongoloid race the Arctic native population of North America;
• 1882 August Henry Keane made a statement that the Mongoloids are Tibetans, Burmese, Thais, Koreans, Japanese, Malays. In his opinion, the classic representatives are the Buryats. .

Attention! Today, based on many years of genetic research, it has been determined that the white population of the northern regions of Europe and Russia has at least 47.5% of Mongolian genes and 52.5% of European ones.

Modern vision

Ethnic Mongols are considered prominent representatives. Today, anthropologists subdivide two branches:

• northern Mongoloids - the peoples and nationalities of Kalmykia, Tuva, Yakutia, Buryatia. A special type is represented by the Tatars inhabiting Siberia, who over the centuries have mixed with the West Siberian Mongoloids;
• the southern peoples have some genetic features of mixing with the indigenous population of Australia. The most prominent representatives of this direction modern science names the indigenous people of the South of China, Japan, representatives of some nationalities of the Korean Peninsula.

Not everyone knows some Interesting Facts. The peoples of the Asian Southeast are the most closely related to the Australian Aborigines. Clinical medicine, physiology and genetics define the Mongoloids as a racial type, characterized by the strongest immunity and high adaptability to radical change. climatic conditions residence. The origin of the Mongoloid group is not fully disclosed. According to one of the hypotheses, the formation of the nationality took place in the central part of the Asian continent (Gobi Desert), which is characterized by a harsh sharply continental climate.

Character traits

At the mention of the Mongols, Europeans immediately conjure up the sophisticated appearance of a miniature Japanese geisha, a figurine Chinese emperor or a sculpture of the Buddha. Despite the fact that the impression is a minimal characteristic, it has a certain value for the researcher. objective signs of Mongolian representatives:

1. Dark smooth coarse hair.
2. A special section of the eyes with overhanging upper eyelids and a characteristic bend above the inner corners, making the eyes slanted and narrow. The color of the iris can be brown or black, the skin of the face is yellowish or deep tan, sometimes up to a brown tint.
3. Facial features also have specific forms: a thin or moderately widened nose with clearly defined lines, a low nose bridge or a hump is characteristic. Usually bright lips of medium size, sharp outlines of high cheekbones stand out, which can be seen even with a distant relationship with the Mongols.
4. Another special sign is the weak development of body hair, both in men and women. The male torso is extremely rarely covered with sparse hair, and it is generally very rare to meet a Chinese, Japanese or Korean with lushly growing curls on the skin of the chest or lower abdomen. In adulthood, men also do not differ in pronounced vegetation, in some it is completely absent.

Most Mongoloids are different strong physique, have an average height or below average, men are stocky, especially for representatives of the northern branch.

Important! If we take into account the statistics that confirm that more than 20% of the population of our planet are similar to the Mongoloids in various ways, then this gives the right to call them the prevailing race.

In the overwhelming majority of cases, racial characteristics are poorly expressed, since over the centuries there has been a mixing of the blood of various peoples and tribes.

When making a comparison, this fact must be taken into account. This is called hybridization and heterosis.

It is extremely difficult to meet classical representatives in the industrial regions of the countries of East Asia, they mainly live in the mountainous inaccessible regions of Tibet, Mongolia, China, Korea and Japan.

Territorial interracial contacts

Since prehistoric times, the population Earth actively migrated over considerable distances. Today they find confirmation of the hypothesis of the migration of entire tribes and nationalities from continent to continent. Overcoming gigantic distances, rivers, seas and oceans, people were looking for places with better living conditions, rich in animals, fish, where they could gather and grow crops without being harassed by neighbors, raids and destruction. The peoples belonging to the Mongoloids migrated most actively.

Where do these people live today? What territories did you previously occupy?

• First of all, the Mongols mastered significant continental territories - Central Asia, Siberia, Kazakhstan. Initially, the Scythian tribes lived here - Caucasians, but already in the middle of the 5th century, the vast expanses of the Great Steppe were inhabited by the Mongoloids;
• the same great migration was the penetration of the latter into the regions of Southeast Asia and the displacement of fellow Australoids further to the South.

Thus, the Mongoloids were divided into five types according to anthropometric parameters. Today it is the North Asian, South Asian, Arctic, Far Eastern and American subraces.

The main differences have developed in the phenotypes of the subraces in terms of habitat, cultural traditions and other indirect signs.

On a more careful classification, this diversity of peoples and nationalities has small races, which were hypothetically formed in several ways:

• on the basis of poorly differentiated populations living at the boundaries of geographical zones;
• as a result of contacts between representatives of different races, mixed small races appeared;
• influenced by distant migrations to places with qualitatively different living conditions. The natural process of adaptation made it possible to develop new characteristic features and a set of signs.

As a result, significantly different types. Nevertheless, interracial mixing made it possible to classify the Mongoloids according to various indicators, in particular, the population of coastal regions and the inhabitants of the depths of the continent.

Variety of appearance options

Based on the analysis of many years of research by ascetic anthropologists, the data of specialists who have devoted themselves to studying the population of our planet, the achievements of modern high-tech research, modern science has come to the conclusion that all Mongols are divided into types . There are two types of Mongoloid race:

• continental - characterized by a dark skin tone, thin, sharply defined lips, a flat face without sharp profile lines, and not particularly prominent jaws. The head is large, with pronounced temporo-zygomatic joints;
• Pacific - is distinguished by a thin bone structure, fair skin of the face, a small head, a slight protrusion of the upper jaw, full bright lips.

According to the territory of residence, the Mongoloids differ in the northern ones - with fair skin, round flat faces and the southern ones - with refined features of medium-sized faces, a miniature figure, short stature and a special cut of the eyes. The famous Mongoloid slit of the eyes artists and poets are extremely appreciated, singing in painting and poetry. Thanks to centuries-old migrations, mankind has received such a variety of external data of the inhabitants of Asia that it can be quite problematic to determine whether this or that person belongs to the Mongoloids.

Mongoloid race in terms of anthropogenesis

Ethnogenesis of the Mongoloids

Output

Whatever race or racial branch an individual belongs to, first of all, this is a person whose rights and freedoms must be guaranteed by the world community, striving to create equal conditions for the life and development of all peoples.