So, soon your child should go to the first class. You bought a bunch of reference books, studied the Internet sites of schools, asked your friends about where their children study. But already at this stage, you encountered the first difficulties, namely: what type (kind) of school to choose - a regular general education, private, or some other? Dilemma.

Previously, the choice of school was determined by how close it was to home. That is, the closer, the better: the child will spend less time on the road, get less tired, and it will be easier for grandparents to pick up their grandson or granddaughter after school if you work.

But now many parents are no longer satisfied with this approach: they want their children to receive a quality education, learn foreign languages, so that the school organizes trips abroad and the like. The list of requirements can be written for a long time. Will a public school be able to meet these requests? Or is a private school a better option? Or maybe choose a gymnasium with some kind of bias?

So, how to understand the variety of schools that are now in Moscow? In fact, everything is not very difficult - the main thing is to understand how different types of educational institutions differ from each other.

Let's look at their main types, which are most popular in Moscow.

1. Public schools

Public schools have existed in Russia for many years. They, as the name implies, are funded by the state, so education in them is free, which is their undeniable advantage. Another major advantage of such schools is state control. educational process: thus, you can be absolutely sure that the school program has been approved by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. Usually these schools are close to home. The road to school can take the child 10-15 minutes.

The disadvantages of this type of school include low level teaching foreign languages(not in all schools, of course), classes are too large, where the child cannot be given sufficient attention, often buildings and classes need to be repaired.

2. Private schools in Moscow

In these schools, accordingly, education is paid. School program is the same in state and, since this is a single state training program. The advantages of such schools include: a small number of students in classes, and, accordingly, an individual approach to each student, a high level of teaching due to the fact that private schools poach good teachers to themselves. And the main disadvantage is, of course, the high cost of training. But again, the quality of education depends entirely on the individual teacher. And in an ordinary public school you can meet an excellent teacher who not only teaches children some sciences, but also puts his whole soul into them.

3. Specialized Schools

In such schools, the curriculum may differ from the curriculum in public schools, as here special attention is paid to "major" subjects. Such schools include sports, art, chemical and biological, mathematical and other educational institutions. The most popular schools of this type are schools with in-depth study of foreign languages. In the first grade, the child begins to learn one language, and in grade 5 he is given a second one. Physics and mathematics schools are also in great demand. Here they teach mainly exact sciences, and the humanitarian ones are held for general development. Of course, in the first grade, the child will not be allowed to solve complex problems. math problems. The goal of the teacher at this stage is to teach a six-seven-year-old child to think abstractly and logically and correctly express his thoughts.

4. Gymnasiums

Children can be educated here both free of charge and on a commercial basis. The education received in gymnasiums is considered to be of high quality and diversified. But the main subjects are usually taught at the same level as in a regular school. In gymnasiums, special emphasis is placed on additional subjects. Compared to private schools, gymnasiums rarely have classes with a small number of students.

5. Schools - boarding houses

If you work and just physically do not have time to pick up the child from school (not only do you need to pick up the child, you also need to help him do his homework!), Then this option is best for you. Usually boarding houses are not located in Moscow, but somewhere outside the city. Children live there five days a week, but in some schools they can stay on weekends, it all depends on the particular school and its work.

Education is an integral process of becoming a person, without which the existence of modern society would be impossible. After all, to be a useful state unit, you must definitely learn something. It is for this purpose that preschool and general educational institutions, as well as institutions vocational education. The article will talk about educational institutions- their types, types and features.

Terminology

When considering this topic, you first need to understand what an educational institution is. This is a special institution where the pedagogical process is carried out, where programs for the education, upbringing and development of children are implemented. In turn, there is a whole list of educational institutions, which are divided by type.

• Preschool. Here, depending on the type, the age of children ranges from 1 to 7 years.
• General educational institutions
• Institutions of vocational education, in which they provide specific knowledge of a narrow focus and receive the appropriate qualifications.
• Correctional institutions, where children belong to the category of students with special educational needs.
• Institutions for orphans or equivalent children. These are orphanages where children not only study, but also live.
• Institutions additional education children and separately - adults (postgraduate education).

Kindergartens

The first educational institutions that children attend are preschool. Educational institutions will be the next step. Most kindergartens accept children from the age of two. In addition to education, which is free, kindergarten children are supervised and cared for, as they spend almost the whole day within the walls of the institution. This service is paid by parents, but not in full. 80% of the costs are covered by the municipality, while parents pay for the remaining 20%.

The gradation of groups in kindergartens is carried out according to two criteria - age and orientation. The classification takes into account the age of the child at the beginning school year(September 1) and includes groups for children 2-3 years old, 3-4 years old, 4-5 years old, 5-6 years old and 6-7 years old.

The orientation of the group is determined by the contingent of pupils, in accordance with which educational programs are selected. Thus, they distinguish:

• general developmental groups;
• groups of combined orientation;
• compensation groups.

About educational institutions

For the longest time, children attend general educational institutions - from 7 to 18 years. If a teenager chooses an institution of primary or secondary vocational education for further education, then he finishes school at the age of 16.

Varieties of educational institutions

Elementary School. These are the first four grades of a child's education. Children enter the 1st grade according to the results of certain tests, which allow to determine the degree of their readiness for schooling. The main task of teachers here is not only to give the children knowledge, but also to teach them to learn, to instill an interest in the sciences.

High school. We can say that this is an intermediate link between elementary and high schools. It occupies the period from 5 to 9 grade, the age of students ranges from 9-10 to 14-15 years. After the end of this period, those who wish can enter either high school or to vocational education institutions (primary or secondary).

Old school. Children are taught in grades 10-11, whose age is from 15 to 17 years. Here there is a deeper study of science, preparation for admission to universities. Upon completion, students receive a certificate of secondary complete general education. For some activities, this is already enough.

Special education

There are also correctional or special educational institutions. Who are they for? Children who have some developmental problems are determined there, or limited opportunities health. However, it should be noted that the modern education system offers an alternative option - inclusive education for the successful socialization of such kids. Although in practice everything does not always work out as well as in theory. Another alternative for these guys - distance learning. However, even here there are problems with the further introduction of children into society.

Money matters

Having understood what an educational institution is (secondary comprehensive school, junior and children's schools) it should be noted that such institutions may also differ in the type of funding. There are types here:

• State or municipal schools that are completely free.
• Private schools where parents pay a fee for the education of their children.

The question here is only in paying for the learning process itself. Parental money to improve the material and technical base of the class or school does not belong to this section at all.

Gymnasiums, lyceums

State educational institutions may also be referred to as lyceums or gymnasiums. In fact, these are ordinary schools. And after their graduation, the child receives the same certificate of secondary education. However, their peculiarity is that they offer a more detailed study of certain subjects. Sometimes such educational institutions cooperate with universities, preparing future students for study in them.

Evening Schools

Considering general educational institutions, one must also understand what evening schools are. The practice of their work is not as active today as it was in the days of Soviet Union but they still exist and function perfectly. For whom are they intended? In our country, secondary complete general education is compulsory. Unlike higher. So, without a certificate of completed secondary education, an employer cannot provide an employee with a good place. If on time, in adolescence, for some reason, it was not possible to finish school, later a person can be sent to finish his studies in the evening. The name already speaks for itself. People come here after the end of the working day. After studying at an evening school, a person receives a certificate of secondary complete general education.

citizens Russian Federation have a constitutional right to education. In the country given area recognized as a priority, the government pays special attention to it.

The legislation contains normative legal acts that spell out the types of educational educational institutions, their structure, functional responsibilities.

The specifics of education policy

In this area, the state policy is based on the following principles:

• Humanization of education. In priority - universal values, health and life of a modern individual, free formation personal qualities, development of diligence, civic responsibility, respect for other people, family, homeland, nature.
• The relationship of educational and cultural federal space. Preference is given to the preservation of national culture and traditions, given the multinational nature of the Russian state.
• Adaptation of the educational process to the level and specifics of the training and development of pupils, students.
• Lack of religion in education for municipal and state educational institutions.
• Pluralism and freedom in OU.
• State-public management option educational process.

Characteristics of modern educational institutions

Article 12 of the Federal Law "On Education" states that educational institutions different type carry out the learning process with the implementation of one or more types of educational processes, full-fledged education, development. The OS is a legal entity that may have a different organizational and legal form: state, municipal, non-state (private, religious, public).

All municipal and state types of educational institutions operate on the basis of the basic provisions on educational institutions, which are approved by the Government of the Russian Federation. Non-governmental institutions are not subject to such Decrees, they can only become models (recommendations) for them.

Establishment of the state status of an educational institution (kind, type, category of educational institution) is carried out taking into account the direction of its activities during the official state accreditation. Structural subdivisions, departments, branches of an educational institution by proxy may have full or partial powers of a legal entity. It is also allowed for the subdivision to use its own accounts, an independent balance sheet in credit and banking organizations.

Similar types of educational institutions in Russia are created in order to improve and develop the educational and extracurricular process. The law fully regulates the procedure for the creation, as well as the activities of such MAs.

Classification

Types of preschool educational institutions operating on the territory of the Russian Federation:

• Kindergarten of improvement and supervision.
• An institution with a national (ethno-cultural) educational component.
• preschool educational groups public institutions according to the "garden - school" type.
• child development centers.
• Progymnasium at OS.
• Centers for the education of schoolchildren.

Let us consider in more detail all types of preschool educational institutions.

The specifics of kindergartens

They are the most common institutions for providing preschool public education. It assumes full-fledged care, supervision, rehabilitation, education, training of kids. These are the most massive and accessible types of educational institutions. Types educational programs may vary depending on the direction of activity chosen in kindergarten.

In such an institution of the combined type, there are several different groups:

• compensatory;
• general developmental;
• wellness

There are such types of educational institutions in every regional center of the Russian Federation; they are designed to raise children from three to seven years old.

Characteristics of different types of preschool educational institutions

In the preschool sphere, there are certain types of special educational institutions of a compensatory (correctional) nature. Such institutions are visited by children with various pathologies: mental retardation, problems with the musculoskeletal system, tuberculosis intoxication, impaired hearing and vision, intellectual development disorders, and speech defects.

These types of educational institutions mainly operate around the clock, they are located outside the cities. Here for kids are created special conditions: swimming pools, diet food, massage rooms. Highly qualified educators, medical workers, psychologists work in kindergartens. In order for the child to easily adapt among peers, the size of the groups does not exceed 15 people.

In addition to treating babies in such preschool institutions compensatory type, a teaching and educational process is carried out, special programs are developed for classes. Special counseling centers created at the preschool educational institution help parents cope with difficult situations solve problems that arise in a timely manner. In order to get into such an institution, you need to have a referral from a pediatrician, as well as certificates of the established form, corresponding to the profile of the kindergarten.

General developing preschool institutions choose intellectual, physical, aesthetic, artistic as a priority direction of their activity. These types of public educational institutions are attended by kids from three to seven years old.

Health and care gardens operate with an emphasis on health, preventive, sanitary and hygienic procedures and activities.

If we consider educational institutions of a new type in the preschool environment, it is necessary to single out kindergartens with an ethno-cultural component. Their main task is to develop in pupils respect for different cultures, tolerance for representatives of other nationalities, respect for family values.

Educators help children learn cultural traditions, reveal the origins of folk rituals, beliefs, etc. In the classroom, special attention is paid to respect for the older generation.

There are also such types of educational institutions as child development centers in the system of preschool education. They have special sports, health, gaming complexes, art studios, computer classes, swimming pools, children's theaters. The use of an integrated approach in organizing work with preschoolers in such centers allows for the comprehensive development of the child's personality. Particular attention is paid to the artistic, aesthetic and intellectual development of children.

There are new types and kinds of preschool educational institutions, for example, gymnasiums.

The main contingent of such institutions are children of primary school and before school age. The difference is that certain subjects are systematically studied here: the Russian language, mathematics, oral reading, the basics in English. Also in the program of pre-gymnasium education there are special aesthetic subjects that allow to fully develop the personality of the child: rhetoric and rhythm, swimming and outdoor games, drawing and modeling, choreography and music.

Parents who choose a pro-gymnasium for their children should first familiarize themselves with the list of offered subjects. There, classes are held mainly in the form of a game, project, research activities. Between the ages of three and seven, children learn about the world around them through play. Such preschool institutions allow children to get used to learning, gradually immerse them in the educational environment. Such “little gymnasium students” have no problems with discipline, homework, attending classes at school.

The earliest version of preschool education is a nursery-kindergarten. In such an institution, babies are looked after from two months. In the nursery there is a special daily routine, there are also developmental activities. A toddler who attends a nursery must have elementary skills appropriate for his age.

School educational institutions

AT modern Russia exist different forms, types of educational institutions:

• primary comprehensive school;
• basic school;
• complete (secondary) school;
• institutions with in-depth study of individual subjects;
• shift (evening) school;
• gymnasium;
• education Center;
• cadet schools;
• ITU (institutions at corrective labor institutions).

Educational institutions for children of primary school age operate on the basis of a specially developed program. The purpose of such institutions is to create optimal conditions for the development of a harmonious personality of students.

Schools are the main types of educational institutions in Russia, strengthening the physical and mental health of children. Primary are for children from three to ten years old. In such an educational institution, teaching staff, parents (or legal representatives) and pupils themselves.

Between preschool institutions and the initial stage of education there is continuity in the physical, artistic, aesthetic, intellectual direction. It is at the very beginning of training that it is important to form in the children curiosity, communication, cognitive ability. For such purposes, federal state standards of the second generation have been introduced. According to them, a graduate of the 4th grade (elementary education) must have his own civic position, be a patriot of his country, take care of traditions, nature, family values. Younger students are required to acquire the skills of independent thinking, to represent the integrity of the picture of the world.

In schools, there is also a second stage of education - a general nine-year education. There are already other types and types of educational institutions: gymnasiums, lyceums. The former involve in-depth training in one or more subjects. In the Russian Federation, gymnasiums are often interconnected with higher professional education, in such educational institutions teachers of academies and universities work.

Children from the fifth grade are involved in the project and research activities, conduct experiments on the basis of research laboratories. In lyceums, in addition to classical educational programs approved by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, additional specialized training is being implemented. Diligence is formed in gymnasium students, respect for the older generation, love for mother tongue, rights and freedoms of the individual. Graduates of these elite institutions easily adapt to modern society, enter prestigious universities find their professional and life path faster.

The goal of any public educational institution is considered to be the formation of a full-fledged personality on the basis of mastering the minimum according to the second generation of the Federal State Educational Standard. All the main types of educational institutions operating in Russia are free of charge, accessible to citizens of our country aged 7 to 17 years.

If there is a request from parents, schools open special after-school groups. Under the supervision of experienced mentors, schoolchildren do their homework, visit exhibitions in museums, and dine in the dining room. In addition, with appropriate coordination in the educational institution, special classes of compensatory education can be opened.

Stages of general education

Depending on the level of educational programs chosen in the educational institution, three levels of education are assumed:

• general primary education (initial level), designed for 4 years;
• general basic education (second stage) - 5-6 years;
• complete (secondary) education - 2 years of study

General primary education is aimed at mastering the students of counting, the basics of reading, writing, mastering theoretical thinking, elements of self-control, the basics of hygiene, project and research skills.

It is this stage that is the basis, the foundation for the formation and development of personality, social self-determination.

Secondary (complete) education involves the development of the creative abilities of schoolchildren on the basis of an individual and differentiated approach to each child. In addition to compulsory subjects, students themselves have the right to choose elective and optional courses in order to correctly determine their future profession.

Taking into account the requests of parents, specialized and basic classes can be introduced at the senior level of education. The programs used at this stage are created and implemented on the basis of educational state standards of the second generation. Elective and optional courses are also taught according to special programs approved in the prescribed manner.

In all types of state educational institutions, students use library and information resources free of charge, freely participate in the work of educational institutions, attend sports clubs, study in a computer class.

Replaceable (evening) OS

In such educational institutions, Russian citizens, regardless of age, have the right to receive secondary (general) and basic general education. It is here that the basis for further self-development is created, a conscious choice is made. future profession, a cultural personality is formed. There are two stages in such OUs:

5 years for general basic education;

3 years for general (secondary) education

boarding school

This type of educational institution is created primarily to help in the upbringing of talented and gifted children. Among the principles used in the educational process, the following are distinguished: humanism, democracy, universal values, autonomy, a secular version of education. Such schools can be of several types: lyceums-gymnasiums, gymnasiums-boarding schools. To enroll a child in such an institution, parents (legal representatives) write an application for admission. In exceptional cases, a child becomes a student of a boarding school by decision of municipal authorities, guardianship authorities. In boarding schools created for the development of talented Russian schoolchildren, a certain direction of activity is chosen: physical, musical, intellectual.

Orphanages

For orphans in the Russian Federation, there are such types of educational institutions as orphanages, boarding schools. The main task of such institutions is to create favorable conditions for the mental, physical, emotional development child's personality. The state assumes all material costs associated with food, accommodation, education of orphans and children left without parental care.

Conclusion

In the Russian Federation at the moment there are educational institutions of various types. Despite the serious differences in the educational programs used, areas of work, all of them are aimed at the formation of a harmonious personality of the child.

According to Art. 12 of the Federal Law, educational institutions are those in which educational process(one or more educational programs are being implemented; the maintenance and education of students and pupils is provided).

A general educational institution is a legal entity and can be state, municipal in organizational and legal forms; non-state (private, institution of a public and religious organization).

If the activities of state and municipal educational institutions are regulated by model regulations on educational institutions approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, then for non-state educational institutions they are exemplary.

The state status of an educational institution (type, type and category of an educational institution, determined in accordance with the level and direction of the educational programs it implements) is established upon its state accreditation. Branches, departments, structural subdivisions of an educational institution may, by his power of attorney, fully or partially exercise the powers of a legal entity, including having an independent balance sheet and their own accounts in banking and other credit organizations.

Educational institutions have the right to create educational associations for the development and improvement of education. The procedure for registration and activities of these educational associations is regulated by law.

The rights and obligations of additional education institutions also apply to public organizations whose main statutory purpose is educational activities, only in terms of their implementation of additional educational programs.

According to the Federal Law (Article 13) in charter of an educational institution are indicated:

1) name, location (legal, actual address), status of the educational institution;

founder;

organizational and legal form of the educational institution;

4) goals of the educational process, types and types of educational programs being implemented;

5) the main characteristics of the organization of the educational process,

including:

the language(s) in which education and upbringing are conducted;

the procedure for the admission of students, pupils;

duration of training at each stage of training;

the procedure and grounds for the expulsion of students, pupils;

Grading system for intermediate certification, forms and the procedure for its implementation;

Mode of employment of students, pupils;

availability of paid educational services and the procedure for their provision (on a contractual basis);

the procedure for regulating and formalizing relations between an educational institution and students, pupils and (or) their parents (legal representatives);

6) the structure of the financial and economic activities of the educational institution, including in terms of:

use of property objects assigned by the founder to the educational institution;

financing and logistical support for the activities of an educational institution;

sources and procedure for the formation of the property of an educational institution;

Carrying out business activities;

7) the procedure for managing an educational institution, including:

Competence of the founder;

structure, procedure for the formation of management bodies of an educational institution, their competence and procedure for organizing activities;

the procedure for recruiting employees of an educational institution and the conditions for remuneration for their work;

The procedure for changing the charter of an educational institution;

the procedure for reorganization and liquidation of an educational institution; rights and obligations of participants in the educational process;

8) a list of types of local acts (orders, instructions and other acts) regulating the activities of an educational institution.

The charter of a civil educational institution, to the extent not regulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation, is developed by it independently and approved by its founder. Local acts of an educational institution cannot contradict its Charter.

General requirements for the admission of citizens to educational institutions are set out in Art. 16 of the Federal Law "On Education". The founder establishes the procedure for admission to state and municipal educational institutions at the levels of primary general, basic general, secondary (complete) general and primary vocational education. Admission of citizens to state and municipal educational institutions for obtaining secondary vocational, higher vocational and postgraduate vocational education is carried out on a competitive basis upon applications from citizens. The conditions of the competition must guarantee the observance of the rights of citizens to education. Out of competition subject to successful delivery entrance examinations to state and municipal educational institutions of secondary vocational and higher vocational education are accepted:

Orphans and children left without parental care;

Disabled children, disabled people of groups I and II, who are not contraindicated in education in the relevant educational institutions;

Citizens under the age of 20 who have only one parent - a disabled person of group I;

Citizens dismissed from military service and entering the relevant educational institutions based on the recommendations of the commanders military units, combatants and combat invalids.

Educational institutions include the following types:

preschool;

general education (primary general, basic general, secondary (complete) general education);

Institutions of primary vocational, secondary vocational, higher vocational and postgraduate vocational education;

Institutions of additional education for adults;

Special (correctional) for students, pupils with developmental disabilities;

Institutions of additional education;

Institutions for orphans and children left without parental care (legal representatives);

Institutions of additional education for children;

Other institutions carrying out the educational process.

The implementation of general education programs (Article 17) is carried out in preschool educational institutions, educational institutions of primary general, basic general, secondary (complete) general education, including in special (correctional) educational institutions for students, pupils with developmental disabilities; in educational institutions for orphans and children left without parental care (legal representatives).

Educational programs of special (correctional) educational institutions for students, pupils with developmental disabilities are developed on the basis of basic general education programs, taking into account the peculiarities of psychophysical development and the capabilities of students, pupils.

Educational programs of preschool, primary general, basic general and secondary (complete) general education are successive. Students who have not mastered the educational program of the previous level are not allowed to study at the next level of general education.

Preschool - nurseries, kindergartens are created to help the family in the upbringing and development of children(inbetween the ages of one and six years). Preschool institutions provide for the sensory development of the child, the development of motor skills, the development of spatial orientation and communicative qualities of the individual, the training of cultural behavior skills, health promotion, physical, psychological and motivational readiness of children for school. Parents are the first teachers, they are obliged to lay the foundations for the physical, moral and intellectual development of the child's personality in early childhood.

The state guarantees financial and material support in the upbringing of children of early childhood, ensures the availability of educational services of a preschool educational institution for all segments of the population. Local self-government bodies organize and coordinate methodological, diagnostic and advisory assistance to families raising preschool children at home.

Primary general, basic general, secondary (complete) general education (Article 19) includes three levels. They correspond to the levels of educational programs:

initial general;

basic general;

secondary (complete) general education.

General educational institutions correspond to three main periods of child development: childhood, adolescence, youth.

elementary School designed to ensure the formation of the personality of the child, the holistic development of his abilities. In it, students acquire the necessary skills and abilities of educational activities, learn to read, write, count, master the elements of theoretical thinking, norms of behavior, the basics of personal hygiene, and develop the habit of a healthy lifestyle.

The subjects at this level of the school have the character of integrated courses that lay down the initial ideas about nature, society, man and his work. Optional classes in physical, aesthetic and labor education, foreign languages ​​can be introduced in elementary school.

The age at which the admission of citizens is allowed, and the duration of their education at each level of education are determined by the Charter of the educational institution. With the consent of the parents (legal representatives) and the local education authority, a student who has reached the age of fifteen may leave a general education institution until he receives a basic general education. By decision of the governing body of an educational institution for committing unlawful acts, gross and repeated violations of the Charter of an educational institution, students who have reached the age of fourteen years may be excluded from this educational institution.

General educational institutions may conduct vocational training for students as additional (including paid) educational services if they have an appropriate license (permit) for the specified type of activity.

Main school should lay a solid foundation for the general educational preparation necessary for the graduate to continue his education, his full inclusion in the life of society. For a deep assimilation of the foundations of science and the formation of a scientific worldview, in addition to compulsory subjects covering 75-80% of study time, additional elective subjects, optional courses, and multi-level programs are introduced.

Basic school is compulsory. Its graduates can continue their studies both in secondary school and in vocational educational institutions of various profiles or in evening (correspondence) secondary general education schools. In order to stimulate self-educational work of students, the mandatory weekly workload at the third level of the school is significantly reduced compared to the previous level.

For deeper differentiation, the School Council may decide to introduce one or more profiles of education at the school (humanitarian, physical and mathematical, chemical and biological, technical, agricultural, economic, etc.). Labor training is built taking into account the profile of training chosen by students.

The state educational standard of secondary (complete) general education is implemented within the educational programs of primary vocational or secondary vocational education, taking into account the profile of the received vocational education.

At present, there is a tendency to transform general education schools into schools of a new type (gymnasiums, lyceums, multidisciplinary schools, etc.). Specialized lyceums and gymnasiums, colleges at high schools and universities are opening. Such changes in the process of obtaining education reveal the following features:

close linking of different stages of the educational process;

creation of solid foundations for vocational guidance;

laying the foundations for a meaningful choice of a future profession by young people;

social order orientation.

Evening and correspondence schools for working youth are opened mainly on the basis of third-level schools. Vocational education institutions:

primary (school);

secondary (technical schools, colleges);

higher (institutes, universities, academies);

postgraduate (postgraduate, doctoral studies);

courses, institutes advanced training and retraining.

Vocational educational institutions provide training for skilled workers, training and retraining of specialists of the appropriate level, and provide citizens with the opportunity to improve the level of education.

In the Federal Law Art. 21 is devoted to vocational training, which aims to accelerate the acquisition by students of the skills necessary to perform a specific job, a group of jobs. Vocational training is not accompanied by an increase in the educational level of students, it can be obtained in educational institutions of primary vocational education and other educational institutions:

interschool educational complexes;

training and production workshops;

training areas (workshops);

in educational departments of organizations that have the appropriate licenses;

in the order of individual training from specialists who have passed attestation and have the appropriate licenses.

Initial vocational education (Article 22) aims to train skilled workers (workers, employees) in all main areas of socially useful activity on the basis of basic general education. It can be obtained in educational institutions of primary vocational education (vocational and other schools).

Secondary vocational education (Article 23) sets as its task the training of mid-level specialists, meeting the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education on the basis of basic general, secondary (complete) general or primary vocational education. Secondary vocational education can be obtained in educational institutions of secondary vocational education or at the first stage of educational institutions of higher vocational education.

Higher professional education (Article 24) aims to train and retrain specialists of the appropriate level, meet the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education on the basis of secondary (complete) general, secondary vocational education. It can be obtained in higher education institutions.

Higher education - education, the content of which is focused on the training of workers of complex types of labor, performing the functions of managing technological systems and teams of people, as well as the training of pedagogical and scientific workers. In modern Russia there are humanitarian, pedagogical, medical, technical universities. Behind their diversity is the process of assimilation of social experience and cultural values. A feature of a modern university is the smooth entry of students into the process of scientific creativity, their involvement in research work.

Postgraduate professional education (Article 25) provides citizens with the opportunity to improve the level of education, scientific, pedagogical qualifications on the basis of higher professional education. Postgraduate education is the implementation of continuous education through a system of advanced training and retraining of personnel, represented by institutes and faculties of advanced training, various courses. In the scientific community, it is represented by postgraduate studies, fellowships and doctoral studies.

A graduate student is a person who has a higher professional education and is studying in graduate school with the aim of preparing a dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Sciences.

A doctoral student is a person who has a PhD degree and is preparing a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Science.

Additional education and additional educational services (Article 26) are implemented in order to fully meet the educational needs of citizens, society, and the state.

Within each level of vocational education, the main task of additional education is the continuous improvement of the qualifications of a worker, employee, specialist in connection with the constant improvement of educational standards.

Additional educational programs include educational programs of various directions, implemented by:

in general educational institutions and educational institutions of vocational education outside the main educational programs that determine their status;

in educational institutions of additional education (in institutions for advanced training, at courses, in vocational guidance centers, music and art schools, art schools, children's art houses, at stations young technicians, stations of young naturalists and other institutions that have the appropriate licenses);

Through individual pedagogical activity.

Special (correctional) schools for visually impaired, deaf pupils - for pupils with developmental disabilities. Correctional schools provide treatment, education and training, social adaptation and integration of students into society. Schoolchildren are sent to these institutions by educational authorities with the consent of their parents, upon the conclusion of the psychological, medical and pedagogical commission.

Institutions for orphans and children left without parental care - boarding schools, orphanages - solve the problems of preserving the life and health of children, their upbringing, education, preparation for independent life and work. The network of orphanages includes pre-school orphanages (for children aged 3-7), mixed ones (for preschoolers and school-age children), orphanages for school-age children (from 7 to 18 years old).

Rehabilitation of children's health is carried out in health-improving and sanatorium-forest schools.

For adolescents with socially dangerous (deviant) behavior who have reached the age of eleven, there are special institutions, which provide medical and social rehabilitation, education and vocational training, referral to them is carried out by a court decision.

An educational institution, in accordance with a license, issues documents on the corresponding education to persons who have passed the final certification.

Citizens who have completed postgraduate professional education, defended a qualifying work (dissertation, based on the totality of scientific works), are awarded a scientific degree and an appropriate document is issued.

A general education school is a managed and managing open system in which there is a constant exchange of information with the environment, with other social institutions (the interaction is cyclical).

Each stage of general education solves its own specific tasks, but the general focus of activity is subordinated to the main goal - the development of the student's personality. Expedient activity at each stage of education contributes to the accumulation and fixation of new quantitative characteristics of the personality and their subsequent transition into new qualitative personal formations.

Questions for self-control

Give a diagram of the "vertical" of education management in the Russian Federation.

Show what the autonomy of an educational institution is.

Explain how the principle of the unity of the educational space of the Russian Federation is implemented in practice.

What is the manifestation of the state-public nature of the management of a modern school?

Give brief description types and types of modern educational institutions.

Main literature

Law of the Russian Federation "On Education". M., 1996.

Selivanov V. S. School management in Russia. Smolensk, 2001.

3. Simonov V.P. Pedagogical management: 50 know-how in the management of pedagogical systems: Proc. allowance. 3rd ed., add. Moscow: Pedagogical Society of Russia, 1999.

additional literature