Pronunciation of consonants
P B Tightly closed lips from the pressure of the exhaled air are torn along
Horizontals. Wherein lower jaw drops a little. The tongue lies flat. Sound "P" -
The pronunciation vibrate. When pronouncing soft "P '" and "B '" the back of the tongue rises to
Hard palate. These sounds require an energetic opening of the lips, just do not "wrap" the lips inward!
In F The lower lip with its inner edge slightly touches the upper front teeth, the palate is raised, the tongue lies freely - the tip is at the lower front teeth. The air blown between the teeth and the lip forms the sounds "B" and "F". With the sound "B", the vocal cords vibrate. Do not try to bite your lower lip - the upper teeth are in contact with its inner side.
T D N The tongue is slightly raised to the palate and its front part is firmly pressed against the upper front teeth - the blow of the tongue should be strong and clean. the curtain is up; at the sound "H" the palatine curtain is lowered. When pronouncing soft "T" and "D", the main articulation is added: the back of the tongue rises to the hard palate. The tip of the tongue descends to the lower front teeth. Pay special attention to the difference in pronunciation of hard and soft T and D.
KGH At the sounds "K" and "G" the strongly arched back of the tongue touches the hard palate. The palatine curtain is up. The exhaled stream of air breaks between the back of the tongue and the palate, from which explosive sounds "K" and "G" are formed. If there is a gap between the palate and the back of the tongue, then a long “X” sound is obtained. The sounds "K" and "G" are short, without a noisy overtone, for this the root of the tongue must work actively. On "X" - exhale soft, warm.
SZTs Lips are in the position of a light grin. The wide tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth and partly the lower gums, and the front part of the back of the tongue with a small longitudinal groove on it rises to the upper gums and forms with them narrow gap. The lateral edges of the tongue are pressed tightly against the upper molars. The blown air passes through the groove of the tongue between the teeth and forms the sounds C and Z. With the sound Z, the vocal cords vibrate. The sound Ts consists of the sounds T and C. The sound T smoothly turns into the sound C.
ШЖ The tongue has the shape of a ladle. The wide tip of the tongue is raised to the upper alveoli and forms a gap between the hard palate and the tongue. The lips are oval and slightly pushed forward. The distance between the teeth is about 2mm. When pronouncing the sound "Zh", the ligaments vibrate.
P The formation of the sounds "P" and "P '" is caused by frequent vibrations of the tip of the tongue under the influence of an exhaled stream of air. With a hard "P" vibration occurs in the alveoli of the upper front teeth. With "P'" soft, the tip of the tongue oscillates at the front upper teeth. The vocal cords vibrate.
CHS The sound "Ch" consists of the sounds "t '" and "sh '" which are pronounced without a noticeable explosion. Sound "Sh" - extended soft sound"sh'sh'". The tip of the tongue when pronouncing "Sch" is slightly more pushed to the front teeth than when "Sh".
L Teeth are bare, the tip of the tongue rests on the upper teeth; the back of the tongue descends along with the edges; the root of the tongue rises to the soft palate and is somewhat pulled back. Air passes along the sides of the tongue. The vocal cords vibrate. The palatine curtain is up. When pronouncing a soft l ', the tip of the tongue rests on the hard palate.
M Lips are closed. Tongue at lower anterior teeth. The pharynx is open. The sound vibrates on the lips. A stream of air breaks the lips on the vowel following the "m".
The main elements of the phonetic structure of the language, its simplest units are sounds that function as phonemes. A phoneme is the smallest sound unit that helps to distinguish pairs of words by meaning:
son-dream
or by their grammatical meaning:
hand-hands
pen-pens
Allophones
In speech, phonemes are realized in the form of concrete-sounding options - allophones. All variants of the same phoneme are characterized by the presence of some basic, common to them one or more properties, features. At the same time, all variants of the phoneme differ from each other, as they find themselves in different phonetic conditions and are due to different positional, combinatorial and accent circumstances.
So, the phoneme [d] in the word do acquires a feature unusual for her - rounding of the lips, which is caused by the influence of a vowel. In the word dry it becomes transalveolar under the influence of the transalveolar sonant [r]. In combination saidtheman the phoneme [d] loses its apical character and becomes interdental, acquiring a feature unusual for it under the influence of the neighboring consonant [ð]. In the word middle[d] is pronounced with an explosion articulated by the lateral edges of the tongue. However, all these allophones retain the main characteristics of the phoneme [d] - it remains a stop noisy plosive.
Replacing one phoneme with another leads to a change in the meaning of the word or to a distortion of the sound of the word. Replacing one phoneme variant with another does not lead to a change in the meaning of the word, but is perceived as an accent - dialectal or foreign.
Vowels
Vowels English sounds- Sounds of pure musical tone. When they are pronounced, the vocal cords are tense and vibrate, the exhaled air freely exits through the oral cavity, without encountering any obstacles in its path. The air passage is wide, muscle tension is distributed throughout the speech apparatus.
Consonants
When pronouncing consonants, the exhaled air meets a complete or incomplete barrier. The resulting friction of the air jet against the walls of the barrier creates noise, the presence of which is the fundamental difference between consonants and vowels.
The vocal cords vibrate when pronouncing voiced consonants and sonants; when pronouncing voiceless consonants, they are passive and do not participate in articulation. Muscle tension is concentrated at the site of the obstruction. The strength of the noise of consonants depends on the width of the passage: the narrower the gap, the stronger the noise. Voiced consonants, during the pronunciation of which the musical tone prevails over the noise, are called sonants (sonorous), other consonants - noisy.
Vowel sounds
Sound a. The lower jaw is lowered so that the distance between the teeth is about two fingers; the tongue lies flat, the tip of the tongue at the lower front teeth; lips form an even oval, the palatine curtain is raised; vocal cords vibrate.
The sound of The jaw is lowered less than when pronouncing the sound a (one and a half fingers); the lips are somewhat extended forward and rounded; the tip of the tongue is lowered and pulled away from the lower front teeth; the back of the tongue is slightly raised to the soft palate.
The sound at The jaw is lowered to a distance equal to one little finger; lips pushed far forward and rounded more than when pronouncing the sound o; the tip of the tongue is moved away from the lower front teeth to a distance greater than when pronouncing the sound o, its back part is raised high to the palate; the palatine curtain is raised; vocal cords vibrate.
Sound s. The distance between the teeth is somewhat less than when pronouncing the sound y; teeth slightly exposed; the tip of the tongue touches the lower front teeth, its middle part approaches the palate; the palatine curtain is raised; vocal cords vibrate.
Sound e. The lower jaw is lowered to the distance of one and a half fingers; teeth slightly exposed; the tongue with its tip touches the lower front teeth, and its middle part is raised to the palate; the palatine curtain is raised; ligaments vibrate.
Sound and. The tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth; the back of the tongue is tense and raised to the front of the hard palate; vocal cords vibrate, lips slightly stretched and pressed against bared teeth; the palatine curtain is raised.
diphthongs
Most of the letters of the Russian alphabet are signs of one sound. The letters e, i, e, u denote two sounds: the consonant th and the vowel. For example: d+e=e; d+a=i; d+o=e; y+y=y.
For the correct sounding of these vowels, you need to know what the position of the speech apparatus is when pronouncing the sound th and each of the vowels e, a, o, u.
Sound i. When pronouncing a sound, the tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth, and the back of the tongue is tense and raised to the front of the hard palate, the vocal cords vibrate; the soft palate is raised. The y sound is pronounced simultaneously with the vowel sounds.
It is recommended to alternately pronounce vowels in the following pairs: a-z; o-yo; wow; uh. At the same time, you will feel how, during the transition to ioted sounds, the back of the tongue tenses and rises to the front of the hard palate; the lips, lower jaw and tip of the tongue follow the movements of the articulatory apparatus when pronouncing a, o, u, e.
Consonants
Sounds b, p. Lips tightly closed; the tongue lies freely, the tip is at the lower incisors; when pronouncing the sounds l and b, the palatine curtain is raised; a stream of exhaled air directed into the mouth breaks closed lips, which results in beat sounds; at the sound b, the vocal cords vibrate.
Sounds in, f. The lower lip with its inner edge slightly touches the upper teeth; the palatine curtain is raised, the tongue lies freely - the tip is at the lower front teeth; the air blown between the teeth and the lip and forms the sounds v and f; at a sound in a sheaf vibrate.
Sounds d, t, n. The tongue is slightly raised to the palate and its front part is pressed tightly against the upper front teeth; at the sound of d and n, the ligaments vibrate; at the sound d and then the palatine curtain is raised; at the sound of n, the palatine curtain is lowered.
Sounds k, g, x. The arched back of the tongue touches the hard palate; the palatine curtain is raised; the exhaled stream of air breaks between the back of the tongue and the palate - this produces explosive sounds k and g; if there is a gap between the palate and the back of the tongue, then a long sound x is obtained; the palatine curtain during the formation of sounds k, g, x is raised; the vocal cords vibrate at the sound g.
Sounds p, p ". The formation of sounds p and p" is caused by frequent vibrations of the tip of the tongue under the action of an exhaled air stream; at the sound p, vibration occurs in the alveoli of the upper front teeth; when pronouncing r" the tip of the tongue oscillates at the front upper teeth; the vocal cords vibrate.
Sound m. The lips are slightly closed, the tongue lies freely, as when pronouncing the sound a; exhaled air passes through the nose.
Sounds l, l". When pronouncing the sound l, the tip of the tongue touches the upper front teeth; the root of the tongue is raised; the palatine curtain is raised, the vocal cords vibrate; when pronouncing the sound, the tip of the tongue touches the upper alveoli; the whole tongue is more tense than when pronouncing the sound l.
Sounds h, p. The wide tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth and partly the lower gums, and the front part of the back of the tongue with a small longitudinal groove on it rises to the upper gums and forms a narrow gap with them; the lateral edges of the tongue are tightly pressed against the upper molars; The blown air passes through the groove of the tongue between the teeth and forms the sounds z and s; mouth ajar (by 3 mm); the palatine curtain is raised; at the sound of the vocal cords vibrate; when pronouncing z "and s" the middle part of the back of the tongue is closer to the hard palate (in sounding this softness is expressed in a slight increase in tone).
Sounds w, w. The wide tip of the tongue is raised almost to the edge of the upper alveoli, but does not touch the hard palate; a gap is formed between the tongue and the hard palate; the lateral edges of the tongue are tightly pressed against the upper molars; the back of the back of the tongue is also raised and forms a second constriction with the hard palate. A cavity is formed in the tongue (otherwise it is called a ladle or a cup); teeth slightly set apart, lips slightly pushed forward; when a sound is made, the ligaments vibrate.
Compound consonants
The sound ts consists of the sounds t and s, and they are pronounced without an explosion and smoothly turn into the sound s.
The sound h consists of the sounds t "and sh" which are pronounced without a noticeable explosion.
The sound u is an elongated soft sound sh "-sh". The tip of the tongue when pronouncing u is somewhat more advanced towards the front teeth than when w.
Soft consonants
All consonants can sound hard and soft, with the exception of w, w, and z, which never soften, and ch-sh, which are always pronounced soft.
The softness of consonants always causes significant changes in the position of parts of the speech apparatus. With the formation of soft d, t and n, the position of the parts of the speech apparatus will be somewhat different than when pronouncing hard d, t and n.
With the sounds t", d" and n", the tip of the tongue is at the lower teeth, and the front of the back of the tongue tightly touches the alveoli and the front of the palate. With d" and n "the cords vibrate; with t" the vocal cords are calm.
In the classroom for the development of phonemic representations in senior group for children with mental retardation, a speech therapist introduces children to a large number of terms: speech and non-speech sounds, vowels and consonants, hard, soft, voiced, deaf. Children learn to give an acoustic characterization of sounds, master the skills of phonemic analysis.
It is sometimes difficult for a child with a mental retardation to learn such a number of terms, but parents can do little to help their baby. According to our survey, only about 20% of parents accurately orient themselves in these concepts and are able to help the child perform a sound analysis of a word or give an acoustic description of a single sound.
In order to bring the necessary concepts to parents, at the beginning school year at the parent meeting, we hold a round table where we talk about how to do the tasks of a speech therapist at home, what is the procedure for studying sound, what it means to characterize sound, what sound, syllabic and sound-letter analysis of a word is, introduce all the necessary terminology. To help parents, the "Cheat Sheet for Parents" presented below is issued, which contains all the necessary information in a concise and accessible form. If such work is not enough and parents, together with their children, continue to make mistakes when completing tasks, then work with parents is already carried out individually.
Cheat Sheet for Parents "Speech Sounds"
Our speech consists of sentences.
A proposal is a complete thought.
Sentences are made up of words.
Words are made up of sounds.
The sound of speech is what we hear and pronounce.
A letter is a sign denoting a sound or several sounds. Letters we see, write and read.
The sound in the letter is indicated by the letter.
Speech sounds are divided into vowels and consonants.
There are six vowels in Russian: [A, U, O, I, E, Y].
When pronouncing vowels, the air coming out of the mouth does not encounter obstacles, it comes out freely. With a vowel sound, we can call someone who is far from us.
In the diagrams, vowel sounds are indicated in red.
Vowels - ten
A, U, O, I, E, S - correspond to the sounds, I, Yu, E, E (iotated), which denote two sounds: (I - [YA], Yu - [YU], E - [YE], Yo - [YO])
At the beginning of a word (pit, spruce, hedgehog, spinning top);
After a vowel sound (lighthouse, cabin, sings, melts);
After soft and hard signs (family, entrance).
In other cases (after consonants), iotated vowels indicate the softness of the consonant in front and the vowel in the letter:
I am [A]. Yu - [U], E - [E], Yo - [O] (the key - the letter u denotes the sound [y] and the softness of the consonant sound [l "], the ball - the letter i denotes the sound [a] and the softness of the consonant sound [ m"]).
Consonant sounds - sounds, during the pronunciation of which the air coming out of the mouth meets an obstacle (lips, tongue, teeth).
The deafness and sonority of consonant sounds are determined by the work of the vocal cords and is checked with a palm attached to the neck:
- deaf consonants - the vocal cords do not work ("the neck does not tremble") consist of noise: K, P, C, T, F, X and their soft pairs, C, Ch, W, W;
- voiced consonants - vocal cords work ("throat trembles") consist of voice and noise: B, C, D, D, L, M, N, R, 3 and their soft pairs, F, Y.
The hardness and softness of consonants are determined by ear:
consonants that can be hard and soft: B, B, C, B, G, G, D, D, 3, Z, K, K, L, L, M, M, N, N, P, P, P, Pb, C, Cb, T, Th, F, Fb, X, Xb;
- always hard consonants: Zh, Sh, Ts
- always soft consonants: Y, Ch, SH
Hard consonants in the diagrams are indicated in blue, soft consonants in green.
When determining the presence or absence of a sound in a word, the place of a sound in a word, one should use reception of intonation selection by voice of a given sound.
For example: "Is there a sound O in the word" dream "? Listen carefully as I pronounce this word: with OOO n. What is the first sound in the word sleep? Listen as I pronounce this word: CCC he. Now listen to the sound of the last sound in the word "sleep" and call it: SONN. Now name all the sounds in the word "dream" in order: s, o, n. How many sounds are in this word?
Dear parents! During classes with a child, be patient, tactful and attentive! Do not show excessive perseverance, but teach the child to complete the work begun. Praise and encourage him for the correct answers, and in case of errors, encourage him, and believe that you will succeed!
Palatalization- softening of consonants resulting from raising the front or middle part of the back of the tongue to the hard palate (bit -; meet -)
Velarization- additional articulation, as a result of which the back of the back of the tongue moves towards the soft palate (the opposite of palatalization)
Aspiration- acoustic noise (effect) during the pronunciation of a sound that occurs when a jet of air passes in the interval between the explosion of a consonant and the beginning of the subsequent vowel sound
Glottalization- a form of articulation in which sounds are produced mainly by constriction or closure of the glottis
Nasalization– sound acquisition of nasal timbre, voice output through nose and mouth
10. The structure of the speech apparatus
Speech apparatus (in the narrow sense)- these are organs that are directly involved in the process of speech breathing and voice formation; in a broad sense- organs of speech, respiration, central nervous system, organs of hearing and vision (for oral and written speech). The organs of speech, or the speech apparatus in the narrow sense, include:
small uvula (uvula)
epiglottis
nasal cavity
According to the role in the pronunciation of sounds, the organs of speech are divided into active and passive. The active organs of speech produce those or other movements necessary for the formation of sounds, and are thus of particular importance for their formation. The active organs of speech are:
back of the pharynx (pharynx)
lower jaw
soft sky
Passive organs do not perform independent work during sound production and perform only an auxiliary role. The passive organs of speech are:
alveoli
solid sky
upper jaw
For the formation of each sound of speech, a complex of works of the organs of speech in a certain sequence is necessary, that is, a well-defined articulation is needed. Articulation called the work of the organs of speech, necessary for the pronunciation of sounds.
respiratory organs These are the lungs, bronchi and windpipe (trachea). The lungs and bronchi are the source and conductor of the air stream, forcing the exhaled air by the tension of the muscles of the diaphragm (abdominal obstruction).
1 - thyroid cartilage; 2 - cricoid cartilage; 3 - windpipe (trachea); 4 - bronchi; 5 - terminal branches of bronchial branches; 6 - tops of the lungs; 7 - bases of the lungs
In a broader sense, DO is:
diaphragm
nasal cavity
Larynx (larynx) – top part trachea, consisting of the following three types of cartilage, connected to each other:
cricoid cartilage
thyroid cartilage
paired arytenoid cartilage
OR work:
a) when pronouncing different types of vowel sounds:
The vocal cords oscillate, and a free, unhindered passage through the oral cavity is provided for the air stream. Lips can also: stretch, curl into a tube, rounded, or not be involved at all. The tongue can be in the front of the oral cavity (front vowels [i], [e]). When articulating back vowels ([y], [o]) - in the back. Middle vowels ([ы], [а]) occupy an intermediate position. The lift sign describes the position of the tongue as it moves up or down. High vowels ([i], [s], [y]) are characterized by a high position of the tongue in the oral cavity. The articulation of the low vowel ([a]) is associated with the low position of the tongue. Vowels of the middle rise ([e], [o]) are given a place between the named extreme groups.
b) when pronouncing different types of consonants:
The pronunciation of consonants is necessarily associated with overcoming the obstacle created in the oral cavity on the path of the air stream. This obstacle arises as a result of the convergence of the organs of speech to the boundaries of the gap ([f], [c], [h], [w]) or a complete closure ([p], [m], [d], [k]). Various organs can be close or closed: the lower lip with the upper lip ([p], [m]) or upper teeth ([f], [c]), certain parts of the tongue with hard and soft palate ([h], [d ], [w], [k]). The organs involved in the creation of the barrier are divided into passive and active. The former remain motionless, the latter make certain movements. The air jet overcomes the gap or bow, resulting in a specific noise. The latter is an obligatory component of the consonant sound. In the voiced, the noise is combined with the tone; in the deaf, it turns out to be the only component of the sound. The work of the vocal cords is to close them at the moment of speaking, as a result of which the air pressure increases rapidly, which creates additional tension under the vocal cords.
