The sounds that represent are 44 English phonemes, which are divided into two categories: consonants and vowels. Since sounds cannot be written down, graphemes (letters or combinations of letters) are used to convey sounds in writing.

English alphabet

There are 26 letters in English. The standard one starts with the letter a and ends with the letter z.

When classifying alphabetic characters, they distinguish:

• 5 pure vowels: a, e, i, o, u;
• 19 pure consonants: b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, x, z;
• 2 semivowels: y, w.

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Features of English consonants

A consonant combination is a set of two or three consonant letters that retain their original sound when pronounced. Such sets occur either at the beginning or at the end of a word. For example, the word brave, in which both "b" and "r" are pronounced, is the initial combination. In the word bank "-nk" is the final combination.

Classification:

1. Initial combinations are classified into sets with "l", "r", and "s". In "l" the combination ends with "l". An example would be the letters "bl" in the word blind. Similarly, the final sound in "r" in combination with "r" when "br" and "cr", for example, in the words bridge, crane. On the contrary, in "s" it starts with s, "st" and "sn" - stap, snail.
2. The final combinations are grouped into sets with "s", "l" and "n": -st, -sk, -ld, -nd, -nk. Examples, first, desk, gold, sand, sink.

Digraphs

Consonant digraphs refer to a set of consonants that form one sound. Some digraphs are both at the beginning and at the end of the word - "sh", "ch" and "th". There are also strict initial and final digraphs - "kn-" and "-ck".

Examples of digraphs:

Ch-	-ch
Kn-	— ck
Ph-	-sh
Sh-	-ss
Th-	-th
wh-	-tch
Wr-

Features of digraphs:

Table of pronunciation of English consonants

b	b	bag, band, cab	bag, band, cab
d	d	dad, did, lady, odd [ɒd]	dead, did, lady, od
f	f, ph, sometimes gh	fable , fact , if [ɪf], off [ɒf], photo , glyph	fable, fact, if, of, foutow, glyph
	g	give , flag	givew, flag
	h	hold, ham	hold, ham
j	usually represented by y, but sometimes by other vowels	yellow, yes, young, neuron, cube	Yelow, ies, yang, n (b) yueron, k (b) yu: b - the sound j is similar to the vowel sound i:.
k	k, c, q, que, ck, sometimes ch	cat, kill, queen, skin, thick [θɪk], chaos	kat, kil, qui:n, sik, keyos
l	l	lane, clip, bell, milk, sould	lane, clip, bel, milk, sould - has two sound options: pure /l/ before a vowel, “darkened” /ɫ/ before a consonant or at the end of a word
m	m	man, them [ðem], moon	man, zem, mu:n
n	n	nest, sun	nest, san
ŋ	ng	ring, sing, finger [ŋ] is sometimes followed by the sound [g]. [ŋ] if "ng" is at the end of a word or a related word (sing, singer, thing), to "-ing", which translates verbs into participles or gerunds. [ŋg] if "ng" is not at the end of a word or in related words, also in comparative degrees(longer, longest).	/ring/, /sing/, /finge/
p	p	pen, spin, tip, happy	pen, spin, type, happy
r	r	rat, reply, rainbow,	rat, ripple, rainbow - movement of the tongue close to the alveolar ridge, but without touching it
s	s, sometimes c	see, city, pass, lesson	si:, pa: s, forest
ʃ	sh, si, ti, sometimes s	she [ʃi:], crash , sheep [ʃi:p], sure [ʃʊə], session , emotion [ɪməʊʃn], leash	shi:, crash, shi:p, shue, session, imashn, li:sh
t	t	taste, sting	test, sting
tʃ	ch, sometimes t	chair [ʧɛə], nature teach beach	t che e, ney t che, ti: t h, bi: t h
θ	th	thing [θɪŋ], teeth, Athens [æθɪnz[	t sing, ti: t s, et sinz - voiceless fricative
ð	th	this [ðɪs], mother	d sis, ma d ze - voiced fricative
v	v, sometimes f	voice, five, of [ɔv]	voice, five, ov
w	w, sometimes u	wet, window, queen	y in em, y in indeu, ku in i: n - [w] is similar to
z	z	zoo, lazy	zu: lazy
ʒ	g, si, z, sometimes s	genre [ʒɑːŋr], pleasure, beige, seizure, vision	genre e, plezhe, beizh, b:zhe, vision
dʒ	j, sometimes g, dg, d	gin [ʤɪn], joy [ʤɔɪ], edge	gin, joy, edge

English vowels

Each English vowel is pronounced in three ways:

1. like a long sound;
2. like a short sound;
3. as a neutral vowel (schwa).

AT English alphabet there are 5 vowels, but sometimes y becomes a vowel and is pronounced like i, and w replaces u, for example, in the digraph ow.

Rules for reading vowels

Short vowels, which are characterized by a "short" sound, appear when there is one vowel in a word, either at the beginning of a word or between two consonants. For example, if, elk, hop, fan. A typical short vowel pattern is consonant+vowel+consonant (CHS).

Words are taught as families that represent groups of words with a common pattern, such as in the pattern "-ag" - bag, wag, tag or "-at" - cat, bat, hat.

vowels:

Sound	Letter	Examples
[æ]	a	rag, sag, ram, jam, gap, sap mat
[ɛ]	e	hen, pen, wet, bet, let
[ɪ]	i	pig, wig, dig, pin, win, tin, tin, bit
[ɒ]	o	hop, pop, top, hot, pot, lot
[ʌ]	u	bug, lug, tug, hut, but, cut

vowels:

Sound	Writing	Examples
A	ai, ay, a+consonant+e	name, mail, gray, ace
E	e, ee, ea, y, ie ,ei, i+consonant+e	he, deep, beast, dandy, thief, receive, elite
I	i, i+gn, igh, y, i+ld, i+nd	mine, sign, high, sky, wild, kind
O	o+consonant +e, oa, ow, o+ll, ld	tone, road, note, know, roll, bold
U	ew, ue, u+consonant+e	few, due, tune

The vowel sound in unstressed syllables is expressed by the abbreviated neutral sound ("schwa"), the phonemic symbol /ə/, especially if syllabic consonants are not used.

For example:

• a in about, around, approve, above [ə bʌv];
• e in accident, mother, taken, camera ;
• i c, family, lentil, officer pencil ;
• o in memory, common, freedom, purpose, London;
• u in supply, industry, suggest, difficult, succeed, minimum ;
• and even y in sibyl;
• schwa appears in function words: to, from, are.

Features of vowel sounds in English

Vowels are divided into monophthongs, diphthongs or triphthongs. A monophthong is when there is one vowel in a syllable, a diphthong is when there are two vowels in a syllable.

Let's take a closer look:

1. Monophthongs are pure and stable vowels., whose acoustic characteristics (timbre) do not change during the time they are pronounced.
2. - a sound formed by a combination of two adjacent vowels in one syllable. Technically, the tongue (or other parts of the speech apparatus) moves when a vowel is pronounced - the first position is stronger than the second. In the transcription of a diphthong, the first character is the starting point of the body of the language, the second character is the direction of movement. For example, you should know that in /aj/ the body of the tongue is in the lower center position represented by /a/ and immediately starts moving up and forward to the position for /i/.
3. Diphthongs are often formed when separate vowels work together in rapid conversation.. Usually (in the speaker's speech) the body of the tongue does not have time to get to the position /i/. Therefore, the diphthong often ends closer to /ɪ/ or even to /e/. In the diphthong /aw/, the body of the tongue moves from the lower center position /a/, then moves up and back to the position /u/. Although single diphthongs are also distinguished, which are heard as separate vowel sounds (phonemes).
4. English also has triphthongs.(combinations of three adjacent vowels), including three sound types, for example, fire /fʌɪə/, flower /flaʊər/. But in any case, all diphthongs and triphthongs are formed from monophthongs.

Table of pronunciation of simple English vowels

All vowels are formed from only 12 monophthongs. Each, regardless of spelling, is pronounced using some combination of these sounds.

The table shows examples of simple English vowels with Russian pronunciation:

[ɪ]	pit, kiss, busy	pete, kitty, beezy
[e]	egg, let, red	eg, years, red
[æ]	apple, travel, mad	apple, travel, mead
[ɒ]	not, rock, copy	music, rock, copy
[ʌ]	cup, son, money	cap, san, mani
[ʊ]	look, foot, could	bow, foot, cool
[ə]	away, away	hey, hey
	be, meet, read	bi:, mi:t, ri:d
[ɑ:]	arm, car, father	a:m, ka:, fa:dze
[ɔ:]	door, saw, pause	to:, from:, to: from
[ɜ:]	turn, girl, learn	cho:n, gyo:l, le:n
	blue, food, too	blu:, foo:d, tu:

Diphthong pronunciation table

	day, pain, rein	dei, pein, rein
	cow, know	kou, know
	wise, island	visa, island
	now, trout	naw, trout
[ɔɪ]	noise, coins	noiz, coin
[ɪə]	near, hear	nee, hie
[ɛə]	where, air	uh uh uh
[ʊə]	pure, tourist	p (b) yue, tu e rist

Learn the transcription of English words

Consider some features of English transcription:

The Internet has online a large number of video to listen to and you can also practice using the exercises.

We continue to study phonetics in English. English voiceless consonants, compared to voiced consonants, have a more intense pronunciation. With their articulation vocal cords do not create vibration, and the acoustic effect is achieved due to the energetic intense exhalation of air.

Among the consonant sounds in English, 6 pairs stand out, which consist of voiced and deaf phonemes, respectively. These are the so-called paired consonants: [b] - [p], [d] - [t], [v] - [f], [g] - [k], [z] - [s], [G] - [C]. But there are, of course, other voiceless consonants, the pronunciation of which is the subject of this article.

There are 8 voiceless sounds in English - , three of which are considered explosive , these phonemes are pronounced with aspiration (aspiration). Aspiration- a sound effect in the form of a small exhalation of a jet of air. Aspiration occurs at the moment of rapid opening of the barrier (teeth and/or lips).

How to learn to pronounce explosive sounds?

For Russian speech, the opening is slow, and for English - instantaneous, sharp, energetic. A fast stream of air escapes not from the oral cavity, but directly from the lungs, creating the necessary noise. As a result, a certain exhalation is heard between the final voiceless explosive consonant and the beginning of the subsequent vowel phoneme. This is aspiration or aspiration.

To practice pronouncing aspirated phonemes, you need to hold a sheet of paper at the level of your mouth while pronouncing them. It must deviate significantly. Aspiration is most pronounced before long vowels under stress.

Thus, we can distinguish two features of English consonants:

• The strength of articulation, thanks to this characteristic, we recognize voiced and deaf sounds
• Aspiration, which is characteristic of the pronunciation of explosive phonemes

And now let's move on to watching the video to learn how to pronounce them correctly.

Video how to pronounce deaf consonants correctly

Watch the video carefully and repeat after the teacher to learn how to pronounce voiceless consonants. Read text prompts.

[p]

It differs from the Russian “p” in noise, that is, it is pronounced with an exhalation (explosive). Expressed as a double or single "p" when written:

• p - drop
• p - pond
• p-puppy

[t]

This is also an explosive sound, which radically distinguishes it from our "t". To pronounce it, you need the tongue to take a position, as if you need to say “t”, but at the same time do not use the vocal cords, but make a noise exhalation. When reading, you can find the following options:

• tt-letter
• t-time

No, this is not a Russian “h”, it is rather the same “t”, just not clear. It is indicated when writing with the following combinations:

• tua-virtually
• ture-culture
• ch - chop
• action-question
• tch - witch

[k]

Again an explosive sound, which is very far from our "k". When pronouncing it, create a barrier to the air flow that will go directly from the lungs. When writing, they are transmitted using the following letters and letter combinations:

• k - make
• c-cloth
• q - bouquet
• ch-chemist
• ck - flock

[f]

And here, finally, corresponds to our "f". Expressed through:

• f - fine
• gh - tough
• ph-phrase

[θ]

What is this doodle? - you ask. And this is one of the most difficult English sounds. When pronouncing it, you need to try to say "s", while holding your tongue with your teeth. Moreover, lips should not participate in its formation. It should be something between "s" and "f". Denoted by "th":

• th-loath
• th - thankful

[s]

And again, a little relief - matching the Russian "s". It is expressed in writing using the following letter formations:

• c - trace
• s-case
• ss-essay

[ʃ]

Again a crocodile?! This sound is a pronunciation of the middle "sh" and "u", more similar to the softened "sh". Sounds like the hiss of a snake. Graphically denoted by:

• ss-issue
• sh - shelter
• cia - special
• notion - mention
• sion - mission

That's all! Everything is very simple! Thanks to the training video, you have a great opportunity to observe the position of the articulatory organs of the teacher and repeat exactly after him.

The sound composition of the English language, as you know, involves the division into two large groups: vowels (vowels) and consonants (consonants). There are somewhat fewer vowels than consonants (20 by 24), and there are also more categories of consonants. Consonants in the English language have quite a few varieties, and the main classifications are given according to the sound and features of the functioning of the speech apparatus during their pronunciation. It is important to understand the features of such a division in order to distinguish the pronunciation of consonant sounds in English from Russian and to understand what principles underlie the operation of the speech apparatus.

Features of consonants

If we compare consonants and vowels, it can be noted that vowels are mainly formed with the help of voice, while consonants in English are formed with the help of almost all organs of the speech apparatus, which include teeth, tongue, alveoli, lips.

To distinguish the pronunciation of a word, transcription is usually used, where specific designations of sounds are displayed, which should not be confused with letters.

As already mentioned, there are quite a few classifications of consonants that are pronounced differently, mainly due to the location of the elements of the speech apparatus and articulation. It is important to know and navigate these varieties in order to pronounce the words as correctly as possible and in English.

Classification of consonants in terms of the use of the organs of the speech apparatus

Many types of consonants are due to different ways of pronouncing them, when parts of the structural apparatus become in certain positions.

occlusive

So, stop sounds are popular. They are called so because, by pronouncing them, the speaker cuts off access to air. This type of consonants is also called stop-plosive, since their pronunciation is accompanied by a certain explosion, and noise is created. This includes sounds such as . For example, the formation of the sound g is possible with the help of the tongue, which is strained and repelled in a peculiar way, and lips are involved in the formation of b.

slotted

In the event that the closing of the organs is not completely performed, the resulting sounds will be called slotted. They are usually pronounced using the language ( [ð, θ ]) or lips ( ). The first examples are also called interdental sounds, since when they are pronounced, the tongue takes a position between the teeth.

closure-slotted

Special sounds are called occlusion-slits, where, as it becomes clear, both the closing of the organs of the speech apparatus and pronunciation through the slit occur simultaneously. These include some specific sounds that are not similar to Russian. For example, (j) or , which is consonant with Russian h.

nasal

Another type of consonants associated with closure is called occlusive consonants. Part of the air passes through the oral cavity, but there is still a barrier. An example of such consonants is − . These same sounds are called nasal consonants, as air passes through the nasal cavity.

dental

A separate category is occupied by dental sounds, which in English are often called alveolar sounds because of the principle of connecting the tongue with the corresponding organ of the speech apparatus. Examples - .

Labial

Some English consonants are called labial and labial consonants. So, when the upper and lower sounds approach each other, the first version of the consonant is obtained ( ), and when the lower lips touch the upper teeth, the second type is obtained ( ).

Voiced and voiceless consonants

Voiced and deaf consonants in English have a separate large classification. These varieties of consonants are evaluated in terms of the work of the vocal cords. Voiced consonants in English are formed by tension of the larynx, and deaf consonants - with a relaxed state of the vocal cords. voiced consonants ( b, m, n, d…) cause vibrations of the ligaments, and deaf ( s, k, t, h…) - No.

Some consonants are considered partially unpronounceable. For example, the sound r may not be taken into account, but as a separate element it is pronounced very unusually: the tongue takes the form of a bowl, the edges of which rise to the back upper teeth. However, such a concept as unpronounceable consonants is still more typical for Russian than for English.

The table will help to structure all the previously described groups:

Thus, the English language has quite a few varieties of consonants that differ in pronunciation features and have a different approach to articulation and staging of the elements of the speech apparatus. Orientation in these categories will allow you to avoid mistakes in pronunciation and phonetically get as close as possible to native speakers.

Based on the classification of sounds English speech lies the analysis of the ways of pronunciation. So, when pronouncing vowel sounds, the vocal cords vibrate, and the air stream from the lungs freely passes through the entire speech apparatus. Therefore, all vowels are ringing sounds musical tone. The differences between them are determined by the characteristics of the speech resonator: the lips can be rounded, neutral or stretched, the tongue can be pushed forward, pulled back, raised up.

The consonant sounds of English speech are formed by overcoming the barriers created by the organs of speech on the path of the air flow, therefore, all of them, to one degree or another, have a noise component. This may be, for example, cotton, which arose when the lips suddenly opened, initially completely blocking the air outlet. Example sounds:

[p] , [b] , [P] , [b] .

Or the hiss that occurs when air passes through the gap created by the organs of speech, sounds:

[ʃ ] , [ʒ ] , [w] , [with] .

Classification of English consonants.

It is convenient to consider the pattern of pronunciation of English consonants using the table shown in Figure 1.

Rice. 1. Classification of English consonants and their Russian counterparts

The basic principles of the classification of English monophthongs are shown in the diagram in Fig. 2.

Depending on the position of the language, vowel sounds are classified into:

1. Front vowels
2. Back vowels
3. Mixed vowels

Front vowels: [i:, ɪ, e, æ], when pronouncing which the body of the tongue is advanced forward, the tip of the tongue rests on the lower teeth.

Back vowels: [ɔ, ɔ:, u:, u, ᴧ] - the body of the tongue is pulled back, the tip of the tongue moves away from the lower teeth.

Mixed vowels: [ə:, ə ] - the tongue is evenly raised, and the entire back of the tongue lies as flat as possible.

Among the back vowels, there are those pronounced with rounded lips. labialized: [ɔ ] , [ɔ: ] , [u:] , [uuə] , [ou] , [ɔɪ ]

Vowels: [ i:] , [ɪ ] , [e] , [eɪ] , [ɪə ] are pronounced with stretched lips. For other vowels: [ ʌ ] , [æ ] , [ɑ ] , [ə: ] , [ə ] , as well as the first elements of diphthongs [ aɪ] , [au] , [ɛə ] is characterized by a neutral position of the lips.

According to the degree of elevation of the tongue in the oral cavity, monophthongs are divided into high, medium and low.

For high vowels [ i:] , [u:] , [ɪ ] , [u] , also called closed, and the first elements of diphthongs [ ɪə ] , [uə] the bulk of the tongue rises high in the oral cavity.

Sound [ uy] . The lips are slightly rounded, but not drawn out. Because of the tongue pulled back [ u] has, as it were, a faint echo of [ s] .

To make a long sound [ u:] lips need to be rounded more than [ u] , but don't pull. Open the mouth less, and pull the tongue out more than for [ u] .

When pronouncing the sound [ i:], long, as in the word willow, lips stretch, as if in a smile. The tip of the tongue is at the bottom teeth. The middle part of the tongue is raised.

Sound [ ɪ ] is more concise, like an unstressed [ and] in the word game . The tip of the tongue is slightly drawn away from the lower teeth. Lips stretched less than for [ i:] , and the mouth is ajar wider.

When pronouncing middle vowels: [ e] , [ə: ] , [ə ] , [ɔ: ] and the first elements of diphthongs [ eɪ] , [ou] , [ɛə ] the bulk of the tongue is located in the middle of the oral cavity, the middle and back parts of the tongue are evenly raised.

When pronouncing the sound [ e] the tip is at the base of the lower teeth, the middle back of the tongue arches forward and upward, but not too high. This sound is somewhat similar to the Russian sound [ uh] in words this, purpose . If the tongue touches the lower teeth, [ e] and [ ɪ ] will turn into Russian [ and] and [ e], and if the tongue is pulled too far away from the lower teeth, English sounds [e] and [ ɪ ] will be similar to the sounds of Russian speech [ s] and [ uh]

When pronouncing the English sound [ ə: ] the flat tongue is slightly raised, the tip of the tongue touches the base of the lower teeth, the lips are tense and stretched, slightly opening the teeth, especially when pronouncing this sound after [ w] in words like world, work . There is no similar sound in Russian. The English pronounce the sound [ ə: ] at the moment of difficulty with the answer. In such cases, we pronounce the sound [ mm...]

When pronouncing the sound [ ə ] lips are in a neutral position. It is always unstressed, the shortest in English, before the consonant [ n] and [ l] often disappears altogether. May have shades depending on the influence of neighboring sounds, at the beginning or middle of a word often resembles a very short [ ə: ] , at the end of a word like [ ʌ ] : col our, aft er .

Low vowels (open): [ ʌ ] , [æ ] , [ɑ: ] , [ɔ ] and the first elements of diphthongs [ ɔɪ ] , [aɪ] , [au] are pronounced with the tongue low in the mouth.

Sound [ æ ] Unlike [ e] is pronounced with the mouth as open as possible, the lower jaw slightly lowered. Sound duration [ æ ] longer than [ e] . It occupies an intermediate position between long and short vowels.

The same open position of the mouth is characteristic of the sound [ ɔ ] , resembling a very short Russian [ o] , but much more open. The lips are slightly rounded, although they do not stretch forward. The tip of the tongue is moved away from the lower teeth, and the back is slightly raised.

When pronouncing a long vowel [ ɔ: ] mouth solution is narrower than for [ ɔ ] , lips are rounded, but not protruding. The back of the tongue rises higher than for [ ɔ ] . You can not pronounce this sound with an initial overtone [ at] , characteristic of Russian [ about], so the tongue should be pulled back, and the lips should be significantly rounded.

When pronouncing the sound [ ɑ: ] the root of the tongue is pulled back and down, the sound comes from the depths of the throat, reminiscent of the sound uttered when the doctor examines the throat. The tongue lies very low in the mouth. the tip of the tongue is drawn away from the lower teeth.

Sound [ ʌ ] is much shorter than Russian [ a] and resembles an unstressed [ a] in the word d a la . It is pronounced briefly and abruptly, as if through teeth. The tongue is slightly pushed back. The distance between the jaws is less than when pronouncing [ ɑ: ] .

Vowel sounds, like consonants, are subject to influence from the immediate environment. For example, the sound [ æ ] in the words hand and land sounds different, because, being surrounded by alveolar consonants in the second case, it is actually pronounced with the tip of the tongue located in the region of the alveoli, and not at the lower teeth.

Similarly, consonants are influenced by vowels. In the words two and tea sound [ t] has different shades due to subsequent labialized [ u:] and pronounced with stretched lips [ i:] .

The issues of working out the nuances of pronunciation of letter combinations are beyond the scope of this manual, but need their share of attention throughout the entire learning process. By the way, the diction of many is not perfect and mother tongue.

rice. 2. Classification of English vowels

Russian speakers very often distort English sounds, as we are used to deafening voiced consonants at the end in our native language. For example, we pronounce the word "club" as [klup], the enemy - as [fuck], pilaf - as [plof]. That is, instead of voiced, we pronounce deaf phonemes, while the meaning of the word does not change. In English, a similar number will not work. Pronunciation of voiced consonants

In English, it is strictly forbidden to deafen voiced consonants at the end when speaking. If you break this rule, then you will be misunderstood, because the meaning of the word changes dramatically. So, the word "bed" with the correct pronunciation will mean "bed", and when stunned by the final call - "bet".

This oversight is also completely acceptable, as if we in Russian, instead of a voiced consonant before a vowel, pronounced its deaf paired sound. Then, instead of the word “daughter”, we would have been able to say “dot” or, instead of complaining about “heat”, we would have boasted of “ball”. Therefore, never deafen voiced consonants in English.

Features of English voiced consonants

Another feature of our speech is the palatalization (softening) of consonants. Together with solid sounds there are paired ones - soft analogues. The meaning of the word depends on hardness or softness: flax - laziness. In English, consonants never soften, they are always hard. Therefore, instead of "I love" foreigners say the funny "lublu".

So, in English there are 8 voiced consonants in their pure form: [b, d, ʤ, g, v, ð, z, ʒ], they are also called weak. When they are pronounced, the organs of articulation begin to move, the vocal cords vibrate, but the air pressure is sluggish. And the sound of the voice is much stronger than the noise they make. That is why they are called voiced.

Pronunciation of consonants A typical mistake of English learners is that almost all consonants are easily replaced by "analogous" Russian sounds. Then the focus is on the vowels. However, English voiced consonants also require a fair amount of attention. In terms of pronunciation, almost no sound converges 100%.

Remember the two main rules for the articulation of English consonants:

• Don't soften
• Don't stun

Then you won't have much of a problem. Now let's move on to watching the tutorial video.

Video how to pronounce voiced consonants correctly

Let's study the main features of the sound of voiced phonemes with the help of short video lessons:

[b]

Looks like our "b". The letter is expressed through an ordinary or doubled letter "b":

• b - tribe
• b-cabbage

[d]

Similar to "d". It is denoted by the following combinations:

• d-splendid
• dd-ladder

A short “d” before a soft “g” is pronounced together. It is categorically impossible to separate them, the sounds must come together. It is betrayed by such combinations and letters:

• j - jealous
• g - origin
• dg-ridge

[g]

Corresponds to "g". Expressed using the following characters:

• gg-aggression
• g - guess
• x-exist

[v]

It reads like "in". Denoted on the letter through "v":

• v-move
• v - vest

[ð]

One of the most difficult phonemes. You need to clamp your tongue between your teeth and try to say "h". You should get something between "z" and "t". If a clear “z” is heard, then this means that the tongue is not sticking out enough, and if “t”, then it is excessively clamped. Passed through "th":

• th—breathe
• th-then

[z]

Corresponds to our "z". It is expressed with the letters "s" and "z" if they are placed between vowels, and also with the help of "x" if it is at the very beginning of the word and double "zz":

• x-xylophone
• s-disaster
• z - zero
• zz - muzzle

[ʒ]

This sound corresponds to our soft "g". It is transmitted in writing due to the letters "s" and "g" and the letter connection "sure":

• sure-measure
• s - casual
• g - massage

Carefully monitor the position of the articulatory apparatus of the teacher of the video lecture. Try to repeat as accurately as possible after the announcer. The instructional video will help you copy the maximum sound.

I wish you pleasant viewing and useful pastime!