Sound is the smallest unit of language, pronounced with the help of the organs of the speech apparatus. Scientists have discovered that at birth, human hearing perceives all the sounds that it hears. All this time, his brain sorts out unnecessary information, and by 8-10 months a person is able to distinguish sounds that are unique to mother tongue, and all the nuances of pronunciation.

33 letters make up the Russian alphabet, 21 of them are consonants, but letters should be distinguished from sounds. A letter is a sign, a symbol that can be seen or written. The sound can only be heard and pronounced, and in writing it can be designated using transcription - [b], [c], [d]. They carry a certain semantic load, connecting with each other, form words.

36 consonants: [b], [h], [c], [d], [g], [g], [m], [n], [k], [l], [t], [p ], [t], [s], [u], [f], [c], [w], [x], [h], [b "], [h "], [c"], [ d "], [th"], [n"], [k"], [m"], [l"], [t"], [s"], [n"], [r"], [ f "], [g"], [x"].

The consonants are divided into:

• soft and hard;

voiced and deaf;

paired and unpaired.

Soft and hard consonants

The phonetics of the Russian language has a significant difference from many other languages. It contains hard and soft consonants.

At the moment of pronouncing a soft sound, the tongue is pressed against the palate more strongly than when pronouncing a hard consonant sound, preventing the release of air. This is what distinguishes a hard and soft consonant from each other. In order to determine in a letter whether a consonant is soft or hard, you should look at the letter immediately after a particular consonant.

Consonants are classified as solid in such cases:

• if letters a, o, u, uh, s follow after them - [poppy], [rum], [hum], [juice], [bull];
• after them there is another consonant sound - [pile], [hail], [marriage];
• if the sound is at the end of the word - [gloom], [friend], [table].

The softness of the sound is written as an apostrophe: mol - [mol '], chalk - [m'el], gate - [kal'itka], fir - [p'ir].

It should be noted that the sounds [u ’], [d ’], [h ’] are always soft, and hard consonants are only [w], [c], [g].

The consonant sound will become soft if it is followed by "b" and vowels: i, e, u, i, e. For example: gene - [g "en], len - [l" he], disk - [d "isk] , hatch - [l "uk], elm - [v" yaz], trill - [tr "el"].

Voiced and deaf, paired and unpaired sounds

According to the voicedness, consonants are divided into voiced and deaf. Voiced consonants can be sounds created with the participation of the voice: [c], [h], [g], [b], [g], [d], [m], [d], [l], [p] , [n].

Examples: [boron], [ox], [shower], [call], [heat], [head], [catch], [pestilence], [nose], [genus], [swarm].

Examples: [count], [floor], [volume], [dream], [noise], [u "uk], [choir], [king"], [ch "an].

Paired voiced and deaf consonants include: [b] - [n], [g] - [w], [g] - [x], [h] - [s]. [d] - [t], [c] - [f]. Examples: true story - dust, house - volume, year - code, vase - phase, itching - court, live - sew.

Sounds that do not form a pair: [h], [n], [c], [x], [p], [m], [l].

Soft and hard consonants can also have a pair: [p] - [p "], [n] - [n"], [m] - [m"], [c] - [c"], [d] - [ d "], [f] - [f "], [k] - [k"], [h] - [h "], [b] - [b"], [g] - [g"], [ n] - [n "], [s] - [s"], [l] - [l "], [t] - [t"], [x] - [x"]. Examples: true story - white, height - branch, city - cheetah, dacha - business, umbrella - zebra, skin - cedar, moon - summer, monster - place, finger - feather, ore - river, soda - sulfur, pillar - steppe, lantern - farm, mansions - hut.

Table for memorizing consonants

To visually see and compare soft and hard consonants, the table below shows them in pairs.

Table. Consonants: hard and soft

Solid - before the letters A, O, U, S, E Soft - before the letters I, E, E, Yu, I	Hard and soft consonants
	b	ball	b"	battle
	in	howl	in"	eyelid
	G	garage	G"	hero
	d	hole	d"	tar
	h	ash	h"	yawn
	to	godfather	to"	sneakers
	l	vine	l"	foliage
	m	March	m"	month
	n	leg	n"	tenderness
	P	Spider	P"	song
	R	growth	R"	rhubarb
	from	salt	from"	hay
	T	cloud	T"	patience
	f	phosphorus	f"	firm
	X	thinness	X"	chemistry
Unpaired	well	giraffe	h	miracle
	sh	screen	SCH	hazel
	c	goal	th	felt

Another table will help memorize consonant sounds.

Table. Consonants: voiced and voiceless

Paired	Voiced	Deaf
	B	P
	IN	F
	G	TO
	D	T
	F	W
	W	FROM
Unpaired	L, M, N, R, Y	X, C, H, W

Children's poems for better mastering of the material

The letters are exactly 33 in the Russian alphabet,

To find out how many consonants -

Subtract ten vowels

Signs - hard, soft -

It will immediately become clear:

It turns out the number is exactly twenty-one.

Soft and hard consonants are very different,

But not dangerous at all.

If we pronounce with noise, then they are deaf.

Consonant sounds proudly say:

They sound different.

Hard and soft

Actually very light.

One simple rule to remember forever:

W, C, F - always solid,

But H, W, Y - only soft,

Like cat paws.

Let's soften the others like this:

If we add a soft sign,

Then we get spruce, moth, salt,

What a clever sign!

And if we add the vowels I, I, E, E, Yu,

We get a soft consonant.

Signs-brothers, soft, hard,

We don't pronounce

But to change the word

Let's ask for their help.

The rider is riding a horse

Kon - use in the game.

Consonant It is formed during the passage of exhaled air from the oral cavity with overcoming obstacles created by the tongue, lips, teeth, and palate. All consonants are made up of the noise that is created when this happens. In some consonant sounds, in addition to noise, a voice is involved, which is created by the vibration of the vocal cords.

Comparison with vowels. Vowel sounds consist only of a voice (tone), while consonants may contain a voice, but they necessarily contain noise in their composition. When vowels are formed, the exhaled air freely passes through the oral cavity, and when consonants are formed, the air overcomes the obstacles created by the speech organs.

Classification of consonants.

Each consonant has features that distinguish it from other consonants. Consonants are different

• according to the degree of participation of voice and noise: sonorants (voice prevails in education with a small amount of noise), noisy voiced (consist of noise and voice) and noisy deaf (consist only of noise);
• at the place of noise formation, depending on where and by what organs of speech an obstacle is formed that the flow of exhaled air overcomes (labial, lingual, etc.).

Consonant sounds differ in a number of ways, but they are most clearly opposed to each other in terms of sonority / deafness and hardness / softness, which is important when distinguishing words by ear: pond - rod; chalk - chalk.

To designate consonant sounds in writing - 21 consonants: b, c, d, e, f, h, d, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, f, x, c, h, w, w.

But, there are much more consonant sounds - 36: [b], [b '], [c], [c '], [g], [g '], [d], [d '], [g], [ h], [h'], [th'], [k], [k'], [l], [l'], [m], [m'], [n], [n'], [ n], [n'], [p], [p'], [s], [s'], [t], [t'], [f], [f'], [x], [x '], [c], [h'], [w], [u'] .

The reason for this discrepancy is that the softness of paired consonants is indicated not by a consonant letter, but by a vowel (E, E, Yu, I, I) or b.

Voiced and voiceless consonants.

• Voiced
  • formed by voice and noise.
  • letters L, M, N, R, Y denote the most voiced consonant (sonor) sounds that are formed in with a predominance of voice and slight noise: [m], [n], [l], [p], [m '], [n '], [l '], [p'], [d']. They do not form pairs in sonority / deafness - always sonorous.
  • B, C, D, E, G, H — noisy voiced [b], [c], [g], [d], [g], [h], [b '], [c '], [g '], [e '], [g '] , [з'], consist of noise and voice, have paired sounds in sonority / deafness.
• Deaf (noisy deaf)
  • pronounced only from noise (without voice):
  • P, F, K, T, W, S - [n], [p '], [f], [f '], [k], [k '], [t], [t '], [w], [s], [s '] - deaf, have paired voiced;
  • X, C, H, W - [x], [x '], [c], [h '], [u '] - always deaf, do not have paired voiced / deafness.

In speech, sounds can be replaced under the influence of neighboring sounds in the word. It is important to know the strong and weak positions of consonants in a word for their correct spelling.

In weak positions, depending on the position of the sound in the word, consonant sounds can change according to voicing / deafness: voiced paired consonants change to the corresponding paired deaf (stunned), and deaf paired ones change to the corresponding paired voiced consonants (voiced). These changes in sounds are usually not reflected in writing. Weak position is a sign of spelling.

Strong positions in voiced/deafness

(as we hear, so we write):

• before vowels: owl [owl], forests [l'esa];
• before sonorants [l], [l '], [m], [m '], [n], [n '], [p], [p '], [th ']: light [sv'et] - ringing [ringing], change [sm'ena] - treason [izm'ena], break off [atlamat '] - bummer [bummer], take away [atn'at '] -tray [padnos], means [remedies] - zrazy [zrazy] etc.;
• before [in], [in ']: your [your] - two [two], your [your '] - ringing [ringing];
• for paired voiced consonants, a strong position is before voiced consonants: building [buildings'e];
• for paired deaf people - before deaf consonants: bowl [bowl].

Weak position in terms of voicedness / deafness:

• at the end of a word: mushroom [flu] - flu [flu], fruit [raft] - raft [raft], code [cat] - cat [cat], genus [mouth] - mouth [mouth];
• voiced paired consonants are stunned before voiceless consonants: low [niska], booth [butka];
• deaf paired consonants are voiced before paired voiced consonants (except [in], [in ']): passed [built], threshing [malad’ba], light [light];

Hard and soft consonants.

Soft sounds differ from hard ones in that when they are pronounced, the tongue performs an additional action: its middle part rises to the hard palate.

Strong positions in hardness/softness:

• before vowels: nose - carried, they say [they say] - mel [m'el];
• at the end of a word: chalk [m'el] - chalk [m'el '], blow - hit, corner - coal;
• for sounds [l], [l ’], regardless of position: shelf [shelf] - polka [shelf];
• for sounds [s], [s '], [s], [s '], [t], [t '], [d], [d '], [n], [n '], [r] , [p '] before [k], [k '], [g], [g '], [x], [x '], [b], [b '], [n], [n '] , [mm'] : jar [bank] - bathhouse [bank'ka], snowstorm [blizzard] - earring [ser'ga], hut - carving.

Weak position in hardness/softness:

• Changes in consonant sounds in hardness / softness can be caused by the influence of sounds on each other.
• a hard sound changes to a paired soft one before soft consonants (more often s, s, n, p before any soft consonant):
  • n -\u003e n ', p -\u003e p 'before h ', w ': drummer [drum'sh'ik], lamplighter [fanar'sh'ik];
  • s –> s’ before n’, t’: song [p'es'n'a], bone [kos't'];
  • s –> s’ before n’, d’: life [zhiz'n '], nails [nails'd'i];
  • in some other combinations: door [d'v'er'], ate [s'y'el];
• a soft consonant becomes hard before a hard one: horse - horse

If deaf and voiced sounds are indicated by letters, then hard and soft sounds are indicated by other means.

Designation of softness of paired consonants:

• letters I, E, Yo, Yu : sluggish - cf. shaft, ser - sir, carried - cart, hatch-bow;
• before a letter AND consonants are always soft (except W, W, C): feast, peace, sieve;
  after Zh, Sh, Ts (they are always hard) it is pronounced [s], not [and]: fat [fat], zhito [zhyta], bump [bump].
• soft sign b:
  • at the end of a word: stump, stand - cf. camp, steel - became, fry - heat, reality - was, all - weight, stranded - chalk;
  • softness of the consonant [l ’] before any other consonant: herring, July, polka;
  • softness of a consonant before a hard consonant: earlier, only (cf. sense), bitterly (cf. hill), bathhouse (cf. bank), radish - rarely, dawn - vigilantly, pebble - jackdaw, coals - corners, hemp - foam;
  • The softness of a consonant that comes before other soft ones ([g '], [k '], [b '], [m ']) is indicated by the soft sign b only if, when the word changes, the second consonant becomes hard, and the first remains soft: earrings (soft [p '] before soft [g ']) - earring (soft [p '] before hard [g]), eight - eighth, lights - lights. But, bridge [mos't'ik] - without b, because bridge [bridge] - [c] solid before solid [t], tail - tail, rostik - growth.
• Softness of consonants H, W before other consonants is not indicated, because. H, W are always soft: stove-maker, kidney, power, assistant.

Hardness is indicated

• the absence of a soft sign in strong positions,
• writing after a consonant vowel letters A, O, U, S, E
• in some borrowed words, a hard consonant before E: [FanEt'ika].

Other consonant changes

• Simplifying a 3-4 letter consonant group (unpronounceable consonant): co lnts e [co nc uh], tro stn ik [tra s'n‘ik], se RDC e [s'e rc uh, hello vstv wow [healthy stv uy’], le stn itza [l'e s'n' itza] and etc.
• Assimilation (assimilation) of consonants at the place of formation: mid astier [ SCH‘ast’y’e], gr zch ik [gr SCH' ik], ssh it [ sh yt’], szh at [ well at’], get rid of [and f: yt’] and etc.
• Change —tsya, -tsya in verbs starting with [ ca]:we to be[we ca], my tsya[my'e ca] and etc.
• Change Thu - [pcs] / [h't]: thu o [what], thu oby[shtoby], not thu o [not h't but] and etc.
• Double consonants: wa nn a [wa n: a], tra ss a [tra from: a], mi ll ion [m'i l'and he] and etc.

Sounds can change in several ways at once: counting [patch'sch'ot] - sch-> [u'], d + [u']-> [h'u'].

Spelling consonants.

• At the root of the word:
  • verifiable
  • unpronounceable
  • unverifiable
• Consonants at the end of prefixes:
  • to z (s);
  • to other consonants
• Consonants (except n) in suffixes of nouns and adjectives
  • -schik (-chik);
  • -sk- and -k-;
• Letters -n- and -nn- in suffixes.

References:

1. Babaitseva V.V. Russian language. Theory. 5 - 9 grade: textbook for in-depth. study Russian language. / V.V. Babaitsev. - 6th ed., revised. - M. Bustard, 2008
2. Kazbek-Kazieva M.M. Preparation for Olympiads in the Russian language. 5-11 grades / M.M. Kazbek-Kazieva. - 4th ed. – M.J. Iris-press, 2010
3. Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language. A short theoretical course for schoolchildren. - Moscow State University, Moscow, 2000, ISBN 5-211-05119-x
4. Svetlysheva V.N. Handbook for high school students and university applicants / V.N. Svetlysheva. — M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2011

As you know, speech sounds can be divided into vowels (pronounced only by voice) and consonants (noise is involved in their pronunciation). Many consonants can be paired according to their characteristics, but not all.

Paired and unpaired consonants according to deafness-voicedness

We must immediately make a reservation that there are only four such sounds that are unpaired in all respects. We will talk about them at the end of the article. The majority, on one basis, is included in the pair, but on the other - not. Therefore, it makes no sense to write about the consonant "unpaired" - it is necessary to indicate on what basis.

Consonants differ in voicelessness-voicedness. This means that when pronouncing some of them, more voice is used (sonorous, voiced), while others use more noise (deaf) or even one noise at all (hissing).

Sonorants are very voiced consonants, they have a lot of voices, but little noise.

Two sonorous consonants - [L] and [P] - can even form a syllable under some circumstances, that is, behave like vowels. Surely you have met the erroneous spelling "teator". It is explained precisely by the fact that [P] in this word is syllable-forming. Other examples are the words "Alexander", "meaning".

Unpaired voiced consonants are just sonorants. There are five of them:

Sometimes [Y] is not classified as sonorant, but it still remains voiced unpaired. Let's look at the table.

It shows that, in addition to voiced unpaired, there are also sounds that are unpaired deaf. Most of them are hissing; only the deaf unpaired consonant sound [Ts] does not belong to hissing ones.

In this article, we consider only Russian speech sounds. In other languages, the distribution in pairs may be different. For example, in Tibetan there is a voiceless pair to the voiced [L].

Pairs of hardness-softness

In addition to deafness-voicedness, Russian consonants form pairs according to hardness-softness.

This means that some of them are perceived as softer by ear. Then we usually somehow denote it in writing: for example, we write a soft sign or one of the vowels E, Yo, Yu, Ya.

Oral speech is primary (it is clear to anyone that it appeared before written language), so it is wrong to say: “The sound [H ’] in the word HORSE is soft, because it is followed by b.” On the contrary, we write b because H' is soft.

By hardness-softness, consonants also make up pairs. But in this case, not all. In Russian, there are unpaired soft and unpaired hard consonants.

Unpaired solid consonants are mainly hissing ([Ж], [Ш]) and [Ц]. They always form in the distant palate.

But in the ancestor of our language, Old Slavonic, on the contrary, [Ж] and [Ш] were always soft and did not have a hard pair. Then [K], [G] and [X] were not soft. Currently, you can meet the (once the only possible) pronunciation with a soft [F '] [DRODZH'ZH'I] or [DOZH '] (rain), but this is now optional.

Unpaired soft ones are [Y '] and again hissing [H '] and [Sch '].

That is, all sibilants are either always hard or always soft. The letter b after them does not indicate softness, it performs a grammatical function (for example, without even knowing what “bald” is, anyone will immediately say that this word female, because in the masculine gender after hissing b is not put). Solid unpaired hissing consonants in a word can have b with them, but this does not mean that they should be softened. This means that we have a noun of 3 declensions, an adverb or a verb.

Unpaired soft consonants in a word make you want to put b after them, which is often not required. Therefore, it makes sense to remember that in combinations of CHK, CHN, etc. b after h is not needed.

Sounds "completely unpaired"

In Russian, the majority of consonants are either paired on both grounds, or paired on one ground and unpaired on another. For example, in the word [P'EN '] (stump) the sound [P '] is paired both in deafness-voicedness (P '- B '), and in hardness-softness (P '- P), and the sound [N '] is paired in hardness-softness (H' - H), but unpaired in deafness-voicedness.

However, there are several sounds that are unpaired in both ways. These are the sounds [Y '] (unpaired voiced, unpaired soft), [H '] (unpaired soft, unpaired deaf), [Щ '] (unpaired soft, unpaired deaf) and [C] (unpaired hard, unpaired deaf). Such sounds are often made in Russian language olympiads. For example,"Guess the sound according to the characteristic: unpaired solid, unpaired deaf." We already see that it is [C].

What have we learned?

From the article about paired and unpaired consonants, we learned that in Russian there are both paired and unpaired consonants. Paired consonants differ in deafness-voicedness and in hardness-softness.

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Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Complete academic reference book Lopatin Vladimir Vladimirovich

Voiceless and voiced consonants

Voiceless and voiced consonants

§ 79. General rule. Paired voiceless consonants p, f, t, s(and corresponding soft), k, sh at the end of a word and before voiceless consonants can be transmitted respectively by letters P or b, f or in, T or d, from or h, to or G, sh or well . The same letters can convey paired voiced consonants b, c, e, h(and corresponding soft), g, f before paired voiced consonants (except in). In order to correctly write a consonant letter in these cases, you need to choose a different form of the same word or another word, where in the same significant part of the word (the same root, prefix, suffix) the consonant being checked is before the vowel or before the consonants r, l, m, n, v(and corresponding soft), as well as before j(in writing - before separators b And b , see § 27-28). Examples:

Consonants in roots and suffixes:

1) at the end of a word: du b (cf. oak, oak), deep P (stupid, stupid), gra b (Rob), sy pi (pour), but from (noses), in h (carts), th d (of the year), cro T (mole), wife T (married), hand in (sleeves), cro vy (blood, blood), shtra f (fines, penalty, penal), vymo to (get wet, get wet, wet), blue to (bruises), mo G (can, could), small sh (baby, baby), monta well (mounting, mounting), draw zh (tremble, tremble); cf. izmoro sz (frost, frost, freeze) And izmoro camping (drizzle, drizzle);

2) before consonants:

a) in front of the deaf: du b ki(cf. oaks, oak), trya P ka (rag, rag, rag, rag), ku P ca (merchant), about in ca (sheep), lo in cue (dexterous), hand in chik (sleeves), scale f chik (cabinets), neither h cue (low), mi from ka (bowls), Wa camping ka (Vasya), Ku sz ka (Kuzya, Kuzma), ka d ka (tub), me T cue (marks), to G ti (claw), lo to ti (elbow), be G stvo (running, fugitive), lo well ka (spoon, spoon), room sh ka (small rooms), wings sh to (wings); cf. together well ku (intersperse) And together sh ku (mix), su P chik (soups) And su b chik (subject);

b) before paired voiced (except in): molo be ba (thresh), swa d ba (weddings, wedding; do not check with a word woo), ho d ba (walk), about camping ba (ask), re sz ba (cut), ox sh ba (magic), bo well ba (swear), vra well Yes (hostile), well gu (burn, burn), well give (wait).

Exceptions: in words holed And open spelled from , although there are verbs open(Xia), open(Xia) And open(Xia), open up(Xia). In words abstraction, reaction, correction spelled to (although abstract, react, correct), in the word transcription spelled P (although transcribe); in these cases, the letter reflects the alternation of consonants in the source language (Latin). About type relations prognosis - prognostic, diagnosis - diagnostics see § 81, para. 2, note 1.

Note. In some words, the letter G sound is transmitted X: the God (god, gods), light, lighter (easy), soft, softer (soft, soft). Words soft, softer, soften etc. should not be checked with words like pulp, soften, soften.

Consonants in prefixes (before a voiceless or paired voiced consonant, except in): in walk, in beat(cf. enter, enter), on the d prick (cut, tear), about b thrash, oh b fry (cut off, cut off, go around), about T talk about T call, oh T advise (wean), on d throw, by d throw, by d send (bring, send), from do, from cunning (be able to, be able to, fail), Pre d carpathian (Cis-Urals).

Note. On the spelling of prefixes ending in h , see § 82.

§ 80. The spelling of unchecked consonants in roots is determined in dictionary order, for example: but b sept, a b salty, ane to DotA P teka, and P sitting, and from best, and f Ghanaian, in friend, in to Hall, in torii, G de, zi G zag, cosmon in then b shchy, oh P about f set, ryu to zach, from trousers, then G Yes, f thor, fu T bol, uh to substitutions.

Unchecked are consonants in the following prefixes, suffixes, endings.

Prefixes. Letter to written in appendices the ex- And extra-: ex-champion, ex-president, extraterritorial, extraordinary, extra class. Letter from written in appendix dis-: disqualification, discomfort, disproportion, disharmony, imbalance; cf., however, disassociation, disjunction, where before a vowel and before j spoken and written h .

Suffixes. Letter in written in suffixes of participles and participles ?vsh(uy), ? lice, ? in: taking away, reading, taking, taking, reading; letter well - in the suffix of adverbs ?times: twice, once, four times; letter d front c - in numerals ending in ?twenty, ?eleven: twenty, thirty, eleven, sixteen.

Endings. Letter in written at the end of the forms genus. n. pl. h. nouns type houses, cities, chairs; letter T - at the end of the forms of the 3rd person unit. and many others. hours of verbs: knows, sleeps, writes, draws, walks, grumbles; letters sh - at the end of the form of the 2nd person unit. h. - bud. time: you know, write, walk, give.

§ 81. Words with consonant combinations sk, st, zg, zd. In these combinations, the first consonant is usually unverifiable. When writing words containing these very common consonant groups, one should be guided by the following patterns of letter combinations.

1. There are no stems in Russian that end in letter combinations sg, sd , but there are only the basics on zg, zd (b ); are written: brain (brain), clanging, squealing, small fry; thrush, much, nail, nest, star, train, passage etc. At the beginning of the roots are written zg, zd: no idea (can not see), here, health, building; an exception: sweetness, sweet.

2. At the end of the stems, letter combinations predominate sk, st (b ); are written: start (launch), search, risk, melancholy, gloss, arabesque, Bryansk, Kursk, adjectives with suffix ?sk- (royal, seaside, factory); tail, leaf, cross, bush, place, for now, simple, clean, revenge, envy, hatred, words with suffixes ?ist (guitarist, football player), awn (courage, greed), ?ist(th) (hilly, intermittent), ?ast(th) (eyed, toothy). Same combination st - in suffixes ?stv(about) (wealth, witchcraft, Cossacks), ?stvenn(th) (feminine), ?trunks(be) (to be angry, to be awake), in the prefix fast- (postmodernism, post-soviet), at the end ?st (give, get bored).

At the beginning of the basics and roots of letter combinations zk, zt missing, but written sk, st , for example: scrape, creak, cheekbone, wall, groan, step, country.

Note 1. Letter combination st as part of the stems of nouns and adjectives, it is also written in those words where in place st in other related words there is a combination gp , for example: sarcastic(cf. sarcasm), spastic, spastic (spasm), atavistic (atavism), aphoristic, aphoristic (aphorism), snobbish (snobbery), Bolshevik (Bolshevism), enthusiast (enthusiasm); in a few words (foreign borrowings) combination st corresponds in single-root words consonant h: prognostic, predictive (forecast), diagnostic, diagnosis, diagnostician (diagnosis), paraphrastic (paraphrase), periphrastic (paraphrase).

Note 2. Letter combination zt occurs only at the junction of the root with the suffix of the indefinite form (infinitive) of the verb: climb, gnaw, crawl, carry; letter combination zk - only at the junction of the root and suffix ?to-, for example: close, vile, grease, wagon, dragonfly. In all these cases, the consonant h checked by general rule§ 79.

§ 82. Prefixes ending in s/s. Prefixes without-, vz-, air-, from-, bottom-, times- (roses-), across- (through-) are written according to a special rule: before letters that convey deaf consonants ( k, p, s, t, f, x, c, h, w, u), they contain the letter from , and in other cases - the letter h , for example: useless, plow, use, bite, dry up, calculate, overthrow, trample, package, common, price, stir up, splitting, painting, striped; but: mediocre, weak-willed, tasteless, trouble-free, take a nap, excite, beat, wear out, bring down, cut, search, through the grain, excessive.

Note. In a composite attachment under- a letter is written from: surreptitiously, surreptitiously, beneath.

From the book Big Soviet Encyclopedia(GL) author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (DR) of the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (ZV) of the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (IM) of the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (LA) of the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (NA) of the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (CO) of the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (FA) of the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (FR) of the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (EC) of the author TSB

From the book Modern Russian. Practical guide author Guseva Tamara Ivanovna

From the book Spelling and Style Guide author Rosenthal Ditmar Elyashevich

From the book A Guide to Spelling, Pronunciation, Literary Editing author Rosenthal Ditmar Elyashevich

From the author's book

2.15. Voiced and deaf consonants Consonants differ not only in hardness / softness, but also in voicedness / deafness. When pronouncing, the final voiced consonants are deafened: oak - du [n], bay - bay [f], haystack - hundred [k]. However, the replacement when pronouncing the voiced consonant [g]

From the author's book

§ 8. Voiced and deaf consonants 1. To check the spelling of a dubious consonant, you need to change the form of the word or choose a related word so that the checked consonant is followed by a vowel sound or one of the consonants l, m, n, p. For example: lubrication - lubricate, threshing -

From the author's book

§ 8. Voiced and deaf consonants 1. To check the spelling of a dubious consonant, you need to change the form of the word or choose a related word so that the checked consonant is followed by a vowel sound or one of the consonants l, m, n, p. For example: lubrication - lubricate, threshing -

In this lesson, we will learn to distinguish between voiced and deaf consonants and designate them in writing with consonants. We will find out which consonants are called paired and unpaired in terms of voicing - deafness, sonorous and hissing.

Voiced and voiceless consonants

Recall how speech sounds are born. When a person begins to speak, he exhales air from the lungs. It runs along the windpipe into a narrow larynx, where special muscles are located - vocal cords. If a person pronounces consonant sounds, then he closes (at least a little) his mouth, because of this, noise is obtained. But consonants make noise in different ways.

Let's conduct an experiment: we close our ears and pronounce the sound [p], and then the sound [b]. When we uttered the sound [b], the ligaments stretched and began to tremble. This trembling turned into a voice. There was a little ringing in my ears.

You can conduct a similar experiment by placing your hands on your neck on the right and left sides, and pronounce the sounds [d] and [t]. The sound [d] is pronounced much louder, more sonorous. Scientists call these sounds voiced, and sounds that consist only of noise - deaf.

Paired consonants in voicing-deafness

Let's try to divide the sounds into two groups according to the method of pronunciation. Let's populate phonetic houses in the city of sounds. Let's agree: deaf sounds will live on the first floor, and sonorous sounds will live on the second. Residents of the first house:

[b]	[e]	[h]	[G]	[in]	[f]
[P]	[T]	[from]	[to]	[f]	[w]

These consonants are called paired by sonority - deafness.

Rice. 1. Paired voiced and deaf consonants ()

They are very similar to each other - real "twins", they are pronounced almost the same: the lips fold the same way, the tongue moves the same way. But they have pairs and softness - hardness. Let's add them to the house.

[b]	[b ']	[e]	[d']	[h]	[h ']	[G]	[G']	[in]	[in']	[f]
[P]	[P']	[T]	[T']	[from]	[from']	[to]	[to']	[f]	[f']	[w]

The sounds [w] and [w] do not have paired soft sounds, they always hard. And they are also called hissing sounds.

All these sounds are denoted by letters:

[b]	[b ']
[P]	[P']
[e]	[d']
[T]	[T']
[h]	[h ']
[from]	[from']
[G]	[G']
[to]	[to']
[in]	[in']
[f]	[f']
[f]
[w]

Unpaired voiced consonants

But not all consonants and letters form pairs. Those consonants that do not have pairs are called unpaired. Let's settle unpaired consonant sounds in our houses.

In the second house - unpairedvoiced consonants sounds:

Recall that the sound [th '] always soft. Therefore, in our house he will live alone. These sounds are indicated in writing by letters:

[l]	[l']		(el)
[m]	[m']
[n]	[n']
[R]	[R']
	[th']		(and short)

The sounds of the second house are also called sonorous , because they are formed with the help of a voice and almost without noise, they are very sonorous. The word "sonor" in Latin "sonorus" means sonorous.

Unpaired voiceless consonants

In the third house we will settle unpaired voiceless consonants sounds:

[X]

[X']

[c]

[h']

[SCH']

Recall that the sound [ts] is always solid, and [h '] and [u '] - always soft. Unpaired deaf consonants are indicated in writing by letters:

[X]	[X']
[c]
	[h']
	[SCH']

Sounds [h '], [u '] - hissing sounds.

So we populated our city of consonant sounds and letters. Now it’s immediately clear why there are 21 consonants and 36 sounds.

Rice. 2. Voiced and voiceless consonants ()

Consolidation of knowledge in practice

Let's complete the tasks.

1. Consider the pictures and turn one word into another, replacing only one sound. Hint: remember pairs of consonants.

d point - point

b ochka - kidney

sh ar - fever

fishing rod - duck

2. There are riddles, the meaning of which lies in the knowledge of consonant sounds, they are called charades. Try to guess them:

1) With a deaf consonant I pour into the field,
With a voiced - I myself ring in expanse . (Spike - voice)

2) With the deaf - she cuts the grass,
With a voiced - eats leaves. (Spit - goat)

3) With "em" - pleasant, golden, very sweet and fragrant.
With the letter "el" it happens in winter, and disappears in spring . (Honey-ice)

In order to develop the ability to pronounce some sounds, especially hissing ones, tongue twisters are taught. The tongue twister is told slowly at first, and then accelerates the pace. Let's try to learn tongue twisters:

1. Six mice rustle in the reeds.
2. The hedgehog has a hedgehog, the snake has a narrowed one.
3. Two puppies chewed cheek to cheek on a brush in the corner.

So, today we learned that consonants can be voiced and deaf and how these sounds are indicated in writing.

1. Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M .: Astrel, 2011. ().
2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language 1. M .: Ballas. ().
3. Agarkova N.G., Agarkov Yu.A. Textbook on teaching literacy and reading: ABC. Academic book / Textbook.

1. Fictionbook.ru ().
2. Deafnet.ru ().
3. Samouchka.com.ua ().

1. Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M .: Astrel, 2011. Pp. 38, ex. 2; Page 39, ex. 6; Page 43, ex. 4.
2. Count how many voiced consonants and how many voiceless consonants in a word unsatisfactory ? (Voiced consonants - 9 - N, D, V, L, V, R, L, N, Y, various -6, deaf consonants - 2 - T, T, various - 1.).
3. Read the proverb: « Be able to speak in time, be silent in time. Name the letters that represent voiced consonants. (Voiced consonants denote the letters M, Y, V, R, Z, L in the proverb.)
4. 4* Using the knowledge gained in the lesson, write a fairy tale or draw a comic book on the topic “In the city of consonants”.