Adverbs and adjectives have a lot in common. As close relatives, they are similar in many ways, but there are also differences. The formation of degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs in English is a vivid example of this.

What are the degrees of comparison?

The adverb and adjective are the closest "relatives". Both of them help diversify speech, make it more interesting, richer and richer. The only difference is that the first is an adverb, emotionally colors the verb (brightly, beautifully draw), and the second is an adjective, describes the noun and thus serves as the main source of its expressiveness (quiet, foggy morning).

They both love to compare. An adjective is a great helper when it is necessary to compare two objects (Comparative degree) or to indicate that some feature is manifested in one object to the greatest or least degree (Superlative degree). The adverb does not lag behind him. It also likes to compare or emphasize superiority, but with the only difference - it is interested in the nature of the action:

Tom runs faster than Jack does - Tom runs faster than Jack (Comparative degree)

During the meeting Ann spoke loudest - During the meeting, Anna spoke loudest (Superlative)

Monosyllabic adverbs

Comparative and superlative adverbs in English, which consist of one syllable, are formed using the suffixes -er and -est:

Late - later - latest (late - later - most late)

High - higher - highest (high - higher - above all)

Adverbs of two or more syllables ending in -ly

English adverbs that consist of two or more syllables and end with the suffix -ly form degrees of comparison by adding the words more/less (more/less) and most/least (most/least):

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Properly - more properly - most properly (correctly - more correctly - most correctly)

Constantly - more constantly - most constantly (constantly - more constantly - most constantly)

Among the huge list of polysyllabic adverbs, a number of words stand out, forming degrees of comparison in two ways: suffixed or using the words more / less (more / less) and most / least (most / least): early (earlier / more early), loudly (louder / more loudly), quickly (quicker/more quickly), slowly (slower/more slowly).

Exceptions

Adjectives and adverbs are similar in one more way - in the list of exceptions, which form degrees of comparison in their own unique way. They are presented in the following table “Degrees of comparison of adverbs in English”:

positive degree	comparative	Superlatives	Translation
			Good - better - best
			Bad - worse - worst of all
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Adverbs, as well as their corresponding adjectives in English, form degrees of comparison (the Degrees of Comparison). Consider a few examples in the following table:

Jack can run fast. Sam can run faster than Jack. And Peter can run the fastest in their class.	Jack can run fast. Sam can run faster Jack. And Peter can run the fastest.
My brother drives his car quite carefully. My father drives his car more carefully than my brother does. My mother drives her car the most carefully in our family.	My brother drives his car pretty carefully. My father drives his car neater than my brother. My mom drives her car neater than everyone in our family.
Ann plays tennis quite well. Ann's sister plays tennis better than she does. And Ann's brother plays tennis the best in their town.	Ann plays tennis pretty Okay. Sister Ann plays tennis better than she. And Ann's brother plays tennis the best in their family.

If you are not yet familiar with, we strongly recommend that you first familiarize yourself with that topic and only then proceed to this rule, since the algorithm for the formation of degrees of comparison for adverbs largely coincides with the rules for the formation of degrees of comparison of adjectives, but takes into account the specifics of adverbs, namely:

A. All adverbs formed from an adjective by adding a suffix -ly(except for adverbs and adjectives) earl y (early / early ) ), as well as adverbs often (often) And seldom (rare) form comparative and superlative in an analytical way, that is, by adding the words mo re for the Comparative Degree And the most for the Superlative Degree:

slowly / slowly The tortoise moves slowly. / The turtle moves slowly.	more slowly / slower The sloth moves even more slowly than the tortoise. / A sloth moves even slower than a turtle.	the most slowly But the snail moves the most slowly of all animals. / But the snail moves slower than all animals.
quietly / quietly I speak softly. / I speak softly.	more quietly My mother speaks more quietly than me. / My mother speaks more quietly than I do.	the most quietly And my little sister speaks the most quiet in our family. / And my younger sister speaks more quietly than everyone else in our family.
heavy / hard, hard It is raining heavily today. / It's raining heavily today.	more heavy / stronger, heavier It expected more heavily yesterday. / It rained harder yesterday.	the most heavily / the hardest, the hardest It rained the most heavily last week. / It rained the most last week.
nervously / nervously Jack behaved nervously during the flight. / Jack acted nervously during the flight.	more nervously / more nervously Jack's wife behaved even more nervously than he did. / Jack's wife was even more nervous than he was.	the most nervously But Jack's son behaved the most nervously during the flight. / But Jack's son was the most nervous of all during the flight.
often / often I often visit my granny. / I often visit my grandmother.	more often / more often My sister visits our granny more often than I do. / My sister visits her grandmother more often than I do.	the most often Our mother visits the granny the most often of our family. / Our mother visits her grandmother most often in our family.
seldom / rarely We seldom mow the lawn in front of our house. / We rarely mow the lawn in front of our house.	more seldom / less often Our neighbors mow the lawn even more slowly than we do. / Our neighbors mow their lawn even less frequently than we do.	the most seldom My grandparents mow the lawn in front of their house the most seldom. / My grandparents mow the lawn the least.

C. There are adverbs that coincide in their form with the corresponding adjectives. Among them, adverbs deserve special mention. fast (fast ), hard (hard, hard) , late (late) . Due to the fact that they consist of one pronounced syllable, their degrees of comparison are formed in a synthetic way, that is, by adding suffixes, in particular –er for the Comparative Degree And –est for the Superlative Degree:

fast / quickly The green car went fast.	faster / faster The orange car went faster than the green car did.	the fastest But the red car went the fastest and won the race.
hard / hard, hard I have to work hard. / I have to work hard.	harder / harder, harder Sam hast o work harder than me to earn enough money for his big family. / Sam has to work harder than me to earn enough money for his extended family.	the hardest / the hardest of all, the hardest of all Marc has to work the hardest in our factory. / Mark has to work harder than anyone in our factory.
late / late Tom arrived late at the party. / Tom arrived at the party late.	later / later Sue and Mary arrived even later than Tom did. / Sue and Mary arrived even later than Tom.	the latest / later than all But Andrew arrived at the party the latest of all the guests. / But Andrew arrived at the party later than all the guests.

Special mention should be made here of the adverb hardly, which only at first glance seems to be a direct derivative of an adverb from an adjective hard. In fact, it is used in the sense "barely, scarcely, scarcely" and because of this value has no degrees of comparison.

C. A number of adverbs form degrees of comparison, which you must try to remember, because they are obtained in a suppletive way, that is, by attracting additional words that outwardly differ from the original ones. These are, in particular, adverbs well (well) And badly (badly) corresponding to adjectives good (good) And bad (bad) and forming degrees of comparison, similar to the degrees of comparison of the corresponding adjectives:

well / well Peter plays tennis well. / Peter plays tennis well.	better / better John plays tennis better that Peter does. / John plays tennis better than Peter.	the best But Sarah plays tennis the best in our class. / But Sarah is the best tennis player in our class.
badly / badly My brother paints badly. / My brother draws badly.	worse / worse I paint worse than my brother does. / I draw worse than my brother.	the worst / worst of all But I think my friend Daniel paints the worst of all the people I know. / But I think my friend Daniel is the worst painter I know.

Separately, it is worth noting the adjective and adverb far (far) , which has two forms of degrees of comparison, interchangeable when it comes to distance:

However, only the form further there is a meaning "one more, further, additional" .

This group also includes quantitative pronouns that can also act as adverbs. much (a lot, much) And little (few):

much / a lot, much Jill likes oranges very much. / Jill loves oranges very much.

more / more, stronger Jill likes oranges more than apples. / Jill likes oranges more than apples.

the most / the most, the strongest

Again, remember that the adjective ( Adjective) is a word that denotes a sign of an object, person or phenomenon. It answers the question "what?". Let's look at how to form degrees of comparison of adjectives in English.

All adjectives are divided into two groups: qualitative ( qualitative) and relative ( relative). But not all of them can be compared. For example, "wooden" is a relative adjective and we cannot say "more wooden". And quality adjectives can be represented in positive (beautiful), comparative (more beautiful) and excellent (most beautiful) degrees of comparison. And now we will talk about each degree in detail.

Comparative degree of adjectives in English. Comparative degree

First, let's briefly talk about the positive degree. The positive degree is a simple form of the adjective: smart, cheerful, gentle. This form is found in dictionaries. For example: brave(brave), new(new), cold(cold).

The comparative degree is used when comparing the characteristics of two or more objects, persons. Words like “faster”, “higher”, “stronger” are comparative adjectives. How to form it?

1. To short adjectives (consisting of one or two syllables), you need to add the ending -er: cheap(cheap) - cheaper(cheaper), narrow(narrow) - narrower(already), long(long) - longer(longer).
   • -e, then we just add -r: close(close) - closer(closer).
   • If the adjective ends in -y, then -y changes to -i: lucky(lucky) - luckier(more lucky) easy(simple) - easier(easier).
   • If the adjective ends with a vowel + consonant combination, then the final consonant is doubled: big(large) - bigger(more), hot(hot) - hotter(hot).
2. The comparative degree of long adjectives (more than 2 syllables) is formed using the words more(more) and less(less): expensive(expensive) - more expensive(expensive), serious(serious) - less serious(less serious) comfortable(convenient) - more comfortable(more comfortable).

Superlative adjectives in English. superlative degree

If a comparative degree requires two objects to compare characteristics, then a superlative degree requires several objects, among which we will single out one “best”. To form this degree, we do the following:

1. Add an ending to short adjectives -est: thin(thin) - the thinnest(the thinnest), fast(fast) - the fastest(the fastest). At the same time, the adjectives -e, -y and to a consonant letter they obey the same rules as in the formation of a comparative degree: the simplest(simplest), the busiest(busiest).
2. We use long adjectives with words most(most) and least(least): talented(talented) - the most talented(the most talented), interesting(interesting) - the least interesting(least interesting).

When forming this degree, it is necessary to use the article the as described in the examples above.

Special adjectives

And in English there is a list of adjectives that can be used both with suffixes and with words more/most, less/least.

Word	Translation
Able	Capable
Angry	Evil
Clever	Clever
Common	General
Cruel	Cruel
Friendly	Friendly
Gentle	Gentle
handsome	Nice
Narrow	Narrow
Pleasant	Nice
politics	Polite
Quiet	Quiet
Serious	Serious
Simple	Simple
Sour	Sour

Exception adjectives

There are also adjectives, the degrees of comparison of which are not formed according to the general rule. These adjectives, as well as their forms, should be known by heart.

• Good – better – the best(good - better - best).
• Bad – worse – the worst(bad - worse - worse).
• Little – less – the least(small - less - smallest).
• Many/much – more – the most(many - more - the largest).
• old – older – the oldest(old - older - oldest).
• old – elder – the eldest(old - older - oldest) - about family members.
• late – later – the latest/last(later - later - last / last in time).
• late – the latter – the last(late - the second of the two listed - the last in order).
• near – nearer – the nearest(closer - closer - closest in distance).
• near – nearer – next/the next(closer - closer - next in time / next in order).
• Far – farther – the farthest(furthest - farthest - farthest).
• Far – further – the furthest(distant, distant - further - further / additional).

We suggest you study the table with degrees of comparison.

Adjective	Degrees of comparison
	Positive	Comparative	excellent
Short, 1-2 syllables	Adjective cheap big happy	+ er cheaper bigger happier	+ est the cheapest the biggest the happiest
Long words of 2 or more syllables	Adjective expensive serious beautiful	More/less+ adjective more/less expensive more/less serious more/less beautiful	The most/least+ adjective the most/least expensive the most/least serious the most/least beautiful

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These are the basic rules for the formation of degrees of comparison of adjectives in English. Don't forget to take a test at the end to check how well you remember this material.

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Test

Degrees of comparison of adjectives in English

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Choose the right option

Exercise 1.

Every year The Guinness Book of World Records announces ... person in the world.

Task 2.

I am 1.9 cm ... than you are.

Task 3.

This chair is ... than the other one.

Task 4.

Cindy is ... girl I have ever met.

Task 5.

Cars are getting ... as the years go by.

Task 6.

Jim's is ... restaurant in our city.

Task 7.

This is the ... hangover I ever had. I'm never going to drink again.

Task 8.

For ... information do not hesitate to call our assistant.

Task 9.

Adjective [ˈadʒɪktɪv] or an adjective in English is a part of speech denoting a sign of an object / person / phenomenon. Perhaps, after the verb and noun, it is the most used of all tenses. According to their meaning, adjectives are divided into relative and qualitative. The latter differ in that they can vary in degree of comparison. The degrees of comparison of adjectives in English are formed according to certain rules, which will be discussed today.

There are three degrees of comparison of adjectives in English. All of them are similar to Russian degrees, and therefore this topic should not be taken lightly. Let's consider each degree separately, having studied the features, education and methods of use.

Positive degree [ˈpɒzɪtɪv dɪˈɡriː] or positive degree is the easiest. English has made your task easier, and therefore you do not need to form this degree. You just need to take an English adjective in its simple dictionary form and use the word in a sentence. Since when we use an adjective in this form we are not comparing it to anything, the positive degree is often treated separately, outside the topic of comparison. In any case, you need to know about it. Examples of a positive degree:

But for comparison, comparative and superlative degrees are used. In these degrees, there are more nuances that need to be analyzed in more detail.

Comparative degree of adjectives in English

Comparative degree or comparative degree is used to compare the characteristics / attributes of two or more objects and persons. Perhaps such an explanation did not clarify anything for you, but this topic is characteristic of both English and Russian, so if you compare this form with the Russian comparative degree, everything will become much clearer:

We are sure that you no longer have questions about what a comparative degree is. But how to form this degree in English? For this, two comparative forms are used:

1. If the word consists of one or two syllables, it has the ending -er in the comparative degree:

However, when adding -er, there are certain nuances to consider:

• If the adjective ends in -e, that letter is omitted:

• But the ending -y changes to -i:

Exceptions are words that have a vowel before -y:

1. If the adjective consists of three syllables or more, the degree is formed by adding the words more (more) and less (less):

Comparisons of adjectives in English - superlative adjectives

The superlative degree or superlative form in English is used to show that some object or person, in comparison with others, is “the very best”, that is, it surpasses all others. The superlative form is also compared with Russian adjectives in the same degree. For instance:

There are also two options for the formation of this form of the adjective. Each of them is preceded by a definite one, since adjectives in the superlative degree imply some specific, special object or person:

1. The ending -est is added to an adjective with one or two syllables:

positive degree	Superlatives
large (large)	the largest
great (great)	the greatest (greatest)
pretty (beautiful)	the prettiest (the most beautiful)
dear (dear)	the dearest (the most expensive)
funny (funny)	the funniest (the funniest)
short (short)	the shortest (the shortest)
long (long)	the longest (the longest)

Please note that the rules for attaching an ending work with this form as well.

1. If the adjective has 3 or more syllables, then the words (the) most (most / most) and (the) least (least) are attached to it:

Despite the rules, some two-syllable comparative and superlative adjectives, however, can be formed with both -er / -est and more - less / most - least. For example, they include words such as:

Adjective	comparative		Superlatives
	-er	more/less	-est	most / least
clever	cleverer	more (less) clever	cleverest	the most (least) clever
simple (simple)	simpler	more (less) simple	simplest	the most (least) simple
stupid	stupider	more (less) stupid	stupidest	the most (least) stupid
quiet	quieter	more (less) quiet	quietest	the most (least) quiet
common	commoner	more (less) common	commonest	the most (least) common
polite (polite)	politer	more (less) polite	politest	the most (least) polite
narrow	narrower	more (less) narrow	narrowest	the most (least) narrow
angry (angry)	angry	more (less) angry	angryest	the most (least) angry
cruel (cruel)	crueler	more (less) cruel	cruelest	the most (least) cruel
sour	sourer	more (less) sour	sourest	the most (least) sour
gentle	gentler	more (less) gentle	gentlest	the most (least) gentle
friendly (friendly)	friendlier	more (less) friendly	friendliest	the most (least) friendly
pleasant (nice)	pleasanter	more (less) pleasant	pleasantest	the most (least) pleasant
able (capable)	abler	more (less) able	ablest	the most (least) able

Preference is now increasingly given to the forms more / less and most / least.

There are also three-syllable exception adjectives that form degrees with -er and -est. These include words that, with the help of prefixes, change the original meaning of a short adjective to the opposite. For example, adjectives: happy (happy) - unhappy (unhappy), tidy (tidy) - untidy (unkempt), kind (kind) - unkind (unkind), lucky (lucky) - unlucky (unsuccessful), safe (reliable) - unsafe (unreliable):

positive degree	comparative	Superlatives
unhappy	unhappier	unhappiest
untidy	untidier	untidiest
unkind	unkinder	unkindest
unlucky	unluckier	unluckiest
unsafe	unsafe	unsafe

In addition, there are exception words, all 3 forms of which are significantly different from each other and do not obey standard education, just like English irregular verbs. Such words of the English language just need to be remembered. Study them according to the table:

positive degree	comparative	Superlatives
good (good)	better	the best
bad	worse	the worst
little (little)	less	the least (least)
many/much	more	the most (largest)
far (far about the place)	farther (more distant)	the farthest (the farthest)
far (distant about a place or time)	further (further)	the furthest (the farthest)
old (old about people and things)	older	the oldest (the oldest)
old (senior in the family)	elder	the eldest (oldest)
late (late about time)	later (later)	the latest (latest)
late (last in order)	last (second of two)	the last (last)
near (close in distance)	nearer (closer)	the nearest (nearest)
near (close in order or time)	nearer (closer)	the next (next)

Compound adjectives in English that contain the above exceptions can be built in both ways:

The first option, however, is more preferable.

In other cases, compound adjectives use the second way of forming comparative and superlative degrees:

The use of the degree of comparison of adjectives in English

We talked about the rules for the formation of degrees, it remains only to understand how to use these adjectives in sentences.

• When using English comparative adjectives in a sentence, the conjunction than (than) is used to introduce a comparison. Examples:

Animals are more honest than humans; you can always understand their intentions.	Animals are more honest than people. You can always understand their intentions.
Cars are faster than bicycles.	Cars are faster than bicycles.
Nothing can be worse than betrayal.	Nothing can be worse than betrayal.
It's better to try and fail than to fail to try.	Better to try and fail than not to try at all.
There is no other name than yours in my head.	There are no other names in my head but yours.
Elizabeth made it a thousand times better than John but I decided not to hurt him and said nothing.	Elizabeth did it a thousand times better than John, but I decided not to upset him and didn't tell him anything.
The black costume suits you better than the blue one.	The black suit suits you better than the blue one.
George won the fight because he was more prepared than his rival.	George won the fight because he was more prepared than his opponent.

To the sentence, or rather to the word more, you can add the adverb rather. Rather more is usually used for comparison in the sense of "better..., not..." or "better... than...":

Sometimes the subject being compared can be omitted if the context implies it, or if the speaker knows that the interlocutor will understand him. Suggestions as examples:

If you want to emphasize that the first person / object is much (much) better, more beautiful, and so on, the sentence should contain the word much, which is placed before the degree:

Study the following table for examples:

The comparative degree is also used in three constructions:

1. The comparative degree, the comparative degree. In simple terms, this construction is similar to the sentences “what ..., so ...”. Table with examples for clarity:

The more, the better.	The bigger, the better.
The less you know, the better you sleep.	The less you know the better you sleep.
The older you become, the more responsibilities you should take.	The older you get, the more responsibilities you need to take on.
The faster you run, the harder it is to catch.	The faster you run, the harder (you) to catch.
The more you procrastinate, the less time you have.	The more you put off for later, the less time you have left.
The more dialects you know, the better you can communicate with people.	The more dialects you know, the better you can communicate with people.
The more you work, the more you get, remember this.	Remember, the more you work, the more you get.
The more I learn, the more I realize how much I don't know.	The more I know, the more I realize that I don't know anything.

1. More positive power than positive power. An analogue is the phrase "rather ... than." Such a construction is possible when we compare the characteristics of the same object / person.

1. You can also use "more than" in a row without adding words between them. This construction has the meaning of "more than". These two words can be followed by an adjective and/or a noun, both of which are valid:

• For the superlative degree, no additional conjunctions need to be used. Such adjectives in a sentence are used as standard instead of a positive degree:

As in Russian, in such sentences, the option is not “the most”, but “one of the most”:

In one sentence, two degrees of comparison can fit at once:

Today we examined the features of the degrees of comparison of adjectives in English. Having memorized the rules for their formation, you can use these degrees in speech without any difficulty. In order to consolidate the material, return to the article, review the tables with examples and make up your own sentences. And most importantly - study English with pleasure, because if you are interested in the process, English grammar will be given to you much faster and easier.

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The degrees of comparison of adverbs (The Degrees of Comparison of Adverbs)
The degrees of comparison of adverbs are formed in the same way as the degrees of comparison of adjectives.
One-syllable adverbs form a comparative degree by adding the suffix - e r , and superlative - suffix - est (without article the) to a positive degree form. The two-syllable adverb also forms degrees of comparison early- early.

Positive degree	Comparative	Superlatives
High - high
Soon - soon
Late - late
Early - early		earliest

Adverbs ending in - at , form a comparative degree using the word more, and excellent - with the help of the word most. For example:

Degrees of comparison of adverbs often- often, quickly- fast, slowly - slowly formed in two ways:

	Oftener/ more often	Oftenest/ most often
	Quicker/more quickly	Quickest/most quickly
	Slower/ more slowly	Slowest/ most slowly

Some adverbs have forms of degrees of comparison formed from other roots:

In British English form farther And further do not differ when it comes to distance:
He is too tired to walk any further/ farther. - He's too tired to go farther.
In the American version, only the word farther used in this sense. Form only further used in the meaning of "more":
Don'ttrymy patienceanyfurther. - don't test more my patience.
And in those cases where there is no concept of comparison:
He said than he couldn't find itand, further, that nobody would ever find it.- He said that he could not find this thing and, moreTogo that no one will ever find her.
Adverbs of place and time ( here,there and etc.; today,tomorrow,yesterday etc.) have no degrees of comparison.

Classification of adverbs by meaning and function of adverbs in a sentence
According to their meaning, adverbs are divided into adverbs of time, place, mode of action, measure and degree, interrogative and negative.

Adverbs of time
Characterizing the verb, adverbs of time denote the time of the action. These include: a) adverbs of a certain time now- now, now; today- today, yesterday- yesterday, tomorrow- tomorrow, then- then, before- before, before atnight- at night, since- since then and b) adverbs indefinite time (or frequency): always- always, sometimes- sometimes, ever- some day, never- never, often- often, seldom, rarely- seldom, usually- usually, already- already, yet- still, already still- still, just- just now etc.
Worthy of special attention adverbsstill Andyet , which correspond to the Russian "still". Adverb still used in affirmative sentences, as well as in interrogative sentences if an affirmative answer is expected. Adverb yet- in negative sentences, as well as in interrogative sentences, if they are expected to receive a negative answer. Compare:

Adverbs of place
Describing a verb, adverbs of place indicate the place or direction of action. These include: here- here, here; there- there, there; far- far; back(wards)- back, back; towards,forth- forward; inside- inside, inside; within- inside; outside- outside, outside; down(stairs)- down, below; up(stairs)- upstairs, upstairs; everywhere- everywhere; nowhere- nowhere, nowhere; somewhere- somewhere, somewhere, somewhere; anywhere- somewhere, anywhere; northward(s)- to the north, to the north; southward(s)- south, south, etc.
somewhere is used in affirmative statements, and the adverb anywhere- in interrogative and negative sentences.

Adverbs of manner
Describing the verb, adverbs of manner indicate the way in which the action is performed. These include mainly adverbs with the suffix - lu : quickly- fast; slowly- slowly; quietly- calmly; attentively- attentively; hard- stubbornly, persistently; well- Okay; loudly- loud; closely- close; stable- exactly; definitely- definitely; positively- positively; negatively- negative, etc.
In this group there are adverbs, the form of which does not differ from the form of the corresponding adjectives. They can only be distinguished on the basis of their functions in the sentence. Compare:

Adverbs of measure and degree
These adverbs define the verb, adjective, adverb or participle II and denote the degree, measure of action and sign. These include adverbs: very- very; nearly,almost- almost; hardly,scarcely- barely; too- too much; enough- enough; quite- quite, absolutely; little- few; mysh- a lot, much; just- Exactly, just like that.
It should be remembered that the adverb very used with adjectives and adverbs. With verbs and participles of the past tense in the meaning of "very" is used much or verymuch:
He is very busy. - He verybusy.
He comes here very often. - He Often comes here.
Iwasmuch surprised atwhat he said.- I was very surprised by what he said.
He works very much. - He so many working.
Adverb much in affirmative statements is usually replaced by turns agooddeal (of),agreatdeal (of),alot(of),lotsof- lot.

Adverbs of effect and cause
Adverbs of effect and cause: therefore- thus; consequently- due to; so- so, thus, therefore ; accordingly- respectively ; besides- besides ; more-over Furthermore ; like-wise likewise, like ; still- Nevertheless ; however- however, they serve to connect parts of a compound sentence or to attach a subordinate clause to the main clause in a complex sentence. At the same time, they retain part of their meaning as adverbs.
Itisverycold,therefore Ishallnot go out. - Very cold, that's why I'm going nowhere will not go.
It was late night so we went home. - It was late at night that's why we went home.
Shemadenofriends,forshewasMacready'swife;more over, Macreadydidnotwanthertomakefriends.- She did not make friends with anyone, since she was Macready's wife; Furthermore Macready didn't want her to be friends with anyone.