Accentuation is the weak points of an individual's character.

La Rochefoucauld wrote: "Weakness of character is the only flaw that cannot be corrected."

One of the classifications of personality types is determined by the typology of the German psychiatrist K. Leonhard. It is based on an assessment of the style of communication of a person with other people and is associated with the concept of character accentuation.

This typology is divided into:

Hyperthymic type, characterized by a constantly elevated mood. People of this type are cheerful, carefree, often frivolous and prone to hobbies of all kinds. These are incorrigible optimists who see everything in a rosy light. They are confident in themselves and their success, and therefore are prone to risk. Their failures do not upset them at all or not deeply and not for long. They are sociable, easily make acquaintances, respond vividly to all events, versatile, but at the same time usually superficial, restless, distracted. Irritability is often mixed with a constantly elevated mood, leading to angry outbursts, as a rule, short-lived, shallow and not making a big impression on others. They boil easily and quickly leave. These are active natures. They are energetic, active, enterprising. They carry out their projects quickly and decisively.

The hypothymic type. Hypothymics, as well as hyperthymics, are responsive, lively and strongly react to everything that happens around them, but their mood tone is lowered. They feel little joy in life, see everything in a gloomy light, are dissatisfied with everything, and above all with themselves. Often, objectively doing a job well, they are not satisfied with it. They willingly talk about the aimlessness of existence, they are prone to complaints about their health, to hypochondria.

The distimic type is characterized by low contact, taciturnity, pessimism. People of this type are homebodies, lead a secluded lifestyle, and are prone to submission.

Cycloid type. People of this type are characterized by fairly frequent mood swings. In a period of high spirits, they are sociable, and in a period of depression, they are closed. During the period of spiritual upsurge, they belong to the hyperthymic type of character, and during the period of decline, to the distimic type.

The excitable type is characterized by low contact, sullenness, boredom. People of this type have delayed verbal and non-verbal reactions. AT calm state they are conscientious, accurate, love children and animals. In a state of emotional excitement that arises on completely trifling occasions, they are prone to abuse, conflicts, poorly control their behavior, and it is difficult to get along in a team due to low communication skills.

· Stuck type - a person of moderate sociability, prone to moralizing, tediousness. People of this type are touchy, suspicious, conflicted, have a heightened sensitivity to social injustice. They are characterized by the desire to achieve high performance in any business, to make high demands on themselves and others, discipline.

pedantic type. It is distinguished by excessive formalism in service zeal, grumbling, boringness at work and at home. However, in communication, people of this type attract with an even mood, seriousness, reliability in business, conscientiousness and accuracy.

Anxious type. People of this type are characterized by low contact, self-doubt, timidity, low mood, indecision, long experience of failures. People of this type rarely enter into conflicts, seeking to difficult situations rely on a strong personality. The attractive properties of these people are friendliness, self-criticism, diligence.

Emotive type. An essential feature of people with this type of character is the desire to communicate in a circle of friends where they are well understood. They are extremely sensitive, touchy, although they carry grievances in themselves, are often in a depressed mood, tearful. Their attractive features: kindness, compassion, diligence, the ability to sincerely rejoice at other people's successes.

Demonstrative type. People of this type are very contact, strive for leadership, dominance, crave power, praise. They are self-confident, proud, easily adapt to people, prone to intrigue, boasting, hypocritical, selfish. Their positive features are artistry, courtesy, originality of thinking, the ability to captivate other people and lead them along.

Exalted type. He is characterized by high contact, talkativeness, amorousness, but at the same time, such people can be conflicted. They are altruists, attentive to friends and relatives, have bright and sincere feelings, well-developed artistic taste. Negative Traits their character - susceptibility to panic, despair, momentary moods.

Extrovert type. Such people are open to any information, willing to listen and help anyone. Possess a high degree sociability, compliant, executive. It is difficult for them to be organized at work and at home. Repulsive traits - frivolity, thoughtlessness of actions, a tendency to spread rumors and gossip.

The introverted type. People of this type are characterized by low contact, isolation, isolation from reality, and a tendency to philosophize. Self oriented, self oriented inner world, his assessment of the subject or event, and not on the object as such. They are prone to loneliness, come into conflict when trying to intervene in their personal life, restrained, principled, prone to introspection, have strong convictions and life principles. Their actions are determined primarily by their internal attitude. They are overly stubborn in defending their views, even unrealistic ones. (Extroverted and introverted types refer to the typology of K. Jung.)

The personality types introduced by Jung are not determined by the circumstances of a person's life. They are innate.

Another classification of accentuated personalities was proposed and developed by the Soviet psychiatrist P.B. Gannushkin and then continued by the German psychiatrist K. Leonhard.

According to it, the following psychological types are distinguished:

Epileptoid. He is characterized by high energy, aggressiveness, love of order, thoroughness. He most often chooses a profession that is closer to him - a financier, an officer, a lawyer, since in the process of this work related to maintaining order, the very traits of his character develop more and more. So, as a financier, an epileptoid is especially valuable, since accounting and control are necessary in this activity, they require strict order, thoroughness and strict observance of the law, that is, all those qualities that an epileptoid possesses. If these qualities do not find a worthy constructive application, then the epileptoid can become a bureaucrat. He tends to obey not the spirit, but the letter of the law, and an official document for him is obviously more important than a living person. In working with money, such people do not allow waste and do not take risks. The epileptoid won't do dizzying career, but will slowly but surely move up the career ladder. As a boss who manages people, he will always be demanding and picky, both to himself and to others. He knows how to make quick decisions without delaying time, but if there is time, he can “think” everything in detail. He has an authoritarian style of leadership, but at the same time he is influenced by the way it is accepted in society. If it is customary to lead democratically, then it is not difficult for him to reorganize in the spirit of the times.

· Paranoid. He is characterized by high energy, aggressiveness, purposefulness. If the work coincides with the main goal of this type, then it is always in work. It is difficult for him to work in teams, so the most successful for him is individual creative work. Creativity for him is not free self-expression, but the search for an answer to some great riddle or a solution to some major problem. It is these individuals who move the progress of all mankind, contribute to the development of the whole society. In collective work, the paranoid type is a generator of ideas that cannot be limited by any framework other than setting the very goal of the study. The results of the work must be able to accept in the form in which he delivers them. He should not be forced to draw up reports or issue ready-made calculated results - this is a waste of time. For this, it is better to use an epileptoid, which will refine the results of the paranoid one.

· Hyperthymia. He is characterized by an elevated mood, extroversion, high energy. Due to the enormous activity, sociability and abilities of hyperthym, it seems to him and those around him that he will be successful in any business. At the beginning, he can organize, propose, start something, but in the process of everyday work he gets bored, and he switches to another, leaving the previous one. Since he is always in the public eye, he is quickly promoted and promoted to leadership positions. Hyperthym is often artistically gifted, and at the same time different areas- music, painting, literature. His creative process is an unsystematic splashing out of excesses of his energy and talent. Usually he creates a little bit in all areas, not achieving outstanding success in any of them.

hysteroid. He is characterized by high energy and demonstrativeness (the desire to be in the spotlight). This is a talented, multi-talented person, especially in terms of artistic abilities. He is easily given reincarnation, he is very artistic. It's not thinking, but artistic type, he does not think abstractly logically, but figuratively, therefore he is highly productive in artistic creativity- visual arts and poetry. It is best for hysteroids to work independently, outside the framework of the team, to engage in free creativity, because it is very difficult for them to get along in the team, as they are very conflicted - they demonstrate their superiority, interrupt, behave arrogantly.

· Schizoid. He is characterized by low energy, introversion (isolation). Most often, schizoids are engaged in the exact sciences - mathematics or theoretical physics. They can be musicians gravitating towards classical music, composers composing complex, original music or new style music, abstract artists. All this happens under favorable circumstances. If, from childhood, the schizoids remained misunderstood and his abilities were not given enough attention, then most often such a person will grow up as an eccentric or loser who is not understood by anyone, working in a low-prestige job (watchman) and reading his obscure books. But even as a professional scientist or musician, if it is impossible to conduct his research or create freely, he can go to the watchman and continue his activity there, because it is the main thing for him, and not the position he occupies in society. It is the schizoids who are the creators of great discoveries.

Psychastenoid. He is characterized by weakness, low energy, uncertainty. In his work, he is a good performer, a very obligatory and accurate worker. It is not difficult for him to obey if the instructions of his superiors are logical and orderly. If he finds himself subordinate to a leader who constantly changes his decisions, opinions, orders, then in such an environment the psychasthenoid becomes nervous and is eventually forced to change it. He enjoys quiet, neat and unhurried work closer to home (librarian).

Hypothym. He is characterized by weakness, low mood, increased sensitivity, anxiety, suspiciousness. In work, the sensitive hypo-tim is not as important as the relationship at work, especially the attitude of the authorities. Therefore, they can be very good, diligent and dedicated secretaries, typists, etc. However, usually hypothemes are not satisfied with their work, wherever they work, at the same time they do not want to change anything in their lives.

What to Learn First!

Personality types are determined, firstly, by the temperament and character of the individual, secondly, by its organic features, and, finally, one cannot consider a person’s personality without taking into account existing public relations, the existing system and socialization.

Character is manifested in a person's behavior, in his attitude to the world and to himself, being a combination of the most stable, essential personality traits.

The considered types of character accentuations appear inconsistently. During education and self-education, they are smoothed out, harmonized, since the character structure is mobile, dynamic and changes throughout a person’s life. In this regard, it is necessary to constantly study the conditions for educating a personality, take into account existing deviations and carry out their psycho-correction in a timely manner, since a person can and should improve his characterological features.

In the process of motivation labor activity leaders of organizations should take into account psychological features each individual, the type of his character, temperament and behavior in the process of work. Particular attention, in my opinion, should be given to the orientation of a particular personality to an external or internal object (that is, extra- and introversion). The functional division of labor and the fulfillment of production tasks largely depend on this. Managers should from time to time study by testing the character traits of their staff along with the study of their needs. Possession of knowledge about their personnel will help managers to correctly build a line of conduct in various situations of production activity.

1. Author of a pedagogical system based on the principle of natural education”:

A) J.-J. Rousseau

B ) Plato

C) F. Froebel

2. Which of the great teachers of the past insisted on the predominant use of the "method of natural consequences" in raising a child, considering it the most effective?

A) J.-J. Rousseau

B) J. Locke

B) Ya.A.Komensky

A) J.-J. Rousseau

B) J. Locke

C) Ya.A.Komensky

D) I.G. Pestalozzi

4 . What principle did J. Locke set as the basis for selecting the content of a child's education?

A) freedom

B) coercion

B) naturalness

G) utilitarianism

5. At what age did Ya.A. Komensky suggest starting the systematic education of a child?

A) from 12 years old

B) from 6 years old

B) from the age of 10

D) from 7 years old

5.. Who among the teachers listed below was the first to combine education with productive work?

A) J.-J. Rousseau

B) I.G. Pestalozzi

C) Ya.A.Komensky

6. Which of the teachers first substantiated the value mother tongue in the primary education and upbringing of children?

A) K.D.Ushinsky

B) V.F. Odoevsky

AT) Ya.A.Komensky

7. Who first proposed the sound method of teaching children to read and write?

A) I.G. Pestalozzi

B) K.D.Ushinsky

A) Ya. A. Komensky

B) P.F. Lesgaft

AT) K.D.Ushinsky

9. Which of these teachers first substantiated didactic principles and rules?

A) J. Locke

B) Ya.A.Komensky

C) K.D. Ushinsky

10. Who owns the words; “Learning is good only then, it goes ahead of development. Then it awakens and brings to life a whole series of functions that are in the stage of maturation, lying in the zone of proximal development”?

A) P.N.Leontiev

B) L.S. Vygotsky

AT ) K.D.Ushinsky

11. Classification of teaching methods depending on the nature cognitive activity students developed

A) N.A. Sorokin, A.I. Dulov

B) ^ M.N. Skatkin, I.Ya. Lerner, M.I. Makhmutov

C) M.A. Danilov, B.P. Esipov

D) Yu.K. Babanskiy

12 Explanatory-illustrative, reproductive, research, problematic heuristic teaching methods are selected in accordance with

A) with the specifics of assimilation of various types of content

B) with functions

C) with sources of knowledge

D) with the structure of personality.

13. The principle of structuring the content of education, in which the same content is periodically repeated, expanding with new information, connections and dependencies:

A) linear

B) concentric

B) spiral

D) mixed

14. The technology of problem education involves:

A) assimilation of knowledge in finished form, without disclosing the ways of proving their truth

B) study educational material element by element in logical sequence

in) focus on self-reliance cognitive activity students to search for new concepts and methods of action

G) equipping students in a short time with knowledge of the basics of science in a concentrated form

15. The ideas of developmental education were laid

a) ^ Zankov L., Davydov V., Galperin P., Talyzina N.

B) Likhachev B., Talyzina N., Makhmutov M., Danilov M.

c) Azarov Yu., Zankov L., Makhmutov M., Danilov M.

D) Lerner I., Skatkin M., Makhmutov M., Danilov M.

16. Theoretical and practical foundations of cooperation pedagogy were first developed by scientists

B) Russia

in) England

D) France

17. The direction in pedagogy, which was developed in the USA in the late 50s - early 60s of the twentieth century; based on the personality-oriented nature of education and training, the refusal to use the mark

A) pedagogy of non-violence;

B) pedagogy of cooperation;

AT) humanistic pedagogy;

D) pedagogy of coercion.

18. The main direction of modernization Russian education aims to implement:

A) creativity of teachers;

B) learning goals;

C) educational purposes;

G) personality-oriented educational process.

19. According to the Concept of specialized education at the senior level general education the approximate ratio of the volumes of basic subjects, core subjects and elective courses is determined by the proportion:

AT) 50:30:20;

20. The main function of elective courses:

A) profiling;

B) career guidance;

B) organizational;

D) motivational

21. The theory of education is

A) a science that studies the ontological and epistemological foundations of education

B) a science that studies the problems of personality development

C) a science that reveals individual, age, group characteristics and the laws of development and behavior of people

G) a section of pedagogy that reveals the essence, patterns of education, its structural elements, concepts and systems

22 Fundamental in modern education systems is the theory

A) psychoanalytic (A. Gezel, Z. Freud)

B) cognitive (J. Piaget, D. Dewey)

AT) behavioral (K. Lawrence, D. Watson)

D) humanistic (J.-J. Rousseau, V. Sukhomlinsky

23. If the teacher is a single subject of the educational process, and the student is only an “object”, then this

B) personality-oriented

C) humane - personal

D) free education

24. If technologies implement democracy, equality, partnership in the subject - the subject relations of the teacher and the child, then these are technologies

B) personality - oriented

C) humane - personal

G) cooperation

25. A program in which classes are conducted by the activity method, i.e. knowledge is not given in finished form, and the child acts as a researcher is called

A) "School-2000"

B) "M. Montessori"

D) "Origins"

26. Montessori education provides

A) occupation

AT) developmental environment, self-control materials

D) independent activity

27. According to the Montessori system, the “education process” is

A) teacher guidance to the child

B) co-creation of the teacher and the child

AT) non-intervention of the teacher in the development of the child

D) systematic impact

28. Type of educational institution, named after the ancient Greek philosophical school near Athens, founded by Aristotle,

A) lyceum;

B) gymnasium;

B) school

D) college.

29. The science that studies the psychological patterns of education and upbringing is called

A) general psychology;

B) developmental psychology;

AT) pedagogical psychology;

D) All answers are correct.

30. Teaching as a factor of socialization, the assimilation of the connection between individual and social consciousness is considered in:

A) physiology;

B) biology;

B) psychology;

G) pedagogy.

31. cognitive ability, which determines the readiness of a person to assimilate and use knowledge and experience, as well as to reasonable behavior in problem situations, is:

A) thinking;

B) intelligence;

B) heuristics;

D) adaptation

32. The systematic use of data from all human sciences, their consideration in the construction and implementation of the pedagogical process is the essence

A) personal approach

B) a systematic approach

C) cultural approach

G) anthropological approach

33. The development of the human body is called:

a) ontogeny;

b) phylogenesis;

c) sociogenesis;

d) anthropogenesis.

34. Actions aimed at analyzing the conditions of the situation and comparing them with their capabilities in order to correct setting learning task are called:

A) indicative;

B) performing;

B) control;

D) estimated

35. The selection and organization of the content of educational information, the design of students' activities, as well as their own teaching activities and behavior is the essence of ... the pedagogical function:

A) constructive;

B) organizational;

B) communicative;

D) gnostic.

36. The following intellectual mechanism acts as the dominant basis for the formation of skills and abilities:

A) association formation;

B) imitation;

C) distinction and generalization;

D) insight (guess)

37. The leading activity of children of primary school age is

A) role play

B) doctrine

C) communication in the system of socially useful activities

D) educational and professional

38. Studies have shown that the main types of behavior aimed at achieving or avoiding success develop at age:

A) 3 to 7 years;

B) from 3 to 10 years;

AT) from 3 to 13 years;

D) from 3 to 16 years

39. It has been established that the material is remembered better if it:

A) is included in the conditions for achieving the goal;

B) is included in the content of the main goal of the activity;

C) is included in the ways to achieve the goal;

D) presented freely

40. Understanding the relationship between the various elements of a given situation in order to find a solution specific problem, is the ability to

A) generalization;

B) modeling;

AT) inference;

D) comparison.

41. General concept, denoting the process and result of the acquisition of individual experience by a biological system, is:

a) reflex;

b) imprint;

c) learning;

D) repetition

42. The simplest type of learning is:

A) addictive.

B) classical conditioning.

C) operational conditioning.

D) complex learning.

44. The method of activating thought processes by jointly searching for a solution to a difficult problem in an atmosphere of looseness, ease, excluding criticism and self-criticism,

A) inversion;

B) discussion;

C) the method of heuristic questions;

G) "brain attack".

45. The type of thinking in which the thought process is directly connected with the perception of the surrounding reality and cannot be performed without it:

A) abstract-logical;

C) theoretically figurative;

B) visual and effective;

G) visual-figurative

46. ​​The ability of a teacher to objectively assess his own mental states and behavior, to understand how he is perceived by other participants in the pedagogical process is

A) reflection;

B) empathy;

B) identification

G) communication.

47. The most effective style of behavior in conflict is

A) avoiding conflict

B) fixture

B) confrontation, rivalry

G) the desire to solve the problem through compromise, cooperation

48. Determine the type of barrier in pedagogical communication that occurs when the teacher has the wrong attitude towards the student

A) physical barrier

B) socio-psychological barrier;

AT) barrier of incorrect mindset;

D) organizational-psychological barrier;

49 According to I.P. Pavlov, a strong, unbalanced and mobile type of the nervous system is characteristic of:

A) sanguine people;

B) phlegmatic;

AT) choleric;

D) melancholy.

50. The type of people who are characterized by increased activity, sociability, a tendency to thoughtless mischief and a frequent change of hobbies:

A) dysthymics

B) cyclothymics

AT) hyperthymics

51. State of increasing emotional tension associated with a threat to the well-being of the individual is:

A) affect;

B) frustration;

B) mood

D) stress.

52. What is the name of the state of rest, complete relaxation at the psychophysiological level?

A) relaxation;

B) reflection;

B) empathy

D) initiation.

53 A state characterized by a decrease in activity, emotional passivity, indifference to the events of the surrounding reality, a weakening of motives and interests is called

A) depression;

B) apathy;

in) stress

D) frustration.

54. Behavior that does not comply with the legal, moral, social and other norms accepted in society is

A) antisocial

B) delinquent

AT) deviant

55. Behavior is contrary to social ideology, politics, universal truths - this

A) antisocial

B) delinquent

B) deviant

G) antisocial

56. Manifestations of conduct are crimes provided for by legal legislation - these are

A) antisocial

B) delinquent

B) deviant

D) antisocial

57. Behavior is associated with a violation of the norms of human society, social obligations, causing damage to others - this is

A) asocial

B) delinquent

B) deviant

D) antisocial

58. Prevention of possible violations of the rules of behavior by a child through suggestions can be traced in the model

A) educational and disciplinary

B) operational

B) person-oriented

D) educational reflex

59. Art therapy is a rehabilitation technology based on the use of means

A) riding a horse

B) art

B) sociocultural animation

D) physical culture

60. Turotherapy is a socio-cultural, rehabilitation technology, which is based on

A) t Uristic and excursion activities

B) creative components based on working with plastic material

C) musical games, singing, playing musical instruments

The chances of success in work increase if a person has chosen a profession that matches his abilities, intellectual level, personal characteristics and interests, if this work he likes. If a person is forced to perform work that is not interesting or even unpleasant for him, then this is a sure way to increased fatigue, dissatisfaction, to a gradual deterioration in health and mental well-being.

Therefore, taking into account your inclinations and interests, your personal and typological preferences is an additional powerful factor in achieving success in work.

The workplace is characterized by high demands and a variety of conflict situations; there are too frequent predicaments that people get into because of the negative character traits of the boss or subordinate. Therefore, it is important to consider the various shortcomings that can cause trouble for representatives of each type. We believe that knowing these pitfalls is essential for anyone who wants to best adapt to the demands of their job. Of course, in each of the typological profiles there are many strengths and positive aspects. And the more of them we can usefully use, not forgetting about the shortcomings, the calmer and more efficiently we will interact with others.

The internal features of the personality, through which external social influences are refracted in a specific way, are diverse. These are individual features: 1) motivation of the leading desires and interests; 2) features of value orientations, beliefs, ideals, life goals, scenarios; 3) features of self-esteem, anxiety, neuroticism; 4) features of personality typology. The most significant typologies: typology of temperaments (typological features of the nervous system); constitutional typology (asthenics, athletes, picnics); personality typology depending on the style of information interaction with the environment; extroverts - introverts; thinking - emotional type; sensing - intuitive type; perceiving (irrational) - decisive (rational) type and their correlations (16 psycho-sociotypes).

Any person from early childhood already has his own character, or rather, his own temperament, due to the innate dynamic properties of the nervous system, which determine the speed of response, the degree of emotional excitability, and the features of the individual's adaptation to the world. Temperaments as innate styles of adaptation are inextricably linked with human instincts. Instincts are a program fixed in the genetic code for adaptation, self-preservation and procreation, attitude towards oneself and others. Animals also have instincts as a genetic adaptation program, but human instincts are a qualitatively different adaptation program than animals have. The instinct of self-preservation and the instinct of procreation are basic, they ensure the physical survival of man and the human species. Specific human instincts - the exploratory instinct and the instinct of freedom - provide the primary specialization of a person, and the instinct of dominance and the preservation of dignity provide self-affirmation, self-preservation of a person in the psychosocial aspect. The instinct of altruism socializes the adaptive essence of all other instincts. Usually in a person one or more instincts dominate, while the rest are less pronounced.

From the dominance of one or another instinct follows the primary difference of people according to their type. There are 7 types of people according to the dominance of instinct.

egophilic type- self-preservation dominates, from early childhood a tendency to increased caution, to a heightened sbiotic connection with the mother (the child does not let go of his mother for a moment), a tendency to suspiciousness, intolerance to pain, anxiety about everything unknown, self-centeredness. Their credo is "Safety and Health First". The evolutionary expediency of having this type lies in the fact that, while preserving themselves, they are also the guardians of the gene pool of the genus. But the egophilic type can be one of the reasons for the formation of such a variant of a “difficult character”, which is characterized by excessive egoism, suspicion, suspiciousness, hysteria, cowardice.

Genophilic type- the instinct of procreation dominates, already in childhood the interests of this type of people are fixed on the family, and such a child is calm only when the whole family is together, everyone is healthy and everyone is in a good mood. And in adulthood, their credo is “The interests of the family are above all. “My house is my fortress”, for the sake of children and families they are ready to sacrifice themselves.

Altruistic type- the instinct of altruism dominates, since childhood, kindness, caring for loved ones, the ability to give others the last, even what he himself needs, is manifested. Selfless people who have devoted their lives to public interests, protecting the weak, helping the sick, the disabled, these are altruistic people. Their creed is "Kindness will save the world, kindness above all". Evolutionarily, this type is necessary, they are the guardians of kindness, life, humanity.

Research type- the instinct of research dominates, from childhood increased curiosity, the desire to get to the bottom of everything, endless questions “Why?” and are not satisfied with superficial answers, they read a lot, do experiments. In the end, from such children, no matter what they are fond of, enthusiastic, creative people grow up. Great travelers, inventors, scientists are people of this type. Their credo is "Creativity and progress are above all!". The evolutionary expediency of this type is obvious.

dominant type- the instinct of dominance from childhood manifests itself as the ability to organize a game, set a goal and show the will to achieve it, the ability to understand people and lead them, efficiency, later as a priority of status needs (careerism), increased need for control over others, a tendency to take into account the needs of the whole team, while neglecting the interests of one particular person. Their credo is “Case and order above all; it will be good for everyone - it will be good for everyone. Leaders, executives, politicians, organizers, but also "difficult characters" of petty fools, tyrants grow up on the basis of this type.

Libertophile type- the instinct of freedom dominates, already in the cradle a child of this type protests when he is swaddled, the tendency to protest against any restriction of his freedom grows with him. The desire for independence, stubbornness, tolerance for pain, deprivation, a predisposition to risk, intolerance to routine, bureaucracy. The instincts of self-preservation and procreation are suppressed, which is manifested in a tendency to leave the family. Their credo is "Freedom above all", they naturally limit the tendencies of the dominant type. They are the guardians of freedom, interests, individuality of each, and with this - the guardians of life.

Dignitophilic type- the instinct to preserve dignity dominates. Already from childhood, such a child is able to catch irony, ridicule and is absolutely intolerant of any form of humiliation: this is the case when you can negotiate with a child only by convincing him, and only with kindness. Such a person is ready to sacrifice his life, his freedom, his career, his professional interests, his family in the name of preserving honor and dignity. Their credo is “There were no cowards and scoundrels in our family! Honor above all! The evolutionary expediency of having this type lies in the fact that they are the guardians of the honor and dignity of the individual, and with this - a life worthy of a person.

With the dominance of one instinct, the tendencies of personality development are also one-sided. In Stalin, the instinct of domination reigned supreme, suppressing all other instincts, except for the instinct of self-preservation. Academician A. Sakharov was dominated by the instincts of altruism, freedom, preservation of dignity and research, which predetermined the creative potential, the versatility of the personality. Naturally, then there was education, environment and life, reflections and personal choice, but much in the fate of a person begins with what dominant instinct was given to him by nature. Determine your dominant instinct with the help of the test (appendix to chapter I).

The genetic development program is harmonious: a certain temperament, a certain body constitution, certain properties of the nervous system correspond to the dominant instinct. Specify your temperament using the Eysenck test (see the appendix to chapter I).

People of choleric temperament- active, purposeful, emotionally passionate, "unrestrainedly hot", courageous, uncompromising. Their self-preservation instinct is weakened and the instincts of dominance, preservation of dignity and research predominate. By nature itself, they are destined to be warriors, pioneers, explorers, leaders, and in general - heroes and knights. They are lean in constitution, wiry, hardy, have a strong unbalanced (“unrestrained”) nervous system, therefore they are recklessly hasty in words and actions, conflict unrestrained, with mood swings and performance.

People of sanguine temperament fast, easily switchable, sociable, optimistic, compromise and flexible. They are dominated by the instinct of freedom, they are focused on risk, pace, quick results, freedom of action. And therefore, on the corresponding fate, profession, as a rule, in the field of business, politics, service. Medium build and medium height, strong balanced mobile nervous system provide quick and deliberate reactions, constantly good mood, excellent adaptability to people, changing social situations, variability of interests, feelings, views.

people of phlegmatic temperament slow, closed, patient, peaceful, stable. They are dominated by the altruistic instinct and the instincts of self-preservation, procreation. They are designed by nature to be the creators, keepers, support of life. By physique, they are broad-shouldered, broad-chested, of medium or small height, have a strong balanced inert nervous system, providing a balanced mood, constancy of feelings, affections, interests, attitudes, endurance, resistance to prolonged adversity, slowness, perseverance in work, and if sanguine people get involved in wars , choleric people fight, then phlegmatic people restore cities and villages after the war.

Melancholy people prone to heightened feelings, reflections, increased sensitivity and fatigue, immersed in their own world of experiences, thoughts, possessing high intellectual, creative, sometimes artistic abilities. These are thinkers, writers, artists, dreamers, contemplators and just people with a complex sensitive nature. By physique, they are more often asthenics - fragile, graceful, with a flat chest, narrow shoulders, elongated and thin limbs, have a weak nervous system, which in tense stressful situations (exam, competition, conflict, danger) often comes into a state of confusion, slowness, deterioration of performance or its termination, stopper.

Depending on the temperament, a person is initially predisposed to the dominance of certain emotions: some are initially prone to interest, joy, surprise (sanguine temperament), others to anger, disgust, hostility (choleric temperament), others to sadness (melancholic).

Character is the result of a person's interaction with the world, a set of relatively stable acquired qualities that express a person's attitude towards himself, other people, things, society and manifest themselves in stable, habitual forms of behavior. It takes some effort to build character; need another person (parent, model, ideal to follow); we need means of formation - external educational means, cultural means, external order, as well as internal means: self-persuasion, self-deception, one's own efforts at self-improvement.

In 20-50% of people, some character traits are so pointed, overdeveloped to the detriment of other qualities, that a kind of “skew” of character occurs, character accentuation, as a result, interaction with people worsens, the same type of difficulties and conflicts appear. The severity of accentuations can be different: from mild, noticeable only to the immediate environment, to extreme options, when you have to wonder if there is a disease - psychopathy. Psychopathy is a painful deformity of character (while maintaining the intellect of a person), as a result, relationships with surrounding people are sharply violated; psychopaths can even be socially dangerous to others. But unlike psychopathy, character accentuations do not appear constantly, over the years they can completely smooth out, approach the norm. Accentuations of character are more common in adolescents and young men (50-80%) than in adults, since these periods of life are the most critical periods for the formation of character, for the manifestation of one's originality, individuality. Then, over the years, accentuations can be smoothed out or, on the contrary, intensified, developing into neuroses or psychopathy. To determine the accentuation, you can use the Schmishek test (see the appendix to chapter I).

Any quality of character, even the most remarkable, when it gets excessive development, begins to acquire a certain negative connotation, complicate the life of the person himself and his environment, determine a “difficult”, “difficult” character. So, even such a wonderful quality as cheerfulness, activity, with its overabundance, causes "difficult hyperthymic character. These are constantly cheerful, carefree, cheerful people who are constantly in a good mood, regardless of the circumstances of life ("pathological lucky"), increased activity, energy, but often aimed at inadequate goals (alcoholism, drugs, sexual relations, hooliganism). It is very difficult to maintain business relations with such people, since they do not keep their promises, their interests are unstable, they cannot stand comments, criticism, they have no boundaries between what is permitted and what is not permitted.

The following main types of character accentuation can be distinguished:

1.Hyperactive. A person is very energetic, independent, strives for leadership, risk, adventures. He does not respond to comments, there is no self-criticism. It is necessary to be reserved about his unreasonable optimism and overestimation of his capabilities. Features attractive to interlocutors: energy, thirst for activity, initiative, a sense of the new, optimism.

For the people around him, he does not like: frivolity, a tendency to immoral acts, a frivolous attitude to the duties assigned to him, irritability in the circle of close people. The conflict is possible with monotonous work, loneliness, in conditions of strict discipline, constant moralizing. This causes the person to become angry. Such a person shows himself well in work related to constant communication. These are: organizational activity, household service, sports, theater. It is typical for him to often change professions and place of work.

2.Dysthymic (dysthymic). This type of people has a constantly low mood, sadness, isolation, taciturnity, pessimism. These people are burdened by noisy societies, they do not closely converge with colleagues. They rarely enter into conflicts, more often they are a passive side in them. They greatly appreciate those people who are friends with them and tend to obey them. Surrounding people like seriousness, high morality, conscientiousness and justice in these people. But such traits as passivity, pessimism, sadness, slowness of thinking, "separation from the team" repel others from acquaintance and friendship with them.

Conflicts are observed in situations that require violent activity. For these people, a change in their usual way of life has a negative impact. These people are good at jobs that do not require a wide range of communication. Under unfavorable conditions, they tend to neurotic depression. This accentuation occurs more often in persons of melancholic temperament.

3.Cycloid type (cyclothymic). The accentuation of character is manifested in cyclically alternating periods of ups and downs in mood. During the period of mood rise, they manifest themselves as people with hyperthymic accentuation, during the period of decline - with dysthymic. During the recession, they perceive troubles sharply, up to suicide. These frequent changes in mental states tire a person, make his behavior unpredictable, contradictory, prone to changing profession, place of work, interests.

This type of character is found in persons of choleric temperament.

4.Emotive (emotionality). This person is overly sensitive, vulnerable and deeply worried about the slightest trouble. He is overly sensitive to comments, failures, so he often has a sad mood. He prefers a narrow circle of friends and relatives who would understand him perfectly.

Rarely enters into conflicts and plays a passive role in them. Resentment does not splash out, but keeps them to himself. People around him like his altruism, compassion, pity, expression of joy over other people's successes. He is very executive and has a high sense of duty.

Such a person is usually a good family man. But extreme sensuality, tearfulness repel the people around him from him.

He perceives conflicts with a loved one, death or illness of relatives tragically. Injustice, rudeness, being surrounded by rude people are contraindicated for him. He achieves the most significant results in the field of art, medicine, raising children, caring for animals and plants.

5.Demonstrative (demonstrative). This person strives to be in the spotlight and achieves his goals at any cost: tears, fainting, scandals, illnesses, boasting, outfits, unusual hobbies, lies. He easily forgets about his unseemly deeds. He has a high adaptability to people.

This person is attractive to others with courtesy, perseverance, purposefulness, acting talent, the ability to captivate others, as well as his originality. But he has features that repel people from him, and they contribute to conflict: selfishness, unbridled actions, deceit, boastfulness, a tendency to intrigue, shirking from work. A conflict with such a person occurs when his interests are infringed, his merits are underestimated, he is overthrown from the “pedestal”. These situations cause him hysterical reactions.

Such a person is oppressed by a vicious circle of communication, monotonous work. He can prove himself in working with constantly changing short-term contacts.

6.Excitable (excitability). These people have increased irritability, intemperance, gloom, boredom, but flattery, helpfulness (as a disguise), a tendency to rudeness and obscene language or silence, slowness in conversation are possible. They actively and often conflict, do not avoid quarrels with superiors, are quarrelsome in a team, are despotic and cruel in a family. Outside of fits of anger, these people are conscientious, accurate and show love for children.

People around do not like their irritability, irascibility, inadequate outbursts of anger and rage with assault, cruelty, weakened control over attraction. These people are well affected by physical labor, athletic sports. They need to develop endurance, self-control. Because of their quarrelsomeness, they often change jobs.

7.stuck (jam). People with this type of accentuation "get stuck" on their feelings, thoughts. They cannot forget insults and "settle scores" with their offenders. They have official and domestic intractability, a tendency to protracted squabbles. In the conflict, they are most often the active side and clearly define for themselves the circle of enemies and friends. They show lust for power - "the tediousness of a moralist."

The interlocutors like their desire to achieve high performance in any business, the manifestation of high demands on themselves, the thirst for justice, adherence to principles, strong, stable views. But at the same time, people of this type have features that repel others from them: resentment, suspicion, revenge, ambition, arrogance, jealousy, a sense of justice inflated to fanaticism.

A conflict is possible with hurt pride, unfair resentment, an obstacle to achieving ambitious goals.

These people excel in jobs that give them a sense of independence and an opportunity to express themselves.

8.Pedantic (pedantry). These people have expressed boredom in the form of "experiencing" the details, in the service they are able to torture visitors with formal requirements, exhaust the household with excessive accuracy.

For others, they are attractive by conscientiousness, accuracy, seriousness, reliability in business and in feelings. But such people also have repulsive features; formalism, "chicanery", "tediousness", the desire to shift the adoption of an important decision to others.

Conflicts are possible in a situation of personal responsibility for an important matter, with an underestimation of their merits. They are prone to obsessions, psychosthenia.

For these people, professions that are not associated with great responsibility, “paperwork”, are preferred. They are not inclined to change jobs.

9.Anxious (anxiety). People of this type of accentuation are distinguished by a low background of mood, shyness, self-doubt. They constantly fear for themselves, their loved ones, experience failure for a long time and doubt the correctness of their actions. They rarely enter into conflicts and play a passive role.

Conflicts are possible in situations of fear, threats, punishment, ridicule, unfair accusations.

People around like their friendliness, self-criticism and diligence. But fearfulness, suspiciousness due to defenselessness, sometimes serve as a target for jokes, often are "scapegoats".

Such people cannot be leaders, make responsible decisions, as they are characterized by endless experience, weighing.

10.Exalted (exalted). People with this type of accentuation have a very changeable mood, talkativeness, increased distractibility to external events. Their emotions are pronounced and are reflected in amorousness.

Such traits as altruism, a sense of compassion, artistic taste, artistic talent, brightness of feelings and affection for friends are liked by interlocutors. But excessive impressionability, pathos, alarmism, susceptibility to despair are not their best features. Failures and sad events are perceived tragically, they are prone to neurotic depression.

Their environment of existence is the sphere of arts, artistic sports, professions associated with proximity to nature.

11.introverted. People of this type of accentuation are characterized by low sociability, isolation. They are aloof from everyone and enter into communication with other people as needed, most often immersed in themselves, their thoughts. They are characterized by increased vulnerability, but they do not tell anything about themselves and do not share their experiences. Even to their close people, they are cold and reserved. Their behavior and logic are often not understood by others.

These people love solitude and prefer to be alone than in noisy company. They rarely enter into conflicts, only when trying to invade their inner world.

They are picky in choosing a spouse and are busy searching for their ideal. They have a strong emotional coldness and weak attachment to loved ones.

The people around them like them for restraint, degree, thoughtfulness of actions, the presence of strong convictions and adherence to principles. But the stubborn upholding of one's unrealistic interests, views and the presence of one's own point of view, which differs sharply from the opinion of the majority, repel people from them. Loneliness, obsession, arrogance and rudeness of others increase isolation.

Such people prefer work that does not require a wide range of communication. They are prone to theoretical sciences, philosophical reflections, collecting, chess, science fiction, music.

12.Conformal (conformity). People of this type are highly sociable, talkative to the point of talkativeness. Usually they do not have their own opinion and are very dependent, they strive to be like everyone else and not stand out "from the crowd."

These people are disorganized and prefer to obey, in communication with friends and in the family they concede leadership to others. Those around these people like their willingness to listen to the "confession" of another, diligence. But at the same time, these are people "without a king in their heads", subject to someone else's influence. They do not think about their actions and have a great passion for entertainment. Conflicts are possible in a situation of forced loneliness, lack of control.

People with an extraverted type of accentuation tend to be hypomanic. These people have easy adaptability to a new job and do an excellent job with their job responsibilities when tasks and rules of conduct are clearly defined.

Temperament- this is a set of individual characteristics of a person that characterizes the emotional and dynamic side of his activity (mental activity and behavior). Individual properties and characteristics of temperament may favor or counteract the formation of personality traits.

Temperament(lat. temperamentum - “proper ratio of parts”) - a stable association of individual personality traits associated with dynamic, rather than meaningful aspects of activity (Source: Wikipedia).

From a physiological point of view, temperament is determined by the type of higher nervous activity human (type GNI).

depends on the temperament of the person

• Evaluation and control of activities.
• The rate of occurrence of mental processes (speed of thinking, perception, duration of concentration).
• The intensity of mental processes (activity of the will, strength of emotions).
• The pace, rhythm and acceleration of activity.
• disciplinary influences.
• The focus of mental activity on certain objects (extraversion or introversion).

Does not belong to the type of human temperament

• Character - determines how a person acts, acquired, subject to change.
• Abilities - determine with what speed, depth, ease and strength masters knowledge, skills, abilities.

Temperament is the basis for the development of a person's character, influences the way a person communicates and behaves.

Temperament is innate idiosyncrasy man, he is not subject to change. A person with any type of temperament may or may not be capable. temperament type does not affect a person’s abilities, it’s just that some life tasks are easier to solve for a person of one type of temperament, others for another.

Adults involved in the upbringing and education of the child must take into account the type of temperament of the child, so that the methods and techniques of education and training used are effective and do not harm the child.

In psychology, there are 4 types of human temperament: choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic.

sanguine(from Lat. "Sangvis" blood) - balanced, sociable, practical, self-possessed.
Phlegmatic person(from the Greek "phlegm" - mucus) - thoughtful, peaceful, reliable, diligent, taciturn.
Choleric(from the Greek "hole" - red-yellow bile) - impulsive, energetic, emotional, not restrained.
melancholic(from the Greek "melain hole" - black bile) - anxious, unsociable, withdrawn, gloomy.

Psychological characteristics of temperament types - advantages and disadvantages

Temperament type CHOLERIC

Type of nervous system- unrestrained, strong, unbalanced, mobile.

Advantages of Choleric:

• distinguished by decisiveness, initiative, straightforwardness.
• Mobile and fast.
• He gets down to business with enthusiasm, works on the rise, overcoming difficulties.
• Almost always resourceful in a dispute.
• Unforgiving and inoffensive.
• Has an expressive expression.
• Speech is lively and emotional.
• Choleric is able to quickly make decisions and act.
• Relentlessly striving for something new.
• Falls asleep and wakes up quickly, sleeps soundly.
• In a critical situation, he shows determination and pressure.
• Feelings quickly arise and are clearly manifested.

Disadvantages of Choleric:

• Choleric is too hasty.
• The choleric type of temperament is characterized by sharp, jerky movements, restlessness, imbalance, and a tendency to vehemence.
• Doesn't have patience.
• In relationships and in communication with people can be sharp and straightforward.
• Choleric can provoke conflict situations.
• Stubborn, often capricious.
• Characterized by a sharp rise and a rapid decline in activity, i.e. choleric works jerkily.
• Sometimes he does not delve into the essence of the problem, slips on the surface, gets distracted.
• Inclined to take risks.
• The speech of choleric people is fast, sometimes inconsistent, passionate.
• Aggressive, very quick-tempered and not sustained.
• Choleric is prone to sudden mood swings, nervous breakdowns.
• When the energy supply is depleted, his mood plummets.
• Intolerant of mistakes and shortcomings of others.
• Touchy.

Cholerics need to learn to restrain themselves, not to be arrogant. They may be advised to count to ten before reacting to the situation.

Temperament Type Sanguine

Type of nervous system- strong, balanced, mobile.

Benefits of Sanguine:

• Sanguine type of temperament distinguished by cheerfulness, energy, cheerfulness, responsiveness.
• The mood of a sanguine person tends to change frequently, but generally a good mood prevails.
• Feelings of affection, hostility, joy and grief arise quickly in sanguine people, but they are shallow.
• Quickly grasps everything new and interesting.
• Quickly switches from one activity to another.
• He easily overcomes his failures and troubles.
• Easily adapts to various circumstances of life.
• It has good performance and endurance.
• For any new business is taken with enthusiasm.
• The sanguine person is distinguished by loud, hasty, but at the same time distinct speech, accompanied by. active gestures and expressive facial expressions.
• In dealing with new people does not experience fear and constraint.
• Maintains composure in stressful, critical situations.
• The sanguine person is able to reasonably defend himself and at the same time tries to normalize the situation.
• Wakes up and falls asleep quickly.
• Shows perseverance in achieving the set task, goal.
• Good organizer.

Disadvantages of Sanguine:

• If a sanguine person loses interest in the work he has begun, then he abandons it without completing it.
• Sanguine people do not like monotonous work.
• They tend to overestimate both themselves and their capabilities.
• The sanguine type is characterized by instability in interests and inclinations.
• For a person with a sanguine type of temperament, monotonous, everyday painstaking work is a burden.
• Hasty in decisions, recklessness of decisions, not collected.
• Unstable mood.
• It is difficult to develop volitional qualities.
• To achieve success in their activities, sanguine people should not be scattered over trifles, they need to be purposeful, accurate, diligent.

Temperament Type Phlegmatic

Type of nervous system- inert, strong, balanced, inactive.

Advantages of Phlegmatic:

• Phlegmatic type of temperament is distinguished by calmness, composure, prudence, caution, patience, perseverance, poise and endurance, both in ordinary life and in a stressful situation.
• He shows consistency and thoroughness in his affairs, as a result of which the work he has begun is brought to the end.
• Phlegmatic people are persistent and persistent in achieving their goals.
• There is no tendency to affect in phlegmatic people.
• Speech is calm, measured with pauses, without sharply expressed emotions, without gestures and facial expressions.
• Phlegmatic people are not talkative.
• Able to perform monotonous, long-term stressful work.
• Everything counts and does not waste energy in vain.
• In work adheres to the system.
• Phlegmatic people tend to adhere to the developed, habitual routine of life.
• Easily follows the rules.
• The phlegmatic type of temperament has good endurance, which easily allows him to restrain his impulses.
• Not vindictive.
• Condescendingly refers to the barbs expressed in his address.
• Characterized by constancy in relationships and interests, often monogamous.
• They love order and accuracy in everything.
• Reason in phlegmatic people prevails over feeling.
• Good contact with people of other temperaments.
• Has a good memory.
• Phlegmatic people are reliable people who are difficult to piss off.
• The feelings of phlegmatic people are deep, but carefully hidden from prying eyes.

Phlegmatic Disadvantages:

• Phlegmatic people are practically not receptive to approval and censure in their address.
• They react poorly to external stimuli, so they cannot quickly respond to new situations.
• Phlegmatic people are stingy with emotions.
• Facial expressions and movements of the phlegmatic are inexpressive and slow.
• Detailed to the point of tediousness.
• He starts work slowly and just as slowly switches from one thing to another.
• It is difficult to adapt to a new environment and slowly converge with new people.
• There are many stereotypes and patterns in life.
• Unresourceful.

Phlegmatic people should develop the qualities they lack, such as: mobility, activity. Do not allow the manifestation of such qualities as: inertia and lethargy.

Temperament type MELANCHOLIC

Type of nervous system- weak, unbalanced, inactive.

Advantages of the Melancholic:

• Melancholic temperament type is highly sensitive.
• Melancholic people are able to perceive approval and censure.
• He makes high demands both on himself and on those around him.
• Feel good about other people.
• Under favorable conditions, restrained and tactful.
• The emotional states and feelings of people of the melancholy type of temperament are distinguished by depth, duration and great strength.
• Melancholics are characterized by constancy and depth, acute susceptibility to external influences.
• In a familiar and calm environment, people with a melancholic type of temperament feel calm and work very productively.

Melancholic Disadvantages:

• Melancholics are distinguished from other types by high emotional sensitivity.
• They can hardly endure grief and resentment, outwardly this may not manifest itself in any way.
• Keep your thoughts and feelings to yourself.
• Melancholic people are very worried about even minor setbacks.
• The melancholic is very shy, shy, vulnerable, secretive, indecisive, unsure of himself and his abilities.
• Always pessimistic, rarely laughs.
• At the slightest failure, he experiences a feeling of depression and confusion.
• Lost in unfamiliar surroundings.
• The melancholic is embarrassed when in contact with new people.
• It takes a long time to adapt to a new team.
• Has a small circle of close people.
• Melancholics have a tendency to loneliness, depression, suspicion, they become isolated and withdraw into themselves.
• They get tired quickly, it is necessary to pause in work.
• The melancholy type of temperament is characterized by weak quiet speech up to a whisper, impressionability to the point of tearfulness, excessive touchiness and tearfulness.
• The slightest nuisance, a nervous atmosphere at work can unbalance the melancholic.
• Under adverse conditions, melancholics are closed, timid, anxious.
• Melancholic is the only type of temperament characterized by slight vulnerability and resentment.
• The melancholic prefers to obey rules and authorities.
• On the eve important events always overly worried and worried.
• What the choleric will sweep away on its way, the phlegmatic will not notice, the sanguine will bypass - becomes an obstacle for the melancholic. He is lost, gives up, it is at such moments that he needs the sympathy and support of relatives and friends.

In terms of self-improvement and self-realization, melancholic people need to be more active, organize activities, engage in patronage in order to feel their importance, confidence and increase their self-esteem. This is also facilitated by physical education and sports, gymnastics.

Temperament and profession: the influence of temperament on the choice of profession, recommendations for choosing a profession in accordance with the type of temperament, videos, temperament types of famous people.

Eye makeup: how to look younger, makeup mistakes that age us.

Types of temperament and their characteristics Video - features of interpersonal relationships of people with different types of temperament

Friendship and love depending on the type of temperament

sanguine- experiences sympathy easily, brightly and cheerfully. Novels start easily, just as easily can part with the object of love.

Choleric- befriends few, commands his soul mate, strongly attached, prone to anger and jealousy, to break from addiction.

Phlegmatic person- not inclined to express vivid feelings, calm, even attitude towards a partner, amorous, characterized by calm affection. From him it is almost impossible to hear words of declaration of love, compliments.

melancholic- devoted to a partner, obeys him, ashamed to open his feelings, often monogamous.

There are no bad and good temperaments. Your temperament can and should be controlled.

The doctrine of the types of temperament Pavlova I.P.

Psychologists say that in life it is quite rare to meet bright representatives of one or another type of temperament, mainly in people the features of different types of temperament are combined, among which one prevails to a greater extent, the rest complement.

However, according to the research of I.P. Pavlov, each type of temperament corresponds to only one specific type of higher nervous activity (HNA), which completely excludes the existence of a “mixed” type of temperament in humans.

Reliable, objective criteria for determining the type of temperament, as a type of nervous system according to Pavlov I.P.

• metabolic rate.
• The speed of the course of nervous processes in humans.
• The power of expressing emotions.
• Structural features of the body structure (somatotype).

I.P. Pavlov argued that the basis human temperament- this is the ratio of the main features of mental activity and the properties of the nervous system (the speed and nature of the balance of the nervous processes of excitation and inhibition).

I.P. Pavlov proved that the basis of higher nervous activity is three components:

• Strength - the individual maintains a high level of performance during intense and prolonged work, does not respond to weak stimuli, recovers quickly. A person has stress resistance and endurance.
• Balance - in an exciting environment, the individual remains calm, easily suppresses his mobility and inadequate desires.
• The mobility of the processes of inhibition and excitation occurring in the nervous system - a person quickly reacts to changes in the situation, easily acquires new skills.

IP Pavlov correlated the types of nervous systems he identified with the psychological types of human temperament and discovered their complete similarity. As a result, we can conclude that temperament is a manifestation of the type of nervous system in human activity and behavior.

It is the type of higher nervous activity that is the physiological basis of temperament.

The ratio of types of the nervous system and temperaments according to Pavlov I.P.

Sanguine type of temperament- strong, balanced, mobile ("alive").

Phlegmatic type of temperament- strong, balanced, inert (sedentary) ("calm").

Choleric type of temperament- strong, unbalanced, mobile, with a predominance of excitation ("unrestrained").

Melancholy type of temperament- weak, unbalanced, inactive ("weak").

A person with a weak type of temperament, despite the weakness of the ongoing nervous processes, is able to achieve great success in studies, labor and creative activity, and a career.

Characteristics of nervous processes of excitation and inhibition in various types of temperament according to Pavlov I.P.

Hippocrates' doctrine of the types of temperament

Hippocrates (an ancient Greek physician) understood the anatomical, physiological and individual psychological characteristics of the individual as temperament. Hippocrates, and later Galen, spoke of temperament as the characteristics of the behavior of a person in whose body one of the four fluids of "vital juices" predominates.

• In choleric people, yellow bile ("bile, poison") predominates, which makes it impulsive and unrestrained.
• In phlegmatic people, lymph (“sputum”) predominates, which makes a person calm, calm, slow.
• In sanguine people, blood ("blood") predominates, which makes it cheerful and mobile.
• In melancholics, black bile ("black bile") predominates, which makes him timid, fearful, sad.

Teachings about the types of temperament Scheme

To parents about children:

Raising a child, taking into account the type of temperament, has a number of important features that every parent should be aware of.

children's room interior, designed taking into account the psychological, emotional, age and behavioral characteristics of the child.

Speech development of children 5 - 6 years old: features, characteristics, games for the development of children's speech.

Literature on the topic "Psychological characteristics of the main types of temperament" for the course

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• The Four Temperaments in Herluf Bidstrup's Comics