Competitiveness of graduates of higher educational institutions in the labor market: methodological approaches. Competitiveness of graduates of higher educational institutions in the labor market: methodological approaches Areas of work to improve the competitiveness of graduates

The analysis of the structure of competitiveness of graduates of a modern university is carried out, the content elements of their competitiveness in conjunction with the process of employment are considered. The study of the competitiveness of graduates was carried out at various levels: at the personal level, at the level of an educational institution, at the level of society. The results of sociological surveys of graduate students presented in the article reflect the content of competitiveness at the indicated levels. Based on the results of the study, a number of provisions and recommendations were formulated related to the organization of the educational process at the university, which contributes to the formation of a competitive young specialist. In particular, the importance of providing a process of psychological and pedagogical support for students, combining studies at a university and students' work in their specialty, assistance with employment through increased cooperation with employers is noted. The potential of the university in the development of professional readiness of students is shown, which consists in the development of the practice of post-educational activities aimed at preparing for successful employment.

competitiveness

university graduates

high school

employment

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In modern scientific research, competitiveness is considered in economic, social, organizational and psychological and pedagogical aspects. An appeal to the established scientific, theoretical and practical experience in studying the phenomenon of competitiveness shows that it is reasonable to consider the latter as an integrative quality that manifests itself at various levels: at the personal level, at the level of an educational institution, at the level of society. The results of sociological surveys presented below reflect the content of the competitiveness of university graduates at the indicated levels.

The analysis of the state of competitiveness of university graduates and ways to improve it was carried out on the basis of sociological survey methods, empirical generalization, and comparative data analysis.

The study was conducted among students of the main universities of Belgorod, various aspects of their achievement of professional competitiveness were identified.

In the structure of the competitiveness of graduates of a modern university, it is advisable to distinguish three levels: 1) personal level; 2) the level of the educational institution; 3) the level of society.

Personal level of competitiveness. This level seems to be the starting point in understanding the genesis and psychological mechanisms for achieving competitiveness. According to the results of a sociological survey, a third of the students surveyed (33.4%) noted that they do nothing to increase their competitiveness. They rely on chance or luck. Surprisingly, only 9.4% of respondents chose such an effective way to increase competitiveness as obtaining a second higher education. These data may indicate that graduate students do not yet think about their level of competitiveness.

Self-education is the most popular way to increase one's competitiveness. This was stated by 34.8% of respondents. For this purpose, 12.7% chose to combine work in their specialty with studies. This is also a fairly effective way, which makes it possible not only to gain practical skills in your profession, but also to check the correctness of your professional choice. Unfortunately, as we can see, the percentage of such respondents is not very high. More than a third of the respondents (36.1%) earn extra money, but not in their specialty, which does not increase their competitiveness in their specialty, but at the same time they develop certain labor skills and experience in the labor sphere. And half of the respondents (51.2%) do not combine work and study, which at least gives grounds to assert that their idea of work in general and in their specialty in particular is abstract and theoretical.

We also note that 29% of the students surveyed consider it necessary to have an additional specialty for employment. This is not surprising, since mastering a second specialty significantly increases the competitiveness of young professionals.

It should be noted that as a guarantor of the implementation of their life plans, the respondents consider, first of all, their own efforts with the assistance of other persons - 55%; then - only their own strengths and efforts - 41%, favorable circumstances, luck - 39% of respondents, but only a third of graduates rely on the assistance of state bodies and institutions. Based on this, we can conclude that university graduates are more focused on independent job search. Their answers to the question “How do you plan to look for a job?” distributed as follows: an equal number of respondents (34% each) said that they would personally apply to organizations or look for work through advertisements; about a third will turn to relatives and friends for help. Employment and employment centers at the university (direct appeal, job fairs, presentations) received only 16% of the elections, the employment service of the city - 1%.

Competitiveness at the level of an educational institution. Practice shows that the amount of knowledge, skills and practical experience of a future graduate, by modern standards, is insufficient to fully perform labor functions in accordance with the qualifications assigned.

What should be the set of professional knowledge and skills, personal traits and professional qualities designed to ensure the readiness of a university graduate to realize himself in a market economy?

Today, the competitiveness of a graduate is determined by his professional competence, in which special knowledge must be combined with communication skills, the basics of personal growth, self-diagnosis and other properties. The main goal of vocational education is the formation of a graduate's constant desire for self-improvement and, as a result, the development of his qualities of a highly educated personality.

This, in turn, sharply poses the problem of organizing educational activities on the basis of a systematic, integrated approach to the training of future specialists. It is necessary to create conditions for a student’s creative attitude to mastering such professional skills that are necessary today, such as the ability to enter into a dialogue with colleagues, the ability to publicly and reasonably prove one’s point of view, arousing interest in one’s position, the ability to respect and understand the point of view of the interlocutor, the ability to be critical of expressed judgments, the ability to manage their emotions, the ability to work with a scientific text, highlighting the main thing from the material presented. According to the scientific director of the Center for Social Research and Innovation V. Gontmakher, openness to the world, tolerance, the ability to attract and inspire confidence, goodwill, the ability to enter into the position of another and understand him are important touches to the portrait of a specialist who wants to be successful in the modern world. labor market.

In the course of a sociological study among students of the BSTU. V.G. Shukhov, respondents noted that the university contributed to the development of important qualities and character traits in them. Priorities were given to the following group of qualities - "independence, independence of thinking" (58%), "diligence, discipline" (54%), "desire to learn" (50%), "creative approach" (40%). All these qualities, to one degree or another, help a young specialist enter the modern labor market.

Respondents also note that the university provided the greatest assistance in their preparation as a future specialist in the field of vocational training (82%). At the same time, such important elements of training a young specialist as organizational, psychological and managerial training (43%, 29%, 28%, respectively) are not sufficiently taken into account in the educational process, which can negatively affect the integrity of the harmonious image of a professional. It can be concluded that the university, forming a professional student, at the same time contributes to the development of such qualities that will facilitate the process of professional development for him.

It is interesting that the main goal that respondents set for themselves when entering a university is acquiring a profession (82%), and only 51% of respondents intend to work in their specialty. This discrepancy can be explained by the fact that in the course of training, students changed their primary attitude towards the chosen specialty. Consequently, the organization of educational, methodological, scientific and educational processes at the university affect the consolidation of an initially positive attitude towards the chosen profession and, ultimately, the quality of the graduate's professional training.

The results of the study made it possible to formulate a number of provisions related to the organization of the educational process at the university, which contributes to the formation of a competitive young specialist.

First, when organizing a competitive development process in a university, special attention should be paid to the content of psychological and pedagogical support for students as an organizational and methodological basis for the development of competitive-determining personal qualities of graduate students. At the initial stages, if the simultaneous development of all determinants is impossible or inexpedient, the main attention should be paid to the determinants of invariant significance, and later move on to the development of other groups of competitiveness determinants.

Secondly, in the process of vocational training, it is necessary to promote the development of students' desire to combine studies at a university with work in their specialty, and, if possible, help with employment. When students pass through industrial and other practices, offer them the performance of tasks of pedagogical, scientific-pedagogical and managerial content, aimed at mastering the relevant professional functions. All this will contribute to the accumulation of necessary professional experience by students.

Thirdly, in order to effectively prepare students for participation in real social interaction and professional activities, use in the educational process contextual (focused on the subject content of activities, relevant roles and functions) business and role-playing games, situational problem tasks, as well as introduce students in more depth - senior students with the real state of the labor market.

Fourthly, the requirement to provide high-quality training for a specialist who has a set of competencies that allow them to actively, reasonably and competently engage in relations that are developing in the labor market implies a change in the approach to the very process of professional training and an understanding that the product of an educational institution is its graduates. One of the main goals of education is to achieve a certain level of personal and professional self-consciousness of the student, allowing him to become a subject of educational and professional activities, interested in self-improvement, building his activity, changing and developing it.

Fifth, in order to become competitive, a graduate of a professional educational institution, first of all, must have a certain set of universal skills and abilities, as well as activity-important qualities that ensure the success of any type of activity and the search for new knowledge in the mode of self-education. The International Standard for the Classification of Occupations describes 9333 professions, the Russian Unified Tariff and Qualification Guide includes about 7 thousand professions and specialties. During the training of a specialist, the situation on the labor market can change significantly, so it is quite difficult to determine exactly which specialists and in what quantity will be in demand.

Sixthly, close cooperation should be established with the employer himself, for whom future personnel are being prepared. In this aspect, communication should be carried out in all directions:

work carried out during regular hours: conversations, disputes, conferences, forums;
work carried out outside school hours, with the aim of acquainting students with the specifics of the chosen profession.

The results of the survey on this level of competitiveness of graduates show the latent resource of the university in ensuring the professional and personal readiness of the future specialist. This resource consists in increasing the effectiveness of not only the educational activities of the university, but also in activating its post-educational activities, which go beyond the mandatory educational standards and are aimed at expanding the opportunities for students in the field of real practical activities in the emerging labor market.

Competitiveness at the level of society. The realities of the current stage of the socio-economic and political development of the Russian Federation require that when young people enter an independent life, support from society and the state is guaranteed to a certain extent.

In this regard, let us consider the main tasks, the solution of which, from our point of view, helps to increase the competitiveness of a young person as a subject of the labor market.

Firstly, strengthening the family as a basic social institution, where a person learns social norms and values for the first time. This largely determines what social role and behavior (active or passive) a young person will choose in life.

Secondly, increasing the role of the entire education system (primary, secondary general, secondary and higher professional) in the process of socialization of the individual. Education should become such a social institution in which a young person is not only provided with numerous knowledge, but also taught to navigate in changing conditions of life, form the inclinations of initiative, entrepreneurship and search activity, ensure the development of scientific creativity, which largely determines his behavior in the labor market.

Thirdly, the implementation of a unified social policy (state and regional) in relation to young people, which would include not only their employment and retraining, but also support for the process of identifying and purposefully developing intellectual potential, professional and personal abilities and business initiatives of all young people - children, pupils, students, working youth.

Consequently, the state is the main subject of the development and implementation of youth policy, and federal programs are one of the main means of its implementation. The regional localization of the labor market presupposes the specifics of the formation, distribution and use of labor resources, which predetermines the obligation to supplement federal programs to promote employment of the population (and youth as its component) with regional (republican and regional), as well as local programs that take into account the specifics of the demographic and socio-economic development of territories.

Employment of graduates as a manifestation of their competitiveness. The results of sociological surveys conducted in the universities of the Belgorod region show that about a quarter of students make mistakes in choosing a profession (specialty). As the main reasons for disappointment in the chosen profession, they most often indicate the overcrowding of the labor market and the emerging interest in obtaining another specialty.

An unjustified choice of a specialty and disappointment in it lead to the fact that a significant part of students do not express a desire to work in their chosen specialty or experience difficulties with professional and labor self-determination. More than 40% of graduates of Belgorod universities declare that they intend to work in their specialty, 4.9% answered categorically “no”, 7.8% - “I don’t know yet”, and almost half (46.4%) indicated that that "it depends on the circumstances". More than half of the students of technical schools (58%) and a third of the students of vocational schools (lyceums) intend to continue their studies; respectively 20% and 32% intend to work in their specialty; 21% and 26% expect that "life will show."

Every fourth or fifth student of Belgorod universities has a superficial idea of the requirements for their future work. Work environment awareness scores range from 0.20 to 0.46 (with a maximum value of 1). More than a third of graduates of Belgorod universities and technical schools indicate their lack of knowledge about enterprises that need specialists in their field. Sources of information are ranked in descending order of their importance as follows: 1) friends, acquaintances; 2) parents, relatives; 3) teachers; 4) special advertising and information materials; 5) mass media.

As evidenced by the data, graduates are more focused on independent job search. Employment assistance centers at universities received only 16% of the elections, and the employment service of the city - only 1%. The life orientations of students are dominated by subjective models of achieving success in life. The most effective ways to increase competitiveness at the personal level are: self-education, combining study with work in the specialty, mastering an additional specialty.

A successful solution to the problem of employment largely depends on the strategy of behavior of graduates in the labor market. The study identified three such strategies: pragmatic, indifferent conformist and professional labor. Judging by the empirical results, graduates with a pragmatic strategy of behavior in the labor market are the most successful in solving the problem of employment. Graduates with a professional labor strategy are distinguished by the highest level of professional training, but they are more in need of assistance from the university, employment centers. Most young professionals expect informational, advisory support, as well as provision of internships with subsequent mandatory employment.

Conclusions. Thus, the results obtained allow us to formulate a number of recommendations: it is necessary to pay more attention to the content of the psychological and pedagogical support of students, it is necessary to promote the development of their desire to combine studies at a university with work in their specialty, if possible, help with employment, close cooperation with the employer should be established.

In general, the results of the study of the structure of the competitiveness of graduates and the process of employment showed the need to improve their professional readiness by expanding the practice of post-educational activities in a modern university, aimed at preparing future specialists for successful employment.

The article was prepared as part of the implementation of the Strategic Development Program of BSTU. V.G. Shukhov for 2012-2016 (Agreement No. A-6/14 dated April 10, 2014).

Reviewers:

Sitarov V.A., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Head. Department of Pedagogy and Psychology of Higher School ANO VPO "Moscow University for the Humanities", Moscow;

Bakharev V.V., Doctor of Social Sciences, Professor of the Department of Sociology and Management, Belgorod State Technological University. V.G. Shukhov, Belgorod.

Bibliographic link

Danakin N.S., Shutenko A.I. COMPETITIVENESS OF GRADUATES AS AN INDICATOR OF THE EFFICIENCY OF A MODERN UNIVERSITY // Modern problems of science and education. - 2014. - No. 6.;
URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=15869 (date of access: 02/01/2020). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"

Alexey Valeryevich Nikitin, Director of the State Autonomous Educational Institution of Special Education "Kaluga College of Information Technologies and Management", Chairman of the secondary educational institutions of the Kaluga Region:

- In modern society, the main criterion for the effectiveness of the work of an educational institution is the quality of training and the competitiveness of graduates.

Many institutions of vocational education in the Kaluga region have monitored the satisfaction of employers with the quality of graduates, taking into account such indicators as adaptability, efficiency, independence, diligence, diligence, responsibility, discipline, learning ability, professional training. Most indicators were above average, but a key indicator, vocational training, was below average.

In addition, in modern conditions there is a need for qualitatively new professions and specialties that are in demand in the regional labor markets and provide key areas for the formation and development of industries. Among the innovative learning technologies, of particular interest is the dual model of vocational training, the advantage of which is the coordinated interaction of the educational and industrial spheres for the training of specialists, a high degree of practice orientation and, as a result, ensuring a high percentage of graduates' employment.

Experimental curricula, student training programs, test materials developed and implemented at the Kaluga College of Information Technology and Management and Volkswagen Group Rus LLC became the basis of a qualitatively new experimental educational and methodological complex in the specialties "Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles" ( "Automechatronics") and "Operation of transport electrical equipment and automation" ("Mechatronics"). And employers positively assessed the quality of training and professional competencies of college graduates.

In 2011-2012, the college developed and implemented similar educational and methodological complexes and control and measuring materials for other professions and specialties that are in demand by production: a painting specialist, a metalworking specialist, warehouse logistics.

Effective interaction between vocational education institutions and employers is of great practical importance both for the vocational education system of the region and for the regional labor market. The introduction of elements of a dual training system, a competency-based approach to training can significantly improve the quality of training a qualified specialist, making him competitive in the labor market.

Work on the training of qualified specialists on the basis of vocational education institutions has also revealed some serious problems. Moreover, failure to address some of them endangers the very existence of the training system itself. In particular, this is a partial or complete absence in the institution of specialists capable of conducting training in technical specialties (hydraulics, pneumatics, electrical engineering, electronics, industrial energy); aging of existing workforce; outflow of young specialists; the impossibility of high wages; imperfection of labor legislation; advanced training of personnel in organizations and institutions that often do not have the necessary educational, methodological and material and technical resources.

Various technoparks successfully operate in our region. Industrial clusters have been created and are developing: automotive, pharmaceuticals, metallurgy, electronics, agriculture, etc. All representatives of the manufacturing sector are modern high-tech enterprises that need skilled workers and mid-level specialists. The introduction of practice-oriented training in the educational process, as well as practical recommendations, can be taken as a basis for the formation of new scientific and methodological complexes for new professions and specialties demanded by employers, i.e. professional competencies can be effectively formed for any industry.

At the same time, the regional strategy in the field of personnel training must necessarily take into account all the features of the economic development of the region. The result of this work will be the high quality of vocational education, satisfaction of the employer's needs for qualified specialists, the demand for a graduate of an educational institution in the labor market, the successful operation of enterprises, the economic development of the region, the development of the region's vocational education system, and the investment attractiveness of the Kaluga region.

As a manuscript

Borisova Olga Vladimirovna

Competitiveness of graduates

higher education institutions in the labor market:

methodological approaches

08.00.05 - economics and management of the national economy

dissertations for a degree

Candidate of Economic Sciences

The work was carried out at the Department of Business Economics of the Biysk Technological Institute (branch) of the State Educational

institutions of higher professional education "Altai

State Technical University. I.I. Polzunov"

(BTI AltSTU)

Scientific adviser:

Milyaeva Larisa Grigorievna

Official opponents: doctor of economic sciences, professor

Shabashev Vladimir Alekseevich

doctor of economic sciences, professor

Apenko Svetlana Nikolaevna

Lead organization: SEI HPE "Baikal State University of Economics and Law"

The defense will take place on October 20, 2009 at 4:00 pm at a meeting of the Dissertation Council D 212.179.01 at Omsk State University. F.M. Dostoevsky at the address: 644053, Omsk, pl. Litskevicha, d. 1, room. 214.

The dissertation can be found in the reading room of the library of the Omsk State University. F.M. Dostoevsky.

Scientific Secretary of the Dissertation Council

Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor L.N. Ivanova

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF WORK

Relevance of the research topic. In the context of the modernization of the Russian education system, the training of highly qualified specialists becomes a priority for any professional educational institution that wants to secure a competitive position in the educational services market. It's no secret that one of the key indicators that determine the rating of an educational institution in the face of growing competition is the level of demand for graduates. This is confirmed by at least two circumstances: 1) the use of this indicator as one of the criteria for state certification of specialties; 2) positioning the successful employment of graduates as a dominant component of the generalized attractiveness of the university (image), formed on the basis of the results of a subjective comprehensive assessment of consumers of educational services - students, graduates and employers.

We emphasize that the main difficulty that arises in diagnosing the employment of university graduates is the lack of specialized methodological tools that would allow not only to track the level of employment, but also to analyze, based on the results of monitoring, indicators of demand and competitiveness of graduates, and on the basis of this apply specific managerial influences.

Thus, the relevance and significance of the dissertation research aimed at developing theoretical provisions and methodological approaches to the analysis of the competitiveness of university graduates is beyond doubt.

The degree of development of the problem. A significant contribution to the study of conceptual aspects of the competitiveness of labor resources was made by the works of S.N. Apenko, T.B. Bakhmatova, E.L. Bogdanova, S.Yu. Glazyrin, L. Ivanovskaya, A.Ya. Kibanova, E.V. Maslova, L.G. Milyaeva, A.K. Mishina, Yu.V. Nemtseva, Yu.G. Odegova, V.S. Polovinko, S.V. Rachek, G.G. Rudenko, E. Sarukhanov, L.N. Semerkova, S.I. Sotnikova, T.Yu. Stuken, N. Suslova, R.A. Fatkhutdinova, V.A. Shabasheva and others.

The issues of competitiveness of graduates of professional educational institutions were studied by J. Beilerot, I.V. Virina, N.V. Volkova, T.G. Geske, S.R. Demidov, M.V. Seibert, O.M. Kirilyuk, T. Konom, N.V. Korneichenko, G.K. Maksimov, V.A. Oganesov, T.G. Ozernikova, V.Yu. Pereverzev, S.I. Plaksiem, E.V. Potapova, T.G. Pronyushkina, O.V. Saginova, L.I. Sheptalina, S.N. Shirobokov and others.

A.V. Astakhova, S.A. Bondarenko, L.M. Vladimirskaya, E.M. Galitskaya, N.Ya. Garafutdinova, A.I. Gubar, I.A. Zimney, N.A. Kandrina, V.P. Kolesova, T.F. Kryaklina, N.V. Kuzmina, T.A. Mamon, A.K. Markova, V.Yu. Pereverzeva, L.A. Petrovskaya, A.V. Plyasheshnikova, T.G. Pronyushkina, L.I. Sazonova, N.I. Sergeeva, A.A. Strantsova, T.V. Trofimova, S.N. Shirobokova, T.V. Yarochkina and others.

The analysis of the factors influencing the competitiveness of graduates of professional educational institutions is reflected in the works of I.R. Aitykova, S.D. Ilyenkova, N.A. Kontareva, N.Sh. Nikitina, T.A. Novgorodtseva, A.A. Khairets, L.G. Milyaeva, V.V. Polyakova, Ya.M. Roshchina, Yu.B. Rubina, E.V. Tarakanova, P.E. Shcheglova and others.

Informal aspects of the education system that affect the quality of training of graduates of professional educational institutions are consecrated in the works of E.V. Balatsky, A.S. Zaborovskaya, T.L. Klyachko, I.B. Koroleva, E.O. Leontieva, A.S. Mirsky, A. Nikitov, L.B. Skazova, K.D. Titaeva, V.A. Chernets, A.E. Chirikova, I.O. Shevchenko, L.S. Shilova, S.V. Shishkin and others.

Meanwhile, a critical analysis of the specialized literature revealed a number of omissions of a theoretical, methodological and methodological nature: the ambiguity of interpretations of the key concept of the dissertation research “competitiveness of a university graduate”; imperfection (excessive formalization) of the available methodological tools; lack of study of the influence of certain factors on the quality of professional training of university graduates. The need for solving the identified problems substantiated the object, subject, purpose and objectives of the dissertation research.

Object of study graduates of higher educational institutions perform; respectively, object of observation- graduates of universities in the city of Biysk, Altai Territory. The Biysk Technological Institute (branch) of the State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education “Altai State Technical University named after I.I. I.I. Polzunov (BTI AltSTU).

Subject of study– competitiveness of graduates of higher educational institutions.

The dissertation work corresponds to paragraph 8.8 “Problems of the quality of the workforce, training, professional retraining and advanced training of personnel, investment in human capital; formation of competitiveness of employees; professional orientation of the population; Mobility of personnel” specialty 08.00.05 – economics and management of the national economy (labor economics) according to the passport of the specialties of the Higher Attestation Commission (economic sciences).

The purpose of the dissertation research consists in the development of methodological approaches to the analysis of the competitiveness of graduates of higher educational institutions.

This goal determined the content and logic of the dissertation research, list of main research tasks:

Analyze existing approaches to the interpretation of the concept of "competitiveness of a university graduate";

To identify the parameters of the internal and external environment that affect the level of professional training of university graduates, positioned as the main parameter of their competitiveness in the labor market;

Develop methodological tools for analyzing the competitiveness of university graduates;

To analyze the situation in the market of educational services of higher professional education and the labor market of young specialists in the city of Biysk, Altai Territory;

To test the developed methodological tools on university graduates of the basic experiment.

Theoretical and methodological basis of the study the works of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of analysis of the competitiveness of graduates of professional educational institutions, scientific publications, materials of specialized scientific and practical conferences served.

To solve the problems of the dissertation research, a critical analysis of specialized scientific and methodological literature, the method of comparison and generalization, system analysis, and statistical analysis of quantitative data were used. To collect primary information, methods of questionnaire survey and interviews were used. Processing and presentation of the research results were carried out using economic and statistical methods.

Information base of the study served as: data of survey statistics of students, graduates of universities and representatives of employers of the city of Biysk, Altai Territory; data of the Federal State Statistics Service, the Office of the Altai Territory for Labor and Employment of the Population, the Regional State Institution "Employment Center of the City of Biysk"; official information portals on the Internet; publications in Russian periodicals.

Scientific novelty of the dissertation research includes the following elements.

1. A clarification of the concept of “competitiveness of a university graduate” was carried out, coupled with an emphasis on the features of this agent of the labor market regarding the object (subject) of competition and the parameters of competitiveness.

3. Conceptual foundations for the study of the parallel market of educational services, positioned as a threat to reduce the competitiveness of university graduates, are proposed.

4. A methodology has been developed for a multi-level analysis of the employment of university graduates, coupled with a consistent assessment of actual, profile and competitive employment.

Theoretical and practical significance of the work consists in clarifying the conceptual apparatus of the analyzed sphere, taking into account the specifics of the studied subject of the labor market - a university graduate; in the development and testing of methodological approaches to the analysis of their competitiveness: a typical matrix of SWOT-analysis of the level of professional training of graduates; methodological aspects of the study of the parallel market of educational services; methods of multilevel analysis of employment of graduates.

The approaches to the analysis of competitiveness proposed in the dissertation, tested on graduates of the university of the basic experiment, can be used by other professional educational institutions that monitor and promote the employment of graduates.

Separate applied proposals of the dissertation research are brought by the author to the level of practically demanded developments and recommendations, which is confirmed by the acts attached to the dissertation.

In addition, the main provisions of the dissertation research were used in the educational process of the Faculty of Economics in the preparation of graduates in the specialty 080502 "Economics and Management at the Enterprise" - reading the courses "Human Resource Management Strategies", "Assessment, Certification and Development of Human Resources", "Competitiveness Management ”, as well as in course and diploma design.

Approbation of the research results. The main provisions and conclusions of the dissertation are presented:

At scientific and practical competitions: competition of works of the International Scientific Foundation for Economic Research Academician N.P. Fedorenko (Moscow, 2006, 2007, 2008); the main competition of the Russian Humanitarian Foundation (Moscow, 2008, 2009); All-Russian competition of scientific works of youth "Economic growth of Russia" VEO of Russia (Moscow, 2007, 2008, 2009); All-Russian competition of diploma works of the Guild of Marketers (Moscow, 2007); All-Russian competition of scientific works "National Treasure of Russia" National Assembly "Integration" (Moscow, 2007); All-Russian competition of youth author's projects "My country - my Russia" (Moscow, 2008, 2009); the All-Russian Olympiad for the Development of the National Economy of Russia of the Youth Union of Economists and Financiers of the Russian Federation (Moscow, 2009); regional competition of innovative projects among young people (Barnaul, 2009);

At scientific schools and seminars: school "Secrets of successful fundraising" of the Con-text JRC with the financial support of the Ford Foundation (Tomsk, 2007); Seminar in the direction "Sociology of education" of the IS RAS and the Moscow office of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (Moscow, 2008); school in the field of "Sociology" State Institution "Higher School of Economics" (Moscow, 2009);

At scientific and scientific-practical conferences of various levels: "Reforming the economy: problems and solutions" (Biysk, 2006, 2007, 2008); "Intellectual potential of Siberia" (Novosibirsk, 2006, 2007); "Management of the quality of education, products and the environment" (Biysk, 2006, 2007, 2008); "Youth in the XXI century" (Rubtsovsk, 2006); "Problems of increasing the competitiveness of labor resources" (Biysk, 2006, 2008); "The science. Technology. Innovations” (Novosibirsk, 2006, 2007); Development Economics: Problems and Prospects (Barnaul, 2007); "Modernization of higher education: problems of transition to competence-oriented education" (Barnaul, 2007); "Russian Education Today" (Moscow, 2008); "Socio-political and economic-legal problems of society: history and modernity" (Barnaul, 2008); Lomonosov (Moscow, 2009); "Global Problems of Modernity: Reality and Forecasts" (Kazan, 2008); "Innovative Development of the City: Methodology and Practice" (Belokurikha, 2007); "Russia of the 21st century: ways and prospects of development" (Moscow, 2007); "National Treasure of Russia" (Moscow, 2007); "Changes in Russia: past, present, future" (Kazan, 2007); Altai Personnel Forum (Biysk, 2008); Siberian Personnel Forum (Novosibirsk, 2009).

The structure and content of the dissertation work. The dissertation consists of three chapters, conclusion and appendices. The work is presented on 136 pages, contains 34 tables, 14 figures, 7 formulas; applications A-D occupy 5 sheets. The list of used sources contains 152 names.

In the introduction the relevance of the dissertation research is substantiated, the degree of development of the problem is determined, the goals, objectives, object and subject of research are formulated, the scientific novelty and practical significance of the results of the work are shown.

In the first chapter "Theoretical and methodological foundations of the study of the competitiveness of university graduates" analyzed the existing approaches to the interpretation of the concept of "competitiveness of a university graduate"; the author's position in relation to the analyzed concept is substantiated; a list of parameters of the internal and external environment has been established that affect the level of professional training as a key component of the competitiveness of a university graduate; the conceptual foundations of the study of the parallel market of educational services, positioned as the main threat to reduce the competitiveness of university graduates, are presented.

In the second chapter "Methodological approaches to the analysis of the competitiveness of university graduates" a comparative analysis of the standard methodology and the methodology of multilevel analysis of the employment of university graduates was carried out; shortcomings of the standard methodology were identified and the need to develop new methodological tools was substantiated; the methodology of multi-level analysis of employment, coupled with the analysis of competitive employment of university graduates, and the system of promoting the employment of graduates, taking into account the analysis of the requirements of employers, are presented.

In the third chapter “Approbation of methodological approaches to the analysis of the competitiveness of university graduates” presents the results of an analysis of the situation in the market of educational services of higher professional education and the labor market of young specialists in the city of Biysk, Altai Territory; a comprehensive analysis of the employment of graduates of universities in the city of Biysk; analysis of the requirements for university graduates in the labor market of the city of Biysk; analysis of the situation in the parallel market of educational services in the city of Biysk.

In custody the main conclusions are formulated, the results of the dissertation research are summarized in accordance with the goal.

The results of the dissertation research,

put up for defense

To clarify the basic concept of a dissertation research, a standard procedure was used that provides for the sequential implementation of the following steps:

1) a comparative critical analysis of known approaches to the interpretation of the key aspect that determines the essence of the category, as well as substantive aspects that complement and specify the essential one;

3) substantiation of the analyzed concept;

4) concretization of specified points.

An analysis of the specialized literature revealed five main approaches to interpreting the essential aspect of the analyzed concept, according to which the competitiveness of a labor market agent looking for a job can be defined as (Table 1):

The ability to win competition in the labor market against other applicants;

Table 1

Debatable points of view on the essential aspect of the concept

"competitiveness of a labor market agent looking for a job"

Interpretation option	Critical analysis	position
1. The ability of the agent to win the competition in the labor market against other applicants	The presented approach reflects the essence of the analyzed concept in the context of the general theory of competition	Corresponds
2. The agent's ability to compete in the labor market	The presented approach does not fully reveal the essence of the analyzed concept, because the ability of an agent to participate in the competition in the labor market does not mean his ability to win this competition	Does not match
3. Readiness of the agent for professional activities	The presented approach distorts the meaning of the analyzed concept, since the readiness of an agent for professional activities does not mean his ability to win economic competition in the labor market against other competitors	Does not match
4. A set of qualitative characteristics and competencies of an agent	The presented approach characterizes the parameters (means, methods) of ensuring the competitiveness of an agent, thereby reflecting the substantive aspects of the analyzed concept, but without revealing its main essence.	Does not match
5. The totality of the agent's potential abilities for professional activity	The presented approach replaces the concept of "agent's competitiveness" with the concept of "agent's labor potential"	Does not match

Ability to compete in the labor market;

Readiness for professional activity;

A set of qualitative characteristics and competencies;

The totality of potential abilities for professional activity.

It seems (Table 2) that the analysis of substantive aspects comes down to clarifying: 1) the characteristics of the subject of competition, which is a vacant job in the labor market; 2) parameters of competitiveness of labor market agents looking for work; 3) criteria for the competitiveness of labor market agents looking for work.

Thus, under competitiveness of a university graduate in the labor market should be understood as the ability to win against other applicants the economic competition for employment in a “good” job corresponding to the specialty (training profile) received at the university, due to the best correspondence of the level of his professional training and personal characteristics to the requirements of the workplace and the subjective preferences of employers.

the concept of "competitiveness of a university graduate in the labor market"

refined	Job market agents looking for work
refined	University graduates
Subject of competition	“good” (quality) vacancies corresponding to the profile specialty obtained at the university (training profile)	good" (quality) vacancies corresponding to the profile vocational training
Typical parameters competitiveness	- the level of professional training of the graduate, reflecting the real (true) knowledge, skills and abilities obtained at the university; - personal characteristics	- qualification(reflecting, for example, for the category of workers, the assigned wage category, the presence of related and additional professions, the number of submitted rational proposals, etc.); - the level of education(university, college, technical school, vocational school, etc.); - professional experience; - age; - personal characteristics
Criteria competitiveness	The degree of compliance of the level of professional training and personal characteristics of the graduate with the requirements of the workplace and the subjective preferences of employers	The degree of compliance of the level of professional training and personal characteristics of the agent with the requirements of the workplace and the subjective preferences of employers

It seems that the requirements of the workplace determine the level of professional training of a graduate, embodied in the informal parameters of qualification (true knowledge, skills). Accordingly, the subjective preferences of employers form the requirements for the personal characteristics of the graduate and the formal parameters of his qualifications, recorded in the grades of the diploma insert.

2. A list of parameters of the internal and external environment that affect the level of professional training of university graduates has been established. The legitimacy of introducing into scientific circulation the concept of "parallel market of educational services", which is understood as a system of interaction between counterparties, based on the delegation by students of higher professional educational institutions (buyers) to third parties (sellers) of the authority to produce a specific product on a paid contractual basis - performed and properly in the manner of formalized control attestation tasks (term papers and tests, abstracts, settlement tasks, graduation projects, etc.); a system of interaction between counterparties, the consequence of which is a decrease in the level of professional training of university graduates. The dominant position of the author is the notion that increasing the competitiveness of a university graduate in the labor market is achieved mainly by increasing the level of his professional training, which can be influenced by the parameters of the internal and external environment of the university presented in the typical SWOT matrix (Table 3): the quality of educational services; development of university partnerships; activation of the parallel market of educational services.

Table 3

Typical Level SWOT Analysis Matrix

professional training of a university graduate

The external environment of the university

The internal environment of the university

Opportunities

Threats

Development of university partnerships with employers, research, educational and other institutions in the process of preparing graduates

Parallel activation

market of educational services

Strengths

High level of quality

educational services, coupled with a high level of qualification of the teaching staff, the material and technical base of the university, the quality of teaching; strengthening control by teachers over the performance of attestation work; introduction of innovations in the educational process; modernization of educational programs, etc.

"Strengths -

opportunities"

(The university should develop a strategy to use its strengths to benefit from the opportunities that have appeared in the external environment)

"Strengths -

threats"

(the strategy of the university should involve the use of its power to eliminate the threat)

Weak sides

Low quality

educational services

"Weak sides -

opportunities"

(the strategy of the university should be built in such a way that, due to the emerging opportunities, try to overcome its weaknesses)

"Weak sides -

threats"

(The university needs to develop a strategy associated with preventing the impending threat)

We emphasize that the key component of the internal environment of the university is the quality of educational services. An analysis of the specialized literature revealed that the high quality of education at a university is determined by many parameters, including: the level of qualification of the teaching staff and teaching and support staff; the level of development of the material, technical and socio-cultural base; the quality of teaching; differentiation of educational programs; motivation of students; innovative nature of education, etc.

Annex 1 to the Order of the Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science dated September 30, 2005 No. 1938 (as amended on April 25, 2008) “On approval of performance indicators and criteria for state accreditation of higher educational institutions” (Registered in the Ministry of Justice on October 19, 2005 No. 7092) .

It should be noted that the opportunities of the university that exist in the external environment and are aimed at improving the educational process are due to the development of partnerships with various organizations and institutions, which may include differentiated forms of cooperation. So, for example, the relationship "university-employer" can be built on the joint organization of industrial practices of students, internships for teachers, the joint development of the material, technical and socio-cultural base, etc. Relations "university-university" can be based on joint scientific events ( forums, seminars, conferences), the organization of exchange programs for students and teachers, etc. The relationship between the "university-research institute" can be associated with the conduct of scientific research under joint agreements, etc.

At the same time, the main threat that reduces the quality of professional training of university graduates is the parallel market of educational services, the study of which has not been adequately reflected in the scientific literature.

It is quite obvious that in order to take specific managerial actions aimed at improving the competitiveness of graduates, the university must analyze the factors of both the internal and external environment.

3. Conceptual foundations for the study of the parallel market of educational services, positioned as a threat to reduce the competitiveness of university graduates, are proposed. We emphasize that the following circumstances were the determinants of using the concept of "parallel market of educational services": 1) "market", because it is a system of relations between the seller and the buyer, based on the balance of supply and demand; 2) "market of educational services", because the goods are the intermediary service of the seller (actual performer), associated with the execution on a paid contractual basis of the order of the buyer - the pseudo performer of the control attestation task (abstract, settlement and graphic work, essay, course project, etc.), provided for by the curriculum of the specialty; 3) "parallel market", since the agents operating in this market also operate in the market of educational services. Moreover, the high quality of the services of sellers of the parallel market, with the connivance of university teachers, is transformed into “qualitative assessments” of the insert in the diploma and the level of professional training of the graduate that does not correspond to them, distorting the assessment of other consumers (in particular, employers) of real educational services provided by educational institutions.

The last of the noted circumstances justifies the legitimacy of positioning the parallel market as the main factor that negatively affects the level of professional training of graduates.

A detailed comparative analysis of the market of educational services and the parallel market of educational services (in fact, the market of control attestation tasks), aimed at identifying the specific features of the latter, is shown in Table 4.

Table 4

Comparative analysis of the higher educational services market

vocational education and the parallel market

Analyzed parameter	Market of educational	Parallel Market educational services
1. Object of sale (goods)	educational service	The control attestation task of the buyer-customer performed by the seller-executor
2. Market counterparties: Subjects forming the proposal;	Officially registered legal entities (HEIs)	Private (natural) persons
Demand makers	Students and students of universities	Part of students and students of universities
3. Period of working activity	Academic year	Period from January to June
4. Legal status of activities	Mandatory possession of a state license	Lack of a license for this type of activity
5. State regulation of activities	Compulsory taxation of activities, secured by administrative and criminal liability	Activities of sellers of the parallel market of educational services are not subject to taxation
6. Type of service	Paid and free
7. Features of paid services	Fixed price, not subject to adjustment by the entity that generates demand	Contract price subject to adjustment by the entity generating demand
8. Form of registration of a transaction between counterparties	Signing a contract of the established form	Verbal agreement, in some cases supported by the seller's receipt
9. Risk of non-fulfillment of the terms of the transaction
10. Term of provision of services	It is regulated by the profile of the received specialty and the form of education, amounting to several years	It ranges from several hours to several months and depends on the complexity of the work performed, the “load” of the salesperson
11. Nature of the provision of the service	Implemented on a competitive basis	Appears to everyone
12. Documentary confirmation of the rendered service	Document on education of the established form	Lack of supporting documents

Table 5

The structure of the study of the parallel market of educational services

Components	Characteristic
1. Purpose of the study	Analysis of the conjuncture and development dynamics of the parallel market
2. Research tasks	1. Analysis of supply in the parallel market for the analyzed period, including: Analysis of parallel market services in the context of disciplines and types of work; Analysis of structural shifts in the proposal, based on the method of relative values; Price monitoring in the parallel market. 2. Analysis of demand in the parallel market of educational services for the analyzed period, including: Building a sociological portrait of the “buyer” of parallel market services; Determining the attitude of the "buyer" to the parallel market; Studying the motivation of the "consumer" of parallel market services; Research of services of the parallel market, which are in demand, in the context of disciplines and types of work; Identification of factors influencing consumer demand; Characteristics of the parallel market service provider
3. Information base of the study	Survey statistics of sellers and buyers of parallel market services
4. Methodological basis for the study of counterparties of the parallel market: - "sellers" who form the offer;	A typical scheme of a structured telephone survey of a "salesperson" aimed at determining: Qualifications of the "seller" - his education, experience in this area, current place of work (study); The quality and prices of the intermediary services provided by them (diversification of control certification tasks; flexibility in the timing of the order, related services, transaction prices, payment terms; guarantee of high-quality and timely execution of the order)
- "buyers" who form demand	Questionnaire "buyer" (student and graduate), aimed at determining: Parametric characteristics of the respondent (gender; educational institution where the respondent studied (studies); specialty; course (year of graduation from the educational institution); form of education; academic performance; income level; career orientation); Respondent's attitude to the parallel market; Respondent's belonging to a parallel market; Consumer motives and preferences of respondents in relation to the services of the parallel market; Conjuncture of the parallel market (demand in the context of disciplines and types of work); The level of prices operating in the parallel market; Parallel Market Service Provider and criteria for its selection; Satisfaction of the respondent with the quality of parallel market services

To analyze the situation in the parallel market of educational services, it is necessary to use the research structure proposed by the authors (Table 5).

It seems that the typical purpose of the study of a parallel market is to analyze the situation and the dynamics of its development.

The implementation of this goal is associated with the consistent implementation of a set of applied tasks involving the analysis of supply and demand in a parallel market.

The information base of the study consists of survey statistics of sellers and buyers. So, for a survey of counterparties who form an offer, it is proposed typical scheme of a structured telephone survey of the "seller" aimed at identifying his qualifications, quality and price of intermediary services provided by him. Accordingly, to survey counterparties that form demand, it is legitimate to use Questionnaire "buyer"(student and university graduate), aimed at determining the parametric characteristics of the respondent; its relationship and belonging to the parallel market; his consumer motives and preferences; conjuncture of the parallel market, etc.

4. A methodology has been developed for a multi-level analysis of the employment of university graduates, associated with a consistent assessment of actual, profile and competitive employment. The conceptual basis of the proposed methodology is formed by the idea of using a multilevel approach based on the results of survey statistics of university graduates (Figure 1).

It seems that the result of the implementation of each stage of the analysis is the corresponding diagnosable indicator: the level of employment (), the level of specialized employment () and the level of competitive employment ().

We emphasize that the need to use the methodology of multilevel analysis of the employment of graduates is justified by the imperfection of the standard methodology used by universities (Table 6):

Based on information provided by public employment services on a specific date (as a rule, on December 31 of the year of graduation of the analyzed graduates);

Based on the conditional division of graduates into employed () and unemployed ();

Does not take into account the degree of compliance of the employment of graduates with the profile and level of their training at the university;

Figure 1 - The structure of university graduates by the criterion of employment

It does not allow applying the obtained results for the analysis of factors influencing the competitiveness of graduates.

The criteria justifying the use of this methodology by universities are low labor intensity and cost intensity of the assessment.

The proposed methodology is based on the algorithm for analyzing the employment of university graduates, consisting of four interrelated blocks (goal-setting, goal-realizing, analytical and managerial) and involving the sequential implementation of 6 stages (Figure 2).

1. Justification in accordance with the task of the university management of the goals and objectives of the study. The result of the implementation of this stage is a research program, including a description of the procedure for its implementation, the identification of responsible persons, the delimitation of powers between them, etc.

2. Development and approval of the questionnaire.

3. Coordination of the sample size, composition and structure of respondents with the leadership of the university.

4. Conducting a survey of respondents - filling out the questionnaire in accordance with the proposed instructions.

5. Processing of questionnaire survey data - determination of indicators of actual, profile and competitive employment according to formulas (2) - (4).

Table 6

Comparative analysis of the standard method and the multilevel method

analysis of the employment of university graduates

Analyzed parameter	Methodology for analyzing the employment of university graduates
Analyzed parameter		Multilevel
1. Informational	Data from the State City Employment Service (GGSZN)	Survey statistics data of university graduates identified in the process of structured telephone interviewing
2. Evaluation procedure	single level	Multilevel
3. Estimated indicators	Employment rate ()	Employment level (), profile employment level (), competitive employment level ()
4. Calculation formula for the estimated indicator	(1)	(3);(4)
5. The degree of formalism in the implementation of the approach	Formal	Informal
6. Ability to conduct factor analysis	Missing	Sufficient
7. Reliability of assessment
8. Evaluation effort
9. Estimation cost

Note that the analysis of competitive employment is associated with the diagnosis of the workplace occupied by a graduate. This approach is determined by the author's position that the graduate's competitiveness is manifested only if the subject of competition in the labor market is not any, but only "good" (quality) jobs. Based on the data of a sociological survey of university graduates and employers in the city of Biysk, Altai Territory, it was found that a “good” workplace is characterized by the following parameters:

Figure 2 - Algorithm for analyzing the employment of university graduates

The presented methodology forms the basis of the documented procedure DP 7.5-05-2007 "Employment and adaptation to the labor market of graduates" (date of entry into force 10/17/2007), which is part of the business process of the quality management system of BTI AltGTU PB 2-7.5-04.5- 2007 “Production and service. The process of distribution of graduates.

The algorithm for analyzing the employment of university graduates was tested within the framework of the agreement between BTI AltSTU and the Regional State Institution "Employment Center of the City of Biysk" dated 01.08.06 No. 304/2006.

The survey of employers in the city of Biysk was conducted within the framework of the agreement between BTI AltSTU and the Non-Commercial Partnership "Altai Biopharmaceutical Cluster" dated June 15, 2009 No. 18-09.

The level of wages is above average;

Provided good working conditions at the workplace;

Compliance with labor laws is guaranteed;

The workplace involves the professional development of the employee and / or the possibility of career growth.

We emphasize that the competitiveness of a university graduate is an indicator of his competitive employment.

6. Comprehensive (absolute-relative) assessment of the level of employment (Table 7):

a) "absolute assessment" in accordance with the calculated value of the level of employment, according to the results of which the employment rate is assessed as "high", "above average", "average", "below average" and "low";

b) “relative assessment”, based on comparison with the “background”, which can be specific specialties, enlarged groups of specialties, departments, faculties, universities. According to the results of the relative assessment, the level of employment can be defined as relatively high, comparable and relatively low.

Table 7

Comprehensive assessment of the level of employment of university graduates

Absolute score		Relative score
Range changes employment	quality gradation absolute score	employment compared to	quality gradation relative evaluation
0.95 to 1.00			Relatively high
0.80 to 0.94	Above the average		Relatively high
0.70 to 0.79			Comparable
0.60 to 0.69	Below the average		Relatively low
			Relatively low

The logical conclusion of the presented methodology is the system of promoting the employment of university graduates (Table 8), based on the idea of using one of the strategies (partnership and/or competitiveness) depending on the type of graduate employment analysis used.

Universities appear to:

1) who do not have a clear strategy to promote the employment of graduates (i.e. "go with the flow"), are limited to a formal analysis of employment, regulated by the requirements of mandatory annual reporting;

Initiated, determined by university policy

Information base of the SWOT-analysis of the level of professional training of university graduates

Increasing the competitiveness of university graduates

Competitiveness Strategy (SC)

2) with a pronounced paternalistic principle, manifested in facilitating the employment of graduates by strengthening direct (with potential employers) and intermediary (with employment services) ties, they monitor not only actual, but also specialized employment;

3) focused on increasing employment by achieving the proper level of professional training and initiative of graduates, in addition to actual employment, they diagnose competitive employment.

The methodological approaches proposed by the author to the analysis of the competitiveness of university graduates will make it possible to improve the educational process as much as possible and increase the demand for and competitiveness of university graduates in the labor market.

DISSERTATIONS

1. Borisova, O.V. Conceptual approach to managing the competitiveness of university graduates / L.G. Milyaeva, O.V. Borisova // Economic sciences. - No. 8 (57) - 2009. - 0.21 p.l. (of which copyright - 0.11 p.l.)

2. Borisova O.V. Innovative approach to the study of the market of educational services / O.V. Borisova // Bulletin of the Belgorod University of Consumer Cooperatives. - No. 1. - 2009. - S. 352-356. - 0.61 p.l.

3. Borisova, O.V. The main directions of increasing the competitiveness of university graduates in the labor market / L.G. Milyaeva, O.V. Borisov // Proceedings of the Irkutsk State Economic Academy. - 2009. - No. 5 (67). - 0.26 p.l. (of which copyright - 0.13 p.l.).

Articles in journals and scientific collections:

4. Borisova, O.V. Where are young professionals in demand? / L.G. Milyaeva, O.V. Borisova // Employment Service. - No. 1. - 2007. - S. 58-62. - 0.74 p.l. (of which copyright - 0.37 p.l.)

5. Borisova, O.V. How to explore the parallel market of educational services (the experience of Biysk, Altai Territory) / L.G. Milyaeva, O.V. Borisova // Employment Service. - No. 8. - 2006. - S. 10-22. - 1.63 p.l. (of which copyright - 0.82 p.l.)

6. Borisova, O.V. Marketing research of the market of educational services / O.V. Borisova // Bulletin of higher educational institutions of the Chernozem region - No. 2. - 2008. - P. 68-72. - 0.40 p.l.

7. Borisova, O.V. Informal aspects of the educational services market / L.G. Milyaeva, O.V. Borisov // Bulletin of the Altai Science. - No. 2. - 2009. - S. 62-73. - 1.39 p.l. (of which copyright - 0.70 p.l.)

Materials of seminars and conferences:

8. Borisova, O.V. Management of the competitive demand for graduates of higher educational institutions / L.G. Milyaeva, O.V. Borisova, E.B. Drobyshevskaya / Human resources as a factor of economic development: materials of the Second Siberian Personnel Forum. - Novosibirsk: Publishing house of NSUEU, 2009. - S. 69-71. - 0.19 p.l. (of which copyright - 0.06 p.l.)

9. Borisova, O.V. What affects the quality of training of university graduates? (or to the question of the study of informal aspects of the educational services market) / L.G. Milyaeva, O.V. Borisova / Human resources as a factor of economic development: materials of the Second Siberian Personnel Forum. - Novosibirsk: Publishing house of NSUEU, 2009. - S. 33-38. - 0.22 p.l. (of which copyright - 0.11 p.l.)

10. Borisova, O.V. Management of the competitiveness of university graduates, based on the results of factor analysis / O.V. Borisova, L.G. Milyaeva / Problems and prospects for the development of economics and management in Russia and abroad: materials of the interregional scientific and practical conference April 21-22, 2009 - Rubtsovsk: Alt. un-ta, 2009. - S. 318-322. - 0.31 p.l. (of which copyright - 0.16 p.l.)

11. Borisova, O.V. Informal aspects of the modern education system / O.V. Borisova, L.G. Milyaeva / Actual problems in the field of economics, jurisprudence, marketing, management: materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference. - Izhevsk: Editorial and publishing department of NOU "Polytechnic", 2009. - S. 55-59. - 0.34 p.l. (of which copyright - 0.17 p.l.)

12. Borisova, O.V. Comparative analysis of the official and parallel markets of educational services / L.G. Milyaeva, O.V. Borisova / Management of the quality of education, products and the environment: materials of the 3rd All-Russian scientific and practical conference, September 25-26, 2008. - Biysk: Alt. state tech. un-ta, 2008. - S. 32-37. - 0.35 p.l. (of which copyright - 0.18 p.l.)

13. Borisova, O.V. "Pseudo-specialist" or who is actually involved in the modern educational process of the university? / O.V. Borisova, E.A. Povilyagin, L.G. Milyaeva / Reforming the economy: problems and solutions: materials of the fifth All-Russian scientific and practical conference of students, graduate students and young scientists (September 17, 2008). - Biysk: Alt. state tech. un-ta, 2008. - S. 28-34. - 1.75 p.l. (of which copyright - 0.58 p.l.)

14. Borisova, O.V. "Two sides of the same coin" (comparative analysis of the official and parallel markets of educational services) / O.V. Borisova, E.A. Povilyagin, L.G. Milyaeva / Reforming the economy: problems and solutions: materials of the fifth All-Russian scientific and practical conference of students, graduate students and young scientists (September 17, 2008). - Biysk: Alt. state tech. un-ta, 2008. - S. 25-27. - 0.75 p.l. (of which copyright - 0.25 p.l.)

15. Borisova, O.V. Parallel market of educational services: conjuncture and dynamics of development / L.G. Milyaeva, O.V. Borisova, E.A. Povilyagina / Problems of increasing the competitiveness of labor resources: materials of the fourth All-Russian scientific and practical conference (September 19, 2008). - Biysk: Alt. state tech. un-ta, 2008. - S. 88-95. - 2.03 p.l. (of which copyright - 0.68 p.l.)

16. Borisova, O.V. Personnel for the science city: monitoring the employment of university graduates in the city of Biysk, Altai Territory / L.G. Milyaeva, N.P. Podolnaya, O.V. Borisova / Innovative development of the city: methodology and practice: Innovative development of the Altai Territory: socio-political, resource and information support: materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference (Biysk - Belokurikha, September 20-23). - Biysk: Publishing house of BPGU im. V.M. Shukshina, 2007. - S. 152-158. - 0.44 p.l. (of which copyright - 0.15 p.l.)

17. Borisova, O.V. Informal approach to the analysis of employment of graduates of professional educational institutions / O.V. Borisova / Russia of the 21st century: ways and prospects of development: a collection of abstracts of the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference. - M .: Foundation "Society", 2007. - S. 59-61. - 0.19 p.l.

18. Borisova, O.V. Methods of informal analysis of employment of graduates of higher educational institutions / L.G. Milyaeva, O.V. Borisova / Problems of increasing the competitiveness of labor resources: materials of the third All-Russian scientific and practical conference, Biysk, December 7-8, 2006 - Biysk: Alt. state tech. un-ta, 2006. - S. 11-14. - 0.22 p.l. (of which copyright - 0.11 p.l.)

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It is determined by the quality of his preparation at the university, namely, practice-oriented training and the development of personal readiness for future professional activities. Employers today are in need of young professionals who have an adequate assessment of their career aspirations and the capabilities of the host organization, who are ready to start a career from the lower levels, and who are also characterized by mobility, adaptability and the ability to quickly retrain. An important quality from the point of view of the employer is the client-oriented young specialist, which means the subordination of their interests to the interests of the client both at the level of consciousness and at the level of everyday behavior.

Research analysis. The study of the activity of future university graduates in matters of employment allows us to distinguish four main groups:

1) "outstanding graduates" "lighthouses", which are the pride of the university, have developed business and personal qualities. By the time they graduate from high school, they already own their own business or have several offers from different employers. Their number does not exceed 10% of all graduates;
2) "careerists" are 40% of graduates aimed at success in their professional activities, having work experience and positive employment practices;
3) "infantile" 30% of graduates who are not capable of developing their careers, are not ready to make efforts to find a job and are not independent in finding a job;
4) "sleeping" unmotivated students with uncertain plans for professional growth. Their number is about 20% of graduates.

Thus, for half of the graduates there is a conflict between the desire to work in the specialty received at the university and the degree of readiness to realize this desire. At the same time, 50% of graduates have expressed career goals.

This allows us to identify the following behavior patterns of graduates:

- an individual-career model of behavior, which is characterized by the desire to achieve personal success in life. Such graduates study and work at the same time, trying to achieve everything on their own; many companies are interested in them;
- an indefinite model of behavior: young people have not decided on their professional life, they do not adequately assess their capabilities. Employers lose interest in those candidates who, during an interview, unreasonably overestimate their requirements for future work, or are ready to consider offers for various positions in different fields of activity;
- a non-independent model of behavior characteristic of graduates who are quite capable, but not oriented in the requirements of the modern labor market, who do not own job search technologies.

Target. In terms of our study, it is important to consider professional self-determination as a necessary and important aspect of the professionalization of a person as a specific type of activity, the content of which is the achievement of semantic certainty in self-relationship and attitude to the activity performed, structuring and integration of one's professional future.

The main characteristics of personal self-determination are as follows:

1) the need for personal self-determination is the need for the formation of a semantic system in which ideas about oneself and about the world are merged;
2) self-determination is future-oriented; personal self-determination is associated with the choice of profession, but is not limited to it.

Professional self-determination is considered by various authors:

a) as a special activity in response to a problem situation, as a process that has its own dynamics and content;
b) as one of the criteria for the success of professional development, which consists in the adequacy of professional choice;
c) as a psychological mechanism for the professional development of the individual, which ensures the resolution of intrapersonal contradictions and the transition to a higher level of professional self-awareness.

There are three levels of professional self-determination:

- high (formation of interests, correspondence of personal qualities to the chosen profession, firm belief in the correctness of the choice);
- medium (lack of sustainable interest, conviction in the correctness of the choice);
- low (lack of interest, will, desire to achieve high results, low activity, self-assessment in terms of future profession).