Human settlement of the earth. Races. Man's place in nature. Signs and properties of Homo sapiens, allowing to attribute it to various systematic How many people live on earth

Humanity has two character traits: poor memory and overconfidence. From an evolutionary standpoint, these qualities give us a survival advantage.
And perhaps it is these qualities that lead us to forget that we are not the first inhabitants of the Earth, and man was not always the same as he is now. For hundreds of thousands of years, the species "people" inhabits our planet, and its representatives are continuously and imperceptibly changing, adapting to the requirements of the environment.
How we would like to look into the future with at least one eye to see who all these gadgets, devices, cozy warm houses that our ancestors could not dream of, endless stresses and anxieties of our complex life will turn people into. modern world… What will they be like - the people of the future? Unknown. But we know what they were!
We offer you to see a selection of reconstructions of the appearance of various types of extinct people. There are a dozen and a half of them in this list - that's how much is known to science at the moment.

Handy man / Homo habilis

The first member of the genus Homo. They lived 2.6-2.5 million years ago.

Rudolf Man / Homo rudolfensis

A type of people representing (according to traditional ideas) a transitional stage from a skilled person to erectus. They lived 2.0-1.78 million years ago.

Man working / Homo ergaster

Fossil human species that appeared in Africa 1.8 million years ago as a result of the evolution of Homo habilis or Homo rudolfensis.

Homo erectus / Homo erectus

A fossil species of humans considered to be the immediate ancestor of modern humans.

Floresian Man / Homo floresiensis

A dwarf fossil species of humans. They are also called "hobbits" by analogy with the creatures invented by J. R. R. Tolkien.

Predecessor Man / Homo antecessor

A fossil species of people that existed in the period from 1.2 million to 800 thousand years ago. Homo antecessor is considered the most ancient hominid in Europe.

Heidelberg Man / Homo heidelbergensis

The European variety of Homo erectus, who lived in Europe 800-345 thousand years ago.

Rhodesian Man / Homo rhodesiensis

Ceprano Man / Homo cepranensis

The most probable age of the "man from Ceprano" is 450,000 years.

Georgian Man / Homo georgicus

A form of hominids whose remains were found on the territory of Georgia.

Denisov man

Even 40 thousand years ago, the Denisovans inhabited an area that intersects in time and place with territories in Asia where Neanderthals and modern people lived.

Neanderthal / Homo neanderthalensis

The last Neanderthals lived 25-30 thousand years ago.

Cro-Magnons

They appeared much later than the Neanderthals and coexisted with them for some time (40-30 thousand years ago).

Homo sapiens idaltu Homo sapiens idaltu

The approximate age of the find is from 154 to 160 thousand years.

Image copyright Thinkstock

Does the Earth have enough resources to support a rapidly growing human population? Now it is over 7 billion. What is the maximum number of inhabitants, above which the sustainable development of our planet will no longer be possible? The correspondent undertook to find out what the researchers think about this.

Overpopulation. With this word modern politics wince; in discussions about the future of planet Earth, he is often referred to as the "elephant in the room."

Often, a growing population is spoken of as the biggest threat to the existence of the Earth. But is it right to consider this problem in isolation from other contemporary global challenges? And is it really so threateningly many people live on our planet now?

What do giant cities suffer from?
Seva Novgorodtsev about overpopulation of the Earth
Obesity is more dangerous than overcrowding

It is clear that the Earth does not increase in size. Its space is limited, and the resources necessary to sustain life are finite. Food, water and energy may simply not be enough for everyone.

It turns out that demographic growth is a real threat to the well-being of our planet? Not at all necessary.

Image copyright Thinkstock Image caption The earth is not rubber!

"The problem is not the number of people living on the planet, but the number of consumers and the scale and nature of consumption," says David Satterthwaite, senior researcher at the London International Institute on environmental and development issues.

In support of his thesis, he cites the consonant statement of the Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi, who believed that "there are enough [resources] in the world to satisfy the needs of every person, but not universal greed."

The global effect of a multi-billion increase in urban population could be much smaller than we think

Until recently, the number of representatives living on Earth modern look human (Homo sapiens) was relatively small. Just 10 thousand years ago, no more than a few million people lived on our planet.

It wasn't until the early 1800s that the human population reached a billion. And two billion - only in the 20s of the twentieth century.

Currently, the world's population is over 7.3 billion people. According to UN forecasts, by 2050 it could reach 9.7 billion, and by 2100 it is expected to exceed 11 billion.

Population has only begun to grow rapidly in the last few decades, so we do not yet have historical examples on which to base our predictions. possible consequences this growth in the future.

In other words, if it is true that more than 11 billion people will live on our planet by the end of the century, our current level of knowledge does not allow us to say whether sustainable development is possible with such a population - simply because there has not yet been precedents in history.

However, we can get a better picture of the future if we analyze where the most significant population growth is expected in the coming years.

The problem is not the number of people living on Earth, but the number of consumers and the scale and nature of their consumption of non-renewable resources

David Satterthwaite says that most of the demographic growth in the next two decades will occur in the megacities of those countries where the level of income of the population at the present stage is assessed as low or medium.

At first glance, an increase in the number of inhabitants of such cities, even if by several billion, should not have serious consequences on a global scale. It is connected with the historical low level urban consumption in low- and middle-income countries.

Emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and others greenhouse gases is a good indicator of how high consumption can be in a given city. "About cities in low-income countries, we know that carbon dioxide ( carbon dioxide) and its equivalents are less than a tonne per person per year, says David Satterthveit. “In high-income countries, this indicator ranges from 6 to 30 tons.”

Residents of more economically prosperous countries pollute the environment to a much greater extent than people living in poor countries.

Image copyright Thinkstock Image caption Copenhagen: high standard of living, but low greenhouse gas emissions

However, there are exceptions. Copenhagen is the capital of Denmark, a high-income country, while Porto Allegre is in Brazil, an upper-middle income country. Both cities have a high standard of living, but emissions (on a per capita basis) are relatively low in volume.

According to the scientist, if we look at the lifestyle of one single person, the difference between rich and poor categories of the population will be even more significant.

There are many low-income urban dwellers whose consumption is so low that it has little to no effect on greenhouse gas emissions.

When the Earth's population reaches 11 billion, the additional burden on its resources may be relatively small.

However, the world is changing. And it's entirely possible that low-income megacities will see carbon emissions rise soon.

Image copyright Thinkstock Image caption People living in high-income countries must do their part to keep the Earth sustainable with a growing population

There is also concern about the desire of people in poor countries to live and consume at a level that is now considered normal for high-income countries (many will say that this would be some kind of restoration of social justice).

But in this case, the growth of the urban population will bring with it a more serious burden on the environment.

Will Steffen, Professor Emeritus, Fenner School environment and society at State University Australia, says this is in line with a general trend that has emerged over the past century.

According to him, the problem is not population growth, but the growth - even more rapid - of world consumption (which, of course, is unevenly distributed around the world).

If so, then humanity may find itself in an even more predicament.

People living in high-income countries must do their part to keep the Earth sustainable with a growing population.

Only if wealthier communities are willing to reduce their consumption levels and allow their governments to support unpopular measures can the world as a whole reduce the negative human impact on the global climate and more effectively address issues such as resource conservation and recycling.

In a 2015 study, the Journal of Industrial Ecology tried to look at environmental problems from the point of view of the household, where the focus is on consumption.

If we adopt smarter consumer habits, the state of the environment can improve dramatically

The study showed that private consumers account for more than 60% of greenhouse gas emissions, and in the use of land, water and other raw materials, their share is up to 80%.

Moreover, the researchers concluded that the pressure on the environment differs from region to region and that, per household, it is highest in economically prosperous countries.

Diana Ivanova of the University of Science and Technology in Trondheim, Norway, who developed the concept for this study, explains that it changes the traditional view of who should be responsible for industrial emissions associated with the production of consumer goods.

"We are all trying to shift the blame to someone else, to the state or to enterprises," she notes.

In the West, for example, consumers often express the view that China and other countries that produce consumer goods in industrial quantities should also be held responsible for production-related emissions.

Image copyright Thinkstock Image caption Modern society dependent on industrial production

But Diana and her colleagues believe that an equal share of the responsibility lies with the consumers themselves: "If we begin to follow smarter consumer habits, the state of the environment can significantly improve." According to this logic, radical changes are needed in the basic values of developed countries: the emphasis should move from material wealth to a model where the most important thing is personal and social well-being.

But even if favorable changes take place in mass consumer behavior, it is unlikely that our planet will be able to sustain a population of 11 billion people for a long time.

Therefore, Will Steffen proposes to stabilize the population somewhere in the region of nine billion, and then begin to gradually reduce it by reducing the birth rate.

Stabilization of the Earth's population implies both a reduction in resource consumption and the expansion of women's rights.

In fact, there are signs that some stabilization is already underway, even if the population continues to grow statistically.

Population growth has been slowing since the 1960s, and studies of fertility rates by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs show that, worldwide, the birth rate per woman has fallen from 4.7 children in 1970-75 to 2.6 in 2005-10.

However, it will take centuries for any really significant changes to take place in this area, according to Corey Bradshaw of the University of Adelaide in Australia.

The trend towards an increase in the birth rate is so deeply rooted that even major disaster will not be able to radically change the situation, the scientist believes.

According to a study conducted in 2014, Corey concluded that even if the world's population were to be reduced by two billion tomorrow due to increased mortality, or if governments of all countries, like China, passed unpopular laws that limit the number of children, then by 2100 the number of people on our planet would at best remain at its current level.

Therefore, it is necessary to look for alternative ways to reduce the birth rate, and look for it without delay.

If some or all of us increase our consumption, then the upper limit for sustainable (sustainable) population of the Earth will decrease

One relatively simple way is to raise the status of women, especially in terms of their educational and employment opportunities, says Will Steffen.

The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) has estimated that 350 million women in poorest countries were not going to have their last child, but they had no way to prevent an unwanted pregnancy.

If the basic needs of these women in terms of personal development, the problem of overpopulation of the Earth due to excessively high birth rates would not be so acute.

Following this logic, the stabilization of the population of our planet implies both a reduction in resource consumption and the expansion of women's rights.

But if a population of 11 billion is unsustainable, how many people - in theory - can our Earth support?

Corey Bradshaw thinks it's nearly impossible to give a specific number as it will depend on technology in areas such as Agriculture, energy and transport, as well as how many people we are ready to sentence to a life full of hardships and restrictions, including in food.

Image copyright Thinkstock Image caption Slums in the Indian city of Mumbai (Bombay)

It is a fairly common belief that humanity has already exceeded the permissible limit, given the wasteful lifestyle that many of its representatives lead and which they are unlikely to want to give up.

As arguments in favor of this point of view, such environmental trends as global warming, reduction of biospecies diversity and pollution of the world's oceans.

Social statistics also come to the rescue, according to which currently one billion people in the world are actually starving, and another billion suffer from chronic malnutrition.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the problem of population was associated equally with female fertility and soil fertility.

The most common option is 8 billion, i.e. a little more than the current level. The lowest figure is 2 billion. The highest is 1024 billion.

And since assumptions about the allowable demographic maximum depend on a number of assumptions, it is difficult to say which of the above calculations is closest to reality.

But ultimately the determining factor will be how society organizes its consumption.

If some of us - or all of us - increase our consumption, then the upper limit on the acceptable (in terms of sustainable development) population of the Earth will decrease.

If we find opportunities to consume less, ideally without giving up the benefits of civilization, then our planet will be able to support more people.

The acceptable population limit will also depend on the development of technology, an area in which it is difficult to predict anything.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the problem of population was associated equally with both female fertility and the fertility of agricultural land.

In his 1928 book The Shadow of the World to Come, George Knibbs suggested that if the world's population reaches 7.8 billion, humanity will need to be much more efficient in cultivating and using land.

Image copyright Thinkstock Image caption With the invention of chemical fertilizers began a rapid population growth

And three years later, Carl Bosch received Nobel Prize for his contribution to the development of chemical fertilizers, the production of which was, presumably, the most important factor in the population boom that occurred in the twentieth century.

In the distant future, scientific and technological progress can significantly raise the upper limit of the permissible population of the Earth.

Ever since people first traveled into space, mankind is no longer content with observing stars from the Earth, but is seriously discussing the possibility of resettlement to other planets.

Many prominent thinkers, including the physicist Stephen Hawking, even state that the colonization of other worlds will be critical to the survival of humans and other species present on Earth.

Although the NASA exoplanet program launched in 2009 discovered a large number of planets similar to the Earth, they are all too remote from us and little studied. (As part of this program, the American space agency created the Kepler satellite equipped with an ultrasensitive photometer to search for Earth-like planets beyond solar system so-called exoplanets.)

Image copyright Thinkstock Image caption The earth is our only home and we need to learn how to live in it in a sustainable way

So moving people to another planet is not yet an option. For the foreseeable future, the Earth will be our only home, and we must learn to live in it in an environmentally friendly way.

This implies, of course, an overall reduction in consumption, in particular a transition to a lifestyle with low CO2 emissions, as well as an improvement in the status of women around the world.

Only by taking some steps in this direction, we will be able to roughly calculate how much the planet Earth can support the people.

Read on English language can be on the website.

From many other planets - the presence of intelligent beings on it - people. Where and when did the first man appear? People have been searching for an answer to this question for a very long time.

Human settlement of the Earth

In the resettlement of people on the planet, two stages are distinguished. Approximately 2 million years ago, ancient people began to penetrate from other areas and to other continents. This stage of the development of the Earth ended approximately 500 thousand years ago. Subsequently, the ancient people died out.

Modern man (" homo sapiens”) appeared only about 200 thousand years ago. It was from here that the second stage of human settlement began. First of all, concern for food made them go to new unexplored lands. With an increase in the number of people, the territories on which hunting was carried out expanded, and edible plants were collected. The strong ones also contributed to the resettlement of people. The level of 15-16 thousand years ago was 130 m lower than the modern level, so there were "land bridges" between individual continents and islands. The transition to a settled way of life occurred 11 thousand years ago. This contributed to the development of ancient civilizations. Many monuments of their culture have survived to this day.

Races

The long existence of people in various natural conditions led to the emergence of races - large groups of people who have common, inherited, external signs. By outward signs all mankind is divided into four great geographical races.

Negroid race formed in hot regions of the Earth. Dark, almost black, skin, coarse curly or wavy black hair, characteristic of these people, protect against sunburn and overheating of the body. Brown eyes. A wide, flat nose and thick lips help regulate body temperature.

australoid race according to the external signs of its representatives, it is close to Negroid.

Mongoloid adapted to life in and where summer temperatures are high, strong winds are frequent and dust storms. Yellow protects skin from excessive exposure to sunlight. The narrow slit of the eyes saves them from wind and dust. Mongoloids have straight, coarse hair, a large flattened face, prominent cheekbones, and a slightly protruding nose.

Caucasian race divided into northern and southern branches. Southern Caucasians have swarthy skin, brown eyes, and dark hair. The northern ones have white skin, light and soft hair, blue or gray eyes.

Mixed races. Over time, the proportion of people on Earth is growing, in the form of which there are signs of different races. They form mixed races, the emergence of which is associated with the migration of people. These include mestizos - the descendants of Europeans and Indians; mulattos - descendants of Europeans and peoples negroid race; sambo - descendants of Indians and peoples of the Negroid race; Malagasy - the descendants of the peoples of the Negroid and.

0 Man's place in wildlife. Signs and properties of Homo sapiens, allowing to attribute it to various systematic groups of the animal kingdom.

North Kazakhstan region, Akzhar district

Talshyk secondary school

Biology teacher

Ashenova Aina Gumarovna

Biology lesson in grade 11

Man's place in nature. Signs and properties of Homo sapiens, allowing to attribute it to various systematic

groups of the animal kingdom.

Tasks:- To introduce students to the history of studying the problem of human origin, to show the leading role of the teachings of Darwin and Engels in its solution

Continue the formation of skills to compare, analyze, draw conclusions

Raising a love for the animal world

Lesson type: lesson of studying and primary consolidation of new knowledge.

During the classes:

1. Introductory motivational part. Psychological attitude to the lesson.

Stand with your feet shoulder-width apart, arms freely lowered along the torso. Close your eyes. Imagine that you are a tree: a strong mighty oak or a slender thin birch.

Your roots are strong and stable, they go firmly into the ground, and you feel confident and calm.

The trunk is smooth and flexible, it sways slightly, but does not break. Branches freely "sway" along the trunk. The leaves easily "rustle", slightly touching each other.

Your crown is clean and fresh. You are a beautiful powerful tree, you are confident and calm. You are kind, calm and successful.

Now let's all open our eyes, sit quietly and continue our work.

2. Biological dictation:

No. 1. Replace the dots with the appropriate answers.

1.Theory about the origin of man-…. (anthropogenesis)

2. Homo sapiens is one of the representatives of the class of mammals belonging to the order ... (primates)

3. Great apes include ... (gorilla, chimpanzee, orangutan, gibbon)

4. All the people who inhabit the Earth at the present time belong to the species ... (A reasonable person)

5. A single appearance in a person of signs of ancestors - ... (atavism)

6. Speech, thinking, work are among the factors ... (social)

7. Hereditary variability, struggle for existence, natural selection refer to ... factors (biological)

8. The human race originated from ... (driopithecus)

9. Historically established groups of people, characterized by a common hereditary physical characteristics, - ... (race)

10. Early representatives of the species Homo sapiens (Homo sapiens) - ... (Neanderthals)

11. The science of races, their origin and development - ... (racial science)

12. The presence of rudiments and atavisms in a person indicates the origin of a person from ... (animals)

13. The first evidence of the origin of man from animals was presented by ... (J.B. Lamarck)

14. The work “The role of labor in the process of turning a monkey into a man” was written by ... (F. Engels)

15. The organ and product of labor is - ... (hand)

16. The first tools were able to produce - ... (Australopithecines)

17. The time of the appearance of modern man is ... (35 thousand years ago)

18. The first hearths and dwellings were built ... (paleoanthropes)

19. The chin protrusion is developed in ... (neoanthropes)

20. Mankind forms three big races: ... (Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid)

3. Learning new material:

“There is no limit to the human mind, and the world may witness new remarkable discoveries in the coming years or decades,” the natural question will be: how did a species with such a mind arise?

We will try to answer this question over the course of several lessons.

We will argue, assume, refute, make assumptions, etc.

Think, please, what are the objectives of today's lesson? Students making assumptions about what they are learning this topic come to conclusions.

Output: That man is the crowning achievement of nature. What position does he occupy among its vast diversity?

The place of man in the system of the organic world:

	Cellular
Superkingdom
Sub-kingdom	Animals
	Multicellular
	chordates
	Vertebrates
	mammals
Suborder
Family	narrow-nosed monkeys
	Humans (Hominids)
	Homo sapiens Homo sapiens

Why does a person treat animals, what served as the basis for this hypothesis?

What traits do we have in common with animals

- Disputes about the origin of man do not stop for centuries. This is one of the most intriguing chapters in the evolution of life on Earth.

Man is a representative of the class of mammals, he is a vertebrate animal and therefore is related to fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds.

Table "The main features of the human body inherited from animals"

Main features	From whom are they inherited
The genetic code of the nucleus	The first single-celled eukaryotes
The genetic code of mitochondria	First prokaryotes
Bilateral body symmetry	Ancestors of early chordates
Skeleton
Five-fingered limbs	Fish, amphibians
Pulmonary respiration	Amphibians and reptiles
amniotic egg	reptiles
Elongated limbs, tooth differentiation, mammary glands, warm-bloodedness	primitive mammals
placenta, live birth	Early placental mammals

To date, several hypotheses or theories of the origin of man are being discussed.

- Which of them can you name yourself?

What evidence of origin between man and animals.

Physiological - the fundamental similarity of the processes occurring in human and animal organisms;

Embryological - similar stages of embryonic development in both humans and animals;

Paleontological - finds of the remains of ancient humanoid creatures;

Biochemical - resemblance chemical composition intracellular environment in humans and animals;

Comparative - anatomical - a single plan for the structure of the bodies of humans and animals, the presence of rudiments and atavisms in humans;

genetic - cxaboutdstvo number of chromosomes in humans and great apes.

Conducting a physical minute

4.Doing independent work:

1. What are the similar signs of humans and animals?

2. What features distinguish humans from great apes?

3. Give a description of the position of a person in the system of the animal world.

5. Dividing children into 2 groups. Poster work.

Card work:

A) what are the main results of human evolution, which led to the emergence of significant differences from modern anthropoid apes, why cannot modern apes be considered human ancestors?

b) Describe the variety of great apes.

(All three general biology textbooks are used.)

6. Summing up the lesson:

“What was the main idea of the lesson?”

Find evidence that the origin of man was connected with the evolution of ancient great apes;

What are their family ties?

7.Reflection:- What is your mood at the end of the lesson?

Have you learned something new and interesting?

In what form would you take this lesson?

What did you like about the lesson and what didn't you like?

8. Homework:§30, prepare a crossword on the topic.

Municipal budgetary educational institution

Znamenskaya average comprehensive school №1

Minusinsky district, Krasnoyarsk Territory

TEST

DIAGNOSTIC WORK

on this topic

"MAN ON EARTH"

5th grade

Developed

biology and chemistry teacher

Zhukova I.M.

test work

on this topic " MAN ON EARTH".

Subject : Biology

Class : 5

Topic: MAN ON EARTH

Explanatory note

Objective : check the level of mastering by students of the 5th grade of subject and meta-subject results on the topic « Man on Earth.

Subject knowledge and skills are:

- human ancestors, their characteristic features, way of life;

- the main environmental problems facing modern humanity;

- rules of human behavior in dangerous situations of natural origin;

- the simplest ways to provide first aid for burns, frostbite, etc.

Students should be able to:

- explain the reasons for the negative impact economic activity man to nature;

- explain the role of plants and animals in human life;

- justify the need to take measures to protect wildlife;

- observe the rules of behavior in nature;

- to distinguish on living objects, tables, species of plants and animals dangerous to human life;

- lead a healthy lifestyle and fight against bad habits their comrades.

Meta-subject learning outcomes:

general educational UUD :

The ability to compare and highlight the signs of human ancestors, their characteristics, lifestyle; the main environmental problems facing modern humanity;

Compare the properties of living organisms;

Carry out the simplest classification of poisonous plants and animals;

Explain the role of plants and animals in human life;

Analyze, explain the basic rules of behavior in nature;

Find and use causal relationships;

- Convert sign-symbolic means,draw logical conclusions

Regulatory UUD :

Create an execution plan learning task;

Check, make corrections

Communicative UUD :

Reflect inwriting the results of their activities.

Specification

Test work on the topic " MAN ON EARTH".

1. Purpose of work - check the level of mastering by students of the 5th grade of subject and meta-subject results on the topic "MAN ON EARTH"

2. The main content of the check is oriented for the maintenance of the Federal State educational standard main general education(Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation No. 1897 dated 12/17/2010) and corresponds to the Exemplary Curricula for Academic Subjects. Biology 5-9 grades. (N.I. Sonin and A.A. Pleshakov)

3. Characteristics of work.

Form of control: test control work

Number of options -1

The number of tasks in the test work - 16

Test work includes questions to test knowledge of the following educational material: “How man appeared on Earth”, “How man changed the Earth”, “Life is under threat. Will the Earth become a desert”, “Human health and life safety”.

4. Characteristics of tasks. The sequence of presentation of tasks corresponds to the levels of complexity: basic, advanced, high.The work uses tasks: with a choice of one answer, with a choice of several answers, for compliance, with a choice correct judgments, with a short answer, with a detailed answer.

Test consists of three parts:

Part 1 : contains 10 tasks basic level Difficulties with choosing one correct answer out of four offered.

Part 2 : 4 tasks of increased difficulty. Of these tasks: 1 task with the choice and recording of three correct options out of six; 1 task to establish compliance; 1 task for choosing the right judgments; 1 to determine the sequence of biological processes, phenomena.

Part 3 : contains 2 tasks, an increased level of difficulty. Of these tasks: 1 task for working with a text of biological content, in which it is necessary to correct biological errors in the given text, 2 task with a detailed answer.

Part 1 includes 10 tasks of the basic level (A1 - A10). Each question has 4 possible answers, of which only one is correct. 1 point is given for each correct answer. The maximum score for 1 part is 10 points.

Part 2

For each correct answer 2 points. The maximum score for part 2 is 8 points.

Part 3 contains 2 most complex, voluminous tasks. C1 and C2 - require a complete answer, for the correct completion of the task 3 each points.

The maximum score for part 3 is 6 points.

A total of 21 points for the work.

on the topic: "Man on Earth"

Level A assignments.

You take one correct answer out of four given:

1. This man found himself a wonderful assistant who became the most devoted friend - a dog ...

1) Neanderthal

2) Cro-Magnon

3) skillful person

4) Homo erectus

2. The common ancestors of humans and great apes were ...

1) chimpanzee

2) gorillas

3) australopithecines

4) driopithecus

3. The tall grass of the savannas and steppes prevented him from inspecting the surroundings, and he got to his feet ...

1) a skilled person

2) Cro-Magnon

3) Australopithecus

4) a reasonable person

4. All people living on Earth now belong to the species ...

1) a skilled person

2) a reasonable person

3) Homo erectus

4) family man

5. The negative value of cattle breeding for nature lies in

1) getting meat

2) the development of the dairy industry

3) impoverishment of pasture lands

4) breeding of new breeds

6. Acid rain is formed as a result of

1) pet breeding

2) distribution of agricultural plants

3)forest information

4)Emissions into the atmosphere of waste from industrial enterprises

7. Desertification is:

1) gradual waterlogging of arid lands

2) gradual overgrowing of abandoned lands with forest

3) the gradual transformation of arid lands into a desert

4) gradual overgrowing of arid lands with grasses

8. K global change in nature can lead

1) an increase in the number of individual species of animals and plants

2) desertification of territories

3) heavy rainfall

4) forest overgrowing of land after a forest fire

9. A plant is on the verge of extinction

1) sequoia

2) spruce

3) pine

4) poplar

10. During a hurricane, a person should

1) hide under a tree

2) hide under the balcony

3) keep an eye on what is happening on the street

4) In the room, close windows and doors tightly.

Level B assignments.

Choose three correct answers from six

Q1. Choose three correct answers. The harmful impact of man on nature has led to the formation

6)Greenhouse effect

IN 2. Match terms :

Answer:________________________________________________________

IN 3. Are the following statements true?

A. Deforestation leads not only to the destruction of plants, but also to desertification of land.

B. With a large number of domestic animals on pastures, the growth and density of grass stand increases due to increased soil fertility.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both statements are wrong

Answer____________________________

AT 4. “ Timeline ". Arrange the numbers of cards with drawings as a person develops on Earth.

Insert: Timeline

Answer:_______________________________________________

Level C tasks.

1.Find errors in the given text, correct them.

(indicate the numbers of sentences in which errors were made, explain them)

1. All people inhabiting the Earth at the present time belong to the Homo sapiens species.

3. The common ancestor of man and gorilla is driopithecus.

5. Neanderthals ate almost exclusively meat, made complex tools of labor and hunting, clothes from skins from stone.

2. Study the diagram. Based on its content, give short written answers to the questions.

1. What is the most common cause of land destruction around the world?

2. In addition to land destruction, what other consequences of deforestation might be?

3. What problem can you participate in solving right now?

Evaluation Material Performance Standard

Answers:

B4 - 3,1,5,6,2,4

C1- 2. The ancient ancestors of people lived on Earth 2-3 million years ago and were more like humans. (The ancient ancestors of people lived on Earth 4-5 million years ago and were more like a monkey than a man).

4. Neanderthals used natural shelters for housing - caves. (Cro-Magnons).

6. Relatives of a man who lived in Africa in ancient times are called a skilled man. (Australopithecine)

C2.

Correct answer:

1. Most often, lands are destroyed due to overgrazing of livestock on them.

2. The consequences of deforestation may also be the death of animals, which will lose their homes and places of foraging; the amount of oxygen entering the atmosphere will decrease.

3. I can participate in the planting of the forest.

Evaluation criteria:

11-14 points - mark"3" (51%-65%)

15-18 points - mark "4" (66% -84%)

19 -21 points - mark "5" (85% -100%)

10 points and below mark« 2" (0%-50%)

Instructions for the student on the performance of control work

Part 2 consists of high-level tasks.

For each correct answer 2 points. The maximum score for part 2 is 8 points.

Part 3 contains 2 most complex, voluminous tasks. C1 and C2 - require a complete answer, for the correct completion of the task 3 points each.

The maximum score for part 3 is 6 points.

A total of 21 points for the work.