Environmental protection in the modern world. How children can help protect the environment Ecology environmental protection

Protection environment- one of those global problems, the solution of which requires a comprehensive and widespread solution, the introduction of a set of effective measures to restore natural resources, prevention of pollution of the world's oceans and atmosphere, etc. For more than one century, people thoughtlessly spent natural resources, and today the time has come when we realize that the planet's reserves are not endless and require not only rational use, but also restoration.

The main factors that ecologists pay attention to are the provoking thinning of the ozone layer of the atmosphere and leading to the "greenhouse effect", the discharge of harmful substances into the world's oceans, which causes the death of its inhabitants, and an increase in the volume of production waste that does not decompose. The BP oilfield incident that led to the present one showed how much more extensive protection is needed in the oil and gas complex. After all, it is in this sector of industry that any accident leads to horrific consequences, from which nature cannot recover for years.

Today, environmental protection is one of the most important issues that governments and most countries of the world decide. Scientists are looking for more gentle technologies for the production and processing of raw materials, developing complexes for its subsequent disposal or reuse, exploring the possibilities of reducing the amount and concentration of harmful emissions into the atmosphere, trying to use safe energy sources and more environmentally friendly fuels.

It is the unfavorable ecological situation that affects not only natural

resources, but also on human health: the average life expectancy of people is decreasing, the number of babies born with developmental pathologies or congenital diseases is increasing, the number of infertile couples and cancer patients is growing. It was such disappointing statistics that became the reason for the development of a set of measures aimed at changing the current situation.

Protection in Russia in last years has become one of the priorities domestic policy states. It involves the development and implementation of new, safe production technologies, measures for the restoration of natural resources (new forest plantations and limitation of logging, restoration of the population of water bodies, rational use of subsoil resources, reuse of various raw materials, etc.). Along with these measures, the number of protected areas, national parks and reserves is increasing.

The State Committee for Nature Protection is called upon to regulate and control the use of resources. His direct responsibility is the development of regulations, requirements and rules. Only in our country the norms of environmental law are included in the main law of the state - the Constitution. In addition, in order to properly use resources in various industries, the Subsoil Law, as well as the Water, Forest and Land Codes have been developed. Despite enough a large number of environmental departments, environmental protection in our country is still underdeveloped. And it's not so much a bug. state power how much is each person's own attitude to the world in which he lives.

In the history of the formation of the environmental concept, several stages can be distinguished: species and reserved nature protection - resource protection - nature protection - rational use of natural resources - protection of the human habitat - protection of the natural environment. Accordingly, the very concept of environmental protection activities expanded and deepened.

Protection of Nature - a set of state and public measures aimed at preserving the atmosphere, flora and fauna, soils, waters and earth's interior.

The intensive exploitation of natural resources has led to the need for a new type of environmental protection - regional use of natural resources, in which protection requirements are included in the process of economic activity on the use of natural resources.

In the 50s. 20th century there is another form of protection - protection of the human environment. This concept is close in meaning to nature conservation, puts a person in the center of attention, the preservation and formation of such natural conditions that are most favorable for his life, health and well-being.

Environmental protection - a new form of interaction between man and nature, born in modern conditions, it represents a system of state and public measures (technological, economic, administrative and legal, educational, international) aimed at the harmonious interaction of society and nature, the preservation and reproduction of existing ecological communities and natural resources for the sake of living and future generations.

In recent years, the term "protection of the natural environment" has been increasingly used. The protection of the natural environment is closely related to nature management - one of the sections of applied ecology.

nature management - social production activities aimed at meeting the material and cultural needs of society through the use of various types of natural resources and natural conditions.

Nature management includes: a) protection, renewal and reproduction of natural resources, their extraction and processing; b) the use and protection of the natural conditions of the human environment; c) preservation, restoration and rational change of the ecological balance of natural systems; d) regulation of human reproduction and the number of people. Nature management can be irrational and rational. Irrational nature management does not ensure the conservation of natural resource potential, leads to a deterioration in the quality of the natural environment, is accompanied by pollution and depletion of natural systems, disruption of the ecological balance and destruction of ecosystems. Rational nature management means the science-based use of natural resources, which achieves the maximum possible conservation of natural resource potential, with minimal disruption of the ability of ecosystems to self-regulate and self-repair.

According to Y. Odum, rational nature management has a dual goal:

To ensure such a state of the environment in which it could satisfy, along with material needs, the demands of aesthetics and recreation;

To ensure the possibility of continuous harvesting of useful plants, production of animals and various materials by establishing a balanced cycle of use and renewal.

In the current modern stage development of the problem of environmental protection, a new concept is born - environmental Safety, which is understood as the state of protection of the vital environmental interests of a person and, above all, his rights to a favorable natural environment.

The scientific basis for all measures to ensure the environmental safety of the population and rational nature management is theoretical ecology, the most important principles of which are focused on maintaining the sustainability of ecosystems.

Ecosystems have the following limiting boundaries (existence, functioning), which must be taken into account during anthropogenic impact:

Limit anthropotolerance - resistance to negative anthropogenic impact, for example, the impact of pesticides, harmful to mammals and avifauna, etc.;

Limit stohetolerance - resilience against natural disasters, for example, the impact on forest ecosystems of hurricane winds, snow avalanches, landslides, etc.;

Limit homeostasis - ability to self-regulation;

Limit potential regenerative, i.e. the ability to self-heal.

Rational nature management should consist in the maximum possible increase in these limits and the achievement of high productivity of all links in the trophic chains of natural ecosystems. Balanced nature management is possible only when using a systematic approach that takes into account all types of relationships and mutual influences between environments and humans.

Irrational nature management ultimately leads to an ecological crisis, and environmentally balanced nature management creates the prerequisites for overcoming it.

Way out of the global ecological crisis - the most important scientific and practical problem of our time. The task is to develop a set of reliable anti-crisis measures that will actively counteract further degradation of the natural environment and achieve sustainable development of society. Attempts to solve this problem by any means alone, for example, technological ones (treatment facilities, non-waste technologies, etc.), will not lead to the necessary results. Overcoming the ecological crisis is possible only if the harmonious development of nature and man, the removal of antagonism between them. The most general principle or rule of environmental protection should be considered as follows: global initial natural resource potential during historical development constantly depleted which requires scientific and technological improvement from mankind, aimed at a wider and fuller use of this potential.

From this law follows another fundamental principle for the protection of nature and the environment: "ecological - economically", i.e. the more prudent approach to natural resources and habitat, the less energy and other costs are required. Reproduction of the natural resource potential and efforts to implement it should be comparable with the economic results of the exploitation of nature.

Rice. 11.1 Ways out of the ecological crisis

Another important environmental rule is that all components of the natural environment - atmospheric air, water, soil, etc. - must be protected not individually, but as a whole, as a single natural ecosystems biosphere. Only with such an ecological approach is it possible to ensure the preservation of landscapes, subsoil, the gene pool of animals and plants.

basic principles of environmental protection are the following:

Priority of protection of human life and health;

Science-based combination of environmental and economic interests;

Rational and sustainable use of natural resources;

Payment for nature use;

Compliance with the requirements of environmental legislation, the inevitability of liability for its violation;

Publicity in the work of environmental organizations and their close connection with public associations and the population in solving environmental problems;

International cooperation in the field of environmental protection.

The most important environmental principle - science-based combination of environmental and economic interests - corresponds to the spirit of the UN International Conference in Rio de Janeiro (1992), where a course was taken for a model of sustainable development of society, for a reasonable combination of environmental and economic components, for the preservation of the natural environment alongside, together with economic growth.

The ecological crisis is not an inevitable and natural product of scientific and technological progress, it is caused both in our country and in other countries of the world by a complex of reasons of an objective and subjective nature, among which consumerism, and often in a predatory attitude towards nature, is not the last, disregard for fundamental environmental laws.

The first direction should be technology improvement - creation of environmentally friendly technology, introduction of waste-free, low-waste production, renewal of fixed assets, etc.

Second direction -development and improvement of the economic mechanism environmental protection.

The third direction is the application of measures of administrative restraint and measures of legal liability for environmental offenses administrative and legal direction.

The fourth direction is the harmonization of ecological thinking environmental education direction.

Fifth direction - harmonization of environmental international relations international law direction.

Certain steps are being taken to overcome the ecological crisis in all the above five areas; however, the most difficult and responsible sections of the path have to be passed.

environmental protection

A set of measures that provide protection from the adverse effects of environmental factors in the region where troops are deployed and from environmental pollution associated with military activities. E.z. is carried out in the following areas: creation of spatial and restrictive conditions that are favorable for the troops and the environment (OS) from an environmental point of view; creation of models of weapons and military equipment(IWT), military installations, in the design and design mode of operation, in the technology of which the properties of environmental friendliness are incorporated; increasing the environmental friendliness of the functioning of weapons and military equipment and objects in the process of combat training, combat duty, and other types of operation before combat use, as well as their elimination; reduction of harmful environmental impacts of the situation in the area of deployment of troops and the impact environmental impact military activities.

The creation of the necessary spatial and restrictive conditions is achieved by solving the following main tasks: the choice of positional areas (PR), areas of dispersal, taking into account the real and predicted environmental situation, determined by the presence of industrial facilities and hazardous natural conditions; rational planning and placement of objects in residential campuses and in technical positions; creation and maintenance of sanitary protection zones, forest plantations and landscaping in residential towns and at stationary combat starting positions; rational realization of alienation land plots and use of natural areas of general purpose; rational system use of the road network when maneuvering heavy equipment; conservation of forest, water resources, protected areas.

The environmental friendliness of an AME model and a military facility is understood as the degree of reduction in the impact on the environment, achievable at a given level of technological development, without reducing its combat properties. Environmental friendliness is achieved by solving the following main tasks: rational use in the developed sample (object) of energy sources, fuels and raw materials, materials; achievement of design modes of operation of weapons and military equipment with a minimum emission of harmful substances into the environment; inclusion in the design of an AME sample (object) of systems (devices) for cleaning emissions and shielding energy fields; in the designs of weapons and military equipment samples and facilities in the course of which waste is generated, measures should be provided for their use or elimination; ensuring the environmental friendliness of objects of innovative activity implemented in the production of weapons and military equipment; projects and prototypes of weapons and military equipment or facilities. The listed tasks are solved in research, design and production organizations of the military-industrial complex. In setting environmental requirements, specialists from the armament departments of the types and arms of the armed forces play an important role. A significant contribution to ensuring the quality of solving problems E.z. brought in by representatives of the military acceptance apparatus.

Increasing the environmental friendliness of functioning during operation is achieved by solving the following problems: the use of treatment systems for emissions into the atmosphere and water sources; shielding of objects and devices that are sources of electromagnetic fields; reducing the toxicity of emissions from transport and power units and machines through the rational choice of fuel, timely maintenance and the use of neutralizers; compliance with environmental safety measures during the elimination of weapons and military equipment and facilities.

Reducing the harmful environmental impact of the situation in the area of deployment of troops and the impact of the environmental consequences of military activity is achieved by the following groups of measures: monitoring and assessing the environmental situation in the PR; protection from pollution in the region; environmental protection during combat training and combat duty; operational activities; training and education; logistical measures; household activities; waste disposal, etc. They are carried out by forces and means of units and formations of the Rocket Forces in cooperation with the forces and means of local environmental services, formations of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters.

Encyclopedia of the Strategic Missile Forces. 2013 .

See what "Environmental protection" is in other dictionaries:

See Health and environmental protection of the population. Edwart. Glossary of terms of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, 2010 ...

Medical and environmental protection of the population- providing medical assistance to the injured, saving lives and reducing the consequences of the defeat, as well as the advance creation of stocks of medicines, dressings and logistics for use in ... ... Civil protection. Conceptual and terminological dictionary

Environmental Watch in the North Caucasus- Year of foundation: 1997 Status: Public charity Management: Coordinator: Andrey Rudomakha Deputy coordinators: Dmitry Shevchenko, Andrey Filimonov Contact information: Russia, 385012, Maykop, st. Village 36 ... ... Wikipedia

environmental Safety- Safe conditions for human life, determined by the impact on his body of substances in the environment. [GOST 51125 98] environmental safety The state of protection of the natural environment and vital interests ... ...

Eco label- (of paintwork material) – one of the types of environmental declaration characterizing the impact of paintwork material on the environment. [GOST R 52362 2005] Term heading: General, paints Encyclopedia headings: Abrasive equipment ... Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials

Health and environmental protection of the population- a set of measures to provide medical care to the injured, save people's lives and reduce the consequences of the defeat, as well as the advance creation of scientifically sound and economically viable stocks of medicines, dressings ... ... Emergencies Dictionary

environmental assessment- Establishing the compliance of the planned economic and other activities with environmental requirements and determining the admissibility of the implementation of the object of environmental expertise in order to prevent possible adverse effects of this activity ... Technical Translator's Handbook

environmental efficiency- environmental performance The measured results of an environmental management system related to the organization's control of its environmental aspects, based on its environmental policy, as well as target and planned environmental ... ... Technical Translator's Handbook

environmental performance (environmental performance) of the environmental management system- The measurable results of the environmental management system related to the organization's control of environmental aspects based on its environmental policy, as well as target and planned environmental indicators. [GOST R ISO 14050 99]… … Technical Translator's Handbook

Environmental safety of defense products disposal - Environmental Safety disposal of defense products: protection of the vital interests of the individual, society and the natural environment from real or potential threats to their pollution caused by the disposal processes ... ... Official terminology

Books

Ecological safety in the technosphere. Textbook, Dmitrenko Vladimir Petrovich, Sotnikova Elena Vasilievna, Krivoshein Dmitry Alexandrovich. Tutorial prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State educational standard in the direction of preparation "Technospheric safety" (bachelor's degree). AT…

Protection of Nature - a set of state and public measures aimed at preserving the atmosphere, flora and fauna, soils, waters and earth's interior.

nature management - social production activities aimed at meeting the material and cultural needs of society through the use of various types of natural resources and natural conditions.

According to Y. Odum, rational nature management has a dual goal:

To ensure such a state of the environment in which it could satisfy, along with material needs, the demands of aesthetics and recreation;

To ensure the possibility of continuous harvesting of useful plants, production of animals and various materials by establishing a balanced cycle of use and renewal.

At the current, modern stage of development of the problem of environmental protection, a new concept is born - environmental Safety, which is understood as the state of protection of the vital environmental interests of a person and, above all, his rights to a favorable natural environment.

Ecosystems have the following limiting boundaries (existence, functioning), which must be taken into account during anthropogenic impact:

Limit anthropotolerance - resistance to negative anthropogenic impact, for example, the impact of pesticides, harmful to mammals and avifauna, etc.;

Limit stohetolerance - resilience against natural disasters, for example, the impact on forest ecosystems of hurricane winds, snow avalanches, landslides, etc.;

Limit homeostasis - ability to self-regulation;

Limit potential regenerative, i.e. the ability to self-heal.

Irrational nature management ultimately leads to an ecological crisis, and environmentally balanced nature management creates the prerequisites for overcoming it.

Way out of the global ecological crisis - the most important scientific and practical problem of our time. The task is to develop a set of reliable anti-crisis measures that will actively counteract further degradation of the natural environment and achieve sustainable development of society. Attempts to solve this problem by any means alone, for example, technological ones (treatment facilities, non-waste technologies, etc.), will not lead to the necessary results. Overcoming the ecological crisis is possible only if the harmonious development of nature and man, the removal of antagonism between them. The most general principle or rule of environmental protection should be considered as follows: the global initial natural resource potential in the course of historical development is continuously depleted, which requires scientific and technological improvement from mankind, aimed at a wider and fuller use of this potential.

Rice. 11.1 Ways out of the ecological crisis

Another important environmental rule is that all components of the natural environment - atmospheric air, water, soil, etc. - must be protected not individually, but as a whole, as unified natural ecosystems of the biosphere. Only with such an ecological approach is it possible to ensure the preservation of landscapes, subsoil, the gene pool of animals and plants.