Plan:
1. The concept of natural conditions and their characteristics
2. The influence of natural conditions on life and economic activity of people
3. Adverse and dangerous natural phenomena
Natural conditions have played and continue to play an important role in the life and development of human society. Undoubtedly, scientific and technological progress has significantly influenced the growth of human power in relation to nature.
Since 1992 - the year of the UN Conference on the Environment in Rio de Janeiro - it has become generally accepted that the paramount condition for the sustainable development of individual countries and all of humanity as a whole is the totality of natural factors.
Accounting for and adequate understanding of the role and place of natural development factors have in modern conditions vital in the field of governance at almost all territorial levels. The concept of "natural factors" usually includes the following categories: natural conditions, natural resources, landscape sustainability and ecological situation.
natural conditions- a set of the most important natural characteristics of the territory, reflecting the main features of the components natural environment or local natural phenomena.
They influence the life and economic activity of the population, the settlement of the population, the development and distribution of productive forces, and their specialization depend on them. They determine the cost, and, consequently, the competitiveness of manufactured products, which is especially important for countries with a significant prevalence of extreme natural features, including Russia.
Among the components of the natural environment, as a rule, climate, geological environment, surface and ground waters, soils, biota, landscape or landscape conditions as a whole are considered as characteristics of natural conditions.
The specificity of the natural conditions of the area depends on its location in a particular natural zone, the presence in it of a certain combination of natural landscapes.
natural areas- large divisions of the geographical envelope, expressed in the form of wide belts of the earth's surface, united by the similarity of such characteristics as the amount of solar radiation, moisture, type of soil, vegetation and wildlife.
natural landscapes- these are relatively homogeneous parts of the geographic shell, distinguished by a regular combination of its components and phenomena, the nature of their relationships. Along with natural ones, anthropogenic, or cultural, landscapes are also distinguished, characterized by a varying degree of purposeful or spontaneous transformation of the original natural natural complexes.
Landscape- the main category of territorial division of the natural environment. The processes of matter and energy exchange between landscape components (rocks, soils, vegetation, etc.) determine their structure. Both natural and anthropogenic landscapes are subject to rhythmic and irreversible changes, so both are objects of regulation in human activity.
Among the landscape-forming factors that shape the most important properties landscapes, distinguish between external (cosmic and geodynamic) and internal (manifested in the processes of interaction of individual natural components) factors. All landscape-forming factors are also divided into zonal (climate, soil, vegetation) and azonal (relief, geological structure).
In management in general and in regional politics in particular, landscapes are considered as the natural basis for the life and economic activity of people. At the same time, such features as their genesis, type, resistance to anthropogenic influences, aesthetic merits, degree of disturbance or preservation, and the nature of anthropogenic influences are taken into account.
The allocation of natural zones and landscapes is based on the climatic features of the territory, which are manifested primarily in the ratio of heat and moisture.
Climate- this is the average long-term weather regime in a particular area. Being the result of a variety of natural processes continuously occurring in the atmosphere, the climate of the Earth and its individual regions is constantly changing, significantly affecting people's lives.
Heat is the most important climatic factor. Thermal resources determine the energy of plant growth. The amount of heat required to complete the vegetation cycle (growth period) is called the biological sum of temperatures. It should be emphasized that this directly affects the country's economy, economy, many aspects of the life of the population and politics.
The consequence of climatic conditions is permafrost, sometimes called permafrost, widespread in states northern hemisphere. The specifics of permafrost must be taken into account when creating engineering structures: pipelines, bridges, railways and etc.
Water(humidification), primarily in the form of precipitation, is the second most important climatic factor. The lack of water, as well as its excess, adversely affect the development of both agriculture and the economy as a whole, bringing significant costs to the budget.
The most important factor in the formation of natural specificity is relief. Influencing all components of the natural environment, it contributes to the emergence of various landscapes. Over the past centuries, the formation of anthropogenic relief has become widespread. Man influences the relief directly (mining and technical works, hydraulic engineering, etc.) and indirectly through other components of the natural environment. For example, the reduction of forests in the savannas contributes to desertification and the development of aeolian landforms; overgrazing leads to increased water erosion, etc.
For agriculture and a number of other sectors of the economy essential have soil conditions. The soil is a special natural body formed as a result of the transformation of the surface layer earth's crust, air and biota and combines the properties of living and inanimate nature. The value properties of the soil are reflected in its fertility - the ability to provide plants with digestible nutrients and moisture and create conditions for harvesting. Natural and artificial fertility is distinguished. Comparative qualitative assessment of soils according to the developed scales in relation to a given area is carried out using grading.
Biota is understood as a historically established set of living organisms living in any territory, i.e. flora and fauna of the area. The characteristic of the natural conditions of the area also includes an assessment of vegetation and wildlife.
Vegetation is a set of plant communities (phytocenoses). One or another type of vegetation has a significant impact on the development of the economy - agriculture, forestry, and other opportunities.
Animal world- a set of animal communities living within a particular area.
Natural conditions affect almost all aspects Everyday life population, especially its work, leisure and life, people's health and the possibility of their adaptation to new, unusual conditions.
The total assessment of natural conditions is determined by the level of their comfort for a person. For its measurement, up to 30 parameters are used (the duration of climatic periods, temperature contrast, climate humidity, wind regime, the presence of natural foci of infectious diseases, etc.).
According to the level of comfort, there are:
Extreme territories (polar regions, alpine regions of high latitudes, etc.);
Discomfort territories - areas with harsh natural conditions, unsuitable for life of non-indigenous, unadapted population; subdivided into cold humid (arctic deserts, tundra), arid territories (deserts and semi-deserts), as well as mountainous areas;
· hypercomfortable territories - areas with limited favorable conditions for the resettlement population; subdivided into boreal (forests of the temperate zone) and semiarid (steppes of the temperate zone);
Precomfortable territories - areas with minor deviations from the natural optimum for the formation of a permanent population;
Comfortable territories - areas with almost ideal environmental conditions for the life of the population; characteristic of the southern part of the temperate zone, etc.
The concept of natural conditions in itself presupposes one or another type of economic activity. Natural conditions predetermine the economic diversity of human activity, the sectoral specialization of individual regions, the pace of economic and social development. At the same time, the influence of natural conditions on the national economy is ambiguous and largely depends on the level of development and economic situation country.
Natural conditions are of paramount importance for those industries National economy that operate outdoors. First of all, it is agriculture, forestry and water management. Their specialization and efficiency of development are directly related to soil fertility, climate, and the water regime of the territory. Transport and many other sectors of the economy are also under their influence.
For example, when organizing the extraction of minerals, not only reserves and quality characteristics, but also the conditions of their occurrence, which directly affect the method, scale and cost of production. In practice, it often happens that not the richest, but relatively poor, but located in more favorable natural conditions, become the most economical deposits.
Almost all types of construction are in great dependence on natural conditions. Its cost is predetermined by such terrain parameters as soil strength and watering, the degree of seismicity, swampiness of the territory, the presence permafrost, mountainous terrain, etc.
The natural parameters of the territory have a significant impact on the organization of urban utilities. Thus, the cost of heating, water supply, sewerage, lighting of dwellings, as well as their construction, also differ significantly depending on the climate and engineering and geological conditions. In the northern regions of Russia, the heating season lasts up to 10 months, and in the south of the country 4-5 months.
The question of natural conditions for agriculture deserves special attention. The specialization and efficiency of the agricultural sector of the economy are directly related to the natural fertility of soils, climate, and the water regime of the territory.
Ways of growing various crops and breeding farm animals depend on agro-climatic conditions - climate resources in relation to the needs of agriculture.
Agro-climatic conditions have significant differences from place to place. Understanding the patterns of agro-climatic differentiation is necessary not only for managing the agricultural sector of the national economy, but also for the purposes of political and economic analysis. It has been calculated, for example, that the agro-climatic potential of the United States is approximately 2.5 times higher than that of Russia. It follows from this that for equal costs, the output of US agriculture will always be higher.
When assessing agro-climatic conditions and for a number of other practical purposes, they use data on zonal differences in the country's territory.
Unfavorable and dangerous natural phenomena or natural disasters inherent in certain areas are a specific form of natural conditions.Disaster is a dangerous natural phenomenon that causes emergency situations. Under emergency refers to a critical situation in a certain area that has developed as a result of a natural disaster or a man-made accident and entailed human casualties, damage to human health or the environment, significant material losses and disruption of normal living conditions for people.
To the most common and at the same time dangerous for mankind natural disasters include earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, hurricanes and storms, tornadoes, typhoons, avalanches, landslides, mudflows, avalanches, forest and peat fires. Typical examples of adverse natural phenomena are droughts, frosts, severe frosts, thunderstorms, heavy or prolonged rains, hail and some others.
By genesis, all the main types of adverse and dangerous natural phenomena are divided into hydrometeorological and geological-geomorphological. Among the less common ones, there are also solar-cosmic (magnetic storms, meteorite impact), biogeochemical (soil salinization, biogeochemical corrosion) and biological (reproduction of agricultural pests, epizootics, etc.).
floods are among the most common hazards. They threaten almost ¾ of the earth's surface. Usually, seasonal floods are observed on the rivers, associated with the manifestation of regular climatic factors, in particular with the melting of snow (for example, the Lena River). Often, catastrophic floods are caused by heavy rainfall.
The largest Chinese river, the Yellow River, is especially famous for its catastrophic floods, in the valley of which more than 80 million people live. Here is fixed more casualties than all other regions combined. She owns the most tragic record in the history of mankind: in the fall of 1987, the water level in the Yellow River rose by 20 m. 300 settlements, about 2 million people were left homeless, the death toll reached 1 million.
Floods have been and continue to be a formidable and insidious element for humans. According to UNESCO, over the past century, 9 million people have died from them. The material damage they cause is colossal.
The most important prerequisite for effective flood protection is their accurate forecast. Flood protection can be active (construction of dams, dams, diversion channels, regulation of river beds) or passive (warning and evacuation of people, their use of places that will certainly not be flooded, etc.).
earthquakes- the most significant geological element in its consequences. Every year, about 10 thousand people die from them in the world, and material damage, according to far from complete data, reaches 400 million dollars.
Earthquakes are generated by shock seismic waves and elastic vibrations of the earth's crust. In addition to natural earthquakes, there are and can be destructive earthquakes caused by human activity - flooding of deep reservoirs, oil production, injection of industrial wastewater into the bowels, creation of deep quarries, etc.
The destructive power of earthquakes is characterized in conditional intensity points. In Russia, a 12-point intensity scale has been adopted to describe the result of an earthquake.
The most catastrophic earthquake in the Chinese province of Shaanxi (1556) with the death toll of 830 thousand people is considered.
Other widespread geological hazards of exogenous origin include landslides, rockfalls, mudflows, and coastal abrasion.
Despite the undoubted achievements of science and technology, vulnerability modern society for natural disasters is constantly increasing. The number of victims of unfavorable and dangerous natural phenomena annually increases by approximately 6%. This is due to the rapid growth of the population and the high concentration of the population in cities; degradation environment causing dangerous natural processes.
Floods, tropical storms, droughts and earthquakes cause the greatest economic damage in the world.
Lesson 11
on nature
Goals: To acquaint students with the main factors of human impact on nature. Give the concept of the environment. Formulate an idea of the sustainable development of Russia. Develop the ability to defend your opinion and listen to your comrades.
Equipment: Physical, political and administrative maps of Russia. The film "We have one Earth."
During the classes
II. Checking homework
Check homework on questions to § 8 (account A., questions for self-assessment).
In a group of 4 people, one student answers the question, and three listen to him. The teacher can also approach any group and listen to the answers.
Check the progress of the work on the contour map.
Check the fulfillment of the creative task (landscape drawing).
In what climate can a dwelling have such a roof?
b)
Answer : a) humid climate b) dry.
In which climatic conditions the orientation of the windows can be like this?
What kind of dwelling can be built in a seismically hazardous area, and which one on permafrost soils?
Answer : a) on permafrost; b) on mobile parts of the earth's crust.
The rate of human consumption of fat is 35% in ...Answer : a) tundra; b) in the steppe; c) in the desert.
Such an arrangement of dwellings can be:
Answer : a) in the mountains b) on the plain.
A dwelling made of raw (unbaked bricks) is called ...Answer : a) an adobe hut; b) saklya; c) yurt.
What type of housing can be transported when moving?Answer : a) plague; b) saklu; c) a needle; d) a yurt.
III. Learning new material
Nature and man are interconnected, interact with each other. A person not only adapts to natural conditions, but also uses natural resources in economic activities, influencing nature, changing its quality. We use the soil, minerals, seize huge areas of land for cities, roads, quarries, etc.
Lesson Plan :
Repetition of what was learned about environmental pollution in 8th grade.
Question : What sources of pollution do you know?(Emissions from industrial enterprises, soil pollution with pesticides, improper plowing of slopes, fuel combustion, etc.)
Definition of the concept of "environmental situation".
Most often, a person does not think about the consequences of his influence on nature. And then the quality of the environment deteriorates, and as a result, his health also suffers. Scientists believe that human health is 20% dependent on the environmental situation.
Writing in a notebook
Ecological situation - is the state of the natural environment in a given area.
Assessment of the ecological situation from the point of view of the conditions of human life. (Analysis of Table 1, p. 38, account A.)
According to the degree of criticality, satisfactory, crisis, conflict, crisis, disastrous and catastrophic environmental situations are distinguished.
Question : How to assess the potential environmental situation in a particular region of Russia?(The level of economic development can indirectly indicate the ecological situation: the developed central regions of Russia have a more unfavorable ecological situation than the poorly developed regions of Siberia and Far East. The higher the population density, the worse the ecological situation. The more "dirty" enterprises accumulated in a certain area, the higher the level of pollution. Neighboring countries with an unfavorable ecological situation may also have an impact on the ecological situation.) Which countries can be sources of air pollution in Russia?(Students should remember that in temperate latitudes, westerly transport of air masses and pollution from Western European countries extends into Eastern European countries and Russia.)
Consider examples of the impact of an environmental accident on Chernobyl nuclear power plant(Ukraine) to neighboring countries. The wind carried the radioactive cloud to Belarus and the Baltic republics, the radioactive background also increased in the countries of Scandinavia (Finland). The ecological situation in Chernobyl was characterized as emergency. The consequences of this accident have affected people's health for many years.
Question : How to avoid such environmental situations?
Sustainable development.
To provide environmental safety a state strategy for Russia's transition to sustainable development was developed. Sustainable development is possible with understanding close relationship society and the environment.
Question : Do you think our society is ready to morally develop according to the program of sustainable development?
The task.
Find in the text of the textbook (account A., p. 39) the ways of sustainable development:/. Resource-saving technologies.
2. Successful socio-economic development of Russia (without crises, progressive).
Improving the quality of life of the population.
The international cooperation.
IV. Anchoring
Is it possible to reduce human demand for natural resources? Explain your answer.
What is an ecological situation?
How is the environmental situation in the area of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant assessed?
What does the sustainable development strategy envisage.
In the city of Asbest (in the Urals), people suffer from asbestosis due to the high concentration of mineral fibers in the air - asbestos or mountain flax - which is mined in quarries near the city.
According to account A.: §9, answer questions.
What are the environmental conditions in your area?
What are the factors affecting the ecological situation in your area?
Questions for self-assessment (p. 39).
The influence of natural conditions on the life and economic activity of people. Classification of Russian territories according to the level of comfort. The dependence of the location of industries of the national economy on the natural features of the territory. Adverse and dangerous phenomena of nature: problems of protecting the population and economy. Classification of natural resources and their distribution across the country. Economic and geographical assessment of natural resources: quantitative, technological, cost.
Natural factors have played and continue to play a crucial role in the life and development of human society.
The concept of "natural factors" usually includes the following categories: natural conditions, natural resources, sustainability of landscapes and the ecological situation, which we will consider further mainly from the standpoint of management science.
Natural conditions are understood as a set of the most important natural characteristics of the territory, reflecting the main features of the components of the natural environment or local natural phenomena.
Natural conditions directly affect the life and economic activity of the population. On them depend: the resettlement of the population, the development and distribution of productive forces, their specialization. They determine the cost and, consequently, the competitiveness of manufactured products, which is especially important for countries with a significant distribution of extreme natural features, including Russia.
Among the components of the natural environment, as a rule, climate, geological environment, surface and ground waters, soils, biota, and landscapes are considered as characteristics of natural conditions.
An additional, but very important characteristic of natural conditions is the prevalence of local natural phenomena - adverse and dangerous natural phenomena, which include natural disasters and natural foci of infections.
The climatic features of the territory are manifested primarily in the ratio of heat and moisture.
The amount of heat required to complete the vegetation cycle (growth period) is called the biological sum of temperatures. Thermal resources determine the energy of plant growth.
As the world's largest country in terms of territory (about 17 million sq. km), Russia is characterized by a significant variety of climatic conditions. At the same time, it should be emphasized that Russia as a whole is the northernmost and most cold country in the world, which affects its economy, economy, many aspects of the life of the population and politics. The consequence of climatic conditions is permafrost, which covers an area equal to almost 10 million square meters. km.
The specifics of permafrost must be taken into account when creating engineering structures: pipelines, bridges, iron and highways, power lines and other infrastructure facilities.
Humidification is manifested primarily in the form of precipitation, which is the second most important climatic factor. It is necessary for the entire period of plant life. The lack of moisture leads to a sharp decrease in yield. To identify the conditions for moistening a particular territory, they operate with indicators of the amount of precipitation and the magnitude of possible evaporation. In Russia, territories with excessive moisture predominate; excess of precipitation over evaporation.
The most important factors in the formation of the natural specificity of the region are the relief and geological structure. Influencing all components of the natural environment, the relief contributes to the emergence of differences in landscapes and at the same time is itself affected by natural zonality and altitudinal zonation. Engineering-geological conditions of the area reflect the composition, structure and dynamics of the upper horizons of the earth's crust in connection with the economic (engineering) activities of man. On the basis of engineering and geological studies, the most favorable places for the placement of various types of economic facilities are determined, calculations of the stability of rocks during construction work, processing of banks after filling reservoirs, stability of dams, determine the requirements for the construction of structures in conditions of permafrost, excessive moisture of the surface in seismic, karst, landslide areas, etc. Accounting for mining and geological conditions is vital in all areas of economic activity, but especially in urban planning, transport and hydraulic engineering construction.
For agriculture and a number of other sectors of the economy, soil conditions are of paramount importance. Soil is a special natural body that is formed as a result of the transformation of the surface layer of the earth's crust under the influence of water, air and biota and combines the properties of animate and inanimate nature. The value properties of the soil are reflected in its fertility - the ability to provide plants with digestible nutrients and moisture and create conditions for harvesting.
Under the biota natural sciences understand the historically established set of living organisms living in any large area, i.e. fauna and flora of this area. The characteristic of the natural conditions of the area also includes an assessment of vegetation and wildlife.
In Russia, the main types of vegetation include tundra, forest, meadow and steppe. Among the various types of vegetation, forests occupy a special place. Their ecological and economic value is high, as well as their unique environment-forming role on the planet.
Natural conditions affect almost all aspects of the daily life of the population, the features of their work, leisure and life, people's health and the possibility of their adaptation to new, unusual conditions. The total assessment of natural conditions is determined by the level of their comfort for a person. To measure it, up to 30 parameters are used (the duration of climatic periods, temperature contrast, climate humidity, wind regime, the presence of natural foci of infectious diseases, etc.)
According to the level of comfort, there are:
1. extreme territories (polar regions, alpine regions of high latitudes, etc.);
2. uncomfortable territories - areas with harsh natural conditions, unsuitable for life of non-indigenous, unadapted population; subdivided into cold humid (arctic deserts, tundra), arid territories (deserts and semi-deserts), as well as mountainous areas;
3. hypercomfortable territories - areas with limited favorable natural conditions for the resettlement population; subdivided into boreal (forests of the temperate zone) and semiarid (steppes of the temperate zone);
4. precomfortable territories - areas with minor deviations from the natural optimum for the formation of a permanent population;
5. comfortable territories - areas with almost ideal environmental conditions for the life of the population; characteristic of the southern part of the temperate zone, in Russia they are represented by small areas.
Natural conditions are of paramount importance for those branches of the national economy that operate in the open. These are agriculture, forestry and water management. Almost all types of construction are in great dependence on natural conditions. The natural parameters of the territory have a significant impact on the organization of urban utilities.
In the north and in other regions with extreme natural conditions, there is a need to create special technical equipment adapted to these conditions, for example, with an increased margin of safety.
A specific form of natural conditions are internally inherent in certain areas of adverse and dangerous natural phenomena (NOH) or natural disasters.
Earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, hurricanes and storms, tornadoes, typhoons, landslides, landslides, mudflows, avalanches, forest and peat fires are among the most common and at the same time dangerous natural disasters for humans. Typical examples of adverse natural phenomena are droughts, frosts, severe frosts, thunderstorms, heavy or prolonged rains, hail and some others.
Vital in many cases, protection from NOA inevitably leads to a significant increase in the cost of building and maintaining cities and communications; technologies adapted to increased loads or capable of preventing dangerous impacts.
Natural resources are represented by those elements of the natural environment that can be used in the process of material production at a given stage in the development of society. They are used to obtain industrial and food raw materials, electricity generation, etc.
As the basis of any production, they are divided into:
1. subsoil resources (these include all types of mineral raw materials and fuel);
2. biological, land and water resources;
3. resources of the World Ocean;
4. recreational resources.
On the basis of exhaustibility, natural resources are divided into exhaustible and inexhaustible.
Exhaustible resources are divided into non-renewable and renewable. Inexhaustible natural resources include water, climatic and space resources, the resources of the World Ocean.
Mineral resources remain an indispensable basis for the development of any society. According to the nature of industrial and sectoral use, they are divided into three large groups:
fuel or combustible - liquid fuel (oil), gaseous (usable gas), solid (coal, oil shale, peat), nuclear fuel (uranium and thorium). These are the main sources of energy for most modes of transport, thermal and nuclear power plants, blast furnaces. All of them, except for nuclear fuel, are used in the chemical industry;
metal ore - ores of ferrous, non-ferrous, rare, noble metals, rare and rare earth metals. They form the basis for the development of modern engineering;
non-metallic - mining and chemical raw materials (asbestos, graphite,
mica, talc), building materials (clays, sands, limestones),
agrochemical raw materials (sulfur, salts, phosphorites, and apatites), etc.
The economic-geographical assessment of mineral resources is a complex concept and includes three types of assessments.
It includes: a quantitative assessment of individual resources (for example, coal in tons, gas, wood in cubic meters, etc.), its value increases as the exploration of the resource increases and decreases j as it is exploited; technological, technical (reveals the suitability of resources for economic purposes, their condition and knowledge, the degree of exploration and availability) and cost (in monetary terms).
The total value of explored and estimated mineral resources is 28.6 (or 30.0) trillion US dollars, of which one third is gas (32.2%), 23.3 is coal, 15.7 is oil, and the forecast potential is at 140.2 trillion US dollars (structure: 79.5% - solid fuel, 6.9 - gas, 6.5 - oil).
Natural resource potential Russia is located unevenly across the territory. The main and most promising sources of natural wealth are located mainly in the East and North of the country and are removed from the developed areas at very considerable distances. The eastern regions account for 90% of the reserves of all fuel resources, more than 80% of hydropower, a high proportion of non-ferrous and rare metal ores.
Target:
To form and generalize knowledge about the relationship between the environment and public health. Show examples of development of territories with extreme living conditions
I. Organizing time
II. Learning new material
The study of new content includes two generalizing blocks:
- Interaction between the environment and human health.
- Development of territories with extreme conditions.
1. Getting Started first block Students' attention is drawn to the question: What do we know about the relationship between nature and human health?;
a) As a result of a conversation with students, the following scheme emerges
Part of nature with which humanity interacts in its life and production activities -
Natural factors affecting human health
Temperature and humidity. Atmosphere pressure
- Proximity or distance from water bodies, quality of drinking water;
- The condition of landscapes and the sanitary condition of the soils on which edible vegetables and fruits are grown
The beauty of the surrounding landscapes
- sea coasts
- clean air
- healing mud and mineral waters
b) Practical work"Study of the degree of favorable natural conditions for human life." (see Appendix No. 1)
This practical work allows us to conclude that unfavorable conditions for the life and economic activity of the population prevail on the territory of Russia. Russia is the coldest country on the planet (not counting Antarctica).
Territory with favorable conditions for people to live in Russia occupy only 1/3 of its area.in) Work with the textbook.
The analysis of bar graphs makes it possible to compare the territory of Russia in terms of the availability of areas with favorable conditions with
other leading countries of the world.Area favorable for the life of the population of territories by country of the world
(in million sq. km)
Output:
Difficult natural conditions create great difficulties in the development of territories, require significant material costs for the construction and maintenance of a certain standard of living.
G) Working with cartographic material.
Comparison of the map-scheme of the textbook (p. 266, fig. 108) "Natural conditions of life of the population" and the map of the atlas "Population density in Russia". Identification of the degree of influence of natural conditions on the distribution of the population throughout the country.
The result of the work is the determination of the resettlement of people in connection with natural conditions.
The maximum population density is observed in areas with favorable natural conditions for life:
- North Caucasus and South-West of the European part of Russia (the most favorable conditions);
- Central regions of the East European Plain, South Western Siberia, the foot of the mountains of Southern Siberia, the extreme South of Central Siberia and the Far East (favorable conditions).
The minimum population density is typical for areas with extreme natural conditions (64% of Russia's territories).
e) Computer work, (see Appendix No. 2)
2. Studying the material of the second block.
"Development of territories with extreme conditions"but) Conversation with students(discussion)
"Attention! Problem."
“Can a person completely free himself from the influence of the natural environment on his life and work”b) Teacher's explanation- systematization and generalization of knowledge.
Students must justify their point of view.
As a result of the discussion of this problem, students conclude that it is necessary to develop new territories, despite the fact that human life is difficult there due to the presence of extreme natural conditions (low or very high temperatures, strong winds, the presence of animals or insects - carriers of life-threatening diseases etc.).
A person cannot completely free himself from the influence of the natural environment, but he adapts adapts to the conditions in which he lives and engages in economic activities.in) Computer work.
"The influence of natural conditions on the lifestyle of the population of different regions of Russia" (see Appendix No. 3)
III Fixing the material.
1) Work in notebooks. Building a diagram reflecting the results of the work
students in the lesson.
EnvironmentWednesday |
Ways to protect againstadverse environmental impact |
Medicalgeography |
Nosogeography |
Recreational geography |
|
|
The study of the natural features of the territories in order to clarify their impact on the health of the population |
Studying the patterns of the spread of diseases associated with the characteristics of the environment | The science of the influence of natural factors on recreational activities, the territorial organization of recreation |
IV Homework § 46
Nesterova I.A. The influence of natural conditions and natural resources on the territorial organization of society // Encyclopedia of the Nesterovs
The territorial organization of society is influenced by many factors. One of them is the presence of certain natural resources and the peculiarities of the climate and other natural conditions.
The concept and types of natural factors
Despite evolution, natural factors continue to play a significant role in human life. Natural factors is a broad concept that includes such important elements as natural resources and natural conditions. In addition to them, it also includes such concepts as the sustainability of landscapes and the ecological situation.
Consider each element that makes up natural factors. First of all, let us turn to the interpretation of the concept of "natural conditions.
Under natural conditions It is customary to understand the totality of the most important natural characteristics of the territory, reflecting the main features of the components of the natural environment or local natural phenomena.
It is natural conditions that have a direct impact on life and lifestyle population. Details of what depends on natural conditions are shown in the figure below.
The components of the natural environment are: climate, geological environment, surface and ground waters, soils, biota, and landscapes. Separately, it is necessary to highlight the spread of local natural phenomena. What it is? Local natural phenomena are especially dangerous natural phenomena and anomalies, as well as foci of infections.
Of no less interest are climatic conditions. They influence through the ratio of heat and moisture. Thermal resources determine the energy of plant growth.
The territory of Russia is the largest in the world and is 17,125,191 km². On the territory of the Russian Federation there is a climatic diversity. However, most of the territory is in cold climates. This has an impact on the characteristics of economic activity.
At the same time, it should be emphasized that Russia as a whole is the northernmost and coldest country in the world, which affects its economy, economy and the development of society. 10 million km2 is occupied by permafrost.
The fact is that the specifics of permafrost must be taken into account when building and laying cables, when installing power lines, etc.
The second climatic factor is moisture. Precipitation Frequency affects agriculture, housing and communal services and other important elements of the life of the territories.
No less important are relief features and geological structure. Influencing all components of the natural environment, the relief contributes to the emergence of differences in landscapes and at the same time is itself affected by natural zonality and altitudinal zonality.
Engineering-geological conditions of the area include such factors as the interconnection of the layers of the earth's crust, the state upper layers. These factors affect the engineering and economic activity of the territories, as they perform the following tasks, presented below.
Accounting mining and geological conditions vital in all spheres of economic activity, but especially in urban planning, transport and hydraulic engineering construction.
Separately, the soil factor should be mentioned. The soil is important for agriculture and construction. In this aspect, we single out the structure, chemical composition and soil density. The value of soil lies in its ability to supply plants with nutrients.
Let's take a look at biota. Biota is understood as a historically established set of living organisms living in any large area, i.e. fauna and flora of this area. The characteristic of the natural conditions of the area also includes an assessment of vegetation and wildlife.
So, natural factors play an important role in human life. They determine his life, leisure and state of health. Based on this, we can safely say that natural factors affect territorial division and local government.
Classification of territories according to the level of comfort
Now we will consider each type of territory separately from the point of view of its features of potential. As you can see in the figure, the territories are:
- extreme territories;
- uncomfortable areas;
- comfortable areas;
- hyper-comfortable areas;
Let's start, of course, with extreme territories. They are the most difficult to economic development regions. These include: polar regions, alpine regions of high latitudes, etc.
Then come the territories that are less difficult for life and economic life, which are called uncomfortable areas. They are characterized by harsh conditions, a harsh climate, which is unsuitable for the life of an unadapted population. Such territories include: arctic deserts, tundra, arid territories and mountainous regions.
For life, hyper-comfortable territories are considered more or less comfortable. These are areas where natural conditions are limitedly favorable. The settlers feel quite comfortable in such territories. Hypercomfortable territories boreal and semiarid.
And finally, the most comfortable for life are precomfortable areas And comfortable areas. Precomfortable areas include areas with minor deviations from the natural optimum for the formation of a permanent population. Comfortable areas are those areas where conditions are almost ideal for the life of the population. Such territories are located in the southern part of the temperate zone; in Russia, they are represented by small areas.
Natural conditions are very important for those branches of the national economy that operate in the open air. This is, first of all, agriculture, as well as water and forestry. Construction is very dependent on natural conditions. Hence the difference in financing of the same objects in different territories.
Natural disasters and cataclysms
Various cataclysms and disasters have a strong influence on the development of territories. natural disasters. They act as a specific form of natural conditions.
The following natural disasters are considered the most common and dangerous for humans:
- earthquakes,
- floods,
- tsunami,
- hurricanes and storms
- tornadoes,
- typhoons,
- collapses.
- landslides,
- sat down,
- avalanche,
- forest and peat fires.
Typical examples of adverse natural phenomena are droughts, frosts, severe frosts, thunderstorms, heavy or prolonged rains, hail and some others.
Many areas need protection from natural disasters. This significantly increases the cost of construction and maintenance of municipalities and communications. In addition, the cost of technologies adapted to increased loads or capable of preventing dangerous impacts is much higher.
