MBOU "Krasnopolskaya main comprehensive school»
Research
in physics
Saving energy at school and at home.
8th grade students
Ermachkov Andrey and Kirzhaev Vasily
Supervisor:
physics teacher Zyuzina T.A.
Introduction.
The problem of energy saving has become one of the most pressing problems in the world today. Many states have begun to bring measures to save electricity. AT Russian Federation also decided to switch to energy-saving technologies.
Today, the state, commercial organizations, and individuals are engaged in saving electricity. Gradually, this work becomes an integral part of human life, as energy sources run out, and new sources of electricity are not yet fully used.
In our opinion, it is necessary to think about saving electricity at school. Most recently, in a physics lesson, we learned about light sources, ways to generate electricity. We decided to study this topic in more depth and determine the purpose of our study - to find ways to save electricity in the village, school, and at home.
The tasks of the work were:
Studying from various sources of information the history of the use of electricity to improve human conditions
Analysis of the state of affairs with energy savings in the country, village, school and home.
Preparation of proposals for saving electricity through the introduction of resource-saving technologies.
Promoting energy savings through the media in our school.
We consider our work relevant, because with the help of the study we want to help villagers, school students, and their families save electricity.
The research methods were:
Study of the legislative framework on this issue
The study of newspaper publications on the research topic
Studying the history of the use of electricity around the world and in Russia
The source of information was Internet sites, conversations with members of our families.
We consider the topic of research to be very interesting and important, especially in modern conditions.
Main part
History of Lighting Sources
Starting research work, we decided to study the history of light sources. Having become acquainted with educational literature, sites on the Internet, we learned that the first incandescent light bulb appeared in 1878. It was invented by Thomas Edison.
Thomas Edison has lived and worked in the United States of America all his life. He was the most productive inventor of all. During his life, he patented 1093 various inventions, including an electric incandescent lamp. In 1876 he opened the world's first research laboratory and called it "invention factory". However, some inventors accused him of appropriating their discoveries. In 1877 Edison created the phonograph, one of his most famous inventions. This unit recorded and reproduced sound. At first, the phonograph was sold as funny toy. But then Edison and other inventors improved it so much that it became possible to record even music.
In 1878 English scientist Joseph Swan (1828-1914) invented the electric light bulb. It was a glass flask, inside of which there was a carbon filament. To prevent the thread from burning out, Swan removed air from the flask. The following year, the famous American inventor Thomas Edison (1847-1931) also invented the light bulb. After experiments with threads from various substances he opted for charred bamboo fibers. In 1880 Edison launched safety light bulbs, selling them for $2.50. Subsequently, Edison and Swan created a joint company, the Edison and Swan United Electric Light Company.
2. Incandescent lamp
Many years have passed since the invention of the incandescent lamp. The modern lamp is new technologies and inventors. An incandescent lamp is a source of artificial light that converts electrical energy into light energy by heating a metal spiral, the so-called filament. As a heating body, a spiral made of tungsten and alloys based on it is currently used mainly. The designs of incandescent lamps are very diverse and depend on the purpose. However, the filament body, bulb and current leads are common. Depending on the characteristics of a particular type of lamp, filament holders of various designs can be used, lamps can be made without a base or with bases of various types, have an additional external bulb and other additional structural elements. The service life of an incandescent lamp is approximately 1000 hours. As the voltage increases, the service life decreases. The good old "pear light bulb" with its warm, pleasant light continues to be a symbol of artificial light for many today. Its qualities such as simplicity, accessibility and versatility explain its great popularity.
After analyzing the available information, we have identified the advantages and disadvantages of incandescent lamps.
Benefits of an incandescent lamp:
Proficiency in mass production
Affordable cost
small size
Quick entry to operating mode
No toxic components, and consequently no need for infrastructure for collection and disposal
Continuous emission spectrum
Pleasant and familiar spectrum
Frost resistance.
Disadvantages of an incandescent lamp:
Low light output
Relatively short service life
Brittleness and sensitivity to impact
They pose a fire hazard.
Energy-saving lamps
We continued our research and got acquainted with other sources of lighting - energy-saving lamps.
For those who want to save money on electricity and do not want to put up with the waste of incandescent lamps, the so-called fluorescent (or energy-saving) lamp, CFL, was invented.
As in a conventional fluorescent lamp, the CFL has a gas discharge tube filled with argon and a ballast (starter). This whole structure is seated in a standard plinth with a diameter of 27 or 14 mm, which allows it to be screwed into the socket of any chandelier, sconce or lamp.
The lamp itself, as the name suggests, looks quite compact and neat. Due to the fact that there is an electronic starter between the U-shaped (or spiral) bulb and the base, the height of the lamp is slightly higher than usual. But most often it does not exceed 15 - 16 cm.
If an incandescent tungsten filament shines in an incandescent lamp, light is formed in a CFL in a completely different way. Initially, invisible ultraviolet radiation appears inside the lamp. Special substances applied to the inner walls of the flask - phosphors - convert ultraviolet into visible light.
Until recently, fluorescent lamps were little used in living rooms, since they were only tubular and gave a cold, shadowless light. Today, thanks to the invention of compact lamps and new phosphors, a wider selection of lamps has appeared.
Energy-saving lamps with the same color brightness consume 5-6 times less electricity than incandescent lamps. In other words, a conventional 60W light bulb corresponds in brightness to an 11W CFL. Energy savings with such a replacement will be more than 80%. In addition, they are much more durable. If the life of incandescent lamps on average does not exceed 800-1,000 hours, then for their energy-saving competitors it ranges from 6,000 (for the cheapest samples) to 15,000 hours.
We found a comparative table of CFLs and incandescent lamps.
CFL, W
Incandescent lamp, W
5
25
7
35
9
45
11
60
14
75
16
85
20
100
The table data convincingly shows the advantage of energy-saving lamps.
The Presidential Modernization Commission intends to discuss in Khanty-Mansiysk Russia's transition from incandescent lamps to LED lamps.
The commission refused to introduce energy-saving lamps for the reason that this technology would not develop further. It would be more correct to switch to more promising technologies, which are LEDs.
At the moment, LED lamps are the most expensive and efficient home lighting sources available. The burning time of an LED lamp is 30 times longer than that of an incandescent lamp, and the energy consumption is 10 times lower. At the same time, the cost of "Ilyich's light bulb" is 15-20 rubles, while an LED lamp can cost 1,500 rubles.
History of electrification in Russia
Having learned the history of the emergence of lighting sources, we decided to find out the history of the electrification of our country.
The first electric light bulbs appeared in Russia at the end of the 19th century. By the beginning of the 20th century, an electric power industry already existed in Russia, which made it possible to generate an insignificant amount of electricity for major cities. During World War I (1914-1918) and civil war(1918 - 1920) the country's electrical system was practically destroyed. In December 1918 - June 1918, the power plants that existed in our country were restored and transferred from private hands to the state. At the same time, the construction of hydroelectric power plants began in the districts of thermal power plants.
years
Electricity production, bln. kWh
Installed power, GW
Total
including at thermal power plants
Total
including at thermal power plants
1921
0,5
0,5
1,2
1,2
1930
8,4
7,8
2,9
2,7
1940
48,6
43,2
11,2
8,6
1950
91,2
78,5
19,6
16,4
1960
292,3
241,4
66,7
51,9
1970
740,9
616,5
166,2
134,8
1977
1150,0
968,2
237,8
185,5
In the postwar years Electrification countries developed at a rapid pace. By 1947, the USSR had taken second place in the world (after the USA) in electricity production, and in 1975 it produced more electricity than the FRG, Great Britain, Italy, Sweden, and Austria combined. The average annual increase in electricity generation increased. If in 1966-70 it averaged 46.9 billion rubles per year. kW· h, then in 1971-77 - 58.4 billion. kW· h. The installed capacity of power plants almost doubled in 1966-77, and the share of the USSR in world electricity production in 1977 increased to 16% against 9.2% in 1950. Data on the dynamics of electricity production in the USSR are given in the table, which we compiled using internet data.
Having studied the available information, we were convinced that the generation of electricity contributes to the economic activity of the country, improves the living conditions of the population. But today we are talking not only about generating electricity, but also about saving it.
Energy saving problems.
Having got acquainted with publications in the regional newspaper, we learned that the problem of saving electricity was discussed in our district. In accordance with the Federal Law “On Energy Saving and Increasing Energy Efficiency, Amending Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation”, a municipal energy saving program was developed in the Torbeevsky District. The program includes a plan for informing the population about the work being done, a plan for working with resource-saving and supplying organizations. The developers of the program believe that lamps with motion sensors can be installed in the entrances to save electricity. In municipal institutions, replace conventional lamps with energy-saving ones.
This work is already underway in the region. For example, in the entrances of some houses, a light bulb with motion sensors is installed. At the entrance to the entrance, the lights turn off after the front door closes.
Organization of energy saving in the school.
In our school, robots are being carried out to save electricity. So, for example, we, students of the 8th grade, are engaged in the implementation of the social project “We save every kilowatt”. My classmates and I studied the issue of saving electricity at school and are trying to save it, turning off the light in those rooms where there is no need for it.
We carry out propaganda work among teachers and students of our school, we offer to turn off the lights in the classrooms when the natural light is within the normal range. We have developed an information poster about saving electricity, which is posted in all classes.
In a conversation with the director of the school, M.I. Saigashev we found out that in 2013 the school consumed 31755 kW, and in 2014 - 29930 kW. As a result of the careful attitude to the consumption of electricity, the school saved 1825 kW of energy. Work on saving electricity continues this year.
Saving electricity in the family
Ways to reduce electricity consumption at home:
Make it a rule to turn off the light when you leave the room, even for a few minutes;
When buying electrical goods, pay attention to the energy saving class, give preference to class A, class G is considered the most uneconomical;
TVs and other devices operating in standby mode should be unplugged;
Do not leave the charger in the socket, even without a phone it continues to “pull” energy;
Use the computer's power saving mode. Such savings will save up to 50% of the energy consumed by the computer;
Don't forget to clean the filters and trash bags in the vacuum cleaner. Dirty, they reduce air draft and increase energy consumption;
Avoid underloading the washing machine and do not overload the drum. Choose the right program. Before washing, the laundry can be soaked and then washed without prewash, which consumes up to 30% of energy;
Do not place the refrigerator next to a stove or radiator - at an air temperature of about 30 °, the unit increases the amount of energy spent on cooling. For this reason, do not put warm food in the refrigerator;
The cleanliness of the windows also helps to save money - dirty glass transmits less light. Dust on the ceiling takes another 10 - 20% of the light;
Light materials in the decoration of the apartment reflect up to 70 - 80% of the light, and dark only 10 - 15%;
If you use an electric stove, cook on a burner that matches the diameter of the pan or pot;
It is better to cook food under the lid, which will save up to 20% of time, and hence energy;
Timely clean and scale in the electric kettle. Due to the decrease in thermal conductivity, the heating time of water increases.
We think that this information will be useful to every family. Based on the materials of the newspaper, we developed a memo and distributed it to all the students in our class, placed it on the information stand.
Working on the study, we calculated the amount of electricity consumed for lighting a 2-room apartment in which 4 people live.
1) determine the power of the lamps in the premises and the time they are turned on:
Corridor P = 100 W - 5 hours;
Toilet R = 80 W - 2 hours;
Bathroom Р=120 W - 5 hours;
Kitchen Р=160 W - 6 hours;
Room R=180W - 5 hours;
Room P=340 W - 5 hours.
2) calculate the work that the lamps do:
A=P kW × t h
A = 0.1 kW × 5 h + 0.08 kW × 2 h + 0.12 kW × 3 h + 0.16 kW × 6 h + 0.18 kW × 5 h + 340 kW × 5 h = 137, 4 kWh
3) determine the cost of consumed electricity:
Cost, rub. = A kWh x tariff
Tariff = 2.04 RUB/kWh
Cost \u003d 137.4 kWh × 2.04 rubles / kWh \u003d 280.30 rubles.
When using energy-saving lamps, family consumption is significantly reduced.
Conclusion
Our research has been completed. We tried to find ways to save electricity at school, at home. In our opinion, they are effective and can lead to significant savings in school and family budgets.
We think that each student and family should determine their own savings program, in any case, seriously think about it. The more seriously you approach this issue, the more significant the result will be. In the context of increasing government costs for energy generation, each of us must contribute our part to the savings of public funds.
Our study helped us to understand the significance of the topic, to determine the position in life. We agree that today it is necessary to save every kilowatt. This is a personal, family and state task.
The development of human society is inextricably linked with the use natural resources our planet, with the use of energy on an ever-increasing scale. But most resources are not renewable. This increases the responsibility of people to future generations for the careful and rational use of the planet's resources, possibly less pollution of it with all kinds of waste. In our work, we consider ways to save electricity in our school The development of human society is inextricably linked with the use of natural resources of our planet, with the use of energy on an ever-increasing scale. But most resources are not renewable. This increases the responsibility of people to future generations for the careful and rational use of the planet's resources, possibly less pollution of it with all kinds of waste. In our work, we consider ways to save electricity in our school
Tasks of practical work 1. Determine how much money can be saved due to daily energy savings. 1. Determine how much money you can save by saving electricity every day. 2. Create effective energy saving rules for students and teachers of the school, a memo "Save electricity". 2. Create effective energy saving rules for students and teachers of the school, a memo "Save electricity".
Saving energy at school starts with awareness of this need. Yes, and the testimony of the electric meter that voted in rubles in your direction with increasing electricity tariffs will clearly tell you that saving electricity at school is a necessity. First. by the most simple solution, which can be done right now, is to purchase energy-saving lamps. In our class, incandescent lamps were replaced with fluorescent lamps. Here is a simple example of such savings.
Previously used 6 incandescent lamps in the classroom Energy consumption per hour 6 * 50 W = 800 W Three hours per day 800 W*3 = 2400 W Energy consumption per week 2400 W*6= W Energy consumption per month 2400 W*24 = W For the period from October to March Tue*6 = Tue
The classroom now uses 24 fluorescent lamps Energy consumption per hour 24 * 20 W = 480 W Three hours 480 W*3 = W Energy consumption per week 1440 W*6=8 640 W Energy consumption per month 1440 W*24 = W Per period from October to March W*6 = W Saving electricity consumption in the class during the year is W
After analyzing the consumption and saving of electrical energy in the classroom, we were interested in how much electrical energy we consume and save at school, in all classrooms Our school uses 12 classrooms for teaching: - We consume energy during the year 12 * W = W - Saving energy consumption when using fluorescent lamps 12* W = W Question: how much money do we save? Tue \u003d 552.96 kWh Today the tariff rate for 1 kWh is 295 rubles 552.96 * 295 \u003d rubles
We carried out calculations on energy savings using only one way to save (replacement of incandescent lamps with energy-saving lamps). Considering all the ways to save electrical energy (lamp life, light emission, natural light, rational use lighting and consumption of electrical energy during working hours), then the savings in electrical energy and money will be much greater. To this end, recommendations have been developed and are being used to save electrical energy in schools.
When leaving the classroom for recess, turn off the lights in the classroom; when leaving the classroom for a break, turn off the lights in the classroom; turn off the lights in the classroom when there is sufficient sunlight; turn off the lights in the classroom when there is sufficient sunlight; when decorating a classroom, do not put large flowers on the windowsills - they will block access to part of the world; when decorating a classroom, do not put large flowers on the windowsills - they will block access to part of the world; when decorating a classroom, do not cover the windows with long tulle - it also absorbs part of the light energy; when decorating a classroom, do not cover the windows with long tulle - it also absorbs part of the light energy; when you finish working on the computer, do not forget to turn it off; when you finish working on the computer, do not forget to turn it off; do not turn on laboratory equipment without the permission of the teacher and unnecessarily, turn it off immediately after finishing work. do not turn on laboratory equipment without the permission of the teacher and unnecessarily, turn it off immediately after finishing work. Dear students of the school, please do not forget:
You can save up to 20% energy by using lids on pots and pans; you can save up to 20% energy by using lids on pots and pans; turn on only those burners of the stove on which you will put the dishes; turn on only those burners of the stove on which you will put the dishes; open the oven door only when necessary; open the oven door only when necessary; use the minimum amount of water during the cooking process; use the minimum amount of water during the cooking process; heat only the amount of water you need; heat only the amount of water you need; the size of the heated dishes must correspond to the size of the "pancake" of the electric stove; the size of the heated dishes must correspond to the size of the "pancake" of the electric stove; You can save energy by cooking food on the switched off stove, which retains heat for a long time. You can save energy by cooking food on the switched off stove, which retains heat for a long time. Dear kitchen workers, please do not forget:
Our achievements explanatory work with students and teachers has brought positive results. explanatory work with students and teachers brought positive results. Energy savings for the autumn period of 2012 compared to 2011 by 17%. Energy savings for the autumn period of 2012 compared to 2011 by 17%.
§ 18. ENERGY SAVING IN SCHOOL AND HOME
Working on energy conservation, we consider various uses of energy for useful purposes and explore the possibilities of obtaining the same result with less energy, using energy sources of the minimum required quality, and with the optimal use of renewable energy sources. Here, rather than an exhaustive list of recommendations, a number of practical examples can be given. In each case, energy saving measures should be selected individually.
And remember: saving one unit of energy is much better than producing a new one. By conserving energy at home, you also reduce energy wasted during production and transportation. Finally, you also reduce your environmental impact.
Good luck with your important work!
An exercise:
Visit a store that sells refrigerators and ask the seller about the energy consumption of different models. Calculate annual savings and total savings based on the life of the refrigerator.
In many situations, energy saving is not only a matter of individual decision. Many systems and technical solutions are already fixed and a collective decision is needed to replace them. In many houses, the apartment is heated centrally from the district heating network. Often system improvement is indeed needed, but it requires the involvement of many families, utility utilities, municipality technicians, equipment manufacturers, etc.
Modern energy systems are complex, and in many cases the results of energy saving efforts depend on the involvement of experts and large organizations. But nevertheless, we all deal with energy every day, and by participating in education and practical activities on a personal level, all can become part of the process of improvement.
Together, this represents a huge potential for energy savings and reduced environmental impact as a result of our activities. Comparing the generally accepted level of energy consumption with examples of its most efficient use, some energy experts have proposed the term "factor 4". In the long term, the goal should be to get four times more useful work from each unit of primary energy. This will both reduce energy consumption and environmental impact and improve living standards.
Space heating
Perhaps for those who live in the rainforest, space heating is not a problem. For us, who live in cold climates, it is necessary to come up with artificial methods of keeping warm. We need warm enough clothes. Good clothes makes it possible to survive in the conditions of the Siberian winter. But it is more practical and more comfortable to be able to take off your fur hat at school or at home. Russian standards define a comfortable indoor temperature not lower than +18 °C. Space heating has become very energy intensive and expensive. Heating systems were built when energy prices were low and efficiency was not a concern. The inefficiency of heating networks often leads to a shortage of fuel, economic or technical problems make it difficult to maintain a comfortable temperature.
In energy saving, the problem is not how to deliver enough heat. Our problem is how to keep it warm. For example, the room was once heated. Now it has become cold. Where has the warmth gone?
Hot water usage
It takes a lot of energy to heat water. In most apartment buildings in Russia, the use hot water was almost "free" and the level of consumption was higher than in other European countries. Measurements made in Apatity (Murmansk region) in 2000 showed that one person spent more energy on hot water there than a whole family in Norway (3600 kWh). In Norway, consumption meters are installed in every apartment hot water for which each family pays separately.
Reducing consumption is not so much a matter of technology, but of awareness and motivation to reduce wasted energy.
Ways to save energy
Our homes today are built without much consideration for how much energy would be needed to maintain a satisfactory temperature inside. Insulation of walls, floors and roofs is not enough. They are either made from materials that conduct heat well, or the insulating layers are not thick enough. Often, "cold bridges" are formed in the walls of buildings - poorly insulated places through which heat escapes to the outside.
Adding insulation to an existing building is a big and usually very expensive job. But it would be a great idea to add new insulation when the walls and roof are overhauled. If your room is very cold, even just carpets on the coldest walls and on the floor, and blackout curtains on the windows will help insulate it. But the curtains should not cover the radiators, prevent the heating of the rooms! The most efficient and easiest way to increase energy savings yourself is to eliminate drafts from cracks, windows and doors. Older houses receive much more cold air than is required for ventilation. If the draft is felt by hand, then this is clearly too much! Cold drafts come from cracks, loosely closing windows and doors. It is a good habit to prepare the house for winter, during which cracks are found and sealed.
The best place to start is with windows. Cracked glass must be replaced, and the cracks sealed with gaskets and/or special tape. Also a weak point is the space between the window frames and the wall, and in the corners or in other places where various elements are connected.
With a refrigerator, the situation is the same as with an apartment, it is necessary to maintain the temperature we need in it. The refrigerator has the appropriate equipment that "pumps out" the heat from the inside to the outside. To maintain the efficiency of the process, we need to make sure that there is not too much ice inside, and the refrigerator itself is best located in the coldest place in the apartment so that the temperature difference between inside and outside the refrigerator is minimal.
An exercise:
- Show that different materials have different thermal conductivity. Take a cup of hot tea. Dip a metal spoon into the cup and it will heat up. Repeat the same experiment with a wooden spoon, and you will find that it conducts heat very poorly.
- Still air is a poor conductor of heat and can be used as an insulator between panes or in walls. In a sauna, you can be at an air temperature of 90°C, but the water at the same temperature will burn you. You will feel it when you splash water on the stove, because the air will become more humid...
Theoretically, it is possible to create a completely impenetrable room, as tin. If the room is well insulated, or located in open space, the energy or temperature will remain there for a very long time, but it is unlikely to be habitable. The living quarters have windows and doors. We need ventilation to get fresh air. All this allows warm air to escape, and heat to be transferred through the surfaces of the room. A constant supply of additional heat is needed to compensate for its loss.
In our classroom and homes, heat escapes in two ways:
- Draft or ventilation, as a result of which warm air leaves and cold air enters.
- The transfer of heat from warm interior surfaces to cold exterior surfaces. There are many ways to prevent heat loss from your home. Many examples show that it is possible to significantly reduce the need for heating in new homes. The main rule is the use of insulation, which makes it difficult for heat to penetrate
through surfaces. In addition, drafts must be avoided. The fresh air entering the ventilation must be heated by the old air leaving the house. Heat losses should not be much higher than the "heat waste" from various processes in the house. The sources of such "heat waste" are people, lighting devices, as well as various equipment.
An exercise: Draw your dream home with your classmates. After that, you need to "sell" the houses to each other. Pay attention to low energy consumption for the operation and maintenance of the house in order to get a good price in return.
An exercise:
Measure your household's hot water consumption and calculate the amount of energy required to heat that volume of water. You can easily measure the flow of water per minute by measuring the time it takes to fill a bucket (for example, 1 or 10 liters). To calculate the energy consumption, you also need to measure the temperature of the water. You can use the form above.
DO YOU KNOW THAT...
- Because of the low thermal conductivity of the skin of the feet, are people able to walk on hot coals without burning themselves?
- Russia is one of the largest regions of the world in which CHP (thermal power plants) are widespread? With increased efficiency, they could become the best and most flexible power systems in Europe. In addition to using hot water from the tap, we heat water when cooking.
Most dishwashers and washing machines usually heat their own water using electric heaters. This process can also often be improved in terms of energy consumption.
WHAT YOU CAN DO YOURSELF:
- Insulate windows to eliminate drafts.
- Find and eliminate cold drafts from doors, crevices and other places.
- Cover the coldest surfaces in the room with carpets and other insulating materials.
- It is preferable to carry out ventilation by opening all the windows for a short time than by slightly opening them for a long period.
WHAT ELSE CAN YOU DO
- Install individual and automated regulators on heating radiators in each room (if the heating system in your home allows it).
- Use mechanical ventilation with heat recovery.
DO YOU KNOW THAT...
- Are you cold even when the air temperature is high, if the room surfaces are cold?
- Will a wool sweater and nice slippers create a feeling of warmth without raising the temperature in the room?
- due to the low thermal conductivity of the skin of the feet, people are able to walk on
hot coals?
- even the low winter sun is able to heat the room through the windows? So open the curtains on sunny days if you need extra warmth.
- Russia is one of the largest regions of the world in which CHP (thermal power plants) are widespread? With increased efficiency, they could become the best and most flexible power systems in Europe.
In addition to using hot water from the tap, we heat water when cooking. Most dishwashers and washing machines usually heat their own water using electric heaters. This process can also often be improved in terms of energy consumption.
Tips for maintaining a good indoor climate:
- Ventilate the classroom for 2-3 minutes. This allows the air to change without cooling. This is much more effective than sitting with the window open for the entire lesson.
- Ventilate the classroom after each lesson.
- Move the desks away from the radiators.
- Dress appropriately for the weather and temperature. Remember that some people deal with heat or cold better than others.
- Swap places, as some students do not tolerate cold well, while others do not tolerate heat.
- Check if everyone leaves the class at recess.
EXAMPLES
Ecohouse in Novosibirsk
In Novosibirsk, for several years, an eco-house designed for one family has been in operation. In it, the heating season during which heating is required has decreased from 230 days to 90 days. This house also has other elements of an eco-house, such as composting household waste and local wastewater treatment.
Kindergarten in Kirovsk
Kirovsky Kindergarten No. 12 in the Murmansk region is used to showcase energy efficiency improvements in existing buildings. In addition to insulating the windows and returning heat to the ventilation from the kitchen, the heating system was rebuilt. The new switchgear, installed in the basement, allows automatic regulation of the heating. This improves comfort and reduces energy consumption.
All these measures have reduced energy consumption by half. The new system required more conscious use of hot water, resulting in further energy savings.
House without heating
In Sweden, in Gothenburg, 20 new apartments were built without any heating system at all. A well-insulated house combines a pleasant indoor climate with low energy consumption. To heat the house during the winter, there is enough heat produced by the inhabitants of the house, lighting fixtures and other equipment. There are no drafts in the house, and in the ventilation system, the old warm air warms the fresh air before it enters the house. The solar collector on the roof satisfies half the demand for hot water. The cost of a house is not higher than the cost of an ordinary house, but optional equipment pays for itself quickly by reducing energy bill payments.
Ways to save energy
Hot water is mainly used for washing, showering and bathing, washing dishes, washing floors, and washing. Be careful not to use more hot water than necessary for this purpose. It is often difficult to change old habits, but you need to evaluate your hot water consumption and see if there is a way to reduce it. You can save hot water by reducing either the water jet or its temperature. Be careful not to let water flow in vain, and fix leaking faucets. Washing large quantities of dishes under hot water consumes a lot of energy.
Don't leave the water running while you brush your teeth. A short shower uses much less water than a bathtub. But the shower could be improved. Special energy-saving shower heads consume less than 10 l/min while providing a comfortable shower experience.
Perhaps you should measure the water flow in your shower?
When cooking, the size of the pot should match the size of the heat source and the amount of food being cooked. In addition, it is important not to use more water than necessary and to reduce energy loss by putting a lid on the pot.
What can you do yourself
- Do not wash dishes under running water, use a plug in the kitchen sink.
- If you feel that the water in the shower or faucet is too cold, you can reduce the cold water supply.
- Take a shower, not a bath. Short showers use less water than filling a bathtub.
- The shower should be comfortable with a water flow of no more than 10 l / min. Measure the water flow in your shower and look for a new shower head if the flow is too high.
- Repair leaking hot water faucets.
- When cooking, use lids and do not use more water than required.
- Fill washing machine Before washing, check the program of the machine and the marks on the clothes so as not to use excessively high temperatures.
WHAT ELSE CAN YOU DO
- Reduce heat loss in heating systems.
- Make sure that the pressure and temperature in the heating systems are not too high.
Examples
In St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region, since 2000, many residents have installed hot and cold water meters in their apartments. Water bills have dropped significantly since people began to conserve water and pay for real consumption rather than the general norm. The purchase and installation of meters costs about 2500-3000 rubles. With economical water consumption, the total monthly payment for hot and cold water is reduced by 300-400 rubles compared to the standards. Thus, the installation of meters will pay off in less than a year.
By using a modern energy-saving shower and being conscious of energy saving, you can significantly reduce your hot water consumption. If we compare the use of an ordinary shower by one family in St. Petersburg and a shower with a modern energy-saving nozzle, then we will get the following results:
A conventional type shower used 26 l/min at full water pressure and 10 l/min during normal shower comfort. The energy efficient shower head was easy to install and used only 10 l/min at full flow and 7.5 l/min at normal comfort shower. The new nozzle could be set to several positions using a simple switch. In addition to the usual position of the shower, it was possible to switch to a massage mode (7.5 l / min), to a reduced, light shower mode (4 l / min) and to a full off position.
A typical 20 minute use of the tip gives the following results:
- water consumption during massage (5 min) - 50 liters;
- when soaping (7 min) - 0 liters;
- when washing off soap (5 min) - 32 liters.
In total, 80 liters of water were used, while using old equipment and following old habits, 200 liters of water were consumed.
Energy saving was more than 4 kW/h! If you want to calculate your own consumption, use the tasks at the end of this chapter.
DO YOU KNOW THAT...
- in a year, 2000 liters will flow out of the tap if 10 drops per minute flow out of it?
- food becomes ready whether it is boiled on a high heat or on a small one, since the boiling point does not exceed 100°C.
Lighting
People need light to work. Initially, we are adapted to lead an active life during daylight hours and sleep at night. AT modern society activity goes on 24 hours a day, and we spend a lot of time inside buildings where daylight does not reach. Especially great is the need for additional artificial lighting for short winter days in the northern regions.
The text of the work is placed without images and formulas.
Full version work is available in the "Files of work" tab in PDF format
No form of energy is spared
as expensive as its disadvantage.
(Gomi Baba).
During recent decades it became obvious that human activity has a significant negative impact on nature. This created not only local and regional ecological problems, but also began to be reflected at the global level, accelerated the processes of climate change on the planet. Unfortunately, we rarely think about how and how much energy we spend to solve specific problems. We often use too much energy where we can save it. My work will help to understand the physical principles of energy saving and learn how to apply them in practice. We have to learn how to organize our activities and use available technologies in order to save energy. ..
Object of study - energy state schools.
Subject of study - practical measures for energy saving at school to reduce unjustified energy losses, reduce the cost of its consumption.
Objective: find out the mechanisms of energy, heat, water losses and suggest ways to make the school energy efficient.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set:
study the program of energy saving and energy efficiency improvement of the school for 2012-2015;
to analyze the consumption of energy resources and economic costs of MBOU secondary school No. 2 for 2016;
to carry out thermal imaging survey of enclosing structures;
to conduct an experiment of installing heat-reflecting screens behind heating devices;
conduct an experiment aimed at reducing the cost of water supply.
to develop and distribute information sheets at school on energy saving.
Hypothesis: Let's assume that the use of energy-saving methods will save energy resources and material costs of the school.
Practical significance. Applying physical laws in the study of energy saving and energy efficiency at school, we form practical skills in the study of physics. Conducted analysis during research work on energy consumption and economic costs for 2016, as well as experimentally proven ways to reduce energy resources will be further used in the implementation of the program to improve the energy efficiency of the school. Other schools may use these methods as well. Energy conservation in schools has huge potential. It is necessary to teach from childhood to respect for electricity, heat, water.
2.Materials and research methods
We started collecting material in October 2016 at school No. 2, as part of the Energy Efficiency Week. We have participated in energy saving activities: cool watch, “Saving Electricity” campaign, distribution of information sheets.
Basic information we found having studied the documents of the school No. 2: energy saving and energy efficiency improvement program for 2012 - 2015; logs of readings for 2015-2016 for electricity, cold and hot water, heat; documents of the economic costs of energy consumption. On the Internet, on the websites of the state information system in the field of energy saving and energy efficiency, we got acquainted with legal documents in the field of energy efficiency. We learned that in accordance with the requirements set forth in clause 1, article 24 of the Federal Law No. 261 of November 23, 2009 “On Energy Saving and Energy Efficiency and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation”, municipal institution is obliged to ensure the reduction of the water, thermal energy, electric energy consumed by him, etc. within 5 years, not less than 15% of the volume actually consumed by him in 2009.
We analyzed the energy consumption and economic costs of the school for 2016, built diagrams and drew conclusions. (Appendix 1 Tables 1-5; Charts 1-5).
In order to confirm our hypothesis, in December 2016 we conducted an experiment aimed at reducing the cost of water supply. During which, the optimization of water consumption was calculated by installing containers in sanitary rooms (toilets) to reduce water consumption. . (Appendix 2, thermogram 1-4, photo of the author 1-2).
In January 2017, an experiment was carried out to install heat-reflecting screens behind heating appliances, necessary to reduce heat consumption and economic costs. (Appendix 3-4, thermogram 1-4, photo by author 1,2,3).
In 2017, a thermal imaging survey of the enclosing structures of the school was carried out. Purpose: to determine the reduced heat transfer resistance of enclosing structures and in places with a heat-reflecting screen installed behind heating appliances. (Appendix 2, thermogram 1-4, photo of the author 1-2).
Developed and distributed information sheets on saving electricity in sanitary rooms, classrooms, canteen, corridors of the school building.
My research methods were:
search and systematization of information from different sources;
comparative analysis of documents;
construction of diagrams, economic calculations;
setting up an experiment and monitoring its progress.
The law of conservation of energy and the concept of energy saving
The easiest way to reduce pollution is to conserve energy, or, in other words, use energy more intelligently. In a word, this is called "energy saving". All mankind and each person individually should save energy. Using less non-renewable energy sources, we reduce the amount of harmful emissions into the atmosphere.
Energy consumption by mankind is constantly growing. We met in seventh grade with the law of conservation of energy. The amount of energy in nature is constant. We encounter the concept of energy whenever we want to study any process occurring in nature. Light, heat, sound, mechanical, electrical energy are various forms of energy that are closely related to each other. What is the connection? Every time there is a change in the world around us, energy changes form.
In a closed system, the amount of energy remains constant. Energy does not arise from nowhere and does not disappear without a trace, it can only pass from one form to another. Describing such a transition, one usually speaks of the expenditure of energy.
Russia, despite prolonged difficulties, has remained an "energy superpower" - the owner of one of the world's largest potential energy resources. On its territory, which makes up approximately 10% of the Earth's land area with a population of only 2.6% of the world's population, over 32% of explored gas reserves, 13% of oil and 25% of coal are concentrated. But even with such an abundance, the problem of resource conservation is one of the key ones for Russia.
Energy saving is the cheapest "source" of energy. On November 23, 2009, D. A. Medvedev signed the federal law No. 261 “On Energy Saving and Increasing Energy Efficiency and on Amending Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation”, adopted earlier by the State Duma. Following the principle of “do more with less” will benefit everyone. Schools are serious consumers of energy: electricity and heat. Almost all educational buildings were built a long time ago, when few people thought about saving.
Energy-saving technologies at school: application and effectiveness
Currently, the cost of energy resources is a significant part of the costs of many institutions. In the context of increasing tariffs and prices for energy carriers, their wasteful inefficient use is unacceptable. Creation of conditions for increasing the efficiency of the use of energy resources is becoming one of the priority tasks for the development of institutions. To assess the financial costs of consumed energy resources (heat, electricity, tap water), we analyzed the paid bills of school No. 2 for 2015-2016. Summary data on energy consumption and financial costs are presented in tables and charts (Appendix 1, table 1-3, chart 1-3).
Findings: Analysis of the data on energy consumption shows that the total cost of energy resources in 2016 is higher than in 2015 and amounted to 8821.6 thousand rubles:
743.7 thousand rubles are accounted for payment of electric energy;
The payment for thermal energy accounts for 7,933.6 thousand rubles;
To pay for tap water 144.3 thousand rubles.
The largest share of energy consumption and financial costs falls on heat consumption, this is due to the fact that the heating of the building of the institution is organized centrally. As well as the largest share of electricity consumption in comparison with 2015 and water supply. Having studied the program of energy saving and energy efficiency improvement of MBOU secondary school No. 2 for 2012-2015, we found out the main reasons for the appearance of unproductive losses of heat and energy resources in the institution:
Lack of automatic control of heat supply, which leads to excessive consumption of thermal energy;
Irregularity in the operation of heat networks, violation of the integrity of the insulation of heat-consuming equipment;
Outdated power supply and lighting system;
The unsatisfactory condition of the water supply system and the lack of its insulation.
Ways to reduce the cost of thermal energy in the school. Experiment.
To study the consumption of thermal energy, we conducted a thermal imaging survey of building envelopes using a FLIR T460 thermal imager.
Target: identify irrational heat loss through the building envelope. Thermography was carried out in pre-planned areas with frame-by-frame recording of thermograms and simultaneous shooting of these areas with a thermal imager in the evening - 01/31/17 at 20.00 hours. (Appendix 2. Thermogram 1,2,3,4; photo 1,2)
Conclusion: according to the results of a thermal imaging survey of the enclosing structures of MBOU secondary school No. 2, a large heat loss through the walls of the main and additional buildings was revealed; through the basement of the building; uninsulated windows; through walls, in places where radiators are installed; through the doors.
Having studied the program of energy saving and energy efficiency improvement of MBOU secondary school No. 2 from 2012-2015, we got acquainted with energy saving measures. One of the heat conservation measures is the installation of heat-reflecting screens behind heating appliances.
Based on the physical law of radiation and emission, all bodies whose temperature is above absolute zero emit infrared radiation. The amount of rays absorbed by the body is expressed by the concept of emission.
We put forward hypothesis: due to the ability of bodies to absorb thermal energy, it is possible to use materials with a low emission coefficient of radiation to keep the heat in the premises, thereby reducing the cost of the school's thermal energy consumption.
Purpose of the experiment: to find out with the help of a thermal imager and a heat-reflecting screen the possibility of reducing heat losses in the classrooms of the school.
from 17.02.17 from 19.00 to 18.02.17 to 19.00
The course of experiment No. 1:
1. We measure the temperature of the room and fix it in the table (Appendix 4, table 1).
2. We place aluminum foil on a polyethylene foam substrate behind the radiator on the wall
3. A day later, we take a spectral image from the street on a FLIR T460 thermal imager. (Appendix 3, photo 1-2, thermogram 1,2).
4. We enter the data in the table, draw a conclusion (Appendix 4, table 1).
Conclusion : as a result of the experiment, the temperature in the room increased by 1 degree, and the temperature of the wall of the building where the thermal screen was installed increased by 2.5 degrees according to the spectral image. Based on the actual data on energy consumption and its payment for 2016, the savings from the installation of heat-reflecting screens will be 2%. An assessment of the annual economic effect of installing heat-reflecting screens is presented in the school's program on energy efficiency (Appendix 4. Table 2.)
Ways to reduce the cost of water consumption at school. Experiment.
The building is supplied cold water one input from the State Unitary Enterprise "Kandalakshavodokanal". Water consumption is carried out for domestic needs: a dining room, sanitary rooms, cleaning of premises, watering plants. In accordance with the actual calculation of water consumption for 2016 and the cost of using water supply, savings in terms of energy resources can be realized using the following measures:
installation of water flow regulators used throughout the civilized world. The water flow regulator automatically regulates the water pressure and will significantly increase the degree of savings, since a decrease in pressure reduces the flow.
Observing the consumption of water supply in the sanitary rooms, we were convinced that a large amount of water is wasted when it is drained into the sewer. Studying in the lessons the law of Archimedes "The action of liquids and gases on bodies immersed in them", we decided to conduct an experiment based on this law: "The buoyant force acting on a body immersed in a liquid is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by this body."
Purpose of the experiment: find out the effectiveness of using the method of saving cold water supply, using the law of Archimedes.
Hypothesis: suppose that a container placed in a tank of water saves the amount of cold water consumption displaced by one's own body.
Time of the experiment: from 25.01.17 at 14.00
Necessary equipment: containers with volumes of 4.5 liters and 1 liter, stopwatch ruler
The course of experiment No. 2.
1. Take a container of 4.5 liters and fill it with water
2. Measure the height of the water in the tank and record it in the table
3. Calculate the water flow during draining per unit of time (ml / s)
(Appendix No. 5, table No. 1)
4. Pour water out of a 4.5 liter container up to the 16 cm mark and immerse a sealed vessel with a volume of 1 liter. The liquid height has risen to the previous level, i.e. 22 cm
5. Calculate the water flow during draining per unit of time (ml / s)
(Appendix No. 5, table No. 2)
When analyzing the results of the experiment, it follows that the water flow during discharge per unit of time is almost the same (42-44.2 ml/s). In the second case, the volume of water and its level increased due to the immersed sealed container, and the water consumption during draining turned out to be almost the same.
Conclusion: when immersed in the container of a sealed vessel, the volume of water increases not due to its quantity, but due to the volume of the displaced liquid, which actually reduces the water consumption in the container.
This way of saving will be effective for use in sanitary rooms, flush tanks. The water consumption will decrease by 1 liter due to the capacity of 1 liter immersed in it. Theoretically, reducing the water consumption when using this method saves cold water consumption.
The school has 612 students. Let's say 306 people visit the sanitary room during the day, therefore savings in draining 306 liters of water per person per day. For a month, the savings will be: 24 * 306 \u003d 7.4 cubic meters
energy saving method.
Based on research work for more efficient energy saving in the school, we have developed and communicated to each teacher and student through the distribution of information sheets the following rules:
To carry out explanatory work among teachers, students and their parents, aimed at fostering a sense of economy and thrift when using electricity.
The light bulbs on the flights of stairs must be turned off during the daytime.
In electrical switchboards, basements, the light should be on only when work is being done in these rooms. Such careful use of electricity can bring up to 30% savings.
We have issued and distributed information sheets with tips on energy saving among students and teachers. They hung memos in the offices, dining room, toilet rooms. ( Appendix 6)
Findings:
As a result research activities we studied the literature, program documents, energy accounting journals and Internet sites on energy saving in the Russian Federation.
We analyzed the energy consumption and economic costs of the school for 2016, built diagrams and drew conclusions.
In order to confirm our hypothesis, in December 2016 we conducted an experiment aimed at reducing the cost of water supply. During which we calculated the optimization of water consumption by installing containers in sanitary rooms (toilets) to reduce water consumption.
In January 2017, an experiment was carried out to install heat-reflecting screens behind heating appliances, necessary to reduce heat consumption and economic costs.
We performed a thermal imaging survey of the building envelope of the school and determined the causes of heat loss, as well as their elimination.
Developed and distributed leaflets on saving electricity in sanitary rooms, classrooms, canteen, corridors of the school building.
The materials studied by us allow us to confirm the hypothesis: that the use of energy-saving methods will save energy resources and school costs.
Conclusion and perspectives:
This work is devoted to the analysis of modern energy-saving technologies and the choice of the most effective of them in relation to the educational institution MBOU secondary school No. 2.
Thus, energy saving measures allow us to solve a whole range of tasks: save a large amount of energy resources, reduce the burden on the environment. Without a doubt, the widespread use of energy saving technologies is only a matter of time. I believe that stimulating energy-saving projects and promoting energy-saving within the walls of schools (conducting school-wide lessons in physics, ecology, organizing exhibitions, seminars, competitions, distributing leaflets and booklets, issuing energy saving manuals) will contribute to the introduction of energy technologies.
List of used sources and literature:
1. Danilov, N.I. Energy saving - from words to deeds / N.I. Danilov. - Yekaterinburg, Energo-Press, 2000.
2. “Electric power industry. Russian builders. XX century "M.: Master, 2003;
3. Ishkin V. Energy security- one of the foundations of the country's security / World of Communications. - 2008. - No. 1;
4. Mironov S. Energy business in Russia / Energopolis. - 2009. - No. 3(19);
5. Global Power Statistics. - Official website of the International Energy Agency;
6. Energy saving and energy efficiency improvement program for 2012-2015. Energy Efficiency Center INTER RAO UES, Murmansk
Appendix 1.
Table 1."Accounting for water supply consumption for 2015-2016 and economic costs"
|
Period |
Water supply consumption (w/w, h/w) (according to metering devices) |
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|
water supply, cubic meters |
costs, thousand rubles |
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January |
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February |
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March |
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April |
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June |
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July |
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August |
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September |
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October |
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november |
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December |
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TOTAL |
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Diagram 1."Consumption of hot and cold water for 2016"
Table 2."Accounting for the consumption of thermal energy for 2015-2016
and economic costs"
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Period |
Heat consumption (according to metering devices) |
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|
thermal energy, Gcal |
costs, thousand rubles |
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January |
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February |
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March |
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April |
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June |
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July |
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August |
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September |
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October |
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november |
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December |
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TOTAL |
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Diagram 2."Heat energy consumption in 2016"
Table 3"Accounting for electricity consumption for 2015-2016 and economic costs"
|
Period |
Power supply consumption (according to metering devices) |
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|
power supply, kW |
costs, thousand rubles |
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January |
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February |
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March |
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April |
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June |
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July |
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August |
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September |
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October |
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november |
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December |
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TOTAL |
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Diagram 3.“Heat energy consumption 2016”
Appendix 2
Photo 1. Thermal imaging survey Photo 2. Thermal imaging
main building inspection room. №1, 1st floor
Thermogram1
Basement inspection.
Thermogram2
Survey of the main building
Thermogram3
Thermogram4
Inspection of the wall, in the places where radiators are installed
Appendix 3
Thermogram1
Experiment #1 (before experience)
Thermogrammat2
Experiment No. 1 (after the experiment)
Photo auth. one.
Experiment #1
Photo auth. 2.
Experiment #1
(installation of a heat-reflecting screen)
Photo auth. 3.
Experiment #1 (Heat Reflective Screen)
Appendix 4
Table 1. "Experiment No. 1"
|
Period |
room (office No. 1 on the 1st floor of the main building) |
|||
|
Temperature in the office (ṭк) |
Radiator temperature (ṭr) |
Wall temperature by spectral image (ṭс) |
Final indicators |
|
|
Before experience |
1- ṭk2 \u003d 1С ° |
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|
After experience |
ṭр1 - ṭр2 = 58-55 = 3С° |
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|
ṭс1 - ṭс2 = - 16.4С°- 14.2С°=2.2С° |
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Conclusion: the room temperature increased by 1 degree, the temperature of the wall behind the radiator decreased by 2.2 degrees Celsius, i.e. heated up less, and the heat remained in the room.
Table 2. Estimated annual effect
|
Indicator |
unit of measurement |
Meaning |
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Number of heating radiators |
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|
3 heating appliances |
Cast iron |
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Heat shield emissivity |
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Heat transfer during the heating period |
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|
Reducing heat loss from heating devices when installing heat-reflecting screens |
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|
Economic expressions |
Appendix 5
Table No. 1 Height of water in the tank h 1 =22.5 cm
|
experience |
V water, ml |
t medium, s |
V water, ml cf. |
Water consumption in units. time |
||
Table No. 2 Height of water in the tank h 2 \u003d 22.5 \u003d 16 cm (poured water in the vessel) + 4.5 cm (the level rose due to the immersion of the 1 liter container)
|
experience |
V water ml |
t medium, s |
V water, ml cf. |
Water consumption in units. time |
||
Photo auth. one.
Experiment #2
Photo auth. 2.
Experiment #2
Photo auth. 3.
Experiment #2
