Farming, especially rural, will depend on the natural conditions of the territory. And the conditions of Asia are distinguished by great diversity and contrasts. The highest mountain ranges with steep slopes coexist with lowlands and the monotony of their flat relief. Large contrasts are also characteristic of the climate, especially for moisture. The low-lying areas are well supplied with moisture, because they are located in the monsoon climate - these are the eastern and southern parts of the region.
The western part of Foreign Asia lies in the region of the Mediterranean climate. $90\%$ of all arable land is concentrated in these parts of Asia. The central and southwestern parts are arid. The Asian part of the world lies in several climatic zones. The south of the territory lies in tropical latitudes and receives $2$ times more total solar radiation than the northern regions. Summer and winter temperatures on the islands of Indonesia are almost the same, the average January temperature is +$25$ degrees, and the north of Manchuria, for example, has a January temperature of -$24$, -$28$ degrees. Yes, the cold weather is long there. Significant climatic differences are also characteristic of mountainous regions and even within the mountainous territories themselves. This is due to the height of the mountains, their position, the exposure of the slopes. The circulation of the atmosphere has a very pronounced effect on the climate of East and South Asia, where the seasonal change of air masses is clearly expressed.
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Winters in these areas are characterized by the winter monsoon, while the summer monsoon operates in summer. All of East Asia, Hindustan and Indochina are in the monsoon circulation zone, where annual precipitation can reach $2000$ mm per year. Associated with the winter monsoon are cold continental air masses, which cause cooling in East Asia and partly in the tropics of Northern Indochina.
In the southern part of Asia, winter cooling does not occur, because the territory is under the influence of the Indian monsoon, which has smaller baric gradients. On the other hand, India is closed in the north by the highest mountain ranges from the cold air masses of Central Asia. The interior regions of Asia, located at high altitudes and surrounded by mountains, have a sharply continental climate.
In winter, the Asian anticyclone dominates here and a severe and long winter sets in. At low temperatures, the soil freezes deeply, which leads to the formation of permafrost areas. In summer, the territory warms up well and an area of low atmospheric pressure is formed. The weather is hot and dry. Precipitation is very small, high mountain ranges prevent their penetration. In closed basins, only up to $50$ mm falls out. But even this inland region has its own internal climatic differences. The reason for this lies in the different availability of thermal resources and thermal regime.
An exceptionally hot region is Southwest Asia. It receives the largest amount of solar radiation, therefore it is the driest part of the mainland. Deserts and semi-deserts are common here.
Remark 1
For the development of agriculture, a significant part of Asia Abroad has unfavorable climatic conditions. The equatorial regions are highly humid, while the vast plateaus and plains of Southwestern and Central Asia are too dry. Agriculture in these areas is possible only with land reclamation.
The location of agricultural production, the composition of cultivated plants, the peculiarities of farming methods, and the productivity of crops largely depend on climatic conditions. The level of agricultural development in the countries of Foreign Asia is relatively low, so the yield is highly dependent on weather conditions. Based on climatic features, several agro-climatic regions are distinguished in foreign Asia.
Mineral resources of Foreign Asia
The surface of Foreign Asia is represented by vast mountainous territories and lowlands, the areas of which are small. Low-lying areas are located on the outskirts of Asia - these are the eastern and southern coasts. Mineral deposits are associated with the relief and with the main tectonic regions, with which the bowels of Foreign Asia are rich. In terms of reserves of fuel and energy raw materials, Asia occupies a leading position in the world.
These are, first of all, huge deposits of coal, oil and gas. The bowels of this part of the world contain world reserves of tin, antimony, mercury, graphite, sulfur, muscovite, zirconium, phosphate raw materials, potassium salts, chromites, tungsten. True, from a geographical point of view, these resources are distributed unevenly. Coal, iron and manganese ores, non-metallic minerals were formed within the Chinese and Hindustan platforms. There is a copper belt along the Pacific coast. In the Alpine-Himalayan folded region, ores are predominant.
A decisive role in the international geographical division of labor in Asia is played by oil and gas reserves, which are the main wealth of the region. The main hydrocarbon deposits are concentrated in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates. Large oil fields have been discovered in the countries of the Malay Archipelago - Indonesia, Malaysia. There is oil and gas in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. The Dead Sea is known for its large salt reserves, and the Iranian Highlands for sulfur and non-ferrous metals.
Of all Asian countries, the greatest diversity and reserves of minerals are concentrated on the territory of the following states:
- India;
- Indonesia;
- Iran;
- Kazakhstan;
- Turkey;
- Saudi Arabia.
Remark 2
Those mineral deposits that are well known today do not reflect the true picture of the richness of the subsoil of this region. The ongoing prospecting works open up new deposits of mineral raw materials. In terms of hydrocarbon production, offshore zones are becoming promising, which provide the extractive industry with new opportunities.
Different subregions of Asia have their own set of minerals.
Western Asia. Here, first of all, the largest oil and gas fields are concentrated, in terms of reserves of which Western Asia is a leader among other regions of the world. According to $1980 data, there are $43 billion tons of oil in this area and more than $20 trillion. cube m of gas. Coal reserves are more than $23 billion tons. The reserves of ferrous metal ores amount to $14 billion tons and they are located on the territory of Turkey and Iraq. Reserves of titanium ores in Saudi Arabia and chromium ores in Turkey and Iran, Afghanistan and Oman. Non-metallic building materials are represented by gypsum, the reserves of which amount to $3 billion tons. In some countries of the region there are deposits of precious and ornamental stones, for example, Iranian turquoise, Afghan lapis lazuli, ruby, emerald, rock crystal, aquamarine, marble onyx.
South Asia. She holds a leading position in the reserves of muscovite, barite, titanium, pyrite, beryl, graphite, iron, manganese ores. This part also has significant reserves of oil and gas, as well as gold, copper, nickel, and tungsten ores. The most important energy raw material for South Asia is hard coal, whose reserves are estimated at $115 billion tons. The total iron ore reserves are over $13.5 billion tons. They are concentrated in India, Pakistan. There are small reserves in Sri Lanka and Nepal. The extraction of manganese ores has long been going on in India. There are aluminum and nickel ores in this region. Here is about $30\%$ of the total reserves of mining and chemical raw materials - India, Pakistan, Nepal. Non-metallic raw materials are represented by Indian asbestos - India, gypsum - Pakistan, graphite - Sri Lanka. There are quartz, building sands, dolomites, limestone and marble. Precious stones are only in India - diamonds.
Southeast Asia. In terms of tin reserves, the region ranks $1 in the world and has significant reserves of nickel, cobalt, tungsten, copper, antimony, and barite. In addition, there are oil, gas, bauxites, chromites and other mineral resources. Exploration for hydrocarbons is being carried out on the continental shelf. Of the $36$ promising basins, $25$ belong to Indonesia. Hard coals are also found in Indonesia and Vietnam. Ore minerals, the reserves of which amount to more than $1271 million tons, are found in Burma, Indonesia, the Philippines, Kampuchea. Of the ores of non-ferrous metals, aluminum and copper ores are known - Indonesia, Vietnam, Kampuchea.
Other types of resources of Foreign Asia
Foreign Asia is rich in its superficial waters, but water resources are unevenly distributed over the territory, and the availability decreases from the southeast to the northwest. Water resources are used, usually for irrigation, which helps to solve the problems associated with drought, soil salinization and wind blowing. In India, for example, $95\%$ of fresh water consumed goes to irrigation. Mountain rivers contain colossal reserves of hydropower, which is best provided in the humid tropics. Due to the economic backwardness of the mountainous regions, the hydro potential of the rivers is poorly used. For example, the hydro potential of the rivers of India and Pakistan is used by about $10\%$. Large Asian rivers have basins covering hundreds of thousands of square kilometers. They are among the most important types of natural resources.
Another type of resource is soil. The huge size, diverse relief and climate were the conditions for the formation of a complex soil cover. Podzolic, sulfur and brown forest soils have formed in the temperate climate zone. In the steppe regions - chernozem-like and chestnut soils. In the subtropics of the Mediterranean, brown soils are dominant, and in the monsoon regions, yellow and red soils. Peculiar tropical soils - regura or black soils formed on the Hindustan peninsula.
If speak about forest resources, foreign Asia is not rich in them. There is only $0.3$ ha of forest resources per capita, and the average world level is $1.2$ ha per person. Low availability of forest resources is typical for India, Pakistan, Lebanon, and Singapore. The south-east of the region is best provided with forest resources. Here, the areas of forest resources are not only large, but also accessible, which threatens their existence.
recreational the resources of the region began to be studied and used only in the second half of the $XX$ century. Attractive for tourists are the warm seas of Southwest Asia - Turkey and Southeast Asia - Thailand, Malaysia.
Author Mary Kate Olsen asked a question in Climate, Weather, Time zones
natural conditions and resources of Southeast Asia. Help! reply tomorrow and got the best answer
Answer from Helga[guru]
Southeast Asia consists of the Indochina Peninsula and the Malay Archipelago. On an area of about 4 million km2, the states of Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, South Vietnam (divided along the 17th parallel), the Federation of Malaya, Indonesia, the Philippines, as well as the possessions of Great Britain (Singapore, Sarawak, Brunei, North Vietnam) are located. Borneo) and Portugal (on the island of Timor) with a total population of over 175 million people (Vietnamese, Burmese, Tai, Indonesians, Malays and other nationalities). The bioclimatic components of the landscapes of Southeast Asia have much in common with Hindustan, which simplifies the task of characterizing them. The same trade wind-monsoon circulation, a somewhat longer wet period, which, under the conditions of the equatorial circulation over Indonesia, stretches for the whole year. Due to the significant dissection of the territory, the northeast trade wind (winter monsoon) is wetter than in India. Therefore, the contrasts in moisture between the summer and winter seasons in Southeast Asia are less sharp, although here, too, the southwest monsoon brings more precipitation. The western part of Southeast Asia is more humid than the eastern part. In morphostructural terms, Southeast Asia is much more complicated than Hindustan. It is characterized by an extreme dissection of the relief created by the Hercynian, Yanshan and Alpine folding. The alternation of ridges and depressions closely pressed to each other creates a diversity of landscapes: the windward slopes are densely forested, the depressions are occupied by savannahs. The mountainous relief hinders the manifestation of latitudinal zonality and emphasizes altitudinal zonality, which is better expressed on the outer steeper slopes. Since only a few massifs exceed 3000 m, the high mountain belts (nival and alpine meadows) are practically absent. The natural division of Southeast Asia into two natural countries, continental and island, is enhanced by the geographical position of the archipelago (with the exception of the northern part of the Philippines), as well as the south of the Malay Peninsula in the equatorial zone, while the rest of the territory lies in the subequatorial zone. The south of Malacca in landscape terms gravitates more to the archipelago than to Indochina. Southwest Asia unites the Arabian Peninsula, the Mesopotamian Plain and a narrow belt of the Syrian-Palestinian mountains along the Mediterranean coast. Tropical landscapes dominate in the south of the peninsula, subtropical deserts and semi-deserts in the north. Only on the windward slopes of the mountains of Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon, under the influence of humid Mediterranean air, as well as in the mountains of Yemen and Oman in the southwest and southeast of the Arabian Peninsula, sparse forests grow, heavily cut down where they are still preserved.
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On the Pacific coast of Southeast Asia there are numerous large deposits of tin ores, forming the "tin belt". This belt passes through the territories of China, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia.
Southeast Asia has significant reserves of chromium, nickel, copper ores, as well as bauxites.
Inland water resources are the largest in South and Southeast Asia in areas with an equatorial and subequatorial climate. About 75% of the world's irrigated land is located in Asia.
There is no shortage of water in the countries of South and Southeast Asia, but irrigation is necessary, since the main crop here is rice - the plant is extremely moisture-loving
The forest area is especially large in Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and the countries of Indochina. However, for the region's large and rapidly growing population, more and more land needs to be devoted to agriculture. This is only possible through deforestation. Therefore, the existence of the forests of Southeast Asia is under threat.
Answer from little person[guru]
Southeast Asia in the most accurate terms includes the mainland - the Indochina peninsula and the island part - the Indonesian (formerly called Sunda) and the Philippine archipelago. The north of Indochina is located in a tropical monsoon climate with intensively cut down forests, the center is in a subequatorial, more humid climate. The extreme south of Indochina - the Malay Peninsula and both archipelagos are located in the ever-wet equatorial belt with powerful forests, especially on the island of Kalimantan in Indonesia. On the most densely populated islands of the archipelagos - Java in Indonesia and Luzon in the Philippines, there are very few forests left.
A powerful agricultural region, large-scale cultivation of rice, coconut palm, sugar cane, peanuts, cocoa, tea, coffee, rubber.
Of the mineral resources, the South China tin belt ends here, the largest deposits on the islands and the seabed of Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. On the islands of Indonesia and the Philippines, the Western Pacific copper-gold belt with nickel ends. Vietnam is rich in bauxites. Large deposits of oil and gas lie on the seabed.
Southwest Asia includes Transcaucasia, the Near and Middle East, has an area of 7 million square kilometers and a population (as of 2013) of 361 million people.
Southwest Asia is washed by the waters of the Mediterranean, Red Seas and the Persian Gulf. Access to the World Ocean may in the future change the economic and geographical position of such countries as Armenia, Afghanistan and Azerbaijan. The largest countries in the region in terms of area and population are Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Iraq, and the smallest are Bahrain, Cyprus and Qatar.
Israel, Cyprus, Turkey, etc. can be ranked among the relatively developed states of the region, while Yemen and Afghanistan can be counted among the backward ones.
The economy of many Persian Gulf countries is focused on the production and export of oil.
Natural conditions and resources. Southwest Asia is a region with diverse natural conditions and resources.
Some states - Iran, Afghanistan, Turkey and Armenia - are predominantly mountainous countries. Most of Southwest Asia is dominated by a sharply continental and arid climate. The wide distribution of mountains and deserts hinders the development of industry and agriculture. The exception is the Mesopotamian lowland, where irrigated agriculture is widely developed.
The bowels of Southwest Asia are rich in chromium (Turkey), polymetals (Iran and Turkey), phosphorites and potash salts (Israel and Jordan). However, the main wealth of the region is oil. Oil fields are concentrated in areas adjacent to the Persian Gulf and account for 2/3 of the world's oil reserves.
In terms of oil reserves, the top five countries in the world include: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran and the United Arab Emirates.
Oil production and export determine the place and role of Southwest Asia in the world economy. At the same time, the region is experiencing an acute shortage of water and land resources.
Population. High natural growth rates (25-30 ppm), with the exception of Georgia, Armenia, Israel and Cyprus, are characteristic of Southwest Asia. Iran, Turkey and Iraq account for more than half of the population of Southwest Asia. The average population density is 52 people / sq. km. However, due to uneven settlement, some areas are characterized by a higher population density, while others are characterized by a lower population density. Basically, the population is concentrated in the coastal zone, in intermountain valleys and oases, where the population density reaches 50-100 people/km2. In the mountains and deserts, the population density is 1-10 people / sq. km.
The population is mainly sedentary, except in the deserts of Arabia, Iran and Afghanistan, where millions of people are nomads.
The level of urbanization of Southwest Asia is 70%. In some countries, the urban population does not exceed 50-55%. In Israel, as well as in countries with a hot and dry climate - Yemen, Kuwait, Bahrain and Qatar, the urban population is 91-98%.
In Southwest Asia, there are both mononational (most Arab countries) and multinational states (Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Turkey).
The population of Southwest Asia is represented by Arabs, Iranians, Turks, Jews, etc.
In Southwest Asia, one can meet states with various structures, from the theocratic absolute monarchy (Saudi Arabia) to a democratic republic (Turkey). Countries with a constitutional monarchy - Bahrain, Jordan and Kuwait.
In the United Arab Emirates, a federal-monarchist leadership is elected every five years.
Economy, transport and internal differences
Most of the countries of Southwest Asia belong to the category of agro-industrial states. Meanwhile, in terms of the level of economic development, individual states of Southwest Asia differ sharply from each other. Countries such as Israel, Turkey and Cyprus are characterized by a high level of development and a diversified industry. Other countries, and primarily the countries of the Persian Gulf, are characterized by one-sided development, focused on the extraction and export of oil and oil products. In fairness, it should be noted that a number of countries, namely Iran, have been making efforts in recent years to create a diversified and modern industry. The third group of countries (Afghanistan and Yemen) lag behind their neighbors in the region in economic development.
Industry. Most of the states of Southwest Asia are distinguished by oil production and the oil refining industry. The role of oil and the oil refining industry in the economy of the Persian Gulf countries can be judged by the following indicators. Annual oil production averages 0.6 tons per capita of the Earth, and in the countries of the Persian Gulf (where the annual oil production, according to data for 2012, is 1,150 million tons) - 3,300 tons of oil per capita. Naturally, most of the oil produced in the countries of the Persian Gulf is exported, and, first of all, to the countries of Western Europe, Japan and the USA.
Large refineries, which process 500 million tons of oil, or 45%, have been built in the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran and Iraq.
Oil fields and refineries in Saudi Arabia, Iran, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates employ people from East Africa and South Asia. About 90-95% of the oil produced in the Persian Gulf is exported.
The manufacturing industry is developed in Turkey, Israel, Iran and the Transcaucasian republics. Along with light and food industries, heavy industries are also developing in the states mentioned above. For example, the metallurgical industry has developed in Turkey, Georgia and Iran; mechanical engineering - in Turkey and Israel; chemical industry - in Turkey, Azerbaijan and Iran. The petrochemical and fuel and energy industries are developing rapidly in the countries of the Persian Gulf. The light and food industries are almost universally developed.
The light industry of Southwest Asia is represented mainly by the textile, leather and footwear, as well as knitwear industries. Iran, Turkey and the Transcaucasian republics supply the world market with handicraft products: carpets, artistic metal products, etc.
Agriculture is developed everywhere and occupies an important place in the economy of the countries of Southwest Asia. However, a number of these countries, due to water shortages, do not provide themselves with food, as a result of which they are forced to import food from abroad.
Israel has achieved high results in agricultural production, which was one of the first to cultivate the drip irrigation method. Israel not only provides itself with food, but also exports it, in particular, to Western Europe. Desalination of sea water is practiced (Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia).
Agriculture is mainly developed in Turkey, Israel, Lebanon, Cyprus and the Transcaucasian republics, and animal husbandry - in the Arab countries, most of whose territory is occupied by deserts and semi-deserts.
In Southwest Asia, mainly cereals are cultivated (wheat, oats, rice, corn, millet), in Turkey, Iran, Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan. Industrial crops (cotton, sunflower, etc.) are cultivated mainly in Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Azerbaijan and Iran, sugar beet - in Turkey and the Transcaucasian republics.
Transport. The low level of industrial development explains the low level of the transport system in Southwest Asia. Rail transport is developed mainly in Turkey, Iran and the Transcaucasian republics and is practically absent in Afghanistan and a number of Arab states. Road transport is developed in Turkey, the Mediterranean and the Transcaucasian republics. Maritime transport is developed only in Turkey.
internal differences. According to the level of economic development, the countries of Southwest Asia are divided into diversified and highly specialized countries.
A diversified economy is characteristic of Turkey, Israel, Iran, Lebanon, Cyprus, the Transcaucasian republics and partly Syria. In these countries, the manufacturing industry is relatively well developed. Accordingly, these countries have achieved good results in agricultural production and in the development of transport.
In each of the countries of Southwest Asia, along with relatively developed areas, there are areas with a low level of economic development.
A. Kayumov, I. Safarov, M. Tillabaeva "Economic and social geography of the world" Tashkent - "Uzbekistan" - 2014
Foreign Asia has a powerful resource potential, including its natural component. This is a good prerequisite for the development of a wide variety of types of economy.
In general mineral resources regions, creating a base for heavy industry, are distinguished by a wide variety. The main pools of coal, iron and manganese ores are concentrated within the Chinese and Hindustan platforms. Non-metallic minerals. Within the Alpine-Himalayan and Pacific fold belts, ores predominate, including a copper belt along the Pacific coast. But the main wealth of the region is oil and gas.
Oil and gas reserves have been explored in most countries of Southwest Asia. The main deposits are located in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates. Indonesia and Malaysia stand out especially in terms of reserves. The countries of Central Asia are also rich in oil and gas (Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan).
There are large reserves of sulfur and non-ferrous metals in the Iranian Highlands.
In general, Asia is one of the main regions of the world in terms of mineral reserves.
Climatic conditions Foreign Asia change from temperate to equatorial and determine the dominance of the monsoon climate with a pronounced seasonality on a vast strip of the "ocean facade" of East and South Asia.
Asia receives a huge amount of rainfall, namely Chirrapunji - 12,000 mm per year. The inland part of Asia is deprived of a sufficient amount of moisture, not only because of the barrier of the surrounding mountains, on the slopes of which this moisture lingers. In Southwest Asia, where the influence of the monsoon does not reach at all, it is very dry and hot. Average annual temperatures in Arabia and Mesopotamia reach 30 degrees Celsius. The Mediterranean subtropical climate dominates here. In Arabia, precipitation is 150 mm per year, in Asia Minor - 300 mm, and more on the sea coasts.
In the predominant part of Asia, the sum of temperatures allows for a variety of agriculture. It is no coincidence that Asia is the center of the most ancient agricultural cultures, the birthplace of many cultivated plants.
Forest resources. In terms of forest area (0.2 ha) per capita, Asia is half the world average. Forests of industrial importance are concentrated mainly in the humid tropics and mountains of India, Myanmar, Indochina, the islands of China, Japan and the Philippines, Asia provides 65% of timber exports.
Huge damage to the forests of Asia is caused by the "wood energy" of developing countries: China - 25%, India - 33%, Indonesia 050%. The largest timber exporters are Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines, while the largest importers are Japan and South Korea.
The tropical forests of Asia are being destroyed more intensively than in other forest export regions of the world: in 1960-1990. their area decreased by 30% (in Latin America by 18%).
In terms of wood reserves, Asia is second only to America. The maximum volume of forested area are: India - 120 million hectares; China - 70 million hectares; India - 65 million hectares.
Inland waters. Lev Mechnikov in his famous work: “Civilization and Great Historical Rivers” wrote: “The four most ancient great cultures all originated on the banks of large rivers. The Yellow River and the Yangtze irrigate the area where Chinese civilization arose and grew; Indian or Vedic, without going beyond the Indus and Ganges; Assyro-Babylonian civilization originated on the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates - two vital arteries of the Mesopotamian lowland. Finally, ancient Egypt was, according to Herodotus, a gift or "the creation of the Nile."
The population density in the Yangtze Valley, the largest of the Asian rivers, reaches 500-600 people. per km. sq.
Rivers are transport arteries, a source of irrigation and water resources. Asia accounts for more than 40% of the world's potential resources, of which China - 540 million kW, India - 75. The degree of their use is very different: in Japan - by 70%, in India - by 14%, in Myanmar by 1%.
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Southwest Asia
Natural landscapes are varied. Deserts, semi-deserts and mountain steppes scorched by the sun prevail. Against their background, snow-covered mountain ranges and river valleys immersed in greenery, oases near water sources stand out. This is the land of lowlands, plateaus, highlands, mountains.
With the vastness of the territory and the extremely complex nature of the surface, naturally, there is a wide variety of climatic conditions.
This is an exceptionally hot region, receiving the largest amount of solar radiation in Asia, and therefore is the driest part of the Eurasian continent. Here, two climatic zones are clearly expressed on the plains: tropical and subtropical; in the mountains, with a pronounced altitudinal zonality, the climate is sharply continental.
Southwest Asia is extremely poor in soil suitable for agriculture. Sandy and stony deserts, highlands, super-dry climate limit the use of land. The following types of soils prevail here: serozems, chestnut and red soils.
Southwest Asia has the richest oil reserves.
In its bowels there are about 50 billion tons of explored "black gold". Until the 1970s, oil production in the countries of Southwest Asia was almost completely controlled by the largest capitalist monopolies. Since 1973, all oil-producing countries have been operating within the framework of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), foreign companies have been nationalized, and Iran, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain have acquired (by buyout of shares) most of the property of foreign oil monopolies.
In the bowels of Southwest Asia there are also huge reserves of natural gas (about 10 trillion cubic meters).
m3), chromite, iron, copper, manganese, lead, zinc, antimony, molybdenum ores, phosphorites, bauxites, natural sulfur, boracite, potassium and table salt, building materials, etc.
Some mineral deposits are among the largest in the world in terms of their reserves.
For example, Turkey ranks fourth in terms of chromite reserves (after Zimbabwe, South Africa and the Philippines). Jordan and Israel have a unique deposit of potash salt (Dead Sea). There are rich deposits of phosphorites in Iraq and Syria.
Natural conditions and resources of Southwest Asia wikipedia
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Southeast Asia
conclusion
Over the past three decades, the countries of the region have moved realistically from underdeveloped to advanced levels of development. This made it easier:
First, the ASEAN countries have an extremely favorable geographical position.
They are located at the crossroads of the most important sea, air routes leading from the Pacific Ocean to the Indian Ocean;
Secondly, the countries of Southeast Asia have a rich potential of minerals and raw materials. In this area there are reserves of the world's tin, tungsten, chromium and timber. There are large deposits of oil, gas, nickel, cobalt, copper ore, gold, precious stones, coal, as well as large reserves of hydroelectric power plants and agro-climatic sources;
Thirdly, the countries of Southeast Asia are currently the first in the world in terms of investment inflows of 39.5 billion euros.
As capital accumulated in several Southeast Asian countries, investment flows have been created in the region. The ASEAN countries are implementing a number of projects in Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia;
Fourthly, human resources in these countries are huge and characterized by a high degree of reproduction, which allows companies to evaluate their inexpensive;
Fifth, for the model with the countries of Southeast Asia, Japanese capitalism, with increased attention to the latest development of STR and the acceleration of their implementation in practice.
For the Japanese, a "crane-crane" flies;
Sixth, the development of export-oriented products that provide these countries with rapid growth in the global economy (computer equipment, consumer and industrial, textiles, shoes, clothing, watches, super tankers, bulk carriers, container ships, automobiles, etc.). )); information technology, biotechnology, optical fibers; in the countries of Southeast Asia are gradually moving from labor-intensive to capital-intensive industries;
Seventh, spending on R&D, which is 1-2% of GDP and GDP per capita, is on the rise.
in Hong Kong, Singapore - 14-15 thousand.
General Characteristics of Farms in Southwest Asia
Eighth, non-manufacturing area is growing: transit international financial transactions, tourism (5 million people per year), tropical resort, etc.
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1. To record abstract materials from the side were used
http://ecosocio.ru to http://www.allbestazia.ru.
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Natural resources of Central Asia
The natural resources of the plains of Central Asia are diverse. Of the combustible minerals, Jurassic coal was found in Dzhanak and brown coal in Mangyshlak and in the Alakul region; oil and gas in Mangyshlak, in Bukhara and in the Ili depression, oil in the Cheleken peninsula, in Nebit-Dag and Kum-Dag, ozokerite in Cheleken. Of the deposits of ore minerals, manganese is becoming known in Mangyshlak (Aitkoksh), oolitic iron ore in the Northern Prearalie.
Asbestos, graphite and copper were found on the territory of the Paleozoic uplands of the Kyzyl Kum.
Mineral resources of Southwest Asia
In the Lowland Karakum, sulfur has been mined for many years in the Sulfur Hillocks, located 250 km north of Ashgabat; gas reserves have been explored in recent years. The richest reserves of self-planting salts are found in the Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay on the Caspian Sea (mirabilite), in the Karagie tectonic basin (magnesian salts), in the Aralsk region (astrakhanite) and the Aral Sea region (sodium sulfate).
Gypsum and table salt are everywhere unlimited.
The plains of Central Asia are rich in light and warmth. In the Lowland Karakum, heat resources for a period with temperatures over 10°C exceed 5000°C, in the Kyzyl Kum - about 4000°C; in the deserts of the Aral Sea region, the southern Balkhash region and in the Muyunkums - 3000-3500 ° С. With such heat resources, in the presence of water, subtropical plants such as fine-staple cotton, sesame, peanuts, the world-famous Chardzhui melons, and high-sugar table grapes are successfully grown in the southern deserts.
Over the past decades, new crops for those places have been mastered on the plains of Central Asia: southern hemp, kenaf, jute, sugar beets. Southern fruit growing is successfully developing.
The plains of Central Asia are poor in surface watercourses, except for transit rivers, the sources of which are located in mountainous areas. Measures for the collection and storage of temporary runoff water, including the construction of underground rainwater collectors, are of great economic importance.
The underground waters of the plains are concentrated in the vast Artevian basins explored by Soviet hydrogeologists in recent decades.
Among the basins, the Aral group (Turgai, Syr-Darya and Karakum) of artesian basins is distinguished. Within the Tien Shan folded region are the Chui and Iliisk basins, in the Dzhungar region - a group of artesian basins of the Balkhash region.
In all basins there are pressure (self-flowing) or semi-pressure waters of different flow rates and variegated mineralization - from fresh to salty, inclusive.
Part of groundwater is used for drinking needs of the population and animal husbandry. For this purpose, many shaft and artesian wells have been built in the deserts in the past decade.
The deepest groundwater was found on the Badkhyz and Karabil plateaus.
Here, dug wells for watering livestock reach a depth of 200-260 m. Upon reaching the Karakum, groundwater rises closer to the surface (15-40 m and closer) and becomes noticeably saline. The eastern regions of the Zaunguz Karakum are relatively well supplied with water, and the western regions of the Low Karakum are poorly watered.
In the Kyzylkums, as well as in the Aral Sea, Muyunkums and Southern Balkhash, everywhere in the sands there is fresh groundwater, the flow rate of which is mostly small, but the total reserves of fresh and slightly brackish groundwater in the Muyunkums and in the sandy massifs of the Southern Balkhash are large. On the piedmont plains, groundwater often wedges out, forming numerous "karas" - small streams and rivers used by the population for irrigation and watering. The abundance of "Karasu" can be observed on the piedmont plains of the northern slopes of the Kyrgyz, Trans-Ili and Dzhungar ranges, in the Ferghana Valley.
The development of solar technology makes it possible to obtain fresh water from brackish and saline groundwater. The plant resources of the plains are of great economic importance in connection with the intensive development of animal husbandry, in particular astrakhan breeding and fine-wool sheep breeding.
Pastures are the dominant type of economic land in the deserts and semi-deserts of Central Asia. The fodder value of desert-tree and sagebrush associations is the greatest.
Deserts with a predominance of desert-tree associations, which, along with saxaul, kandyms and other trees, contain many ephemeroids and ephemera, are mostly used as year-round pastures. The average productivity of fodder mass is 0.8-1.9 q/ha.
Deserts with wormwood dominating vegetation are considered the best autumn-winter pastures. Their average fodder productivity is 1.3-2.7 q/ha. In the tugai, horses and cattle are most often pastured. Hay is harvested in reed and sedge bogs.
The most valuable forage are psammophytic shrub and saltwort communities.
In the fuel balance of the republics of Central Asia, a prominent place belongs to the wood of saxaul sparse forests.
Of the total area of 20.5 million hectares of desert forests and thickets of Central Asia, 19.8 million hectares fall to the share of saxaul forests. The stock of timber in this area is about 35 million l*1.
The bonitet of saxaul stands is closely related to the level of groundwater and the type of soil: the best saxaul stands develop on sandy and light loamy soils with groundwater at a depth of 3-8 m.
For the decade 1947-1967.
Saxaul and desert shrubs were sown on an area of about 97 million hectares.
Large areas of land have been developed for agriculture in the largest irrigated oases: Ferghana, Khorezm, Tashkent Zeravshan, Murgab, Tedzhen, Gol with one steppe, Chuisky, Talas, Semirechensk. Total irrigated land in the republics of Central Asia, excluding Tajikistan, 6.8 million hectares.
ha. In the future, it is possible to irrigate about 15 million hectares in the republics of Central Asia and Kazakhstan (BD Korzhavin, 1962).
During the Soviet period, the Aral, Repetek and Dzhezkazgan experimental stations did a great deal of work on studying the methods of developing deserts and fixing sands. They developed a series of effective methods for the oasis transformation of deserts: new methods of rain-fed and irrigated farming and foraging, developed a trench method for growing vegetables, potatoes and fruits in the sands, scientifically substantiated and put into production effective methods for fixing sands and their afforestation.
All these methods make it possible to more rationally use the natural resources of the deserts of Central Asia.
The work of zoologists and physicians on the elimination of Asian locust nests, a sharp decrease in the incidence of malaria, and the development of methods for combating ticks and other vectors of serious diseases in humans and animals are of inestimable importance.
On the plains of Central Asia, fur and other animal industries are of some importance.
Commercial species of animals that occupy a prominent place in the national economy of the plains include ground squirrels, jerboas, muskrats, acclimatized in Balkhash (Ili river delta) since 1935, goitered gazelles and saigas, the shooting of which is limited by the nature protection law. Wild boars are shot in the tugai and a lot of waterfowl are hunted - ducks, coots, geese, cormorants, less - pheasants.
The protection and expanded reproduction of natural resources are the most important state and public activities.
The regulation of cattle grazing on the sands and the hunting of animals, as well as the rational use of water resources, require close attention.
Tourist resources and centers of Southwest Asia
Southwest Asia includes the states of the Near and Middle East with ancient history and predominantly Muslim culture.
The exception is Israel - a country of immigration and widespread Judaism with its shrines. Historically, the city of Jerusalem is currently located on the territory of Israel, in which the shrines of three religions are located: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, which, on the one hand, attracts a very large number of tourists, partly pilgrims, and on the other hand, creates the basis for constant acute conflicts, which also affects the scale of tourism.
In the countries of this zone, the attention of tourists is attracted by the warm sea (especially wide - the Mediterranean, washing the shores of Turkey, Cyprus, Lebanon, Syria, Israel), a subtropical climate favorable for recreation.
Ancient cities or their ruins, numerous cities with their historical and cultural population attract lovers of educational tourism. Among them are Istanbul (Turkey), Amman (Jordan), the ancient cities of Lebanon - Baalbek, Saida, as well as the organized tourist center of the country - its capital Beirut, Nicosia (Cyprus), the Iranian cities of Tehran, Isfahan, Shiraz, Hamadan. There are many interesting historical, cultural and archaeological sites outside these centers.
Individual countries of the Arab East, as well as Turkey, attract many "shuttles" - participants in shopping tours.
Afghanistan has interesting tourism opportunities, but the events of recent decades make it impossible to use them.
As part of Southwest Asia, tourist macro-regions: Turkey and Cyprus, Palestine, Arab states (Middle East), Middle East.
Turkey and Cyprus connected both by their history and modern relations. The fact is that the northern part of Cyprus is occupied by Turkish troops: the Turkish Republic of Cyprus was proclaimed there, however, not recognized by any state except Turkey. This northern part of Cyprus is inhabited by Turkish-speaking Muslim Cypriots, while the rest of the island is predominantly Greek-speaking Orthodox.
Naturally, the division of Cyprus creates unnecessary tension, but this does not prevent a large number of resort tourists from enjoying the benefits of the Mediterranean Sea and the favorable Mediterranean climate. In addition to relaxing on coastal beaches, tourists have the opportunity to visit low mountainous areas and take baths near mineral springs.
In the capital of the state, Nicosia, tourists visit the Selima Mosque, St. Sophia Cathedral, a six-meter Venetian column, the ruins of the fortress wall, a museum rich in Bronze Age objects and masterpieces of historical art; in Famagusta and its environs - ancient ruins; in Paphos - the ruins of the temples of Aphrodite and Apollo; near Limassol - the tower of Colossia.
Cyprus was also mastered by "shuttle" tourists from the CIS countries.
They are also private visitors to neighboring Turkey. At the same time, the latter also attracts recreant tourists: coastal areas (along the Mediterranean, Aegean, Marmara, Black Seas) are known for their numerous swimming seasons (warm sea, subtropical climate), which contributed to the emergence of famous Mediterranean resorts (Antalya, Alanya, etc.). ).
There are resorts in the interior of Turkey based on the use of mineral springs. For example, springs near the city of Bursa were used by the Byzantines.
But, of course, Turkey attracts tourists with its historical and cultural values. Many of them are concentrated on the banks of the Bosporus in Istanbul (in the past - Constantinople, in ancient Russian documents - Tsargrad).
The transformation of the Orthodox Byzantine capital into a Muslim city also led to a change in the appearance of the city: Orthodox churches turned into mosques. There are many of them, therefore, there are many minarets. The most famous temple is an outstanding work of Byzantine architecture Hagia Sophia. After the capture of Constantinople by the Turks in the XV century. a large number of new mosques were built, including those outstanding for their architectural merit. There are museums in Istanbul, among which are archaeological (with the sarcophagus of Alexander the Great), monuments of civil architecture.
In the twentieth century Istanbul is largely Europeanized.
Other centers of educational tourism in Turkey: the capital Ankara (where both ancient buildings and the mausoleum of the founder of modern Turkey Ataturk (Kemal Pasha) are located); Izmir (which is famous for its antiquities and annual fairs); Bursa, Adana, Erzurum (with their ancient monuments and numerous mosques).
Most of Turkey is plateaus and low mountains, which in the east of the country pass into high-mountainous regions, where altitudinal zonality is well expressed (up to the nival zone), the Ararat massif, sacred to Armenians (but located after World War 1 in Turkey), is located, where , according to biblical tradition, Noah's ark, a large and very picturesque lake Van, completed its journey.
So in the east of Turkey there are many elements of natural attractiveness. However, so far this, undoubtedly, potentially resort area has been little developed.
Palestine.
This macro-region includes the state of Israel, populated mainly by Jews (indigenous and immigrant), and Arab territories that have been fighting for many decades to create an Arab Palestinian state.
The territory of Palestine has seen in its lifetime many historical events that have left their mark on its ancient monuments. Suffice it to say that in the Jordan Valley “the very first city in the world was discovered - Jericho (“city of dates”), whose age is seven thousand years.
Archaeological excavations are being carried out on a large hill, which attracts the attention of many tourists.” South of the largest city of Palestine, Jerusalem, is the city of Bethlehem, over which, according to legend, a star lit up at the moment when Jesus Christ was born in a modest manger. A grandiose temple was built here.
But, of course, the largest number of tourists is attracted by Jerusalem itself, associated with the relics of the Jewish, Christian, Muslim religions. This is really a city of three historical confessions and therefore attracts countless representatives of them, as well as simply inquisitive tourists.
Among the historical and cultural monuments, it is enough to name the Jewish Wailing Wall, Christian shrines - the chapel of the Holy Sepulcher, Golgotha, where Christ was crucified, the rock where he prayed (and many more places associated with evangelical stories). According to Islam, the Muslim prophet Mohammed later ascended to heaven from the rock where Christ prayed (the magnificent Mosque of Omar was built here).
It is no coincidence that during the division of Palestine after World War II, the UN issued a decision on the special status of Jerusalem, which is historically divided into the Old and New City.
Of the other cities in the region, the actual capital of Israel, Tel Aviv, should be named (although the leadership of the state considers Jerusalem to be the capital, which is not recognized by most countries in the world) with its Haaretz Museum of Mediterranean Art, an art gallery.
Among the streets of Tel Aviv there are Korolenko, Zola and others. Jaffa practically merged with Tel Aviv, unlike the very young Tel Aviv, which has several centuries of its existence. In this city, you can walk along Pushkin, Pestalozzi, Michelangelo, M. Gorky, Ozheshko, Dante streets.
Even more ancient is another city of Israel on the Mediterranean Sea - Haifa. Therefore, in these cities there are also historical and cultural objects of previous centuries.
On the Mediterranean coast, especially in the area of the city of Natanya and in the Eilat region in the Arabian Gulf of the Red Sea, there are seaside resorts.
There are also resorts on the coast of the Dead Sea, located below the ocean level, the very high salinity of the waters of which allows swimmers to freely stay on the water. For tourists in Israel, an appropriate infrastructure has been created.
Arab countries of Southwest Asia include almost all of this zone, with the exception of the two regions described above, and the states of the Middle East.
In practice, we are talking about the Middle East or most of Asia Minor (from Lebanon in the northwest to Yemen in the southeast). All of these are Muslim Arab states.
With the exception of their outskirts - Mediterranean Lebanon and partly Syria in the northwest and "happy Arabia" (the southern part of Yemen) on the edge of the Arabian Peninsula - all countries of the region are arid desert and semi-desert territories. Therefore, civilization developed there only in areas where it was possible to create irrigation systems at the expense of rivers (as in Mesopotamia) or groundwater - in oases.
From the middle of the twentieth century in many countries of the region, oil began to be produced in large quantities, and this led to the formation of oases on an "industrial basis" by supplying water from deep horizons or desalination of sea water. In the course of these processes, modern civilization is being formed with all its pluses and minuses. In particular, the centers of this new civilization attract a large number of "shuttle" tourists from the CIS countries to the countries of the region. In some states of the region, modern sea resorts also appeared on the coasts of the seas.
In the cities of Lebanon there are also mountain resorts. All this serves the development of recreational tourism. However, we must not forget that in almost all countries of the macroregion there are many historical and cultural attractions - monuments of distant millennia and centuries.
So, on the territory of Lebanon, one of the earliest human settlements is located - Baalbek, "where the ruins of religious buildings dedicated to Jupiter, statues, sculptural images of Venus, Bacchus, rows of columns and sculptures, stairs" have been preserved.
One of the ancient settlements in Lebanon is the city of Saida. The very same capital of the country - Beirut, along with the old quarters, is also distinguished by quite modern buildings, corresponding to the role of Beirut as a center of finance and culture.
In Syria, the ancient cities of Palmyra and Aleppo with their monuments and Hellenistic art are of great interest to tourists.
Damascus, the capital of the country, attracts with objects of Muslim culture, among which one of the most famous shrines of Islam is the Omayyad Mosque.
Muslim architecture is typical for most areas of the capital of Iraq - Baghdad.
Characteristics of the natural resources of Asia
The Nazimiya Mosque, or the Golden Mosque, is very famous, decorated with four minarets with gilded domes (which is rare in such structures). The city has many modern buildings and monuments, stylized in the spirit of Muslim traditions. Away from the capital, located on the banks of the famous Tigris River, are the ruins of ancient cities, including the famous Babylon. There are in Iraq (in the north and north-east of the country) and high-mountain summer resorts.
Despite the undoubted tourist attraction of Lebanon, Syria and Iraq, the flow of tourists to these countries is limited due to political instability.
Other Arab countries of the Middle East are much less interesting for educational tourism: Jordan, Yemen, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates.
The latter, as a rule, attract a large number of "shuttle" tourists. In these countries, whose economy is based on oil production (Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates), modern cities attract attention.
Saudi Arabia occupies a special place among the countries of the Middle East. It is on its territory that the main places of pilgrimage for Muslims are located - the holy cities of Mecca (with a black stone of the Kaaba) and Medina, cities associated with the activities of the Prophet Muhammad and the birth of Islam.
Hundreds of thousands, and in some years even millions of Muslims from all over the world come here as pilgrims. Pilgrimage (hajj) gives huge income to the country, and pilgrims "attach" themselves to eternal life in paradise.
On the Red Sea coast of the country is the city of Jeddah, through which thousands of pilgrims go. There are also several historical monuments, among which, according to legend, the grave of the first woman, Eve.
Middle East countries are Iran and Afghanistan. From the point of view of tourism, Iran is especially interesting - a country of very diverse nature and ancient history. Nature lovers will meet in Iran seas and rivers, plains (low and elevated) and high mountains Elbrus with the main peak Damavend (in the north of the country), various forests, dry steppes, semi-deserts and deserts, healing mineral springs and therapeutic mud.
In Iran, there are numerous monuments of Muslim culture (civil and religious buildings) in the capital Tehran, the cities of Isfahan, Tabriz, Mashhad, Qazvin and others. At present, due to the difficult international situation of Iran (largely with its isolation), the flow of tourists to the country is very limited, which is facilitated by both external forces and the activity of Islamic fundamentalists.
It is practically impossible these days for tourism to Afghanistan, a multinational mountainous country where hostilities have been going on for many years.
Therefore, and also because of the very low level of development of tourist infrastructure, the harsh but impressive nature of Afghanistan, and its historical and cultural sites located in the capital Kabul, the cities of Herat, Kandahar and others remain unclaimed. Almost inaccessible is one of the most famous tourist sites throughout Asia - Biamin.
In this depression, located at an altitude of more than 2 thousand meters, in the central part of the country there is a rock dug up by hundreds of caves. There are two carved 50-meter statues of Buddha in the rocks, and on the hill there is the Shahar-i-Gulgula fortress. The possibilities of the winter resort of Jalalabad, and the possibilities of hunting, and observing local ritual holidays are also unclaimed.
