Today, the consumer attitude to nature, the expenditure of its resources without the implementation of measures to restore them are a thing of the past. The problem of rational use of natural resources, protection of nature from harmful consequences economic activity people acquired great national importance. Society, in the interests of present and future generations, takes the necessary measures for the protection and scientifically based, rational use of the earth and its subsoil, water resources, flora and fauna, for keeping the air and water clean, ensuring the reproduction of natural resources and improving the human environment. Nature protection and rational use of natural resources is a complex problem, and its solution depends both on the consistent implementation of government measures and on the expansion of scientific knowledge.

For harmful substances in the atmosphere, maximum permissible concentrations are legally established that do not cause tangible consequences for humans. In order to prevent air pollution, measures have been developed to ensure the correct combustion of fuel, the transition to gasified central heating, and the installation of treatment facilities at industrial enterprises. In aluminum smelters, installing filters on pipes prevents fluorine from being released into the atmosphere.

In addition to the construction of wastewater treatment plants, a search is underway for a technology in which the generation of waste would be minimized. The same goal is served by improving the design of cars, switching to other types of fuel, the combustion of which produces less harmful substances. Cars with an electric motor are being developed for movement within the city. Proper city planning and green enjoyment are of great importance. For example, sulfur dioxide is well absorbed by poplar, linden, maple, horse chestnut.

Domestic and industrial wastewater is subjected to mechanical, physical, chemical and biological treatment. Biological treatment consists in the destruction of dissolved organic substances by microorganisms.

cleaning Wastewater does not solve all problems. Therefore, more and more enterprises are moving to new technology- a closed cycle, in which purified water is again supplied to production. New technological processes make it possible to reduce water consumption by dozens of times.

Proper agricultural practices and the implementation of special soil protection measures are of great importance for raising the productivity of agriculture. For example, the fight against ravines is successfully carried out by planting plants - trees, shrubs, grasses. Plants protect soils from being washed away and slow down the flow of water. A variety of plantings and crops along the ravine contributes to the formation of persistent biocenoses. Birds settle in the thickets, which is of no small importance for pest control. Protective forest plantations in the steppes prevent water and wind erosion of fields.

The development of biological methods of pest control can dramatically reduce the use of pesticides in agriculture.

Currently, 2,000 species of plants, 236 species of mammals, 287 species of birds need protection. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has established a special Red Book, which provides information about endangered species and provides recommendations for their conservation. Many endangered animal species have now regained their numbers. This applies to elk, saiga, white heron, eider.

Preservation of flora and fauna contributes to the organization of reserves and reserves. In addition to protecting rare and endangered species, they serve as a basis for the domestication of wild animals with valuable economic properties. Reserves also serve as centers for the resettlement of animals that have disappeared in the area, or for the purposes of enriching the local fauna. In Russia, the North American muskrat has taken root well, giving valuable fur. In the harsh conditions of the Arctic, the musk ox, imported from Canada and Alaska, successfully breeds. The number of beavers, which almost disappeared in our country at the beginning of the century, has been restored.

Such examples show that a careful attitude based on deep knowledge of plant and animal biology not only preserves it, but also gives a significant economic effect.

Conclusion.

Mankind, in its striving to improve the conditions of existence, is constantly increasing the pace of material production, without thinking about the consequences. For example, modern man has increased the volume of pollutants familiar to nature so much that it does not have time to process them. Moreover, he began to produce such pollution, for the processing of which there are no corresponding species in nature yet, and for some pollution, for example, radioactive, they will never appear. Therefore, the "refusal" of the biosphere to process the fruits of human activity will inevitably act as an ever-increasing ultimatum factor in relation to man. Therefore, the future of man as a biological species is predictable: an ecological crisis and a decline in numbers.

Bibliography:

General biology. Reference materials. M., Bustard, 1995.

General biology. Textbook for secondary specialized educational institutions.

S.G. Mamontov, V.B. Zakharov, M., Higher School 2000

Rational use of natural resources

At the end of the last century, the attention of scientists turned to the impact of economic and other human activities on the biosphere. Increasing the pace of material production has a negative impact on the state of the environment, producing an unequal exchange of valuable resources for waste and toxic substances that cannot be disposed of. This poses a direct threat not only to human existence, but also to the entire ecosystem of the planet, so a rational approach to nature management, natural resources freed from negative impacts and environmental protection are the only optimal solution to the problem.

The rational use of water resources is one of the main problems, the solution of which lies in the following processes:

• the use of single-stage production processes instead of multi-stage ones;
• transition from liquid to gas processing processes;
• replacement of water in industry with other solvents;
• extraction of useful substances from wastewater;
• transfer of industrial enterprises to waste-free production technology;
• transition to complex processing of raw materials.

The rational use of soil resources is also one of the main problems in connection with the activation of soil salinization and the destruction of perennial plants due to the use of excessive amounts of pesticides and fertilizers. Deforestation is also a significant problem due to the increased demand for wood fuel, leading to their degradation and reduction of forest areas. The main goal of environmental protection is to ensure the safety of the population and reduce deforestation in order to prevent the threat of a total lack of oxygen and, as a result, a growing incidence of respiratory diseases.

Basic principles of protection and rational use of natural resources

The principles of protection and rational use of natural resources include:

1. The principle of complexity, meaning the widespread and organized use of natural resources in various economic sectors.
2. The principle of regionality, which implies taking into account the peculiarities of local conditions in the use and protection of natural resources.
3. The principle of unity of conservation activities and the use of natural resources, which refers to the protection of nature simultaneously with the use of natural resources.
4. The principle of forecasting, which implies the foresight of possible negative consequences economic and other activities for nature and their timely prevention.
5. The principle of increased intensity of development natural environment, which means an increase in intensity, along with taking into account the characteristics of the developed territories and the elimination of significant losses of minerals during their extraction and processing.
6. Principle of Meaning natural phenomena and objects, implying the use of natural resources, taking into account the interests of various economic sectors.
7. The principle of indirect protection, which implies exclusive attention to the indirect protection of natural objects along with the main protection and the elimination of the possibility of causing harm to them.

Measures for the protection of natural resources

The use and protection of natural resources in Russia require the implementation of certain measures to restore and improve them.

Article 23 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Subsoil" dated February 21, 1992 states that the main directions for the rational use of subsoil are:

• complete extraction of minerals from them, both basic and co-occurring;
• progressive method of geological study of the subsoil for a correct assessment of the presence of minerals, their quantitative and quality composition, as well as to study the characteristics of territories not intended for mining.

Subsoil protection includes activities, the main of which are:

• protection from fires, flooding, flooding and other negative factors of minerals;
• protection of valuable deposits from a decrease in the quality of extracted resources or from complications in their processing;
• prevention of pollution during subsoil use.

Article 1 of the Water Code of the Russian Federation states that the protection of water bodies is the activity aimed at their conservation and restoration. The main need, which is indicated by Article 11 of the same code, is prevention and maximum elimination of possible negative consequences of the use of water bodies. Ignoring this need leads to legal consequences.

The Forest Code of the Russian Federation in Article 2 establishes the rational use of forest resources, their protection and reproduction as the main direction of the legal activity of forest legislation.

The main measures for the protection of forests:

• carrying out forest work in ways that limit the negative impact on the territories used;
• application of reforestation measures;
• clearing woodlands.

Protection of wildlife objects The Federal Law "On the Wildlife" of April 24, 1995 is defined as activities aimed at the stable existence of the wildlife and the conservation of the animal gene pool, associated with the creation of legal conditions for the use of wildlife objects without negative consequences.

Land protection, according to Article 12 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation, has the following goals:

• prevention of degradation, littering, disturbance and pollution of lands under the influence of human economic activity;
• restoration and improvement of those subjected to negative impact human activity of the lands.

According to Article 1 of the Federal Law "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air", the protection of atmospheric air is a set of measures to improve the properties of atmospheric air in order to prevent harmful effects on environment.

Summarizing the provisions of environmental legislation on the protection and use of the environment, we can conclude that measures for the protection of natural resources are aimed at preserving and improving species, quality and quantitative characteristics renewable and non-renewable natural resources and prevention of harm to them.

F. Engels “... at every step, the facts remind us that we do not rule over nature in the same way that a conqueror rules over a foreign people, we do not rule over it like someone who is outside nature, that we, on the contrary , with our flesh, blood and brain we belong to it and are inside it, that all our dominion over it consists in the fact that we, unlike other creatures, are able to cognize its laws and apply them correctly. Rational use of wildlife and its protection.

Nature protection is a system of natural-science, technical-industrial, economic and administrative-legal measures carried out within a given state or part of it, as well as on an international scale and aimed at the conservation and controlled change of nature in the interests of developing mankind, at maintaining and increasing its productivity, ensuring the rational use (including restoration) of natural resources and the environment.

Ecosystems are distinguished between natural, agricultural and urban. The principle of rational nature management sounds like this: "Use, protect, and protect, use." You can harvest medicinal herbs and berries in the forest, hunt animals and still not disturb the ecological balance. If the ecological balance is not disturbed, then the forest ecosystem will be able to recover. Obtaining a high yield, high milk yield, weight gain or shearing of wool of farm animals can be combined with the preservation of soil fertility, productivity and species richness of hayfields and pastures, the purity of the atmosphere and water. Even the largest urban and industrial ecosystems become less hazardous to nature if low-waste technologies and reliable treatment facilities and waste storage facilities.

Rational use of nature is not enough, special protection of flora and fauna, all living beings is needed. In ecology, two levels of wildlife protection are distinguished: population-specific and ecosystem. At the population-species level, the objects of protection are specific species of animals or plants living in populations, so the protection of populations grows into the protection of species.

Population - species level of protection. In order to organize the protection of flora and fauna, objects of protection are identified and "Red Books" are created, containing lists and characteristics of species that are threatened with extinction. The first "Red Book" appeared in 1966. The organizer of its creation was the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. He published 5 volumes with a list of endangered species. Each species was given a separate sheet, and the book was printed on red paper - the color of the warning. Since this year, similar lists of endangered species have been published all over the world, although the paper for them is now used plain and only the binding is red. was published in 1988.

Population - species level of protection. - in 1985. They include, respectively, 533 and 247 species of plants and animals. Created for many republics and regions of Russia. The protection of biological diversity in ecosystems at the population-specific level is carried out by prohibiting the collection of individual beautifully flowering representatives of the orchid families (Venus slipper, two-leafed love) or lilies (curly and tiger lilies, hazel grouse, etc.), the harvesting of those types of medicinal herbs whose populations are already weakened by intensive exploitation (in many areas, the collection of valerian officinalis, sandy cumin is prohibited). It is also prohibited to hunt rare species of birds (cranes, swans, bustards, little bustards, etc.) or mammals (roe deer, Ussuri tiger, muskrat), capture certain types of fish (sturgeon: sterlet and sturgeon, trout, etc.) and rare species of butterflies and beetles.

Population - species level of protection. The success of the protection of flora and fauna at the population-species level depends on many factors. You already know that the reason for the weakening and even destruction of populations can be excessive production, destruction of habitats, introduction of new species - competitors that displace the protected species, pollution, etc. In addition, any species is associated with other organisms and, for example, in order to preserve population of a large predator, you need to take care of the population of its victims and the conditions for their normal life. Therefore, the protection of a species at the top of the food chain in nature will develop into the protection of the entire ecosystem in which it lives. Ecosystem protection is the most reliable way to preserve biological diversity. For this reason, the protection of populations of certain species in human-operated ecosystems is often ineffective and therefore some special forms of conservation of endangered species are used, for example, breeding of species under human control, the creation of gene banks.

Breeding species under human control. Animals are bred in zoos, plants in botanical gardens. There are also special breeding centers for rare species, the Oksky State Crane Nursery, the Prioksko-Terrasny Bison Nursery, and others. At numerous fish factories, rare species of fish are bred, the juveniles of which are released into rivers and lakes. In Sweden, Germany, Austria, France, after breeding in captivity, the lynx has been introduced into the forests. Conservation of species is also facilitated by the activities of amateur gardeners, keepers of aquariums. In a number of countries "rehabilitation centers" have been set up to help injured and sick animals. There are more than 20 such centers in France. After treatment, most animals are released, but some have to be left in captivity due to the inability to survive on their own in nature.

Creation of gene banks. Creation of gene banks. Banks can be stored as plant seeds, tissue cultures, or germ cells (more often frozen sperm) from which animals or plants can be obtained. The collection of seeds of cultivated plants created by N. I. Vavilov continues to grow. Now the National repository of world plant resources is located in the Kuban station of the former All-Union Institute of Plant Industry. N. I. Vavilov. There, in 24 rooms located underground, at a constant temperature of +4.5 ° C, 400 thousand seed samples are stored. The first banks of frozen cells of endangered animal species have been created in a number of scientific centers world (including Pushchino-on-the-Oka). So far, the problem of human protection of species has not yet been solved. But there are successes. In Russia, many beaver populations have been restored, which in the post-revolutionary years was almost completely exterminated as a result of predatory hunting, and then for many years suffered from land reclamation, which destroyed its habitat. Now there are 150 thousand beavers and their number continues to increase. The position of the bison, gray whale, and Far Eastern walrus has also become less dangerous.

Environmental monitoring. The ecological situation in any city or rural area can change catastrophically in a very short time, often in a matter of hours, as the intensity of waste emissions by enterprises into the atmosphere or water, the recreational load on the forest park, the amount and type of pesticide used to treat crops change very quickly , the intensity of the ingress of livestock effluents into the river, etc., sometimes catastrophically increase. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct regular monitoring of the state of ecosystems and their elements. Constant monitoring of the processes taking place in ecosystems is called environmental monitoring (from the Latin word monitor - one who reminds, warns). There is ground monitoring (they use special devices and monitor the concentration of harmful substances in water, air, soil or food) and aerospace. In this case, changes occurring in ecosystems are assessed using instruments on satellites and aircraft, which take into account the state of forests or crops, the degree of soil erosion, and the content of pollutants in the atmosphere.

Environmental monitoring. Based on the data obtained, forecasts are developed for further changes in the observed signs and decisions are made to improve the environmental situation - they build new treatment facilities at enterprises that pollute the atmosphere and water, change deforestation systems and plant new ones, soil-protective crop rotations are introduced, etc. Monitoring is most often carried out regional and republican committees for hydrometeorological service. Employees of these committees receive data on the state of the atmosphere through a system of special sensors installed in industrial cities, constantly take water and soil samples for analysis.

Environmental monitoring. A special type of monitoring is biological (biomonitoring). Biomonitoring monitors the state of flora and fauna of ecosystems. To do this, every few years they conduct a survey of the territory and identify species in need of protection, which are included in the Red Books. Biomonitoring is also used to assess the level of environmental pollution according to the state of organisms in their habitat. An assessment of the environment according to the state of living organisms is called a biological indication, and the organisms themselves, by which the state of the environment is assessed, are called biological indicators. The use of bioindication methods for monitoring is convenient because the instruments measure pollution several times a day, while plants measure it constantly. Instruments may not detect a one-time high emission of some gases into the atmosphere, but its lichens, mosses or linden leaves. In addition, biological indicators do not respond to individual pollutants, but to their entire complex, and therefore are able to give a general assessment of air or water pollution.

Conclusion Rational nature management of any natural ecosystem, forest or swamp, is aimed at the implementation of the principle. Complete conservation of biological diversity, even with rational use, is impossible. In any territory where a person manages, it is not possible to preserve all types of plants, animals, fungi, microorganisms. Complete conservation of biological diversity in the ecosystem used is as impossible as the creation of a perpetual motion machine.

Lesson summary on the topic:

"Rational use of nature and its protection".

date of the lesson: 05/12/2015. Grade: 9.

Teacher: Podshibyakina E.V.

Lesson type : combined.

Lesson Objectives:

1. Form concepts:

Rational nature management;

Biotechnology.

2. To continue the formation of a caring attitude towards the environment.

3. To cultivate a responsible attitude towards natural resources, the formation of a conviction in the need for their protection and rational use;
4. Develop learning skills and abilities, highlight main ideas, explain key expressions, summarize what has been said, draw conclusions, and contribute to the formation of one's own judgments and opinions.

During the classes.

1. Checking absentees.

2. Verification homework: written survey under paragraph 59.

3. Learning new material. The work is carried out using the DER of the 1C-Education platform. Biology. Grade 9.

3.1. The teacher asks the class questions:

1. What are the global environmental problems facing humanity, do you know?
2. What natural resources do you know?
3. What is the cause of the ecological crisis on our planet?

Only a highly educated society that understands its goals and is able to measure the failures of needs with the opportunities that nature gives it can enter the era of the noosphere.

For smart managementbiosphere and the transition to the level of the noosphere, it is necessary not only to know the device and the principle of "work » this huge and complex system, but also be able to influence the processes occurring in it in the desired direction.

And yet, even a perfect knowledge of the biospheric mechanisms and a clear understanding of what needs to be done will not give real results in the absence of a certain level of maturity and culture of society. Here the most important task is the formation of a new social and environmental morality. To replace slogans like "Man is the king of nature" or "You can't expect favors from nature, it's our task to take them from her!" installations must come to a reasonable and careful attitude to what we exist, to our common and only home - the planet Earth.

It is necessary to formulate such a strategy for the development of human society, which would make it possible to harmoniously combine its needs with the possibilities of the normal functioning of the biosphere. This means not only the widespread use of production methods (technologies) for energy conservation andresources but also (primarily!) changing the nature of people's needs.

We now live in a society that is called the "disposable society". It is characterized by irrational wasteful exploitation of natural resources. To save human civilization it is necessary to build a nature-saving society that uses natural resources wisely.

Natural resources are the most important components of the human environment used to meet all kinds of material and cultural needs of society. They are very diverse (Fig. 112),
The limited resources of the Earth is currently becoming one of the most urgent problems of human civilization. The search for ways to rationally manage natural resources is one of the most important tasks of our time.

The limited nature of natural resources, the imperfection of the technology of their extraction and processing often lead to the destruction of biogeocenoses, environmental pollution, climate disturbances and the circulation of substances inecosystems e.

General objective of rational management of natural resourcesconsists in finding the best (according to certain criteria), or optimal, ways of exploiting natural and artificial ecosystems.
The creation of new technologies should be combined with a competent, competent environmental assessment of all, especially large-scale, projects in industry, construction, transport, agriculture and other sectors of human activity. Carried out by special independent bodies, such an examination will make it possible to avoid many miscalculations and unpredictable consequences of the implementation of these projects for the biosphere.

In general, environmental protection and the tasks of restoring natural resources should include the following activities:

Local (local) and global environmental monitoring, i.e. measurement and control of the state of the most important characteristics of the environment, the concentration of harmful substances in the atmosphere, water, soil;
- restoration and protection of forests from fires, pests, diseases;
- expansion and increase in the number of protected areas, unique natural complexes;
- protection and breeding of rare species of plants and animals;
- wide enlightenment and ecological education of the population;
- international cooperation in environmental protection.

Only active work in all areas of human activity on the formation of a new attitude to nature, the development of rational nature management, nature-saving technology of the future will be able to solve the environmental problems of today and move on to harmonious cooperation with nature.

The development of perfect environmental legislation and the creation of effective mechanisms for its implementation is an indispensable element in building a society that lives in harmony with nature.

Awareness of common goals and difficulties standing in the way will inevitably give rise to a sense of the planetary unity of people. We need to learn to feel like members of one family, the fate of which depends on each of us. Awareness of the unity of mankind is one of the foundations of ecological morality and humanism.

1. Why can't we say that human society has already entered the era of the noosphere?
2. Why can our society be classified as a "disposable society"?
3. Do you think humanity will be able to overcome the ecological crisis?

3.2. The teacher gives a definition of science for the record:

Biotechnology - a set of industrial methods that use living organisms or biological processes. Since ancient times, man has been using biotechnological processes to produce various substances And food products(kefir, wine, beer, coffee have their own ancient history when biology as a science did not yet exist). "Biotechnology" (from the Greek. Bios - life, Technos - art and logos - teaching) the term was introduced in the 70s. years of the XX century.

Today, various types of bacteria and fungi are used in the microbiological industry. In the food industry, high-performance strains of microorganisms can increase the production of high-quality food products (fermented milk, cheeses, beer), animal feed, and others. Biotechnological processes are also used to clean the environment. A biological treatment method based on the ability of certain types of bacteria to decompose organic compounds that enter the environment. Thanks to selection work, strains of microorganisms have been created that can decompose those compounds that natural species cannot mineralize. For the treatment of wastewater, natural reservoirs and soil, their updated properties are used.

Task number 1. Prepare a certificate on the methods of ozonizing water during the purification process. Is it a biotechnological method. Justify your answer.

IN Lately in the development of biotechnological processes, methods of genetic and cellular engineering are increasingly being used, which make it possible to obtain a variety of compounds and drugs.

3.3. Studying the laws of B. Commoner

In the 60s, with the emerging negative environmental trends in the environment, a certain scientific direction– “new ecology”. A typical representative of the "new" ecology is the prominent American scientist Barry Commoner. It was he who formulated the famous four "simple" rules of the "new" ecology.

- "everything is connected with everything";

- “everything has to go somewhere”;

- “nature knows best”;

“Nothing is given for free.”

The outward simplicity and bright form of these rules have gained well-deserved popularity among ecologists and specialists in other fields. scientific knowledge, but it should be noted that this is not the main thing in the "Commoner's rules", but their extremely high content and depth.

1. "Everything is connected with everything", as the first of them fixes the great complexity of the structural and functional relationships of ecological systems of any rank: local, regional, global. In particular, mention should be made of the transboundary nature of atmospheric pollution transfers; acid rain rarely falls over the place where sulfur dioxide is released, that is, boiler houses and thermal power plants. With the prevailing northeastern atmospheric transport in the European part of Russia, industrial atmospheric pollution from the industrial central regions is “transferred” to the ecologically sensitive tundra regions.

2. “Everything has to go somewhere”, as the second rule, is in its essence a different presentation of the fundamental physical law of the conservation of matter. This rule defines the maximum allowable boundaries of biosphere pollution, which include its homeostasis. Actually, this rule is a theoretical justification for the development and establishment of a system of maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) and maximum allowable emissions (MAE). Despite the existing objections to MPC and PD, they are still one of the few quantitative environmental legislative indicators that allow for specific practical environmental activities.

3. "Nature knows best" - the third rule - calls for an attentive, careful attitude towards nature. This applies, in particular, to the implementation of construction projects and is, in essence, the justification for the environmental impact assessment (EIA) system, and determines the need for mandatory preparation of an environmental impact statement (EPS) during the implementation of a project, including a construction project.

To a large extent, this rule determines the need for a thorough study of the natural and man-made-natural situation in places of reconstruction of buildings and structures and, to an even greater extent, during their liquidation, and especially during reclamation work. With errors in the last negative environmental impact can be significantly greater than if no recultivation was carried out at all.

4. "Nothing is free" - the fourth rule - describes the unity of the biosphere, its integrity, lays the foundation for understanding compensatory biospheric mechanisms. Within this, nothing can be gained or lost, and the biosphere itself cannot serve as an object of general improvement. Everything that is extracted from the biosphere by human activity must be compensated. The biosphere will require payment, perhaps after some delay.

4. Consolidation of the studied material.

5. Grading for the lesson.

6. Recording homework: item 60, notes in a notebook.