CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.

Goals:

educational- study the classification organic compounds, general formulas, functional groups.

Educational- to develop students' knowledge of the main classes of organic compounds.

Educational- educate the culture of speech.

Means of education: poster "Hybridization of electron clouds".

Lesson type: reproductive

During the classes: 1) Organizing time

2) Classification of organic compounds

A) acyclic compounds (do not contain closed chains);

B) carbocyclic compounds (contain cycles);

C) heterocyclic compounds (closed chain with other atoms).

Functional group- a group of atoms that determines the most characteristic Chemical properties substances and their belonging to a certain class.

Acyclic compounds- organic compounds consisting of normal and branched chains.

1. Alkanes- hydrocarbons, in the molecules of which the atoms are connected by single bonds and corresponding to the general formula:

FROM n H 2 n +2

2.Alkenes- hydrocarbons containing a double bond (=) in the molecule and corresponding to the general formula:

C n H 2 n

3. Alkadienes- hydrocarbons containing two double bonds (=, =) in the molecule and corresponding to the general formula:

FROM n H 2 n -2

4.Alkynes- hydrocarbons containing one triple bond in the molecule and corresponding to the general formula:

C n H 2 n -2

5. Halogenated hydrocarbons- organic compounds containing in the molecule, in addition to carbon and hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms:

R- G

6. Alcohols - hydrocarbons containing a functional group of alcohols (- OH):

R – Oh

7. Aldehydes

8. Ketones- hydrocarbons containing a carbonyl group and corresponding to the general formula:

R – C – R

9. carboxylic acids - hydrocarbons containing a carboxyl group:

O

R – C

Oh

10. Ethers- the product of substitution of a hydrogen atom in the hydroxyl group of alcohols by a / in the radical

R – O – R

11. Esters– y / c containing an ester group

R – C

O - R

12. Nitro compounds- ultraviolet containing a nitro group (- NO 2)

13. Amines- ultraviolet containing an amino group (- NH 2).

Homework: Learn classes of organic compounds.

Lesson 7

Classification and nomenclature of organic compounds

Lesson Objectives:

1. Introduce the concepts of "homologous series", "radical", introduce the principles of classification of organic compounds, types of nomenclature, study the rules for naming organic compounds(training).

2. Continue the formation of a scientific worldview(nurturing).

3. Contribute to the development of logical thinking (the ability to compare, generalize, draw conclusions)(developing).

Equipment: video projector, PSHE D.I. Mendeleev.

During the classes

1. Preparation for the perception of new material (10 min)

Questioning students for homework.

1. Learning new material (15 min).

depending from the structure of the carbon skeletonorganic compounds are:

1. acyclic (aliphatic) - contain open carbon chains. Examples: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, etc.

2. cyclic - compounds with a closed carbon chain. Examples: cyclohexane, benzene.

Depending on the nature of the atoms in the cycle:

1. carbocyclic- only carbon atoms are in the cycle. Examples: cyclohexane, benzene.

2. heterocyclic– there are still atoms of other elements in the cycle. Examples:

Furan Thiophene Pyridine

homologous series – a number of compounds of one structural type, differing from each other in composition by a certain number of repeating structural units– “homologous difference –CH 2 -". Homologues have similar chemical properties and varying physical properties.

Classification organic matteron the structure of the carbon skeletonand multiplicity of communication:

I. Acyclic:

1. Limiting (alkanes, paraffins).

2. Unsaturated: alkenes, alkadienes, alkynes.

II. Cyclic:

1. Cycloalkanes (cycloparaffins).

2. Aromatic (arenas): single-core, multi-core.

Classification by functional group: hydrocarbons, halogen derivatives of hydrocarbons, alcohols, phenols, simple and esters, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, nitro compounds, etc.

Hydrocarbon radicalThe residue of a hydrocarbon molecule from which one or more hydrogen atoms have been removed.

Molecule		First radical		Second radical
CH 4	methane	CH 3 -	methyl	-CH 2 -	methylene
C 2 H 6	ethane	C 2 H 5 -	ethyl	CH 3 -CH 2 -	ethylidene
C 3 H 8	propane	C 3 H 7 -	propyl	C 2 H 5 -CH \u003d	propylidene
C 6 H 6	benzene	C 6 H 5 -	phenyl

Item types:

1. Trivial (historical) nomenclature. The names have developed historically, most often according to the source of origin: malic, acetic, coffee, cinchona, lilac lactic, citric acid.

2. Rational nomenclature. Used for short branched chain hydrocarbons. All limiting hydrocarbons are considered as derivatives of methane.

, Competition "Presentation for the lesson"

Class: 10

Presentation for the lesson

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Class: 10.

Basic Tutorial: chemistry grade 10 O.S.Gabrielyan.

The purpose of the lesson: introduce students to general classification organic compounds. Consider the classification of organic substances according to the nature of the carbon skeleton and the classification according to the functional group.

Equipment: computer, multimedia projector, presentation.

Lesson type: combined

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

II. Classification of organic compounds.

There are several million organic compounds in nature. Every year more and more new organic substances are created. To sort out huge number organic compounds, it is necessary to classify them. There are different ways to classify organic compounds. We will consider two methods of classification: the first - by the nature of the carbon chain, the second - by the functional group. slide 2

The sequence of chemically bonded carbon atoms in a molecule makes up its carbon skeleton. It is the basis of an organic compound. Therefore, the first sign of the classification of an organic compound is the classification according to the structure of the carbon skeleton. slide 3

By the nature of the carbon skeleton of an organic compound, substances can be divided into open or acyclic (the prefix a- denotes negation, i.e. these are open chains) and cyclic in them the carbon chain is closed in a cycle. slide 4

The carbon skeleton may also be unbranched or branched. slide 5

Organic compounds can also be subdivided according to the multiplicity of bonds. Compounds containing only single C-C connections, are called saturated or limiting. Compounds with C=C or CC bonds are called unsaturated or unsaturated. slide 6

Cyclic compounds are compounds in which carbon atoms form a cycle or a closed chain. Cyclic compounds are divided into two large groups: carbocyclic and heterocyclic. Carbocyclic rings contain only carbon atoms and are divided into alicyclic and aromatic. Heterocyclic compounds contain cycles, which, in addition to C atoms, include one or more other atoms, the so-called heteroatoms (Greek heteros - another) - O, S, N. Slide 7

We fix new material performing the following task: using the classification scheme, determine which class the presented compounds belong to.

CH 2 \u003d CH-CH 3 CH 3 -CH 3 CH 2 \u003d CH-CH \u003d CH 2 Slide 8

We consider the second method of classifying organic compounds, according to the presence of functional groups. We formulate the definition of a functional group as a group of atoms that determines the chemical properties of a compound and its belonging to a certain class of organic compounds. The functional group is the main feature by which organic compounds are assigned to a particular class. slide 9,10

We set the students the task: to consider the main classes of organic compounds in terms of the presence of multiple bonds. Let us consider in more detail the classes of organic compounds belonging to the group of acyclic compounds, these are the classes of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and alkadienes. slide 11

In addition to hydrocarbons, acyclic compounds include substances containing various functional groups. The main criterion by which substances are classified as acyclic compounds is the presence of an open chain of carbon atoms. Let us consider in more detail the classes of oxygen-containing organic compounds. slide 12

We consolidate the studied material. Determine which class the compounds belong to? slide 13

III. Reflection.

List of used literature:

1. Textbook Chemistry Grade 10 O.S. Gabrielyan
2. Lesson developments in chemistry M.Yu. Gorkovenko
3. festival.1september.ru/articles/586588/
4. www.xumuk.ru/rhf/
5. festival.1september.ru/articles/630735

Topic: CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES, BASIS OF THE NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Lesson Objectives:

educational: Form the concepts of isomerism, structural formula, isomers. To acquaint with the principles of classifying organic compounds according to the structure of the carbon chain and according to functional groups, and on this basis to give an initial overview of the main classes of organic compounds. Give general idea about the basic principles of formation of names of organic compounds according to the international nomenclature.

educational: Formation of a scientific picture of the world, education of a sense of patriotism on the example of Butlerov.

developing: To develop the ability of students to compare, generalize, draw an analogy.

Lesson type: combined lesson

Management methods:

general: explanatory and illustrative

private: verbal-visual

concrete: conversation

Equipment: classification scheme for organic compounds

Plan

1. Organizational moment - 5 minutes

2.Checking homework - 25 min

3.Explanation and consolidation of new material - 55 min

4. Homework - 3 min

5. The results of the lesson - 2 minutes

During the classes

1. Organizational moment: Greetings, attendance check.

2. Checking homework

? what is a sigma bond?

what is the relationship of pi?

Name the mechanisms of rupture chemical bond

3.Explanation of the new material:

Classification of organic substances

In the last lesson, we talked about how large the number of known organic compounds is. Even an experienced chemist can easily drown in this boundless ocean. Therefore, scientists always strive to classify any set "on the shelves", to put things in order in their economy. By the way, it does not prevent each of us from doing this with our things in order to know where everything is at any time.

Substances can be classified according to various criteria, for example, according to composition, structure, properties, application - according to such a familiar logical system of signs. Since the composition of all organic compounds includes carbon atoms, then, obviously, the most important feature of the classification of organic substances can be the order of their connection, that is, the structure. On this basis, all organic substances are divided into groups depending on which backbone (skeleton) is formed by carbon atoms, whether this backbone includes any other atoms except carbon.

Let's look at this classification in more detail using the following scheme:

carbon atoms, connecting with each other, can form chains of various lengths. If such a chain is not closed, the substance belongs to the group acyclic(non-cyclic) compounds. A closed chain of carbon atoms allows you to name a substance cyclic. Carbon atoms in the chain can be connected both by simple (single) and double, triple (multiple) bonds. If a molecule has at least one multiple carbon-carbon bond, it is called unlimited or unsaturated otherwise - limiting (saturated). If only carbon atoms make up a closed chain of a cyclic substance, it is called carbocyclic. However, instead of one or more carbon atoms in the cycle, there may be atoms of other elements, such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur. They are sometimes called heteroatoms and the connection is heterocyclic. In the group of carbocyclic substances there is a special “shelf” on which substances with a special arrangement of double and single bonds in the cycle are located. one such substance is benzene. Benzene, its closest and distant "relatives" are called aromatic substances, and the remaining carbocyclic compounds - alicyclic.

The classification is based on the structure of the molecule.

Acyclic compounds - compounds with an open (open) chain of carbon atoms. Such compounds are also referred to as aliphatic compounds or fatty compounds.

Limit connections - compounds containing single bonds.

Unsaturated compounds - compounds in which double or triple (multiple) bonds are present.

Cyclic compounds - compounds in which carbon atoms form cycles are carbocyclic and heterocyclic.

Carbocyclic - cyclic compounds formed only by carbon atoms are alicyclic and aromatic.

Heterocyclic compounds - cycles, which, in addition to carbon atoms, also include other atoms - heteroatoms (nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen)

Main classes of organic compounds

hydrocarbons - the simplest organic compounds, which include only carbon and hydrogen. They are saturated (alkanes), unsaturated (alkenes, alkynes, alkadienes, etc.) and aromatic (arenes).

When replacing hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon with other atoms or groups of atoms -functional groups - numerous classes of organic compounds are formed (alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, amino acids, etc.).

Let's write a table:

Connection class	Functional group	Name of the functional group	Connection example this class
				Name
		Hydroxyl		Methanol (methyl alcohol)
		Hydroxyl
Aldehydes		Carbonyl		Methanal (formaldehyde)
		Carbonyl	CH 3 -C (= O) -CH 3	Propanone-2 (acetone)
carboxylic acids		Carboxyl		Ethanoic acid (acetic acid)
	X (X=Cl, Br, F, I)	Halogen		Chloromethane
		Amino group		ethylamine
		Amidogroup		Acetamide
Nitro compounds		Nitro group		Nitroethane
Amino acids	COOH and - NH 2	Carboxyl and amino groups		Aminoacetic acid (glycine)

Nomenclature of organic substances

Nomenclature is a system of names usedin any science.

At the dawn of the development of organic chemistry, there were quite a few known substances of living nature. Scientists of that time could afford to come up with their own name for each substance, which often did not even fit into one word, and even more than one. Such names most often reflected the origin of the substance or its most striking property: acetic acid, bitter almond oil (benzaldehyde), glycerin (from Greek - sweet) , formaldehyde (from Latin - ant). Such names are called trivial. Trivial nomenclature - Historical names. They are widely used in chemistry to refer to substances simple structure. With the accumulation of experimental material, it became clear that many substances have similar properties, that is, they belong to the same group (class) of compounds. All substances of this class began to apply similar titles substances.

The number of known organic compounds is growing in geometric progression. Chemists different countries it became difficult to communicate, since the same substances had different names, and one name meant several substances. There were great difficulties with the names of complex molecules. To solve this problem, chemists from all countries that are members of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) created a special committee that developed the foundations the same for all organic substances nomenclature. This nomenclature is called international or IUPAC nomenclature.

In order to be able to use it, you need to know the names of the first representatives well. homologous series saturated hydrocarbons(from ethane to decane) and several simple limiting radicals (methyl, ethyl, propyl).

Let's write a table:

Names of alkanes and alkyl substituents

Basic principles of IUPAC nomenclature

1. The basis of the name of the substance is the name of the limitth hydrocarbon with the same number of carbon atoms as in the longest chain of the acyclic molecule.

Position of substituent, functional groups and multipleslinks in the main chain are indicated by numbers.

Substituents, functional groups and multiple bonds are indicated in the name using prefixes (the same prefixes, but specific, chemical ones) and suffixes.

When writing the name, all numbers are separated from each other.each other with commas, and from letters with hyphens.

? The task : Determine which class the compounds belong to and give names

CH 3 - CH \u003d CH - CH 3 H 2 N - CH 2 - COOH

CH 3 - CH 2 - CH 2 - CH 2 _ - CH 3 CH 3 - CH 2 - CH 2 - OH

CH 3 - CH 2 - NH 2 CH 3 - CH 2 - CH 2 - NO 2

Consider the isomerism of organic substances

? What is isomerism?

Example: CH 3 - CH 2 - CH 2 - CH 2 - CH 3 CH 3 - CH 2 (CH 3) - CH 2 - CH 3

3. Homework:

L.A. Tsvetkov " Organic chemistry- 10" §3;

4. Results: Thus, today we got acquainted with the classification, nomenclature and isomerism of organic substances. Lesson grades.

Lesson topic: "Classification and nomenclature of organic compounds". The purpose of the lesson: The development of methodological knowledge, as well as knowledge about the diversity and difference in the properties of organic compounds. Introduce the concept of classes and functional groups. To acquaint schoolchildren with the classification and rules: compiling structural formulas by the name of an organic compound, compiling the names of organic compounds by a structural formula.

Lesson plan: 1 Organization of the beginning of the lesson. 2. Generalization of knowledge about the structural features of organic compounds 3. Diversity of organic substances. 4. Classification of organic compounds. 5. Nomenclature of organic substances and its types. 6. Drawing up structural formulas by the name of an organic compound. 7. Drawing up the names of organic compounds according to the structural formula. 8. Summing up the lesson. 9. Discussion of homework.

Characteristics of carbon-carbon bonds Type Bond Types of forged bond hybridization Sp Bond length, nm. Angle Shape Molecule Bond Examples

Characteristics of carbon-carbon bonds Type Bond Types Length Angle of hybridization of coval-bond, nm. bond 0.120 180 Sp = 0.134 Molecule shape Linear 120 Planar trigonal 0.154 109 Examples NS CH acetylene H 2 C=CH 2 ethylene H 3 C-CH 3 ethane Tetrahedral

LACQUES PERFUMERIES FIBER MEDICINES Films Preservatives plant protection GLUE DYES Rubber Plastics Combustible organic matter and materials Sources of organic compounds Coal Oil Gas Wood

CLASSES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CLASS Carboxylic acids Aldehydes FUNCTIONAL GROUP -COOH -CHO Ketones С=О Alcohols, phenols -OH Amines -NH 2 Ethers** -OR Halogen derivatives -F -Cl -Br -I Nitrocompounds -NO 2

Types of the nomenclature of organic compounds Trivial (according to the method of preparation) IUPAC nomenclature (substitutive) Rational-functional (the basis is the simplest compounds)

One, two, three, four, five, Let's count the atoms. Learning new words: Meta - one, and this one - two. Three - propane, butane - four, All flatmates. The atomic ribbon winds, Number five will be penta. Six is ​​hexane and seven is heptane. Carbons, in places! And in an octane, as in an octave, Eight atoms in the composition. According to the Law, Atom nine means nona. Finally, like an idol, the dean rises.