Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies carbon compounds, their structure, properties and methods of synthesis. Soy is called organic

Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies
carbon compounds, their structure, properties and
synthesis methods. Called organic
compounds of carbon with other elements.

Meaning organic chemistry extremely large. It is due to that
exceptional role played in human life by organic
substances. Proteins, carbohydrates and fats, nucleic acids, vitamins and
Hormones are the basis of the normal life of all living things.
creatures, without them life would be impossible. So helpful
fossils, like coal and oil, without which it is unthinkable
modern production, consist of organic compounds.
The object of research in
organic chemistry is a huge
the number of compounds of synthetic and
natural origin. So
organic chemistry has become the largest
and the most important section
modern chemistry

Development of organic chemistry
1824 – oxalic acid was synthesized (F. Völler);
1828 - urea (F. Wöller);
1842 - aniline (N.N. Zinin);
1845 - acetic acid (A. Kolbe);
1847 - carboxylic acids(A. Kolbe);
1854 - fats (M. Bertlot);
1861 - sugary substances (A. Butlerov)

Kolbe Adolf
Wilhelm Herman
(1818-84), German chemist.
Developed synthesis methods
acetic (1845), salicylic
(1860, Kolbe-Schmitt reaction) and formic (1861)
acids, electrochemical
synthesis of hydrocarbons (1849,
Kolbe reaction).

Butlerov Alexander
Mikhailovich (1828-86),
Russian organic chemist
Academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences
(1874). Created (1861) and substantiated
theory chemical structure,
according to which properties
substances are determined in order
bonds of atoms in molecules and their
mutual influence. First
explained (1864) phenomenon
isomerism. Discovered polymerization
isobutylene. Synthesized series
organic compounds
(urotropin, polymer
formaldehyde, etc.). Proceedings on
agriculture,
beekeeping. Champion of the Supreme
education for women.

Berzelius (Berzelius) Jens
Jacob (1779-1848), Swedish
chemist and mineralogist,
foreign honorary member
Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1820).
Discovered cerium (1803), selenium
(1817), thorium (1828). Created
(1812-19) electrochemical
theory of chemical affinity,
built on its basis
element classification,
compounds and minerals.
Defined (1807-18) atomic
masses of 45 elements, introduced
(1814) contemporary
chemical signs of elements.
Coined the term catalysis.

Wehler Friedrich (1800-82),
german chemist,
foreign correspondent
Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1853).
First synthesized from
not organic matter
organic compound
(1824) and installed it
identity with urea
(1828). Research
Weller was put under
doubt the correctness
vitalism.

organic matter
there are
20 000 000
(inorganic - 100,000);
All organic
substances include carbon and hydrogen,
so most of them are on fire
forming carbon dioxide and water;
Have a more complex structure
molecules and huge
molecular weight

10.

Key Features
organic compounds
Notes
Numerous
(about 27 million)
Inorganic several hundred thousand
Must include
H and C atoms
All organic compounds are flammable
combustion produces gas and water.
low melting point,
connections are not strong
Most of the molecular
crystal lattice
Mostly non-electrolytes
(in solution as molecules)
Reactions proceed slowly and more often with
participation of a catalyst
Most members or products
processes occurring living
organisms
Proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nucleic
acids

11. Organic chemistry - chemistry of carbon compounds

organic matter
Natural
(Oil, proteins, fats,
carbohydrates)
artificial
(Gasoline, viscose)
Synthetic
(Medicines, vitamins
, plastic)

12.

13.

14.

Organic compounds are produced by industry for
use in a variety of industries
activities.
These are petroleum products, fuel for
various engines, polymer
materials (rubber, plastic,
fibers, films, varnishes, adhesives, etc.),
surfactants,
dyes, plant protection products,
medicines, flavorings and
perfumes and the like. Without
knowledge of the basics of organic chemistry
modern man is incapable
The rapid development of methods of synthesis and research
organic compounds opens up a wide range of possibilities
to obtain substances and materials with specified
properties.

15.

16.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) - excellent
antiseptic.
Ammonia (ammonia water solution
NH3) stimulates the respiratory center.
Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid - one
of drugs that are widely used as
antipyretic, anti-inflammatory,
pain reliever and antirheumatic
means.
Medications for the treatment of cardiovascular disease
systems are validol, corvalol, nitro
glycerol.
Means for the treatment of digestive
systems.
Antibiotics.
Vitamins - a means of strengthening
organism, increasing the general
tone, resistance
diseases
Medicines are powerful drugs.
The medicine

17.

French chemist Chevrel
discovered stearic,
palmitic and oleic
acids as products
decomposition of fats during their
saponification with water and alkalis.
The sweet stuff was
Chevrel called glycerin.
In the soap industry for a long time
rosin is used. Introduction
rosin in large
quantities makes the soap soft
and sticky. In addition to using
soap as detergent
means it is widely
used for finishing fabrics
in the production of cosmetics
funds for the manufacture
polishing compounds and
water based paints.

18. Fats

Fats make up an essential part of our food.
They are found in meat, fish, dairy products,
grain. Components of natural fat, important of
they are phosphatides, sterols, vitamins,
pigments and odor carriers.
Phosphatides are, in fact, esters,
but they contain residues of phosphoric acid and
amino alcohol.
Sterols - natural polycyclic compounds
very complex configuration. Representative
is cholesterol.
Vitamins. They are rich in the liver of fish and sea
beast, vegetable fats, as well as butter
butter.
Pigments are substances that give color to fats.
Smell carriers are very diverse and complex in
structure, there are more than 20 of them in the composition of butter.

19. Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are the body's main source of energy
person. We get carbohydrates from grains,
legumes, potatoes, fruits and vegetables.
Glucose is a monosaccharide (C6H12O6). Glucose is easily
absorbed by the body. Glucose is found in
fruits, berries.
Fructose (C6H12O6) is also a monosaccharide, an isomer
glucose.
Sucrose is a disaccharide (C12H22O11). AT ordinary life
just sugar.
Lactose disaccharide (C12H22O11) Predominantly
found in the milk of animals.
Starch-polysaccharide ((C6H10O5) n) - the main carbohydrate
food. Found in potatoes and grains.
Glycogen ("animal starch")
Cellulose ((C6H10O5)n) is a plant polysaccharide.
Enters the body with plant foods.

20. Development of the food industry

Doctors recommend for
rational and dietary nutrition
include bread from flour in the menu,
containing finely divided
bran. Nowadays people often talk about
"artificial food". Although this term
does not mean receiving products
nutrition through chemical reactions.
It's about about natural
to give protein products taste and appearance
traditional products, including
delicacies. Nutritional supplements
contribute to the safety of the product,
give it the aroma, the desired color and
etc.

21. Nutritional supplements

E100-E182- dyes
E200- E299 - preservatives
E300-E399 - substances that slow down
fermentation and oxidation processes in products
nutrition
E400- E409 - stabilizers (provide
long-term consistency)
E500- E599 - emulsifiers
E600-E699- flavors (enhance or
add flavor to food)
E900-E999 - anti-flamings that are not
allow flour, sugar to cake
sand, salt, soda, citric acid,
dough leavening agents, as well as such substances,
which prevent the formation of foam in
drinks.

22.

Modern development
construction is hard to imagine
yourself without using
products
chemical industry:
application and implementation of new
structural polymer
materials, plastics,
synthetic fibers, rubbers,
binders and finishing agents and
many other useful
products large and small
chemistry.

23. Raw materials

raw materials
organic compounds
serve:
oil and natural gas,
coal and brown coal,
oil shale,
peat,
products of agriculture and forestry
economy.

24.

Take a look around and you will see that the life of the modern
human is impossible without chemistry. Back in ancient times,
long before the birth of Christ, man observed in nature
chemical phenomena and tried to use them to
improve their living conditions. sour milk,
fermentation of the sweet juice of fruits, the action of poisonous plants
attracted people's attention. We use chemistry
production food products. We are moving to
automobiles, their metal, rubber and plastic are made with
using chemical processes. We use perfume
toilet water, soaps and deodorants, the production of which
unthinkable without chemistry. There is even an opinion that
sublime human feeling, love is a set
certain chemical reactions in the body.

The importance of organic chemistry in people's lives

Chemistry teacher

MOU "Secondary School No. 41"

Saratov

Vinnik Nina Arnoldovna

2015

Introduction Everywhere we are surrounded by objects and products made from substances and materials obtained at chemical plants and factories. Besides, in Everyday life, without suspecting it, each person carries out chemical reactions. For example, washing with soap, washing with detergents, etc. Lighting a match, mixing sand and cement with water, burning bricks, we carry out real, and sometimes quite complex chemical reactions. Cooking is also a chemical process. It should only be noted that in any living organism in huge quantities various chemical reactions take place. The processes of digestion of food, respiration of animals and humans are based on chemical reactions. Organic chemistry - chemistry of carbon compounds

The most important characteristics of organic compounds	Notes
Numerous (about 27 million)	Inorganic several hundred thousand
Must include H and C atoms	All organic compounds are combustible, gas and water are formed during combustion.
Low melting point, joints are not strong	Most have a molecular crystal lattice
Mostly non-electrolytes (in solution as molecules)	Reactions proceed slowly and more often with the participation of a catalyst
Most participants or products of the processes occurring in living organisms	Proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

Home first aid kit

• Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an excellent antiseptic.
• Ammonia (an aqueous solution of ammonia NH3) excites the respiratory center.
• Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid, is one of the drugs that is widely used as an antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antirheumatic agent.
• Medicines for the treatment of the cardiovascular system are validol, corvalol, nitro glycerin.
• Means for the treatment of the digestive system.
• Antibiotics.
• Vitamins - a means of strengthening
body, increase the general tone, resistance to diseases
• Medications-
potent agents.

Matches and lighters In a lighter, the fuel is ignited by the action of a spark resulting from the combustion of the smallest particle of “flint” cut off by a gear wheel. There are several varieties modern matches. By purpose, matches are distinguished that are ignited under normal conditions, moisture-resistant (designed for ignition after storage in humid conditions, for example, in the tropics), wind (lighted in the wind), etc. The pencils To make the working part of a graphite pencil, a mixture of graphite and clay is prepared with the addition of a small amount of hydrogenated sunflower oil. Depending on the ratio of graphite and clay, a stylus of different softness is obtained - the more graphite, the softer the stylus. Colored pencil leads contain kaolin, talc, stearin and calcium stearate (calcium soap). Glass In glassmaking, only the purest varieties of quartz sand are used, in which the total amount of contamination does not exceed 2-3%. The composition of the glass includes oxides of SiO2, Na2O and CaO, and also contains some alumina Al2O3. Boric acid oxide B2O3 makes glass more resistant to sudden temperature changes. The coloring of glass is carried out by introducing into it oxides of certain metals or by the formation of colloidal particles of certain elements. Crystal It is a silicate glass containing varying amounts of lead oxide. Lead content is often indicated on product labels. The greater its quantity, the higher the quality of the crystal. Crystal is characterized by high transparency, good brilliance and high density. Foam glass Foam glass is a porous material, which is a glass mass penetrated by numerous voids. It has heat and sound insulation properties, low density and high strength, comparable to concrete. Foam glass is an exceptionally effective material for filling the interior and exterior walls of buildings. Soap The French chemist Chevrel discovered stearic, palmitic and oleic acids as products of the decomposition of fats during their saponification with water and alkalis. The sweet substance was named glycerin by Chevrel. Rosin has long been used in the manufacture of soap. The introduction of rosin in large quantities makes the soap soft and sticky. In addition to using soap as a detergent, it is widely used in the finishing of fabrics, in the production of cosmetics, for the manufacture of polishing compounds and water-based paints. Cleaning products When exposed to cleaning agents on the surface layer of the material, a complex complex occurs physical and chemical processes, including wetting, dispersion and sorption of particles of contaminants, preventing their re-deposition on the treated surface. Cleaning agents are used in the form of powders, liquids, pastes, suspensions, emulsions. The composition of powder preparations may include surfactants, metasilicate and sodium tripolyphosphate, Na2CO3, fragrances, glycerin and ethylene glycol, sodium tripolyphosphate, Na2CO3, surfactant disinfectants, urea, organic solvents, etc. Chemical means of hygiene and cosmetics Cosmetics and hygiene are in close contact, as there are cosmetic products (lotion, creams, shampoos, gels) that perform a hygienic function. Important hygiene products include, above all, soaps and detergents. Dental care products Toothpastes are the most important means of caring for your teeth. The main components of toothpaste are abrasives, binders, foaming agents and thickeners. The first of them provide mechanical cleaning of teeth from plaque and polishing. Most often, chemically precipitated calcium carbonate, as well as calcium phosphates and polymeric sodium metaphosphate, are used as an abrasive. Deodorants Deodorants are available in solid form, roll-on and aerosol. Aerosol cans use liquefied gases, the boiling point of which is very low. They easily pass into the gas phase and not only push the base out of the cylinder, but, expanding, spray it into small droplets. For a long time this role was performed only by fluorochlorocarbohydrates. Cosmetics

• The pearlescent effect in cosmetics is created by bismuthyl salts BiOCl and BiO(NO3) or titanized mica - pearlescent powder containing about 40% TiO2. Zinc oxide ZnO is used to create special cosmetics (make-ups). In medicine, it is used in powders and for the manufacture of ointments.
• Diluted dyes are used as hair dye. aqueous solutions highly soluble salts of lead, silver, copper, bismuth.
• Hair lightening is done with a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution.
• Coloring shampoos contain P- phenylenediamine, resorcinol and other similar compounds.

Candle and light bulb Candles consist of a mixture of paraffin and ceresin. The light bulb consists of a glass container into which the holders of the spiral are inserted, and of the spiral itself. The spiral is made of tungsten - one of the most refractory metals. The holder is made of molybdenum. When heated, it, like glass, changes dimensions synchronously, the latter does not crack and therefore the sealing is not broken. Chemistry and food Man- the only being on Earth, which undergoes chemical or thermal processing of almost all its food. Let's try to figure out what happens to the main components of our food during the cooking process. Squirrels Proteins are natural high-molecular compounds, the structural basis of which is polypeptide chains built from alpha-amino acid residues. Proteins are the basis of all life on Earth and perform various functions in organisms. Proteins that enter the body with animal and plant foods are ultimately hydrolyzed to alpha amino acids. Protein hydrolysis and the synthesis of new ones from hydrolysis products can reduce the risk of protein deficiency; The body itself creates what it needs. Fats

• Fats make up an essential part of our food. They are found in meat, fish, dairy products, grains. Components of natural fat, important of which are phosphatides, sterols, vitamins, pigments and odor carriers.
• Phosphatides are, in fact, also esters, but they contain residues of phosphoric acid and amino alcohol.
• Sterols are natural polycyclic compounds of a very complex configuration. The representative is cholesterol.
• Vitamins. They are rich in the liver of fish and sea animals, vegetable fats, and butter.
• Pigments are substances that give color to fats.
• The odor carriers are very diverse and complex in structure, there are more than 20 of them in the composition of butter.

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are the main sources of energy for the human body. We get carbohydrates from grains, legumes, potatoes, fruits and vegetables.

• Glucose is a monosaccharide (C6H12O6). Glucose is easily absorbed by the body. Glucose is found in fruits and berries.
• Fructose (C6H12O6) is also a monosaccharide, an isomer of glucose.
• Sucrose is a disaccharide (C12H22O11). In real life, it's just sugar.
• Lactose is a disaccharide (C12H22O11) Mainly found in animal milk.
• Starch-polysaccharide ((C6H10O5) n) is the main carbohydrate in food. Found in potatoes and grains.
• Glycogen ("animal starch")
• Cellulose ((C6H10O5)n) is a plant polysaccharide. Enters the body with plant foods.

salt Except table salt, in cooking and the food industry, sodium bicarbonate (drinking soda is used in flour products), sodium nitrite and nitrate are used. Development of the food industry Doctors recommend for rational and dietary nutrition to include in the menu bread from flour containing finely ground bran. There is a lot of talk these days about "artificial food". Although this term does not mean obtaining food by chemical reactions. It is about giving natural protein products the taste and look of traditional products, including delicacies. Food additives contribute to the preservation of the product, give it a flavor, the desired color, etc. Nutritional supplements

• E100-E182- dyes
• E200- E299 - preservatives
• E300-E399 - substances that slow down the processes of fermentation and oxidation in food
• E400-E409 - stabilizers (provide long-term preservation of consistency)
• E500- E599 - emulsifiers
• E600-E699 - flavorings (enhance or add flavor to food products)
• E900-E999 - antiflaming agents that prevent flour, granulated sugar, salt, soda, citric acid, dough baking powder from caking, as well as substances that prevent the formation of foam in drinks.

Conclusion

• Chemistry, possessing enormous possibilities, creates unprecedented materials, multiplies the fertility of the soil, facilitates the work of a person, saves his time, clothes, preserves his health, creates coziness and comfort for him, changes the appearance of people. But the same chemistry can become dangerous to human health, even deadly.
• Any chemical contamination is the appearance chemical in a place not meant for him. Pollution arising from human activity is the main factor in its harmful effects to the natural environment.
• Chemical pollutants can cause acute poisoning, chronic diseases, and also have carcinogenic and mutagenic effects.

Look around you and you will see that life modern man impossible without chemistry. Even in ancient times, long before the birth of Christ, man observed chemical phenomena in nature and tried to use them to improve the conditions of his existence. Souring of milk, fermentation of the sweet juice of fruits, the action of poisonous plants attracted the attention of a person. We use chemicals in food production. We move in cars, their metal, rubber and plastic are made using chemical processes. We use perfumes, eau de toilette, soaps and deodorants, the production of which is unthinkable without chemicals. There is even an opinion that the most exalted feeling of a person, love, is a set of certain chemical reactions in the body.

• Take a look around and you will see that the life of a modern person is impossible without chemistry. Even in ancient times, long before the birth of Christ, man observed chemical phenomena in nature and tried to use them to improve the conditions of his existence. Souring of milk, fermentation of the sweet juice of fruits, the action of poisonous plants attracted the attention of a person. We use chemicals in food production. We move in cars, their metal, rubber and plastic are made using chemical processes. We use perfumes, eau de toilette, soaps and deodorants, the production of which is unthinkable without chemicals. There is even an opinion that the most exalted feeling of a person, love, is a set of certain chemical reactions in the body.

Bibliography

• http://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/nauka_i_tehnika/himiya/HIMIYA_ORGANICHESKAYA.html
• http://www.chemistry2011.ru/chemistry_-_our_life/
• Lit .: Chalmers L., Chemicals in everyday life and industry, trans. from English, L., 1969;
• Zhdanov Yu. A. Carbon and life. - Rostov-on-Don, 1968, p. eighteen.

slide 1

slide 2

Organic Substances Some organic substances have been known to man for many decades, others are under study, and still others are just waiting in the wings. But one thing is certain: organic chemistry can never exhaust itself. Its diversity is hidden in its nature.

slide 3

I consider it important to convey the understanding that food products, clothing, footwear, medicines, dyes, building parts, electrical, radio and television equipment, synthetic fibers, plastics and rubber, means of increasing productivity, explosives - this is an incomplete list of what gives organic chemistry to man.

slide 4

The chemical and petrochemical industries are the most important industries, without which the functioning of the economy is impossible. Among the most important products of chemistry are acids, alkalis, salts, mineral fertilizers, solvents, oils, plastics, rubbers and rubbers, synthetic fibers and much more. Currently, the chemical industry produces several tens of thousands of products.

slide 5

Competing with nature, organic chemists have created a large number of compounds that have properties that are necessary and useful for humans. These are organic dyes, in diversity and beauty far superior to natural ones; a huge arsenal of medicines that help a person overcome various diseases; synthetic detergents that ordinary soap cannot compete with, and much more. All these substances have penetrated into our lives so much that a person can no longer imagine his existence without them.

slide 6

Medicine and Chemistry Chemistry plays an important role in the development of the pharmaceutical industry: the bulk of all drugs are obtained synthetically. Thanks to chemistry, many revolutions in medicine have been made. Without chemistry, we would not have painkillers, sleeping pills, antibiotics and vitamins. This certainly does chemistry credit. Chemistry also helped to cope with unsanitary conditions, because back in the 18th century. doctor I. Zimmelweis ordered the medical staff of the hospital to wash their hands in bleach solution. Mortality of patients has sharply decreased.

Slide 7

Industry and chemistry The development of many industries is associated with chemistry: metallurgy, mechanical engineering, transport, building materials industry, electronics, light industry, food industry - this is an incomplete list of economic sectors that widely use chemical products and processes. Many industries use chemical methods, for example, catalysis (acceleration of processes), chemical processing of metals, protection of metals from corrosion, water purification.

Slide 8

Organic chemistry allows man to conquer long distances, providing its means of transportation (cars, ships and aircraft) with fuel and lubricants

Slide 9

Chemistry and plastics In the automotive industry, the use of plastics for the manufacture of cabins, bodies and their large-sized parts is especially promising, because the bodywork accounts for about half of the car's mass and ~40% of its cost. Plastic bodies are more reliable and durable than metal ones, and their repair is cheaper and easier. However, plastic masses have not yet received wide distribution in the production of large-sized car parts, mainly due to insufficient rigidity and relatively low weather resistance. The most widely used plastic masses for interior trim of the car.

slide 10

Plastics are also used to make engine, transmission, and chassis parts. Great value, which Plastics play in electrical engineering, is determined by the fact that they are the basis or indispensable component of all insulation elements electrical machines, devices and cable products. Plastic masses are also often used to protect insulation from mechanical stress and aggressive environments, and for the manufacture of structural materials.

slide 11

The trend towards more and more widespread use plastics (especially film materials) is typical for all countries with developed agriculture. They are used in the construction of cultivation facilities, for soil mulching, seed coating, packaging and storage of agricultural products. products, etc. In melioration and page - x. water supply, polymer films serve as screens that prevent water loss for filtration from irrigation canals and reservoirs; pipes for various purposes are made from plastics, they are used in the construction of water facilities Drugs, carcinogens, chemical warfare agents, the filling of mines, grenades, bombs and shells are also organic substances. Therefore, we must not allow organic chemistry to work against us.

Sections: Chemistry

Chemistry, as a subject, is designed to give students an idea of ​​the scientifically based rules and norms for the use of substances and materials, as well as to form the foundations of a healthy lifestyle and competent behavior of people in everyday life, in nature.

The study of chemistry should not only provide knowledge of the surrounding reality, but also equip students with the knowledge necessary for practical activities and a successful, healthy life in our world.

As a teacher, I see my main task as helping the student to develop as a person who is able to adapt in modern conditions, who can independently pose and solve problems, apply their knowledge, skills, and abilities in practical activities. The values ​​of the child's socialization, preparing him for practical activities, are revealed in practice-oriented education technologies.

The use of practical lessons turns the studied material from a complex boring into one of the most interesting and practically significant components of education. At the same time, the main goal is to teach students to independently study the world of substances and reactions among which they live and act. If a student understands the substances that he encounters in everyday life, then he can build his relationship with nature on a completely different, civilized level, expanding his worldview positions.

Today, the role of chemistry as an academic subject is increasing in expanding students' ideas about scientifically based rules and norms for the use of substances used in everyday life, the formation of the foundations of a healthy lifestyle and competent behavior in various life situations.

Lesson Objectives:

Checkers:

To summarize students' knowledge of the main classes of organic compounds. Check students' ability to determine organic substances by qualitative reactions and write reaction equations that characterize their chemical properties. To improve the practical skills of students, compliance with safety regulations when working with reagents and chemical equipment.

Educational:

Improve the ability to analyze, determine, compare the properties of chemicals, establish cause-and-effect relationships, the ability to determine the composition of the product and apply theoretical knowledge to explain and predict the properties of organic substances based on the knowledge gained in the lessons. Organize independent work students with chemicals and equipment on the topic.

Educational:

Expand and deepen the worldview knowledge of students. Bring them to the conclusions of the general natural science level regarding chemicals and the relationship between them. Introduce students to qualitative analysis. Bring knowledge of the subject closer to real life and the ability to use this knowledge.

Lesson type- a practical lesson with the help of which you can summarize and consolidate practical and theoretical knowledge on the topic:
"Organic Matter in Daily Life, Food Research"

Equipment:

1. Reagents
copper (II) sulfate solution, spirit lamp with alcohol, matches, universal indicator, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide solution, iodine solution, phenol solution, iron (III) chloride solution, hydrogen peroxide.
2. Chemical glassware, bathrobes, gloves.
3. Cards with tasks for each group.
4. Final table.

Lesson methodology

For the lesson, the class is divided into five groups. Each group receives an individual card with research tasks and a week before this lesson receives a task to prepare and bring to the lesson freshly squeezed juices and raw foods of a certain amount (juice - 30 ml, solid foods - 30 g), each group has its own set of products, in total up to forty different products are involved in the study.

In the lesson, each team of 4-5 students conducts their research and shares their results with other groups at the end of the lesson. All work is drawn up in a specially prepared table, in which the reactions and conclusions are recorded. You can evaluate each student by the quality of the experiment and for correctly drawn and drawn conclusions, so you can put two grades per lesson. The design of the work can be done in a notebook, or in specially prepared tables. For example: each student receives a ready-made table to fill out and a methodological development on the progress of the work.

Date: _________ 201__

Practical work on the topic: "Determination of organic substances in food products."

No. p / p	starting materials.	reaction conditions.	Signs of a reaction.	Conclusions and chemical equations.

Safety precautions_________________________________________________________________

Food Research

Products
Tomato	Record the reaction. 2. Definition of the environment. 3. Determination of vitamin C.
Honey	2. Test for carbonates.
Wheat
Black bread	1. Qualitative reaction on starch. (see above) 2. Test for restoring carbohydrate. (see above)
Dill	1. Test for restoring carbohydrate. (see above) 3. Test for vegetable dye.
Pear	1. Test for restoring carbohydrate. (see above) 2. Definition of the environment. (see above) 3. Ester test. Pear juice has a characteristic smell.
Cottage cheese	2-3 drops of phenol and a drop of iron (III) chloride solution are poured into a test tube. The product filtrate is added to the resulting solution of iron (III) phenolate until the color of the solution changes.
Pork
vegetable marrow	1. Test for restoring carbohydrate. A precipitate of copper(II) hydroxide is obtained in a test tube by pouring solutions of sodium hydroxide and copper(II) sulfate. 5 drops of the juice product and a drop of conc. sodium hydroxide solution are added to the resulting precipitate. The mixture is heated until a brick-red precipitate forms. Record the reaction. 2. Definition of the environment. Dip a universal indicator strip into the juice. 3. Determination of vitamin C. Pour the juice solution into two test tubes. A piece of cloth or paper moistened with iodine solution is lowered into the 1st. Observe the disappearance of the color of iodine. The 2nd is boiled, then cooled and a cloth with an iodine stain is added, the color does not disappear. Conclusion on the instability of vitamin C.
Honey	1. Test for restoring carbohydrate. (see above) 2. Test for carbonates. Pour 5 drops of honey solution into a test tube and add 2-3 drops of solution of hydrochloric acid. Ascertain the presence of carbonates. 3. Qualitative reaction to starch. Pour a solution of honey into a test tube and add 1-2 drops of iodine solution. Determine the presence of starch in the solution.
Millet	1. Qualitative reaction to starch. (see above) 2. Test for restoring carbohydrate. (see above)
Pasta	1. Qualitative reaction to starch. (See above) 2. Test for restoring carbohydrate. (see above)
red cabbage	1. Test for restoring carbohydrate. (see above) 2. Definition of the environment. (See above) 3. Determination of vitamin C. (see above) 4. Test for vegetable dye. Pour 5 drops of juice into two test tubes. In the 1st add 5 drops of hydrochloric acid solution, in the 2nd 5 drops of sodium hydroxide solution. Note the change in color of the solutions.
Plum	1. Test for restoring carbohydrate. (see above) 2. Definition of the environment. (see above)
Yogurt	1. Definition of the environment. (see above) 2. Detection of lactic acid. 2-3 drops of phenol and a drop of iron (III) chloride solution are poured into a test tube. The product filtrate is added to the resulting solution of iron(III) phenolate until the color of the solution changes.
Fish	1. Detection of catalase (enzyme). Pour 5 drops of hydrogen peroxide into two test tubes. In the 1st add a piece of raw meat, in the 2nd piece of boiled. It is noted in which test tube the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide takes place.

More than five such tables can be compiled, i.e. for each group of students.

After completing the work, the students talk about their observations to the whole class, and then draw a general conclusion about the experiments done and fill out the table.

Grades are given at the end of the lesson, it is possible to receive an additional grade for independent and competent conclusions.

This work can be carried out on separate topics for grade 10, these are the topics: "Carbohydrates", "Fats" and generalization, for grade 11 these are "Proteins", "Dyes", "Vitamins", "Mineral food complex" and generalization. Such tables can be reduced in composition, or can be increased, it all depends on what needs to be investigated and what conclusions to draw.

Such a practice is more useful in the study of organic chemistry than ordinary experiments with pure substances. this work helps bring chemistry closer to real life, the guys more fully perceive the material, understanding why it is being studied.

After the practical work, each group shares their results with the class and writes down a general conclusion based on the results of the research done.

Bibliography:

1. Aganin V.P. Honey and its research. - Saratov University, 1985.
2. Method of biochemical research of plants.– L.: Agropromizdat, 1987.
3. Agronomov A.E., Shabarov Yu.S. Laboratory work in an organic workshop. - M., Chemistry, 1974.
4. Vasilyeva N.V., Kupletskaya N.B., Smolina T.A. Practical work in organic chemistry. - M., Education, 1978.
5. Zonis S.A., Mazurov S.M. Laboratory-sectional experiments in organic chemistry. – M.; graduate School, 1961.
6. Nekrasov V.V. Guide to a small workshop on organic chemistry. – M.; Chemistry, 1975.
7. Andreeva M.P. Project lessons as a form of knowledge integration. - Chemistry at school. - 2002. - No. 7 - S. 51-56.
8. Khutorskoy A.V. Modern didactics: Textbook for universities. - St. Petersburg; Peter, 2001.
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10. Radetsky A.M. Practical work at extracurricular activities. Secondary school No. 23, Simferopol, Chemistry at school, No. 10, 2005, S. - 54-59.

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