help I didn't understand the topic non-derivative and derived verbs please explain and got a better answer
Answer from Leysan Zainullina[active]
verbs cannot be non-derivative and derivative, this applies to prepositions. Did you mean transitive and intransitive verbs?
Verbs that combine or can combine with nouns, numerals or a pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition are called transitive. The rest of the verbs are intransitive. Instead of the accusative case, the addition with the transitive verb can also be in the genitive case without a preposition: 1) if there is a negative particle "not" before the transitive verb: understood the task - did not understand the task; read a novel - did not read a novel; to lose time - not to waste time;
2) if the action does not transfer to the whole object, but only to its part: drank water (all the water in question) - drank water (part), bring firewood - bring firewood.
When determining the transitivity / intransitivity of verbs, it is necessary to take into account the meaning of the noun in the form of the accusative case - it must name the object of the action. Wed : stand for an hour (in line) or live for a week (at sea), where verbs are not transitive, although after them there are nouns in the accusative case without a preposition: All night (V. p. with the meaning of time, not an object) thundered ( intransitive verb) a neighboring ravine, a stream, a bubbling, ran to a stream.
Verbs that cannot have a direct object with them are intransitive: do (what?) Sports, understand (what?) Music, refuse (what?) Help.
Source: wikipedia
Answer from Daria D[active]
non-derivative verbs express an absolute action, i.e. they do not express, for example, the acquisition of a feature, a change in property, they also did not originate from any adjective or noun, but derivatives, on the contrary, originated from them, for example, the verb to turn blue came from the word blue, i.e. primary the sign in it is the color, not the action itself
Answer from 3 answers[guru]
Hey! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: help, I did not understand the topic non-derivative and derived verbs, please explain
Verb stem
Verbs basics according to their morphological structure are divided into proper verbal And denominative. The bases of proper and denominative verbs in their structure can be monosyllabic(yә “eat”, bar “give”), disyllabic(ishlә “work”) and polysyllabic(midirla "move", aldira "hurry up").
Word formation of verbs
Verbs in their structure can be simple, consisting of only one root (for example: ur “beat”, “hit”, kәl “come”), derivatives, formed by adding word-formation affixes to the root of the verb or name (for example: chik “come out” - chik-ar “exclude”, oh “thought” - oh-la “think”) and complex, formed by a syntactic combination of several bases (for example: setivalmak “buy”, zhitivätmäk “break”).
Formation of derived verbs
Derived verbs, depending on the belonging of their stems to a particular part of speech, are divided into verbal And denominative.
1. Verbal derivatives verb forms are formed by adding the following affixes to the verb stem:
-dur(-dүr, -tour, -tүr): kutul “save yourself” - kutul-dur “rescue”, “save”, қ “understand” - uқ-tur “explain”, kul “laugh” - kul-dүr “make laugh” ;
-kuz(-kuz -guz, -guz): yat “lie down” - yat-kuz “lay down”, ich “drink” - ich-kuz “drink”, kir “come in” - kir-guz “let in”, man “go” - man-guz “start”, “set in motion”;
-ar(-әr, -ur, -үr): chik “come out” - chik-ar “take out”, “exclude”, koch “move over” - koch-är “relocate”, “rewrite”, kach “run away” - kach- ur "put to flight";
-ush(-үsh, -ish, -sh): ur "bey" - ur-ush "quarrel", kor "look", - korush "hello";
-st(-үl, -il, -l): ut “win” - ut-ul “lose”, ach “open” - ech-il “open”, kara “look”, - kara-l “consider”;
-un(un, -in, -n): chew “my” - zhui-un “wash”, bөl “deli” - bөl-үn “share”, cue “put on” - cue-in “dress”, fight “paint” - fight-n "paint".
2. denominative derivatives verbs are formed by adding the following affixes to nominal stems:
-la(-la): mai "oil", "ointment" - mai-la "smear", "lubricate", bash "head" - bash-la "start", soz "word" - soz-la "speak", ish “work” – ish-la “work”;
-but(-ә): san “number” - san-a “count”, from “grass” - ot-a “weed”, oyun “game” - oyna “play”, tun “night” - tun-ә “overnight” ;
-ay(-әy): az “little” - az-ay “reduce”, “reduce”, kүch “strength” - kүch-әy “strengthen”;
-ar(-әr, -r): ақ "white" - ақ-ar "whiter", yash "young" - yash-ar "young", kok "blue" - kok-әr "blue", әski "old" - әski -p "older";
-u(-ik, uқ, -үk): bir “one” - bir-ik “to unite”, koch “late” - kech-ik “be late”, yol “road” - yol-uқ “look”, өch “malice” - өch-үk "feel malice";
-sira(-sirә): su “water” - su-sira “to thirst”, yalguz “lonely” - yalguz-sira “be bored alone”, zhitim “orphan” - zhitim-sira “orphan”;
-ika(-ikә, -қа): yat “alien” - yet-iқа “shun”, tan “surprise” - ten-iқа “surprise”, ach “hungry” - ech-iқа “hungry”, tumo “runny nose” - tumo -ka "sick with the flu";
-gar(-gәr, -kar, -kar): su "water" - su-ғar "drink", bash "head" - bash-kar "lead";
-al(-al, -l): yok "no" - yok-al "disappear", tirik "alive" - tiri-l "come to life";
-sieve: tәң "equal" - tҙң-sit: u me tәsitmәdu - "he considers me worse than himself", kam "lack" - kam-sitma "do not be dismissive";
-syn: az “little” - az-sinma “do not consider it too small”, köp “a lot” - köp-sin “consider it a lot”, yat “alien” - yat-sinma “do not shy away”.
There is also a fairly large group of verbs whose roots in the modern Uighur language do not have an independent meaning and use, for example: komur - “writhing”, tukur - “spit”, morla - “scratch”, chapla - “stick”, “glue” , kogla - “catch up”, omulә - “crawl”, titira - “shake”, “tremble”, aldira - “hurry up”, “hurry up”, pekira - “circle”, vaқira - “shout”, yötkә - “rearrange” , tila - “ask”, chana - “dig”, yara - “be fit”, kakal - “choke”, yaral - “be born”, yötäl - “cough”, chiry - “rot”, қeriy - “grow old ”, җөli - “to rave”, silҗi - “move”, alҗi - “to get out of your mind”, okhsha - “be like”, tңsha - “listen”, olchә - “measure”.
Verbs are also formed by attaching two or more affixes to verbs or names, for example:
-lan-dur(-lәn-dүr): havupsiz “safe” - havupsiz-landur “secure”, electr “electricity” - electr-lәndүr “electrify”, өy “house” - өylan-dүr “marry”.
-lash tour(-lәsh-tүr): iplas “dirty”, “extinguished” - iplas-lashturma “do not pollute”, җүp “couple” - җүp-lәshtүr “pair”, ayaқ “end” - ayaқ-lashtur “complete”;
-la-n(-lә-n): yakhshi "good" - yakhshi-lan "good", oy "thought" - oy-lan "think", өy "house" - өy-lәn "get married";
-iқ-tour(-ik-tur, -uq-tur, -үk-tur): bir "one" - bir-iktur "unite", өch "malice", "hatred" - өch-uktur "cause hatred".
Compound verbs
Compound verbs of the Uighur language can be differentiated depending on a) belonging of their components to one or another part of speech, b) the number of words included in the combination, and c) the form of auxiliary verbs.
1. Compound verbs are formed by combining a verb with a verb, which in turn are divided into a combination proper verbs(chelip bar “play”, turup tur “wait”, “wait”, өtүp kat “pass”) and a combination denominative verb with verb(ishlәp chikarmaқ “to produce”, bashlap barmak “to start”). One of the methods for the formation of complex verbs is the combination of nominal stems with various forms of the verb (ravan bolmak “to set off”, arzu kilmak “to dream”, “to wish”, yad ailimak “to remember”).
2. Structurally, compound verbs are mostly two-part. But depending on the complexity of the transmitted semantics, the composition of a complex verb sometimes reaches three, four or more components. For example: chika almai yatidu - can't get out, eitip berә almai kaldi - couldn't tell.
3. The components of complex verbs are combined with each other in the main forms of the gerund ( -but, -ә , -P, -ip, -up, -up, -gash, -gesh, -қash, -cash, th) and participles ( -gan, -gan, -kan, -kan, -R, -ar, -әr). Moreover, at the junction of the main and auxiliary verb, in the presence of known phonetic conditions, a kind of phonetic deformation and merging of sounds occurs. For example, ketalmidim (ketalmidim), kelivatidu (kelip yatidu).
The carrier of the main meaning of complex verbs is the first component. The auxiliary part is designed (when the main verb is the verb itself) to express all sorts of additional shades necessary to fully convey the meaning of certain actions, and in combinations where the main verb is the denominative form of the verb, the auxiliary verb serves to turn the name into action.
Auxiliary verbs
By their semantic and morphological features, auxiliary verbs can be differentiated as proper auxiliary and functionally auxiliary.
1. To proper auxiliary verbs include derivative forms of an insufficient verb e: eat, ekәn, emish and verbs атмэк, aylimak, which basically perform the function of auxiliary verbs and are characterized by maximum idiomaticity, i.e., complete semantic isolation, for example: berivәt (from berip әt) “give back”, zar әylimәk “to sob”, “cry bitterly”; eitattim (we eat from eitar) “I would say”, etc.
2. To functional auxiliary verbs includes a significant number of verbs that also function as an auxiliary part of compound verbs.
Functionally auxiliary verbs, in turn, can be differentiated by the degree of deviation from the main nominative meaning. For example, some auxiliary verbs almost retain their lexical meaning (setivalmak “buy”, chiқip kәtmәk “get out”), while others have a very distant connection with it (from almak “start up”, koydurүvatmәk “burn”, tayaқ yemәk “be beaten”) .
Auxiliary verbs have a variety of semantics, many transitional semantic nuances that are difficult to perceive outside a certain context, which complicates the possibility of semantic classification. Despite this, they can be grouped according to some general values. Yes, auxiliary verbs oltarmaq, Thurman, yatmak, zhurmak express the state, position of the action of the main verb: saat menivatidu “the clock is running”, okup zhurudu “he is studying”, yezip oltardim “I wrote down”.
Auxiliary verbs bakmaq, karimak, kormak express a desire, an attempt to perform an action expressed by the main verb: bayқap bak, kөrүp bak “look”, kirip bak “try to come in”, kiyip kara “try to put it on”.
Change of verbs
The positive meaning of the verb in the Uighur language is expressed by its very form. For example: al “take”, ishlә “work”, bar “go”.
Negative form of the verb is formed in two ways: by directly attaching a negation particle to the verb -ma, -mә, which is usually followed by predicate affixes, gerunds, participles (mәn kat-mi-dim “I didn’t leave”, sәn kat-mәp-sәn “it turns out you didn’t leave”) and by combining the participial form of the verb into -gan, -gan with the words “yoқ”, “әmәs” (man u yәrә bargan әmәs “I never went there”, uni kөrginim yok “I did not see him”). The latter should include the combination of a verb with an affix -wt, -mas(consisting of a negative particle -ma, -mә and participle form -from) with verbs bolmak, kerak, eat and others. For example: in biznikigә kәlmәs boldi “he did not come to us”; andaq bolmas kerak edi "it shouldn't have been like that."
Transitive and intransitive verbs
To the category transitive verbs in the Uighur language, there are such verbs, the meaning of which is associated with a specific object of action, answering the question “nemini?” "Kimni?". The transitive verb without fail requires the statement of the "object" in the formalized and unformed accusative case:
tazilimak "to clean" - өtuk tazilimak "to clean boots";
sugarmaq “to give a drink” - atni sugarmaq “to drink a horse”;
yazmak "to write" - khat yazmak "to write a letter";
yapmak "to close" - ishikni yapmak "to close the door".
Intransitive verbs are characterized by the fact that their meaning is not associated with a specific object of action and do not require a direct object, issued in the accusative case. For example: bol "be", kayna "kipi", өt "pass", қal "stay"; yәt “reach”, oltar “sit down”, sәkrә “jump”.
With voice affixes, there is a transition between transitive and intransitive verbs. For example: oқy “read”, oқut “learn”, or: tazila “clean”, tazilan “cleanse yourself”.
Active voice. IN active pledge all non-derivative and derivative verbs can act, which, in turn, are transitive and intransitive verbs. For example: chik “come out”, kat “leave”, kor “look”, sayla “choose”.
Refundable deposit. The reflexive voice is formed by adding affixes to verbs -n, -in, -un, -үн. For example: tara-n “comb your hair”, ora-n “wrap up”, ki-ni “get dressed”, rui-un “wash your face”, kor-un “show yourself”.
Passive voice. The passive voice is formed by adding affixes to verbs -l, -silt, -st, -ul. For example: chaiqa-l “splash”, ech-il “open”, tok-ulmak “poured out”. With some verbs, the reflexive affix -n, -in, -un, -үн simultaneously expresses the passive voice (zhigin bashla-ndi - the meeting has begun, tavuz til-indi - the watermelon was cut into pieces, өy sel-inivatida - the house is being built) and thus acts as a common undifferentiated form of the reflexively passive voice.
Mutual-joint pledge. The reciprocal voice is formed by adding affixes to verbs -sh, -ish, -ush, -ush. For example: sөzlә-shmәk “talk”, oila-shmak “think together”, tala-shmak “argue”, sөһbәtlә-shmәk “talk”.
Causative. The imperative voice is formed by adding affixes to verbs -dur, -dur, -tour, -tur; -guz, -guz, -kuz, -body, -T. The simultaneous use of two or three compulsory voice affixes with some verbs forms the so-called doubly compulsory voice, indicating that the action is performed through a third person. For example: aldur-guz - forced. from al "take", "take", tuple-t-tүr-guz - forced. from tүplә “to bind”, yaz-dur-guz - forced. from yaz - "write".
Moods and tenses of verbs
In the general system of conjugation of the verb of the Uighur language, the personal forms of the indicative, imperative, conditional and desirable moods are grammatically differentiated.
Indicative
The indicative mood denotes an action perceived by the speaker as real, and this action is expressed in the forms of three basic tenses.
Past tense
The past tense of the indicative mood has several semantic-morphological categories:
1. Past specific time formed by adding affixes to the stem of the verb -di, -ti, -du, -that, which in the conjugation system are combined with short personal endings ( -m, -ң , -ңiz, -қ , -ңlar). For example: kәldi-m “I came”, kәldi-ң “you came”, kәldu-қ “we came”, etc.
2. Past participle tense in its meaning it is close to the past definite tense, but it is used when we are talking about events from the moment of which a significant period of time has passed. For example: mәn kөrgәn “I saw”, u eytқan “he spoke”.
3. Elapsed Estimated Time formed by joining participle form verb in -gan, -gan, -kan, -kan affix -du(p). For example: kәlgandu “probably came”, anligandu “probably heard”.
4. past narrative tense formed by adding to the participle form of the verb ( -P, -ip, -up, -up) guess affix -that, which is omitted in the 2nd person. For example: okuptumәn, koruptүman, beriptu, zhүruptu.
The past narrative tense is also formed by combining the verb in the participle form ( -ip) or the verb of the participle form -that with auxiliary verb e-(go, ekәn). For example: mәn kelivedim, sәn kelivedin, biz keliveduқ, sәn kәptikәnsәn, u kәptikәn, silәr kәptikәnsilәr, ular kәptikәn.
The past narrative tense with a hint of conjecture can be expressed by combining the participle form of the verb in -ip, -up, -up, -P + that with comparison affix -dәk. For example: mәn berip-tәkmәn (berip-tu-dәk-man), u beriptәк (berip-tu-dәk).
5. Repeated-long past tense used to refer to actions that were ordinary, regular in the past. Formed by combining the future participle with an auxiliary verb eat. A verb in the form of the repeatedly-long past tense is pronounced and written as one word, for example: yazatti (yazar edi), kelätti (kelär edi), eytatti (eytar edi).
present tense
In the Uighur language, two types of the present tense of the indicative mood are distinguished: the present tense of the present moment, the present-future.
1. Present time of this moment -P, -ip, -up, -up, four auxiliary verbs of the state: zhүr, tour, oltur, yat. For example: yezivatimәn (from yaz-ip-yat-a-man), korup turusәn, oynap zhүrudu, karap olturudu, etc.
The present tense of the moment is also formed by adding the affix to the infinitive form of the verb -ta(-tә), for example: shәһәrdә nurғunligan yeңi binalar selinmaқta – many new buildings are being built in the city, khalқimiznģ madәniyәt dәriҗisi өsmәktә – the cultural level of our people is rising. This form of the present tense of a given moment is used mainly in the literary language.
2. Present-future tense is formed by adding to the gerund form of the verb in -but, -ә , th predicative affixes. The specific temporal meaning of this form of the verb is determined in connected speech. For example, in the sentence mәn mәktәptә oқuymәn “I study at school”, the verb form “okuymәn” includes the meaning of both the present and the future tense, and in the sentences man barimәn, sәn barisәn, among baridu this form expresses the future tense.
Future
The future tense of the indicative mood is divided into the future indefinitely conjectural and the future definite.
1. Future indefinite-probable time is formed: a) by adding future participle affixes to the stem of the verb -ar, -әr and pronominal affixes. For example: alarmәn, alarsәn, kelәrmәn, kelәrmiz, etc.; b) with the help of affixes: -di, -gan, -du joining the gerund form of the verb in -but, -ә , th, which, when conjugated, close pronominal affixes; for example: man bar-i-di-gan-di-man, u bar-i-di-gan-du, man bol-u-di-gan-di-man, etc.; c) by adding a compound affix to the stem of the verb -gidak(-gidäk), consisting of the ancient participle form -gu(-ү) and the affix of assimilation -dәk, -tәk, for example: man bargidikman, u kalgidak;
2. The future definite tense is formed: a) by adding pronominal affixes to the present participle, for example: yaz-a-mәn - yazimәn, kel-ә-mәn - kelimәn, ishlә-y-man - ishlәymәn, yaz-a-mәn - yazimiz , bar-a-du - baridu; b) by adding a compound affix to the stem of the verb -makchi(-mәkchi), for example: mәn eytmaқchimәn, sәn eytmaқchisәn, u eytmaқchi, etc.; c) combination of the main verb with a complex affix -makchi(-mәkchi) with an auxiliary verb eat also expresses the future definite tense; for example: man bar-maq-chi we eat, san bar-maq-chi one, at bar-maq-chi eat.
Imperative mood
The imperative mood of the verb in the 2nd person singular. number is expressed:
a) the basis of the verb, for example: yaz “write”, ishlә “work”, eit “say”;
b) by adding an affix to the stem of the verb -gin(-gin, -қin, -kin), for example: yazgin “write”, ishligin “work”, eytқin “tell”, katkin “leave”.
The imperative mood of the 2nd person of the polite form is formed by adding affixes to the stem of the verb -ң , -in, (уң, -үң) -strength, for example: bashlan "start", kelin "come", oltasila "sit down".
Imperative mood 2 persons pl. numbers are formed by adding affixes to the stem of the verb -ң-lar, -in-lar(un-lar, un-lar), for example: bashlanlar “start”, kelinlar “come”, oltu-runlar “sit down”.
Imperative mood 3 persons unit. and many others. numbers are formed by adding an affix to the stem of the verb -sun, for example: kәlsun “let him come”, sozlusun “let him speak”.
Conditional mood
Future conditional mood is formed from the stem of the verb by attaching affixes to it -sa(-сә) and personal endings -m(1 l unit), -ң (2 l. unit h.), -қ , -to(1 l. pl. h.), -ңiz(2 sheets of polite form); conditional mood in 3 liters. does not have personal endings, for example: barsam “if I go”, eytsak “if we say”, yazsan “if you write”, alsa “if you take it”, kәlsә “if it comes”, kutsәnlar “if you wait”, okisiniz “if you read ".
The future tense of the conditional mood is also formed by combining the participle of the Future tense ( -ar, -әr, -R) with an auxiliary verb eat. The contracted form of this combination in the modern Uighur language has established itself as the norm. literary language, for example: barattim “would go”, kelättim “would come”.
This form of the conditional mood can also have other semantic meanings, that is, it can express a request or wish, and in the presence of a particle -chu(in 1 and 2 l.) this desire takes on the shade of a convincing request. For example: man yatsam “I would lie down, (I want to lie down)”; sәn kәlsәң "come you", sәn kәlsәңchu "you come, please".
Past tense the conditional mood is formed by combining the past participle of the verb with the present-future tense of the conditional mood of the verb bolmak, for example: man anligan bolsam “if I heard”, sәn anligan bolsang “if you heard”, u anlimigan bols “if he didn’t hear”, etc.
Desired inclination
The desirable mood is formed by adding an affix to the stem of the verb -ay(-әй), th in 1 person singular, -ailly(-aili), -yli in the 1st person plural, for example: man barai "I'll go"; keni, ishlayli "let's work."
Infinitive
The infinitive in the Uighur language is formed by adding affixes to the stem of the verb -mak(-mәk). The infinitive, as one of the forms of the verb, expresses the action, the state of the subject, retains the property of transitivity and intransitivity. Infinitive form on -mak(-mәk) in an isolated form is almost never used, but various affixes can be attached to it ( -chi, -ta etc.), for example: barmakchiman “I intend to go”, biznin Yezidi club selinmaqta “a club is being built in our village”.
Action name
The name of an action is formed with an affix -sh, -ish(-ush, -үsh) and performs a dual function in the Uighur language. Combined with words kerak, uchun etc., as well as with some affixes, this form is translated into Russian as an infinitive, for example: ishlәsh kerak “you have to work”, bilish үchүn “to know”, eytishka boludu “you can speak”.
Action names in Uyghur function like verbal nouns. If the infinitive more reflects the property of the verb, then the features inherent in nouns predominate in the names of actions: they decline, control, take possessive affixes. In the process of language development, a certain number of action names finally passed into the category of nouns (okush "teaching", "study", kurulush "construction", zhurush-turush "manner", "behavior", elish-berish "interchange", chelish "struggle ”, scribble “competition”, etc.).
Haistaisitko tätä lihaa? Onko se vielä syötävaä?
- Ei se minusta haise pahalta. Kyllä sitä varmaankin voi syödä vielä.
Olen unohtanut herätyskelloni kotiin. Kuinka minä nyt herään ajoissa?
- Minä voin herättää sinut. Mihin aikaan haluat heräta?
- Herätä minut kello 8.
Miksi tuota huvilaa ei ole entistetty?
- Se on kai aika kallis hanke, mutta olen kuullut, että sitä ryhdytään entistämään pian.
- Se työllistää kaiketi melkoisen joukon korkeapalkkaisia ammattimiehiä.
- Kyllä, ja työ on hidasta ja tarkkaa.
Hei, lahdetäankö ajelemaan?
- Mihin?
- No, johonkin maaseudulle tai meren rannalle.
- Joo. Lähdetäan vain. Meren rannalla on kiva ajella.
Oletpa sinä mietteliäs.
- Muistelin tässä viime kesää.
- Mita siita?
- Matkustelin kuukauden ajan ympäri Intiaa. Se oli tosi mielenkiintoinen matka. Minulla on matkalta paljon kuviakin. Haluaisitko tulla katselemaan niitä joskus?
- Tietysti. Milloin sinulle sopisi?
- Joskus ensi viikolla. Voisimme soitella alkuviikosta ja sopia päivän.
- Kiva. Soitellaan.
- Soitellaan.
Lahdetko kanssani kahville? Olen viela puoliunessa.
- Mikä sinua nyt niin väsyttää?
- Minä olen niin aamu-uninen enkä ole vielä juonut kahvia tänään.
Sinulla on kaunis hame. Mistä olet ostanut sen?
- Minä teetin tämän ompelijalla.
- Mita? Eikos se ole callista?
- Ei se ole sen kalliimpaa kuin valmiin hameen ostaminen. Ja kun teettää vaatteensa, saa juuri sellaisia kuin haluaa.
Joko jalkasi on parantunut?
- Kyllä, leikkaus paransi sen.
Riina on kovasti muuttunut.
- Rakkaus kai on muuttanut hanet. Hänhän rakastui viime kesänä.
- Keneen?
- Erääseen unkarilaiseen. Hän oli Unkarissa stipendiaattina, tapasi siellä jonkun Istvanin, ja opintomatkasta taisi muodostua kuherruskuukausi 1 .
1. opintomatkasta taisi muodostua kuherruskuukausi.
taitaa+ the infinitive expresses the probability, presumptiveness of the action of the main verb.
Taitaa tulla sade. = Tulee ilmeisesti sade. Obviously it's going to rain.
Uusia sanoja
ajella ride, ride
haistaa to sniff
kaiketi probably, perhaps
melkoinen respectable, significant
mudostua to form, appear
puoliunessa half asleep
Unkari Hungary; puhua unkaria speak hungarian
VERBIJOHDOKSIA
Derived verbs
There are no exact rules in the formation of derivative words. Usually derivational suffixes are attached to the vowel stem of names or verbs, and more often to a weak stem than to a strong one.
A derived word is by no means always formed directly from a root word and a suffix, and in the stem of a root word, the final vowel may disappear or merge with other sounds.
It is also not always easy to determine the root word, for example, by the root word of the verb tiedottaa may be tieto or tietaa.
Several suffixes can be attached to the root word in a row, for example: totu + tta + utu + a.
The most commonly used derivative verbs are causative, imperative, frequentative, passive and reflexive.
KAUSATIIVIVERBEJÄ
Causative verbs
Päästäisitkö koiran ulos?
Could you let the dog out (outside, outside)?
Kadotin eilen lompakkoni.
I lost my wallet yesterday.
Aurinko lämmittää mukavasti.
The sun is pleasantly warm.
Voisitko yksinkertaistaa?
Could you simplify?
Causative verbs express the motivation for the action indicated by the root verb. They can be verbal and denominative.
For type 3 and 4 verbs, causative derivatives are formed from the consonant stem with the help of the suffix -ta-/-ta-.
| haista | → hais- | → hais ta a |
| pasta | → paas- | → paas taä |
| herata | →herat- | → herat taä |
| kadota | →kadot- | → kadot ta a |
| havita | → havit- | → havit taä |
| lammita | → lammit- | → lammit taä |
In type 1 verbs, causative derivatives are formed from a weak vowel stem using the suffix -tta-/-ttä-.
| hukkua | → huku- | → huku tta a |
| exya | → exy- | → eksy ttaä |
| jaatya | → jäädy- | → jäädy ttaä |
| mieltya | → mielly- | → mielli ttaä |
| vasya | → vasy- | → vasy ttaä |
| tottua | →totu- | → totu tta a |
Denominative derivatives are formed from a consonant stem and a suffix -ta-/-ta- or from a weak vowel stem and suffix -tta-/-ttä-.
| savel | → savel- | → savel taä |
| juoni | → juon- | → juon ta a |
| opas | → opas- | → opas ta a |
| suomalainen | → suomalais- | → suomalais ta a |
| tyollinen | →tyollis- | → tyollis taä |
| paikallinen | → paikallis- | → paikallis ta a |
| yhdenmukainen | → yhdenmukais- | → yhdenmukais ta a |
| yksinkertainen | → yksinkertais- | → yksinkertais ta a |
| ehto | → ehdo- | → ehdo tta a |
| jono | → jono- | → jono tta a |
| sakko | → sako- | → sako tta a |
| vero | → vero- | → vero tta a |
TEETTOVERBEJÄ
imperative verbs
Minusta on kiva pestä mattoja mattorannassa 1 kesällä, siksi en pesetä mattoja pesulassa.
I think it's good to wash carpets on the beach in the summer, so I don't wash(In terms of: don't give) carpets in the laundry.
Lapsi rokotettitin.
The child was vaccinated.
Jauhatin kahvipavut kaupassa.
I grind coffee beans in the store.
Sinebrychoff rakennutti itselleen huvilan Karhusaareen 1800-luvulla.
Sinebrychov built himself a dacha on Karhusaari in the 19th century.
Käännätä todistus käännöstoimistossa.
Translate the certificate to the translation agency.
1. mattoranta- a place (on the shore) for washing rugs.
In cities located on the banks of a large body of water, special places were built along the coast for washing rugs.
The imperative verbs are a subset of the causative verbs. They are formed from verbs. Compulsory verbs mean that the action of the root verb is performed by someone else, and not the agent himself, as if he entrusts the action to another agent.
These derivatives are formed from the weak vowel stem of the root verb with the suffix -tta-/-ttä- or -utta-/-yttä-.
| tehda | → tee- | → tee ttaä |
| pesta | → pese- | → pese ttaä |
| rokottaa | → rokota- | → rokot utta a |
| jauhaa | → jauha- | → jauha tta a |
| rakentaa | → rakenna- | → rakenn utta a |
| kaantää | → käännä- | → käännä ttaä |
| juosta | → juokse- | → juoks utta a |
| korjata | → korjaa- | → korja utta a |
FREKVENTATIIVIVERBEJÄ (KONTINUATIIVEJA)
Frequent verbs
Pienet lapset kyselevät alituisesti.
Young children ask questions all the time.
Nuori tyttö istui penkillä lauellen hiljaa itsekseen.
A young girl was sitting on a bench, humming softly to herself.
Kirjoittelemme toisillemme melko usein.
We write (pee) to each other quite often.
Availin kirjeita ajatuksissani.
I opened the letters in my mind.
Kertailimme kieliopin vaikeita kysymyksia.
We discussed the most difficult grammatical issues.
Frequentative verbs are formed mainly from verbs. They express a repeated, repeated, prolonged action.
Frequentative verbs are formed from the vowel stem of the root verb with the help of a suffix -ele-/-ile-. Suffix -ile- sometimes attached to the basis of the name.
| kysya | → kysy- | → kys ele n | kysella |
| laulaa | → laula- | → laul ele n | laulella |
| kirjoittaa | → kirjoitta- | → kirjoitt ele n | kirjoitella |
| Avata | → avaa- | → ava ile n | availla |
| kerrata | → kertaa- | → kerta ile n | kertailla |
| muistaa | → muista- | → muist ele n | muistella |
| ajaa | → aja- | → aj ele n | ajella |
| matkustaa | → matkusta- | → matkust ele n | matkustella |
| soittaa | → soitta- | → soitt ele n | soitella |
| katsoa | → katso- | → kats ele n | Katsella |
| kerata | → kerää- | → kera ile n | kerailla |
REFLEKSIIVIVERBEJÄ
Reflexive verbs
Savu näkyi kauas.
The smoke was far away.
Metsästä kuului käen kukunta.
From the forest came the call of a cuckoo.
Lapset kehittyvät nopeasti.
Children develop quickly.
Käännyimme vasemmalle.
We turned left.
Siirryin syrjaan.
I moved to the edge.
Ovi Avautui.
Door opened.
Kieltäydyin kunniasta.
I gave up fame.
Kuu näyttäytyy taas.
The moon will appear again.
Lahjakkuus oli periytynyt pojalle.
Giftedness was transferred to the boy.
Uusia sanoja
kaki cuckoo
kukunta cuckooing (cuckoos)
periytya pass by inheritance
syrja 1. side 2. edge
Reflexive verbs are usually formed from verbs. They indicate that the action of the root verb is directed at the subject.
Reflexive verbs are formed from the vowel stem of the root verb using the suffix -u-/-y- or -utu-/-yty-.
| parantaa | → paranta- | → parent u a |
| muuttaa | → muutta- | → muutt u a |
| rakastaa | → rakasta- | → rakast u a |
| muodostaa | → muodosta- | → muodost u a |
| nahda | → näke- | → näk yä |
| kuulla | → kuule- | → kuul u a |
| kehittää | → kehittä- | → kehitt yä |
| kaantää | → kääntä- | → kaant yä |
| siirtaa | → siirta- | → sirt yä |
| Avata | → avaa- | → ava utu a |
| kieltaa | → kielta- | → kielta ytyä |
| nayttaa | → nayttä- | → nayttä ytyä |
| period | → peri- | → peri ytyä |
LUKUTEKSTI
Minulta kysellään alituiseen, miltä tuntuu opettaa ulkomaalaisille suomea. Vastaan tavallisesti, että se on mielenkiintoista ja vaihtelevaa. Parhaimman kuvan työni monipuolisuudesta antaisi kai kuitenkin jonkin kurssin kuvaus. Jos kuvailen esimerkiksi Lappeenrannan kansainvälistä kurssia, muodostuisi siitä ehkä selvin käsitys kaikesta, mitä työhön sisältyy.
Lappeenrannan kurssi järjestettiin vuosittain heinäkuussa. Kurssin suunnittelu teetti minulla paljon kaikenlaista työtä koko vuoden, mutta varsinaiseen opetukseen aloin valmistautua kesäkuun alussa.
Kurssille tuli yleensä 30-40 opiskelijaa noin 15 eri maasta. Kurssilaiset olivat siis kulttuuri- ja kielitaustaltaan hyvin erilaisia. Oppimateriaalin ja opetusohjelman tuli koostua mahdollisimman monipuolisesta aineistosta.
Eräänä kesänä me opettajat päätimme kokeilla, mitä saisimme aikaan, jos oppilailla itsellään teetettäisiin materiaalia. Kirjoitutimme kurssilaisilla päivälehteä, jonka tekoon kaikki antautuivat innokkaasti. Teetimme oppilaista »kiinalaisen omakuvan» 1 ja annoimme lisäksi heidän piirtää omakuvansa. Harjoittelimme luokassa haastattelutekniikkaa ja lähetimme sitten opiskelijat haastattelemaan lappeenrantalaisia. Laaditutimme opiskelijoilla kansainvälisen keittokirjan, jonka innoittamana kurssilaiset järjestivät kansainvälisen ruokaillan.
Kielenopetuksen ja luentojen kuuntelun lisäksi kurssilaisilla oli kaikenlaista vapaa-ajan ohjelmaa. Opiskelijat vierailivat Savonlinnassa, tutustuivat paperitehtaaseen ja nauttivat Suomen kesästä saunarannassa.
Unikeon 2 päivänä järjestettiin naamiaiset. Kurssilaiset pukeutuivat hassuihin vaatteisiin ja opettajat yöpaitoihin. Herätyskellot oli asetettu soimaan kello yhdeksän suuressa luentosalissa. Opiskelijaa, joka ei herännyt ajoissa, lähdettiin joukolla herättämään. Matkalla asuntolaan puhallettiin pilleihin ja paukuteltiin kattilankansia.
Kun unikeko oli herätetty, hänen kaulaansa ripustettiin kyltti, jossa luki: "Unikeko". Sitten unikeko vietiin järven rantaan ja heitettiin veteen.
Kurssin päättäjäiset pidettiin neljännen viikon perjantaina. Ensin syötiin juhlalounas, ja sen jälkeen opiskelijat esittivät valmistamaansa ohjelmaa. Juhlat päättyivät hieman kaihoisiin jäähyväisiin.
1. kiinalainen omakuva
A word game in which the participants describe what they would be like if they were, for example, a tree, a bird, a flower, etc.
2. unikeko'sleep, a person who sleeps a lot'.
Unikeon päivä - sleep day. This is an old Western Finnish traditional holiday that takes place on July 27th.
Uusia sanoja
hassu ridiculous
innoittaa inspire, inspire
jäähyvaiset parting
kaihoisa dreary
keittokirja cookbook
kielitausta language background, language basis
koostua to consist
monipuolisuus variety, variety
naamiaiset masquerade
omakuva self-portrait
paivalehti diary, daily newspaper
paukutella clap
pilli whistle
puhaltaa blow, roar, trumpet
ripustaa hang, hang
varsinainen basic, real
Verb- a part of speech denoting an action, state, feeling or thought process.
to build, to go, to rest, to think
IN English language many verbs do not differ in their form from nouns and are recognized only by their role in the sentence:
dance- dance; dance
Jump - jump; bounce
Verbs in English can be divided into simple, derivative, compound, and compound.
Simple verbs consist of one base ( root):
to speak, to run, to try
Derived verbs in addition to the base (root) they also have suffixes or prefixes:
to re write to dis cover, to organ size, to modi fy
Most frequent verb-forming suffixes are:
–en, forms verbs from adjectives:
Red- ridd en
wide-wid en
speci fy, electri fy
speciali ze, utility size, act size
Also used with verbs prefixes:
Un-(adds a negative value):
dress- un dress
cover- un cover
Tie- un tie
Dis-(also with a negative value):
Like- dis kile
Approve- dis approve
Re-(has a repetition value):
write- re write
Organize- re organize
Compound verbs consists of two parts - verb stem And separated suffix, which are written separately and can be separated from each other in other words:
to sit down - sit down
to put on - put on
to go away - leave
Compound verbs have two bases:
to browbeat - intimidate
to machine-gun - fire
According to their syntactic function and meaning, verbs are divided into semantic(national verbs), auxiliary(Auxiliary Verbs) and semi-auxiliary(Semiauxiliary verbs).
Semantic verbs- verbs that have an independent meaning and, accordingly, can perform the function of a simple verbal predicate in a sentence:
I hate this place- i hate this place
Service English verbs:
Auxiliary verbs- verbs that do not have an independent meaning and are used to form complex forms of the verb. Such verbs include: to do, to be, to have, to let, shall, should, will, would:
They told me she would come at six they told me that she would come at six
Semi-auxiliaries verbs - verbs that do not have a completely independent meaning and only in combination with other words can they be a predicate. These include:
- Linking verbs- are used to form a compound nominal predicate: to be, to seem, to feel, to grow, etc.
- Modal verbs. They are also called insufficient verbs, since they do not have impersonal forms (infinitive, participle, gerund) and do not have all personal forms. These are verbs: can, may, must, need, should, ought, to have, to be.
Important!!! It must be remembered that such verbs as:
should
to be
to have
to do
to let
They can be not only auxiliary, but also semantic or semi-auxiliaries!
Basic forms English verb:
There are basic verb forms in English, such as:
- Infinitive(to sing, to travel)
- past indefinite tense(sang, travelled)
- Past participle (second participle)(sung, travelled)
They are sometimes referred to as the first, second, and third forms of the English verb, respectively. These basic forms serve to build all other verb forms, simple and complex.
