The grammatical basis of the sentence. The concept of the main members of the proposal

The grammatical basis of a sentence consists of a subject and a predicate.

The grammatical basis expresses the grammatical meanings of the sentence. They are connected with the meanings of moods and tense of the verb-predicate.

Troops move to the front.

(The action is actually happening and takes place in the present tense).

Yesterday he came to us.

(The action actually happened, but in the past tense).

Would you talk to your mother, Ivan!

(The action is not realized in reality, but desired by the speaker).

The subject and predicate are called the main members of the sentence, because all the minor members in the sentence directly or indirectly extend them.

We show the dependence of the minor terms on the main ones in the following diagram:

The astonished Varenukha silently handed him an urgent telegram..

The subject as a member of the sentence. Subject forms

The subject is the main member of the sentence, which denotes the subject of speech and answers the questions of the nominative case who? or what?

The subject in Russian can be expressed in different ways, sometimes in "unusual" forms. The following table will help determine the correct subject.

The main ways of expressing the subject.

Part of speech in subject position
Noun in and. P.	Language reflects the soul of a people.
Pronoun in i. P.	He left. Who was there? It is right. This is my brother (when asked: who is this?) The house, which was barely standing, belonged to a forester. (Here pay attention to the subject in subordinate clause.) The sparks that flew from the fire seemed white. (Here, pay attention to the subject in the subordinate clause.) Someone has come. Everyone fell asleep.
Infinitive	Being honest is only half the battle. To understand means to sympathize. Smoking is injurious to health.
A combination of words (one of which is in I. p.)	We used to go there often. Two clouds float across the sky.
Combination of words without and. P.	It's been about an hour.

Predicate as a member of a sentence. Predicate types

The predicate is the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the subject of a special connection and has a meaning expressed in questions, what does the subject of speech do? what happens to him? what is he? what is he? who is he? and etc.

The predicate in Russian is simple and compound. A simple (simple verbal) predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of some mood.

Compound predicates are expressed in several words, one of them serves to connect with the subject, while the semantic load falls on the others. In other words, in compound predicates lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.

(Verb was colonel

(Verb started serves to connect with the subject, on the word work the semantic load of the predicate falls.)

Among compound predicates, there are compound verbal and compound nominal predicates.

Learn more about predicate types. Simple verbal predicate

A simple verbal predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of some mood.

It can be expressed in the following forms of the verb:

The present and past tenses of the verb.
The future tense of the verb.
Forms of the conditional and imperative mood of the verb.

We emphasize that in the case of you will be expected tomorrow, the simple verb predicate is expressed by the compound form of the future tense of the verb wait.

Compound verb predicate

A compound verbal predicate consists of two components - an auxiliary verb that serves to connect with the subject and expresses grammatical meaning predicate, and the indefinite form of the verb, expressing its main lexical meaning and bearing the main semantic load.

(Here it began - this is an auxiliary verb, and gnaw is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)

(Here I don’t want to - this is an auxiliary verb, and to offend is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)

The role of an auxiliary verb can be a combination of some short adjectives (should, glad, ready, obliged, etc.) and a linking service verb to be in the form of one of the moods (in the present tense, this link is omitted).

(here the linkage will be omitted).

So, let's imagine the structure of the compound verbal predicate by the formula:

CONST. VERB SKAZ. = AUX. VERB + UNDETERMINATED THE FORM

Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal predicate consists of two components: a linking verb that serves to connect with the subject and expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and a nominal part that expresses its main lexical meaning and carries the main semantic load.

(Here the connective verb will become, and the nominal part is expressed by the adjective viscous.)

(Here the connective verb will be, and the nominal part of the predicate is expressed by the noun handball player.)

Let's represent the structure of the compound nominal predicate by the formula:

CONST. NAME. SKAZ. = LINK. VERB + NOMINAL PART

The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate is expressed by the following parts of speech: noun, adjective (full and short, different forms of degrees of comparison), participle (full and short), numeral, pronoun, adverb, word of the category of state, verb in indefinite form.

In Russian, at least four main types can be distinguished one-part sentences.

The main types of two-part sentences

Expression form of subject and predicate	Examples
The subject is expressed by a noun or a pronoun in the nominative case, the predicate is expressed by a certain form of the verb.
The subject is expressed by a noun or a pronoun in the nominative case, the predicate is expressed by a noun in the nominative case. In the past and future tense, a linking verb appears and the case in the predicate changes to instrumental.
The subject is expressed by the indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it, the predicate is also expressed by the indefinite form of the verb. Between the subject and the predicate, particles are possible, which means.
The subject is expressed by an indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it, the predicate is expressed by an adverb.
The subject is expressed by the indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it, the predicate is expressed by a noun in the nominative case or a phrase based on it. In the past and future tense, a linking verb appears and the case in the predicate changes to instrumental.
The subject is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, the predicate is expressed by an indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it. A linking verb appears in the past and future tenses.
The subject is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, the predicate is expressed by an adjective or participle (full or short) in the nominative case. In the past and future tense, a linking verb appears in the predicate.

Knowing the main types of two-part sentences, it is easier to find grammatical foundations in them.

The main types of one-part sentences

	Typical form and meaning
Nominative (naming) sentences	These are sentences where the main member is expressed by a noun or a noun pronoun in the nominative case. This main member is considered the subject and indicate that there is no predicate in the nominative sentence. Nominative sentences usually report that some phenomenon or object exists (has) in the present.	Large area in the city. Here is the bench.
Definitely personal suggestions	The predicate is expressed by the verb in the form of 1 or 2 persons. The ending of the verb in these cases clearly indicates the person and number of the pronoun (I, we, you, you). There is no need to use these pronouns as the subject.
Indefinitely personal sentences	The predicate is expressed by the verb in the form of 3 persons plural(in the present and future tense) or in the plural form (in the past tense). In such sentences, the action itself is important, and the actor is either unknown or not important to the speaker, so the subject is absent in them.
impersonal proposals	These are sentences in which there is not and cannot be a subject, since they denote actions and states that are thought to occur “by themselves”, without the participation of an active agent. In form, these sentences are divided into two types: with a verbal predicate and with a predicate - the word of the state category. The verb predicate is expressed by the verb in the form of 3 persons singular(in the present and future tense) or in the form of the neuter singular (in the past tense). This role is usually played by impersonal verbs or verbs in impersonal use. The verb predicate can also be expressed in the indefinite form of the verb.	In order not to freeze she is captured jacket.
	In addition, the predicate in an impersonal sentence can be the word no.	The owners are not at home.

Secondary members of the sentence: definition, addition, circumstance

All members of the sentence, except for the main ones, are called secondary.

Secondary members of the sentence are not included in the grammatical basis, but spread (explain) it. They can explain other secondary terms as well.

Let's demonstrate this with a diagram:

According to their meaning and role in the sentence, secondary members are divided into definition, addition and circumstance. These syntactic roles are identified by questions.

Valued (to what extent?) high- circumstance.

appreciated (what?) canvases- addition.

Canvases (whose?) his- definition.

Complement as a member of the proposal. Types of add-ons

The addition is a minor member of the sentence that answers the questions of indirect cases (i.e. all except the nominative) and designates the subject. The complement usually spreads the predicate, although it can also spread other members of the sentence.

I enjoy reading (what?) magazines. (Here the addition of the logs extends the predicate.)

Reading (what?) magazines is an exciting activity. (Here, the addition of logs propagates the subject.)

Supplements are most often expressed by nouns (or words in the function of nouns) and pronouns, but can also be represented by an indefinite form of the verb and phrases that are integral in meaning.

He shaved in the campaign (with what?) With a bayonet. (Here, the addition of a bayonet is expressed by a noun.)

This is understandable only to connoisseurs of (what?) Beauty. (Here the complement of the beautiful is expressed by the adjective as a noun.)

And I will ask you (about what?) to stay. (Here the object to remain is expressed in the indefinite form of the verb.)

He read (what?) many books. (Here, the addition of many books is expressed by a combination that is integral in meaning.)

Additions are either direct or indirect.

Direct objects are transitive verbs and denote the subject to which the action is directly directed. Direct objects are expressed in the accusative case without a preposition.

I don’t know when I will see my relatives now (v. p.).

These furnaces used to melt steel (vp).

All other additions are called indirect.

Play the piano (p. p.).

I put the bread on the table (c.p. with a preposition).

I was forbidden to worry (expressed in the indefinite form of the verb).

With morphological, punctuation parsing sentences, it is important to correctly determine its grammatical basis. The ability to quickly highlight the subject, predicate will help you correctly punctuate, as well as understand the meaning of the sentence. It is the grammatical basis that is the semantic center of the sentence - its predicative core. It’s great if a person has already learned to quickly highlight the grammatical basis. However, it may often seem that defining a predicative kernel is very simple. In fact, a slight complication of the task immediately baffles.

The whole point here is that in the modern Russian language there are very rich resources, various syntactic connections. The subject and predicate are not necessarily expressed by the noun and the verb. Of course, in the sentence "The tree stands under the window" many will easily find a grammatical basis. We see here a noun: it clearly represents the main member of the sentence. It's about the tree. You can easily ask from this subject the question “what is he doing?”, thus finding the predicate. “The tree is standing” - this is our grammatical basis. But not all proposals are built so simply. It is important for you to remember what parts of speech the subject, predicate can be expressed, by what algorithm you need to look for the grammatical basis. You need to know how to find the grammatical basis of a sentence, remember all the nuances, so that later you can accurately analyze texts, correctly place punctuation marks.

The grammatical basis of the sentence: important points
Remember a few important points to learn how to determine the grammatical basis of a sentence. Be sure to write down all essential information. The best option is to present the information in tables. Let you always have tables on thick sheets of paper or cardboard at hand. So you will remember everything faster, and then you will no longer look at your cards.

Here simple rules that will help you.

• Full analysis of the proposal in parts. Determine the grammatical basis carefully, try to find the most suitable option first, and then exclude all other probable ones. The easiest way to quickly analyze a sentence is to underline all members and ask appropriate questions, defining syntactic links. In difficult cases, only this way is the most reliable. This will not take much time, but you will be sure that you have definitely found the predicative kernel.
  
• Pencil, pen, draft. Actively use drafts, pencils and pens. Make all the necessary notes, inscribe parts of speech directly above the words, underline all members of the sentence with familiar lines, dotted lines. It is on the draft that you can calmly parse the sentence, delve into its lexical and grammatical meaning.
  
• Without haste. In no case do not try to do everything as quickly as possible! You're bound to make mistakes, because parsing needs to treat every case with redoubled attention. You can successfully find grammatical foundations in a few sentences and then start making mistakes. You can not try to determine the subject and predicate at random.
  
• Members of a sentence and parts of speech. Forget about the direct relationship of the relation of a word to parts of speech and its role in a sentence! If you have a noun in front of you, you should not immediately assume that it is the subject. Predicates are also far from always expressed by verbs.
  
• Such a complex predicate. Often more problems arise in determining the predicate. You will need to memorize all types of predicates in order to find grammatical bases accurately. When you do not just define the predicate, but precisely name its type, you will be able to say with confidence: this member of the sentence was found correctly.
  
• Unexpected subjects. Pay close attention to the definition of the subject. It can even be expressed as a union! Check out the examples to get rid of stereotypes, to have a broader understanding of the grammatical foundations in Russian.
  

The best way to learn how to determine the grammatical foundations of sentences correctly is to familiarize yourself with examples and remember the types of predicates. The algorithm for determining the grammatical basis will also come in handy for you, it is quite simple.

We determine the grammatical basis according to the algorithm
Remember the simple rules. Follow the sequence of actions to correctly find the subject and predicate in the sentence.

1. Work in draft first. You are looking for grammar. It includes the subject and the predicate. Better start with the subject.
   
2. Read the offer carefully. Think about its meaning. Immediately think: what word can be the subject? What does the offer say? Which member of the construction can answer the questions “who?”, “What?”, be the bearer of the action or the person being defined? For example: "Dad was going home." You immediately see the subject "dad", which is the carrier of the action. Dad is coming - that's what the sentence says.
   
3. When you have already determined the subject, you should move on to the predicate. From subject to predicate, you can set conditional question, although it is traditionally believed that the parts are equal in grammatical basis. However, you will quickly be able to determine the connection: dad (what did he do?) Walked. The grammatical basis is defined.
   
4. Remember that sentences can be one-part. Not all grammatical foundations consist of a subject and a predicate. Consider examples.
   • Nominative sentence with subject. Cold winter.
     
   • Definitely a personal suggestion. There is only the predicate. Come tomorrow.
     
   • Impersonal, there is a predicate. evening.
     
   • Generalized personal. The grammatical basis consists of the predicate. us so taught.
     
   • Indefinitely personal, there is no subject in the grammatical basis. you there meet.
     
5. If you come across a sentence that is difficult to understand, it is too long, it has many members, it is most convenient to parse it entirely. Even if it seemed to you that you had already found the grammatical basis, try to determine the role of other members of the sentence. It is likely that you missed something, did not pay attention to some words, their meanings in the sentence.
   
6. Be sure to check yourself again when you have completed the work. Analyze the meaning of the sentence, the syntactic roles of all its members. Make sure that your grammatical basis is really a predicative core, carries the main lexical and grammatical meaning.
   
7. You can transfer everything to a cleaner.
   

Work as carefully as possible. Determine the grammatical basis precisely by its syntactic role in a sentence, don't get distracted by what parts of speech the words are.

Various grammatical bases, subject and predicate. A few nuances
To better navigate the features of grammatical foundations, check out some examples. So, it is interesting to consider what parts of speech subjects can be expressed in.

• Noun. Summer came unexpectedly.
  
• Personal pronoun. She is returned home.
  
• Interrogative pronoun. What happened?
  
• Numerals. Eight less than ten.
  
• Adjective. Violet- my favorite color is.
  
• Union. And- connecting union.
  
• Noun in the nominative case and noun in instrumental. Mother with daughter went to the theatre.
  

Be sure to remember the types of predicates in order to correctly determine the grammatical foundations, not to leave its parts unmarked. For example, some words can simply be skipped. With a complete analysis of the sentence, you will immediately see that they are left without their syntactic role.

Predicates can be simple verbs (PGS), compound verbs (CGS) and compound nominals (CIS).

• PGS. In this case, the predicate is expressed in the personal form of the verb. She is meditates. Nicholas walks. Winter starts. Remember: PGS is sometimes expressed by a phraseological unit with a conjugated verb form. It can be replaced by a verb with a direct meaning. Kostya beats the buckets (is idle).
  
• GHS. The predicate consists of at least two words, it has the infinitive of the verb and the link. Words usually act as links: knows how, loves, wants, maybe, continued, finished, started. I I want to sing. Misha stopped practicing. Tanya likes to listen music.
  
• SIS. Such a predicate consists of a verb copula and a nominal part. In the role of the nominal part are adverbs, participles, nominal parts of speech. A copula is a verb to be in a personal form. Note! The verb can be omitted, but the predicate is in front of you. Try setting it up yourself. Summer will be hot. Day overcast. Task fast solved.
  

Analyze the proposal carefully, be careful and remember all the important points. Then you will find the grammatical basis correctly.

Offer- this is the minimum unit of speech, which is a grammatically organized combination of words (or one word), which has semantic and intonational completeness. The proposal consists of main and secondary members. The main members form the grammatical basis of the sentence, which may include two main members (subject and predicate), and one (subject or predicate):

The wind blows from the sea. It's blowing from the sea. Wind . The sea is windy.

The subject and predicate occupy the main syntactic positions in a two-part sentence, they express a minimum of information. For example, a proposal A damp, cold wind blew from the sea can be minimized The wind was blowing where the basic structure and meaning are preserved.

SUBJECT

Subject- this is the main member of the sentence, which denotes an object, including an abstract one, a phenomenon, action, sign or state of which is characterized by a predicate. The subject can mean:

1) face: Someone knocked on the door.

2) an object (including an animate one): The mountain ash turned red, the water turned blue.

3) phenomenon: Dawn scatters red stripes across the snow.

4) abstract concept: From infancy, the spirit of competition boiled in us.

5) condition: But the back waves of stubborn anger broke through the snow..

6) quality, property: Through every heart, through every network, my self-will will break through.

7) an action that is the center of the speaker's thought and can be replaced by a noun formed from a verb: Arguing is his hobby(=dispute).

Ways of expressing the subject

The subject can be:

1) a noun in the form im. case (with concrete, real or abstract meaning): The mountain ash lit up with a red brush. The room was filled with the scent of roses.

2) pronouns-nouns:

a) personal: I hear your voice again.

b) indefinite: Someone has done it before us.

c) negative: No one will notice me at night.

d) pronouns of other categories in the meaning of a noun: It happened at the end of October, during the autumn holidays, and ended on the first day of classes. Everyone is coming to our birthday party.

3) any part of speech that can be used in the meaning of a noun (substantiated):

a) adjective: The stranger threw the letter into the box and disappeared into the darkness.

b) participle: The dancers constantly pushed each other.

c) numeral: quantitative - twenty divided by four; collective - Only once three people escaped from the residential area in a car and grabbed a suitcase of bread; ordinal - One walks, the other drives, the third sings a song;

d) invariable parts of speech (conjunctions, particles, adverbs, interjections): Only oohs and aahs were heard around;

4) infinitive: To produce an effect is their delight.

II. Collocation:

1) an expression with a quantitative meaning: a numeral, pronoun or noun with the meaning of quantity, group, totality in combination with a noun in the form genitive, including: a combination of a collective noun (majority, minority, many ..) with a noun in the form gender. case:

A lot of different herbs, berry, flowering, rose from below to this huge old stump.

2) an expression with a selective meaning: a numeral, a pronoun, an adjective in combination with a noun (or parts of speech that replace it) in the form of the genitive plural with the preposition FROM:

One of the glasses fell off the tray and broke.

3) an expression with a collective meaning: a noun or pronoun in combination with the instrumental form of the noun or pronoun and the preposition С:

4) combinations expressing an approximate amount using words about, above, more, less: etc., is the lack of a form of them. case: More than fifty kilometers was still ahead.

5) inseparable combinations and compound terms: geographical names - Cape of Good Hope, St. Lawrence Bay; names of institutions, organizations, enterprises - International Monetary Fund, Nizhny Novgorod Drama Theater; titles historical eras and events: Ancient Greece, Great Depression, French Revolution; names of significant dates, holidays: Victory Day, New Year ; stable combinations terminological character: obtuse angle Ohm's law; idioms type: Damocles sword, Achilles' heel, Ared's eyelids;

6) a combination of an indefinite pronoun and a word explaining it: someone motionless, black someone counts people in silence;

7) descriptive turns: Man with imagination I would definitely compare the autumn mountain ash with fire. The grains of your eyes crumbled, wilted ..

8) an expression with a temporary value, which includes the words BEGINNING, MIDDLE, END:

The end of the year was busy.

PREDICATE

Predicate is the main member of the sentence, defining the subject. The predicate characterizes the subject of speech in terms of time and in relation to the person speaking. In fact, the predicate is what is said about the subject: what does the subject do? what is done with it? who is (what is) the subject of speech? who is the subject? what is the subject? The predicate, acting as a determinant in relation to the subject, can mean:

1) action: Again the birds fly from afar to the shores breaking the ice.

2) condition: On the hills of Georgia lies the darkness of the night..

3) the property to perform or not to perform an action: The road does not dust, the sheets do not tremble.

4) quality: Under it, a stream of lighter azure ..

5) Quantity: So nine eight is seventy two, right?

6) accessory: The sun is mine.

7) generic concept: Skvorenushka is a small forest river.

Classification of predicates

Simple verbal predicate (PGS)

A simple verbal predicate is a predicate expressed verb of any mood , time and face: Drowned (ex. incl., pr. vr.) village in potholes; Give (command. inkl.), Jim, for good luck paw to me ..; I would write (conditional infl.) eight lines on the properties of passion; But, doomed to persecution, I will still sing for a long time

You should pay attention to the last example: in it the predicate is expressed complex future tense (cf.: I will draw(non-native view) - draw(owl view)). The form of the future tense of imperfective verbs is formed with the help of an auxiliary word be used in the correct person and number. It is this component that expresses the grammatical meanings of the predicate, and its meaning is conveyed by the infinitive. Such a predicate refers to a simple verb:

I will (you will, will be) + infinitive = ASG

As part of a simple verbal predicate, there can be various particles that are usually used in a colloquial style: Let him see, let him cry. And let the birds cry with a ring.

A simple verbal predicate can be expressed infinitive, verbal interjection : And the queen laugh, and shrug her shoulders; Monkey in the mirror, seeing his image, quietly Bear's foot ...

Simple complicated verbal predicates also include phraseological verb combinations , which have a single meaning of the action and which act as one member of the sentence - the predicate: play for time, get into the soul, lose your temper, bend your back, hurt your soul, soar in the clouds ..

Compound Verbal Predicate (CGS)

Compound verbal predicates include predicates expressed auxiliary verb (or elements that replace the verb), standing in conjugated form, and infinitive .

Auxiliary verb + infinitive = cgs

An auxiliary verb can be:

a) phase verbs, i.e. denoting the beginning, continuation or end of an action: begin, begin, become, be accepted, continue, end, stop, quit: began to read, continued to sing;

b) modal verbs denoting intention, will, ability, predisposition, desire: want, wish, be able, be able, intend, contrive, unlearn, be able, prepare, dream, hope;

c) verbs expressing emotional condition: to be afraid, to be afraid, to be ashamed, to be shy, to dare, to beware, to decide, to love, to hate, to get used to: afraid to ask, dared to go in, love to run;

d) some impersonal verbs: follows, stands, requires, etc.: worth noticing, should be considered;

e) short adjectives that do not have a full form or have it, but with a different meaning: glad, much, intends, must, able, free: free to choose, able to learn, happy to help;

f) nouns: master, craftswoman, hunter, hunter, lover, lover: a master of storytelling, a lover of dancing;

g) status words can, can't, must: you can admit, you need to think;

h) phraseological combinations: to have the honor, to make a promise, to burn with impatience: burn with the desire to hear, have the intention to rest.

Compound nominal predicate (CIS)

A compound nominal predicate consists of verb copula in a personal form expressing grammatical meaning, and nominal part : her husband was young, handsome, kind, honest and adored his wife. If the predicate has the meaning of the present tense, the link there is may be absent (compound nominal predicate with a zero link): In the evenings, the warm air over the restaurants is wild and muffled.

Verb link + nominal part = SIS

Cast linking verbs may perform:

a) verb be in various forms of tense and mood — abstract copula (devoid of material content): A poet has a kunak for a poet; in the present tense form, this connective is represented by the form there is (A noun is a part of speech that..) or formally absent: He is the director. In the latter case, the formal absence of a link, or zero link , is an indicator of the present time;

b) a verb with a weakened lexical meaning - semi-abstract, or semi-significant, copula (transmits grammatical meanings and partially contributes to the predicate and lexical meaning, but cannot be an independent predicate, since it never expresses meaning without a nominal part, since it is impossible, for example, to say He brings me or She looks): to become, to be made, to become, to appear, to be considered, to remain, to appear, to seem, to be called, to be called, to be known, to be considered: Her sister's name was Tatyana… Onegin lived as an anchorite.;

c) a verb that fully retains its lexical meaning, denoting a state, movement, etc., which in other sentences can be an independent predicate, but in this one they do not convey the essence of the author's intention about the subject, and therefore cannot be considered an independent predicate without a nominal parts - significant, or real, bunch — go, run, wander, sit, return, stand, lie down, work, be born, live: Ferryman's hut stood abandoned, uninhabited.

The nominal part of the predicate can be all nominal and some other parts of speech:

1) a noun in the forms of the nominative or instrumental cases: Oh, if you only understood that your son is the best poet in Russia!

2) adjective in full and short forms, in the forms different degrees: How often have I wandered along your shores quiet and foggy; This street is familiar to me, and this low house is familiar;

3) participle (short and full, passive and real): Only one strip is not compressed ....;

4) pronoun: The sun is mine;

5) numeral or quantitative-nominal combination: My favorite number is nine; The depth there is three meters;

6) adverbs: After all, I'm somewhat akin to her;

7) interjections: Your comments fie me! ;

8) an indecomposable phrase: Fables forever remained for me stumbling block.

You may have already verified that even the easiest punctuation marks (at the end of a sentence) are not as easy to put as it seems at once, because it is necessary think about the meaning of the sentence and the text. And it's even more difficult work on punctuation in the middle of a sentence. Here you need to think about what blocks the sentence consists of, where the boundaries of the blocks are, then, in accordance with the rules, place punctuation marks. Don't be scared! We will deal with even the most complex cases, help you understand them and turn them into simple ones!

Let's start with perhaps main blocks - simple sentences , which may be part of a complex What is a simple sentence? His heart is grammatical basis, usually consisting of subject and predicate. Around the grammatical base are minor members of the sentence, isolated and non-isolated; included in the predicate group and in the subject group.

The grammatical basis is therefore the basis because the whole offer rests on it. If you learn how to quickly find it, it will be easy to place those necessary punctuation marks that will mark the boundary of simple sentences as part of a complex one. How should one argue?

Determine how many stems are in the sentence:

Is it difficult to find the grammatical basis of a sentence? Sometimes it's very simple: subject (who? or what?), predicate (what is he doing? what did he do?). But often there are more complicated cases.

Conclusion: one base is a simple sentence; two or more bases - complex.

Try to determine the grammatical basis of the following sentences (see answers below).

1. Everything is clear to us, the masters.
2. From the window of the room, suddenly I heard “ku-ku”!
3. Your host is both sweet and hospitable.
4. Everyone strives to get in with his proposal.
5. The village where we played in the summer was a lovely corner.
6. Evening. Forest. Far way.
7. Our city is decorated with a wonderful park.
8. He who strives for victory will surely win.

If you coped with this work without errors, you can be congratulated! If you come across mistakes, don't be upset: they exist in order to cope with it and defeat them!

What mistakes could lie in wait for you here? Someone could lose the subject, somewhere there was no predicate, in some sentence an addition was squeezed in instead of the subject, in some cases, parts of the sentence that have nothing to do with each other are underlined.

Is it really that scary? Of course not! But, if you find the grammatical basis incorrectly, you cannot see the blocks correctly, so it turns out that a simple sentence is mistakenly taken as a complex one, in complex ones the number of parts is incorrectly determined, which means that punctuation marks are arranged as they please.

How to find this insidious grammatical basis? You can first find the predicate, then the subject, or vice versa, just remember a few tips:

1) In order to find the subject, be sure to ask from the predicate double question: who? what? Then you Don't confuse subject and object.

Try to do this by defining the subject in the following sentences.

The captain saw the shore first.

The front of the dress was decorated with flowers.

If you asked a double question from the predicate, then you found the subjects captain and flowers.

2) In order to find the predicate, try asking questions: “What is happening? What is said about the subject? What is this subject (subject)? What is he doing? (subject)"

Pupilwas beautiful.

On the street freshly and windy.

To kids couldn't sit in place.

wonderful a game– catch-up!

3) From a change in the places of the terms, the sum is changing. This means, be attentive to some sentences when determining the grammatical basis.

Green City(one-part nominative sentence).

city ​​green(two-part sentence).

You have already seen what happens when a sentence has only a subject or only a predicate (much more often). Such proposals are called one-piece. When working with such offers, be careful! It is in them often the object is disguised as a subject in meaning. Then back to our first clue, ask a double question– and everything will become clear.

Try to find the grammatical basis in these sentences.

to me cold but.

Him not sleeping.

to me I want to smileutsya.

Many people will say that these sentences have a subject and a predicate, that is, they are two-part. Then I can ask what is the subject? The answer might be - me, he. Then one more question: where are the words I and HE in these sentences? They are not, there are other forms: me, him. And this is already not a subject, but an addition. If you ask a question: who? what?- everything will fall into place. The correct answer is this: one-part impersonal sentences. They do not and cannot have a subject, the predicate is in italics.

We hope that you will now have fewer problems when determining the grammatical basis of a sentence!

Answers to the task.

1. AllIt's clear.
2. I heard"coo-coo"!
3. Mastermil, hospitable.
4. Everyone tries to fit in.
5. Villagewas lovely corner; wewere playing.
6. Evening. Forest. Further way.
7. decoratesthe park. 8. Aspiringwill win.

Do you have any questions? Don't know how to find the grammatical basis?

Let us consider in more detail such part of the grammatical basis as predicate. It may seem easiest to define simple verbal predicate. No wonder it's called - simple. This means that it is usually easier to find it than all other types of predicate. Most often, as such a predicate, we will find verb in the indicative mood.

The sun got up. Childrenwake up and go to school.Begins new beautiful day.

In these sentences it is really easy to define simple verbal predicates. However, there are points that you need to pay attention to when defining such a predicate. It can be clever disguise itself as a compound verb. Try to remember a few basic rules.

1. The predicate is a verb in any tense (present, past and future):

The day after tomorrow I will definitelyI will read novel by L.N. Tolstoy "Anna Karenina".

My childwill study easily.

You will certainlyyou will admire achievements of the students of this school.

Do not be embarrassed that in front of you in sentences such predicates as b I will read, I will learn, I will admire. Yes, here is the predicate consists of two verbs BUT it's just form of the future tense. Compare with the present and past tenses: read, read; studying, studying; admire, admire.

Today I I read

My childstudies easily.

You admire achievements of the students of this school.

Yesterday I was reading novel by L. N. Tolstoy "Anna Karenina".

My child studied easily.

You admired achievements of the students of this school.

2. The predicate is a verb in any mood (indicative, imperative and conditional).

Don't be confused by the particles that help form shapes conditional and imperative(would, let, let, come on, let's, yeah). They do not turn a simple verbal predicate into a compound predicate, but they make it difficult for us to determine the type of the predicate.

You told her the whole truth(indicative).

You would tell her the whole truth(conditional mood).

You tell her the whole truth(imperative mood). Let she is will rejoice.

3. The infinitive (the initial form of the verb) can also act as a simple verbal predicate.

I ride from the ice slide - and he is behind me.

We work while they rest.

4. Phraseologism is not divided into parts, but is one member of the sentence.

Nikita how the wind blew from the veranda.

Humanity is gradually going crazy.

Now let's take a look at compound verb predicate. It can be distinguished:

* main component- verb in the initial form,

* auxiliary component- often verb, But maybe short adjective or participle, adverb or adverbial phrase, noun, phraseological unit.

Compound predicates show a particular tendency to disguise themselves as other members of the sentence during parsing, to be found incompletely, or to be lost altogether. But we will deal with that! Look at some hints.

1. The auxiliary verb in the compound verb predicate has a specific meaning: beginning, continuation, end of action; possibility, desire, evaluation of action. These could be words started, stopped, could, wanted, knew how, loved, was afraid, was wary, feared etc.

I want well pass exams.

Henot afraid to experiment.

We beware of buying low quality products.

2. In this case, the main component will be expressed initial form verb ( infinitive) rather than another part of speech.

Compare.

She isbecame an actress (compound nominal predicate).

She is began to dance (compound verb predicate).

3. A short adjective or participle, adverb or adverbial phrase, noun, phraseological unit, stable combination can act as an auxiliary component. Auxiliary Component Value − possibility, desire, evaluation of action.

We always happy to help to our students (short adjective as a link).

I forced to reschedule classes the next day(short participle as a link).

Helover to play teacher(noun as a link).

Hunter eager to track down handsome deer by all means(phraseologism as a link).

4. Both actions must be performed one object (subject). Think about who performs the actions, then you will not confuse the simple and compound verbal predicates.

I asked grandmother to read a book to me.(The predicate is a simple verb, because I asked, and my grandmother will read).

We hope these tips will help you with parsing suggestions and determining the types of the predicate.

Good luck in learning Russian!

Do you have any questions? Not guided by the types of predicate?To get help from a tutor, register.

Subject and predicate are in the closest almost "family" relationship - grammatical and semantic. The predicate is called so because it says, "says" about the subject. These members of the sentence carry the main meaning of any sentence.

Are there problems in the "relationship" of the subject and the predicate? Of course they do. First of all, it concerns compound nominal predicate. This predicate type, as you remember, consists of linking verbs(auxiliary component) and nominal part. Most often, in the role of a linking verb, we meet the verb be. Usually in a compound nominal predicate it is present in the past time: was, was, was, were . For example: Distinctive feature of the professor was his love for his subject.

In present time the linking verb is almost always omitted and the subject remains with the nominal part of the predicate. For example: Time is the best medicine.

Sometimes, however, we can meet the verb be in present time. As a rule, this is a feature of scientific, bookish speech. For example: Predicateis one of the main members two-part sentence.

In ordinary, colloquial speech, a linking verb be goes down. It probably wouldn't occur to anyone to say something like, "I'm a high school student." But the linking verb does not like to disappear without a trace, it often leaves its deputy. In the role of such a substitute, we can see dash. A dash is placed between the subject and the predicate if there is no linking verb, but sometimes before the predicate there are other words that can be “friends” or “not friends” with a dash. Remember a few tips.

Light winter rain here being disaster our time.

Be in love -means to understand and forgive.

main members of the proposal. Subject and predicate

The main members constitute the grammatical basis of the sentence, without which the sentence cannot exist. However, the grammatical basis can also be one main member of the sentence. Such sentences are called one-part (that is, they have only one main member - the subject or the predicate).
In addition, sentences are divided into simple and complex. Simple ones have only one grammatical basis. Complex sentences consist of several simple ones connected by conjunctions, allied words and (or) in meaning, and therefore have more than one grammatical basis.

Subject - the main member of the sentence, denoting the subject and answering the questions of WHO? WHAT ?, an action, the state or sign of which is usually revealed by the predicate.

The subject can be expressed by any part of speech.
1. Noun in the nominative case: Income from shares rose by five percent.
2. Pronoun in the nominative case: We came to the conference.
3. Substantiated adjective: Sick called the doctor.
4. Numerals: Seven one is not expected.
5. Infinitive of the verb: To study will always come in handy.

The subject can be expressed both as a phrase and as a phraseological phrase: Pacific Ocean spread out before us; His long tongue always ruins things.
The phrase can have different meanings:

• quantitative: thirty four workers wrote an application for leave; Both girlfriends laughed; Several people stopped; Crowd gathered in the square;


• selective: None of us did not agree to go;


• collective: director with secretary attended the meeting;


• temporary: stood mid July.

Predicate - this is the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the subject and grammatically depends on it, indicates the action, state, attribute inherent in the subject, answers the questions: WHAT IS IT DOING?, WHAT IS IT DOING?, WHAT? and etc.

The predicate is divided into simple and compound.
Simple predicate expressed as a verb in any form: There were folders on the table in the corner; Would you come to talk to me; I will address these issues tomorrow.

Compound predicate in turn, it is divided into two more subspecies: compound verbal and compound nominal.

Compound verb predicate consists of two parts: an auxiliary verb in conjugated form, which expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate and connects it with the subject, and an indefinite form of the verb, which expresses the main lexical meaning of the predicate.
As an auxiliary are:

• verbs denoting the beginning, end and continuation of an action: I'm already started doing new task; Our department stops striking;


• modal verbs that denote desire, unwillingness, possibility or impossibility of action: I can do your order; I want to learn your insight; I refuse to be errand boy!


• verbs expressing an emotional state: All were afraid to object boss He likes to work;


• phraseological combinations: our company is honored to cooperate with such a famous company.

Compound nominal predicate from a linking verb that expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and a nominal part that expresses the main lexical meaning of the predicate. Moreover, the link can be skipped.
The links are:

• verbs BE, IS: I was very pleased;


• verbs that do not express independent meaning: Alyosha seemed pale;


• verbs expressing the meaning of movement, state, activity: We returned home tired.

The nominal part can be:

• nouns in the nominative or instrumental case: industriousness there is the main thing condition success;


• adjectives: clouds become more transparent;


• numerals: Us there were four;


• pronoun: Andrey Nikolaevich was here their;


• participle: This meeting was unexpected ;


• indecomposable phrase: Predicate is the main member of the proposal.

Secondary members of the sentence

Definition - a secondary member of the sentence, which answers the questions: WHAT?, WHOSE?, WHICH?, denotes a sign of the subject.
The definition can be expressed:
1) an adjective, a participle, a pronoun and an ordinal numeral, a phrase with a leading adjective or participle, then it is called agreed, because in this case it agrees with the noun in gender number and case. Examples:

• Silent voiced bird voices;


• We noticed a broken headlight approaching cars;


• Under fourth the number was our company;


• Its the load does not carry.

2) a noun, comparative degree an adjective, some possessive pronouns, an infinitive, a phrase, then it is called an inconsistent definition, since it is associated with the word being defined only in meaning. Examples:

• At the monument (what? to whom?) Pushkin lovers still meet; On his desk was a magazine (what?) with photos; Water (what kind?) from a spring was cold;


• Children (what?) older sent to the river for water;


• Eyes (whose?) his (her, them) were sad;


• The leader gave a sign (what?) shut up.

Addition - this is a minor member of the sentence, which answers the questions of indirect cases of the noun, denotes the subject, object and instrument of action.
The complement can be expressed by any part of speech: Get (what?) book(n.) off the shelf; We were asked (about what?) keep quiet(inf. ch.); invited (who?) her(local) for dinner and etc.
Addition can be direct and indirect.
direct complement is always used without a preposition and is expressed in the forms of the accusative and genitive case with the verb: The merchant accepted (what?) decision; Today you(who?) will not be?
Indirect is used in the form of any indirect case with or without a preposition.

Circumstance - this is a secondary member of the sentence that answers the questions: HOW?, WHEN?, WHERE?, WHERE?, WHY? , in which the action is performed.
The circumstance can be expressed by a noun, adverb, gerund, infinitive, etc.: Read (when?) after lunch; The boss said (how?) very fast; hunched over, (how?) sat a tired clerk at the table.

In addition, there are parts of the sentence that are not members of the sentence. These are appeals introductory words and designs. They are separated by commas, but do not affect the relationship of sentences in the text.