The word "cognitive" comes from the noun "cognition" and the Latin cognitio "I recognize". It is used in a number of complex scientific terms, one way or another related to a person's ability to know. What is the meaning of the word "cognitive" in itself, and what do the terms associated with it mean?

Cognitive science, cognitome and cognitive ethology

The human brain is the main field of study of the science of cognition, cognitive science. In the directed study of the brain, some of its capabilities, called cognitive ones, were identified. These are the highest functions of the brain, thanks to which a person is considered a person: a coherent, consistent and logical flow of thoughts, awareness of oneself as an individual, spatial orientation, the ability to calculate, understand, speak, reason, draw conclusions and study purposefully.

To clearly define the set of cognitive skills of the human brain, Konstantin Vladimirovich Anokhin (a recognized Russian neuroscientist) coined the term "cognitome". The concept of cognitome calls the problem of the brain interdisciplinary: biomedical, technological and existential.

Rapidly deteriorating memory and attention is the main sign of a decrease in brain functions. We can say that this is a cognitive "death" for the neurons of the brain, during which dementia (dementia) almost always develops inexorably. This can be facilitated by constant stress, unhealthy diet, unhealthy lifestyle and tension (nervous or physical).

Man differs from animals in the cognitive functions of his brain. Researchers have often wondered what the cognitive process means for representatives of the fauna. Cognitive ethology studies the mental receptivity of animals to answer this question. Until recently, there has been much debate about this discipline.

Cognitive process and cognition

This is an action during which the human consciousness processes and filters information coming from outside. Also, the cognitive processes taking place in the human brain include screening and assimilation of relevant data, remotely comparable to the work of modern computers.

The paradigm of cognitive experience consists of types of information encoding, conceptual mental, as well as archetypal and semantic (semantic) structures. Cognitive linguistics uses as models and constructors those paradigms and processes that are created and take place in the consciousness and subconsciousness of a person.

In turn, cognition is the very special process by which our brain successfully processes information. Outside of this science, the terms "cognition" and "knowledge" are used as full synonyms.

cognitive graphics

In graphics, a method called cognitive is all that artificial intelligence uses in speech recognition systems. The cognitive advantage of a computer over the brain is a hint or instant solution to a problem obtained using cognitive graphics.

cognitive psychology

Another young field of science is cognitive psychology. Epistemological (cognitive) processes of the human psyche in this branch from the general concept of cognitive science are areas of the brain that are inextricably linked with the issues of memorization and concentration, feelings, logic and coherence of thinking, presentation of information, its assimilation.

Although the main provisions of cognitive psychology were laid down long before the advent of cybernetics and any complex computing and information machines, at the current stage of development it is almost entirely based on the parallel between human learning and the transfer of information to computing devices.

Psycholinguistics as a branch of cognitive psychology

Language, reason and mind, their interrelation and the operations resulting from this is an area that is being explored by actual psycholinguistics.

The solid foundation on which it stands is cognitive psychology. Her conclusions are also useful in other branches of psychology.

Psycholinguistics as a field of linguistics describes speech messages, extracting their meaning, speech activity (both in isolation from mental functions and in close relationship with them), analysis of the progress of speech associated with the formation of personality.

Cognitive style (from Latin cognitio - knowledge and Greek stylos - literal writing rod) is a term used in cognitive psychology to refer to stable characteristics of how various people think.

COGNITIVE STYLE (eng. cognitive style - cognitive style; from Latin cognitio - knowledge, cognition) - a set of interrelated techniques, methods that is developing in the process of ontogenesis, characteristic of the individual ...

Cognitive style is a term that refers to a characteristic style or method used by an individual in approaching problem solving. The following cognitive styles are distinguished: 1. impulsivity-reflexivity - emotionality ...

COGNITIVE MARKER A hypothetical idea of ​​the mental processes of an individual. The term was introduced by R. Omstrain in his theory of perception of time intervals. According to Omstrain's theory, the phenomenal passage of time is primarily...

Oxford Dictionary of Psychology.

A cognitive marker is R. Omstrain's term, which means that the subjective perception of the duration of time intervals depends on the number of cognitive actions performed during this period of time.

Zhmurov V.A. Big explanatory dictionary of terms in psychiatry

Cognitive marker - a term associated with R. Omstrain's hypothesis, according to which the subjective perception of the duration of time intervals depends on the number of cognitive actions performed during this period of time.

Cognitive dissonance (from the English words: cognitive - "cognitive" and dissonance - "lack of harmony") - a state of mental discomfort of an individual caused by a collision in his mind of conflicting ideas: ideas, beliefs.

Sociology: Encyclopedia.

COGNITIVE DISSONANCE (lat. dissonans - discordant sounding, cognitio - knowledge, cognition) - a concept in social psychology explaining the impact on human behavior of a system of cognitive elements ...

The latest philosophical dictionary / Comp. A.A. Gritsanov

A cognitive map (from Latin cognitio - knowledge, cognition) is an image of a familiar spatial environment. Cognitive maps are created and modified as a result of the active interaction of the subject with the outside world.

Cognitive map - a subjective picture: - created as a result of active actions in environment; - having spatial coordinates: top-bottom, right-left, near-far; - localizing individual perceived objects.

COGNITIVE MAP (English cognitive map) - a subjective idea of ​​the spatial organization of the external world, of the spatial relationships between objects, of their position in the environment.

COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, the most common (especially in Europe) name for the direction of linguistic research, which took shape in the second half of the 1970s and subsequently had a significant number of followers.

Cognitive linguistics is a direction in linguistics that explores the problems of the relationship between language and consciousness, the role of language in the conceptualization and categorization of the world, in cognitive processes and the generalization of human experience.

COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS According to researchers, one of the most spectacular and radical innovations in linguistics in the last quarter of the 20th century.

Zherebilo T.V. Terms and concepts of linguistics: General linguistics. Sociolinguistics: Dictionary-reference book.

COGNITIVE SCIENCE (cognitive science) - a complex of sciences that study cognition and higher mental processes based on the use of theoretical information models.

COGNITIVE SCIENCE (English cognitive science) is a broad interdisciplinary area of ​​research and knowledge, as well as a set of many disciplines that study mainly the intellect (mind), but attempts are made to cover the entire mental sphere.

Big psychological dictionary.

Cognitive science is the science of thought dealing with a wide range of mental structures and processes, including perception, memory, problem solving; the goal of cognitive science is to determine the nature of the mechanisms that a person has in the process of thinking ...

Shashenkova E.A. Research activity.

COGNITIVE SCIENCE (from Latin cognito - knowledge; English cognitive science - the science of cognition processes) is an area of ​​interdisciplinary research that studies cognition and higher thought processes using information models.

COGNITIVE SCIENCE (eng. cognitive science; from Latin cognitio - knowledge, cognition) is an area of ​​interdisciplinary research that studies cognition and higher cognitive functions using models of cognitive information processing.

Prokhorov B.B. Human ecology.

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY (from Latin cognitio - knowledge, knowledge), one of the leading areas of modern. zarub. psychology, which studies the structure and flow of knowledge. human processes.

Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia / Ed. V.G. Panov.

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY (from Latin cognitio - knowledge, cognition). The formation of this direction in psychology is usually associated with the name of Amer. scientist W. Neisser, who published the book in 1967. under the same name...

Modern Western Philosophy.

cognitive psychology- one of the leading directions of modern foreign psychology. Started in the late 50's - early 60's. 20th century as a reaction to the behaviorist denial of the internal structural organization of mental processes and belittling ...

Dictionary guide to social work.

COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL PSYCHOTHERAPY The first experience of applying behavioral therapy was based on the theoretical positions of IP Pavlov (classical conditioning) and Skinner (BF Skinner), (operant conditioning).

Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy, also Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy (eng. Cognitive behavioral therapy) - general concept describing psychotherapies based on a premise.

COGNITIVE PSYCHOTHERAPY The main provisions of K. p. were formulated by Beck (Beck A. T.) independently of Ellis (Ellis A.), who in the 1950s. developed a method of rational-emotional psychotherapy.

Psychotherapeutic encyclopedia / B.D. Karvasovsky.

Cognitive development (from the English. Cognitive development) - the development of all types of thought processes, such as perception, memory, concept formation, problem solving, imagination and logic.

Cognitive development (cognitive development), the acquisition, systematization and use of knowledge by a child from infancy to adulthood. Naib, the authoritative theory of K.r. was put forward by Piaget...

Orthographic dictionary. - 2004

Usage examples for cognitive

This is an unexpected effect, since standard methods of epilepsy therapy usually cannot compensate for cognitive deficits.

cognitive

[German] cognitive, French cognitif Big explanatory dictionary of the Russian language

Ed. S. A. Kuznetsova

cognitive

[from lat. cōgnitio knowledge, cognition]

1. Book. Associated with knowledge, with thinking; informative.

K. analysis (study of the processes of human cognition of the world around, as well as the ability of a person to acquire new knowledge).

K. human system (central nervous system and the sense organs through which man perceives the world and himself).

cognitive

1. Psych. Associated with consciousness, thinking.

(direction in psychology, proceeding from the recognition of the primacy of human mental activity, and not his behavioral reactions, which is typical for behaviorism).

(a direction in linguistics that arose at the end of the 20th century, which studies the patterns of reflection in the language of cognitive processes occurring in the mind of the speaker).

The meaning of the word "cognitive"

"Explanatory Translation Dictionary"

What does the word "cognitive" mean?

* Explanatory translation dictionary

Interpretation

Cognitive is:

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Russian dictionaries

Lexical meaning: definition

The general stock of vocabulary (from the Greek Lexikos) is a complex of all the main semantic units of one language. The lexical meaning of a word reveals the generally accepted idea of ​​an object, property, action, feeling, abstract phenomenon, impact, event, and the like. In other words, it determines what this concept means in the mass consciousness. As soon as an unknown phenomenon gains clarity, concrete signs, or an awareness of an object arises, people assign a name (sound-alphabetic shell) to it, or rather, a lexical meaning. After that, it enters the dictionary of definitions with the interpretation of the content.

Dictionaries online for free - discover new

There are so many words and highly specialized terms in each language that it is simply unrealistic to know all their interpretations. In the modern world, there are a lot of thematic reference books, encyclopedias, thesauri, glossaries. Let's go over their varieties:

• Explanatory You can find the meaning of a word in explanatory dictionary Russian language. Each explanatory "article" of the interpreter interprets the desired concept on mother tongue, and considers its use in the content. (PS: You will read even more cases of word usage, but without explanations, in the National Corpus of the Russian Language. This is the most voluminous database of written and oral texts of native speech.) Authored by Dal V.I., Ozhegov S.I., Ushakov D.N. . the most famous thesauri in our country with the interpretation of semantics have been published. Their only drawback is that the editions are old, so the lexical composition is not replenished.
• Encyclopedic Unlike explanatory, academic and encyclopedic online dictionaries provide a more complete, detailed explanation of the meaning. Large encyclopedic editions contain information about historical events, personalities, cultural aspects, artifacts. Encyclopedia articles tell about the realities of the past and broaden one's horizons. They can be universal or thematic, designed for a specific audience of users. For example, "The Lexicon of Financial Terms", "The Encyclopedia of Home Economics", "Philosophy. Encyclopedic glossary”, “Encyclopedia of fashion and clothing”, multilingual universal online encyclopedia “Wikipedia”.
• Industry These glossaries are intended for specialists in a specific field. Their goal is to explain professional terms, the explanatory meaning of specific concepts of a narrow sphere, branches of science, business, and industry. They are published in the format of a dictionary, a terminological reference book or a scientific reference manual (“Thesaurus on Advertising, Marketing and PR”, “Legal Guide”, “Terminology of the Ministry of Emergency Situations”).
• Etymological and Loanwords Etymological Dictionary is a linguistic encyclopedia. In it you will read the versions of the origin lexical meanings, from which the word was formed (original, borrowed), its morphemic composition, semasiology, time of appearance, historical changes, analysis. The lexicographer will establish where the vocabulary was borrowed from, consider subsequent semantic enrichments in the group of related word forms, as well as the scope of functioning. Gives options to use in a conversation. As a sample, the etymological and lexical analysis of the concept of "surname": borrowed from Latin (familia), where it meant a family nest, family, household. Since the 18th century, it has been used as a second personal name (inherited). Included in the active lexicon. The etymological dictionary also explains the origin of the subtext catchphrases, phraseological units. Let's comment on the stable expression "genuine truth". It is interpreted as the absolute truth, absolute truth. Do not believe it, during the etymological analysis it turned out that this idiom originates from the method of medieval torture. The defendant was beaten with a whip with a knot tied at the end, which was called "lin". Under the line, a man gave everything out, the real truth.
• Glossaries of obsolete vocabulary What is the difference between archaisms and historicisms? Some items consistently fall out of use. And then lexical definitions of units fall out of use. Words that describe phenomena and objects that have disappeared from life are referred to as historicisms. Examples of historicisms: camisole, musket, tsar, khan, buckets, political instructor, clerk, moshna, kokoshnik, khaldey, volost and others. You can find out the meaning of words that are no longer used in oral speech from collections of obsolete phrases. Archaisms are words that have retained their essence by changing the terminology: piit - poet, forehead - forehead, ruble - ruble, overseas - foreign, fortecia - fortress, zemstvo - nationwide, tsvibak - biscuit shortcake, cookies. In other words, they were replaced by synonyms that are more relevant in modern reality. Old Slavonicisms fell into this category - vocabulary from Old Slavonic, close to Russian: city (Old Slavic) - city (Russian), child - child, gate - gate, fingers - fingers, mouth - lips, dragging - dragging feet. Archaisms are found in the circulation of writers, poets, in pseudo-historical and fantasy films.
• Translation, foreign Bilingual dictionaries for translating texts and words from one language to another. English-Russian, Spanish, German, French and others.
• Phraseological collection Phraseologisms are lexically stable phrases, with an indivisible structure and a certain subtext. These include sayings, proverbs, idioms, popular expressions, aphorisms. Some phrases migrated from legends and myths. They give the literary syllable artistic expressiveness. Phraseological turns are usually used in a figurative sense. Replacing any component, rearranging or breaking a phrase leads to a speech error, unrecognized subtext of the phrase, distortion of the essence when translated into other languages. Find the figurative meaning of such expressions in the phraseological dictionary. Examples of phraseological units: “In seventh heaven”, “The mosquito will not undermine the nose”, “Blue blood”, “Devil's lawyer”, “Burn bridges”, “Open secret”, “Looking into the water”, “Letting dust in the eyes”, “Working through your sleeves”, “Sword of Damocles”, “Gifts of the Danes”, “Double-edged sword”, “Apple of discord”, “Warm your hands”, “Sisyphean labor”, “Climb the wall”, “Keep your eyes open”, “Throw beads in front of pigs”, “With a gulkin nose”, “Shot sparrow”, “Augean stables”, “Caliph for an hour”, “Puzzle”, “Do not look forward to souls”, “Clap your ears”, “Achilles heel”, “I ate the dog”, “Like water off a duck's back”, “Grasp the straw”, “Build castles in the air”, “Be in trend”, “Live like cheese in butter”.
• Definition of neologisms Language changes are stimulated by dynamic life. Humanity is striving for development, simplification of life, innovation, and this contributes to the emergence of new things, technology. Neologisms are lexical expressions of unfamiliar objects, new realities in people's lives, emerging concepts, phenomena. For example, what "barista" means is the profession of a coffee maker; a professional coffee maker who understands the varieties of coffee beans, knows how to beautifully arrange steaming cups with a drink before serving to a client. Each word was once a neologism, until it became commonly used, and did not enter the active vocabulary of the general literary language. Many of them disappear without even getting into active use. Neologisms are derivational, that is, absolutely newly formed (including from Anglicisms), and semantic. Semantic neologisms include already known lexical concepts endowed with fresh content, for example, “pirate” is not only a sea corsair, but also a copyright infringer, a user of torrent resources. Here are just some cases of word-building neologisms: life hack, meme, google, flash mob, casting director, pre-production, copywriting, friend, promote, moneymaker, screen, freelancing, headliner, blogger, downshifting, fake, brandalism. Another option, "copyrast" - the owner of the content or an ardent supporter of intellectual property rights.
• Other 177+ In addition to the above, there are thesauri: linguistic, in various areas of linguistics; dialect; linguistic and cultural; grammatical; linguistic terms; eponyms; decoding abbreviations; tourist vocabulary; slang. Schoolchildren will need lexical dictionaries with synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, paronyms and educational ones: spelling, punctuation, derivational, morphemic. Orthoepic reference book for setting stresses and correct literary pronunciation (phonetics). Toponymic reference dictionaries contain geographical information on regions and names. In anthroponymic - data on proper names, surnames, nicknames.

Interpretation of words online: the shortest path to knowledge

It is easier to express oneself, to express one's thoughts concretely and more capaciously, to enliven one's speech - all this is feasible with an extended vocabulary. With the help of the How to all resource, you will determine the meaning of words online, select related synonyms and expand your vocabulary. The last point is easy to make up for by reading fiction. You will become a more erudite interesting interlocutor and keep up the conversation on a variety of topics. To warm up the internal generator of ideas, it will be useful for writers and writers to find out what words mean, say, from the Middle Ages or from a philosophical glossary.

Globalization is taking its toll. This affects writing. Mixed writing in Cyrillic and Latin, without transliteration, has become fashionable: SPA salon, fashion industry, GPS navigator, Hi-Fi or High End acoustics, Hi-Tech electronics. To correctly interpret the content of hybrid words, switch between language keyboard layouts. Let your speech break stereotypes. Texts excite feelings, spill over the soul with an elixir and have no statute of limitations. Good luck with your creative experiments!

The How to all project is being developed and updated with modern real-time dictionaries. Keep for updates. This site helps to speak and write Russian correctly. Tell everyone who studies at the university, school, prepares for passing the exam, writes texts, studies Russian.

Cognitive - what does it mean?

Most likely, the adjective cognitive comes from the name of the noun cognition.

Like most scientific terms, the word cognition is rooted in the "language of science", that is, in Latin.

Translated from Latin (cognitio) means knowledge, awareness, study. It can be assumed that the adjective cognitive, formed from the noun cognition, has the meaning of knowable, cognitive or mental, and also associated with the study, awareness, cognition and thinking.

For example, cognitive activity is nothing but cognitive activity.

Cognitive dissonance is the state of a person when opposite, conflicting ideas collide in his mind.

Since the synonyms for the word "cognitive" will be such words as cognitive and intellectual - this word is associated with our consciousness. Wikipedia says that these are processes occurring in our minds that have a research or study character.

In addition, the adjective "cognitive" comes from the noun cognition, which is translated from the Latin cognitio - "I recognize." So it is uniquely related to our consciousness, our thoughts and other chemical reactions occurring in our brain.

This word is connected with our consciousness in which knowledge is born. Synonyms for the word cognitive can be words like cognitive, knowable. The processes associated with this word are most often a kind of study, the study of some topics.

Cognitiveness is a manifestation of mental activity, it is not about behavioral reactions. Cognitive processes include perception, attention, memory, imagination, decision making. It so happened that emotions are not included in this group, although now scientists are actively studying their cognitive nature.

Thus, the definition of "cognitive" indicates to us the connection between the concept to which such a characteristic is given, and the ability of a person to process external information, to exercise mental perception.

In Russian, the word "cognitive" came from Latin. The basis of the word "cognition" is translated as awareness, acceptance, study. Cognitive means thinking, studying. This word has some shades in different fields of activity. So in psychology, the concept of "cognition" is related to mental activity. In philosophy, cognition is related to the perception of a person in the world around him.

Cognitiveness, translated from Latin "knowledge, study, awareness" is a term used in several, decently different contexts, denoting the ability to mentally perceive and process information from the outside. In psychology, this concept is identified with the mental processes of the individual and especially with the study and understanding of the so-called "mental states" (ie beliefs, desires and intentions) in terms of information processing. Especially often this definition is found in those areas where such concepts as knowledge, skill or training are considered.

The term "cognitivity" is also used in a broader sense, denoting the "act" of cognition itself, or knowledge itself. In this context, it can be interpreted in a cultural-social sense as denoting the emergence and "becoming" of knowledge and the concepts associated with this knowledge, expressing themselves both in thought and in action.

What is COGNITIVE? Meaning and interpretation of the word kognitivnyj, definition of the term

oh, oh, psycho. Associated with consciousness, with thinking. cognitive processes. Cognitive psychology (direction in psychology, proceeding from the recognition of the primacy of human mental activity, and not his behavioral reactions, which is typical of behaviorism).

You may be interested to know the lexical, direct or figurative meaning of these words:

YACHT CLUB - yacht club, m. A sports organization that brings together people involved.

YACHT - s, w. Sailing, motor or steam vessel.

YACHTSMAN - a, m., soul. Sailing athlete.

YASHMA - s, pl. no, w. Opaque gemstone.

ARIA - Ultimate component foreign nouns with meaning.

BIOS - Final component compound words, denoting "connected.

GAMIA - The second component of compound words, meaning: “related.

GEN - The second component of compound words, denoting “connected.

GENE - The second component of complex adjectives, denoting “connected.

What is cognition?

Cognitiveness (cognition) is a person's ability to process and perceive information. In psychology, the term is widely used to explain psychological processes.

In psychology

Cognitiveness in psychology is interpreted as an act of cognition. Specialists under this term mean such processes as memory, attention, perception and making conscious decisions. Emotions do not belong to cognitive states, as they arise uncontrollably and originate from the subconscious.

There is a separate direction in applied psychology, known as the school of cognitivism. Its representatives consider human behavior through its cognitive processes. They believe that a person acts in a certain way, based on the peculiarities of thinking. Cognitiveness in this context is considered an acquired property that has nothing to do with genetic or gender characteristics.

There is even a theory of cognitive correspondence, which was formed in the 50s of the last century. It describes the cognitive structure of the personality in terms of balance. After all, the main motivation of a mature individual is the preservation of integrity and the achievement of internal balance.

Understanding cognition has spawned a separate section. Cognitive psychology studies the processes of cognition and is directly related to the study of memory, completeness of perception of information, imagination, speed of thinking.

cognitive processes

Cognitiveness has not only philosophical, but also applied significance. As already mentioned, this section of psychology substantively studies the cognitive abilities of a person. They can be equally developed in all individuals, or vary depending on genetic characteristics, upbringing or individual personality traits.

Cognitive abilities are a manifestation of the higher functions of the brain. These include: orientation in time, personality and space, learning ability, memory, type of thinking, speech, and many others. Psychologists and neurologists first of all turn their attention to the degree of development or impairment of these particular functions.

Cognitive functions are primarily associated with the ability to recognize and process information, and also characterize the functioning of the brain. Scientists distinguish two main processes:

• gnosis - the ability to recognize and perceive information;
• praxis - the transfer of information and the performance of targeted actions based on this information.

If even one of these processes is disturbed, then we can talk about the occurrence of cognitive impairment.

Possible reasons

Cognitive impairment, like any pathological process in the body, does not occur out of the blue. Most often, there are neurodegenerative diseases, pathologies of cerebral vessels, infectious processes, injuries, malignant neoplasms, hereditary and systemic diseases.

Atherosclerotic changes in blood vessels and arterial hypertension can be considered one of the most common factors in the occurrence of cognitive impairment. Violation of the trophism of brain tissue often leads to structural changes or even death of nerve cells. Such processes are especially dangerous in the places of connections between the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures.

Separately, we should talk about Alzheimer's disease. Cognitive impairment in this pathology is the leading symptom and significantly reduces the quality of life of the patient and his relatives. The main manifestation is dementia, impaired short-term and long-term memory and recognition.

Classification

There are many classifications of cognitive impairments. According to the severity and reversibility of the process, there are:

Also, by the loss of certain functions, you can determine the localization of damage:

• The defeat of the left hemisphere is characterized by a disorder of writing and counting (agraphia, acalculia). Apraxia and aphasia may also occur. The ability to read, recognize letters is impaired, mathematical activity suffers;
• The right hemisphere is responsible for orientation in space, imagination. Therefore, the patient has disorientation in space and time, it becomes difficult for him to imagine or fantasize something;
• Cognitive impairment in the defeat of the frontal lobes is as follows: the patient cannot formulate and express his thoughts, the ability to remember new information and reproduce the old is lost;
• With the defeat of the temporal lobes, a person suffers from the inability to recognize smells and visual images. Also, this part of the brain is responsible for the accumulation of experience, memorization and perception of the surrounding reality through emotions;
• With damage to the parietal lobes, the symptoms can be quite diverse: from impaired writing and reading to disorientation;
• Visual analyzers are located in the occipital lobes of the brain, therefore, disorders of this particular sense organ occur.

Timely diagnosis and therapy

Cognitive impairment in the early stages is very difficult to suspect. At first, a person is only concerned about weakness, fatigue, a slight decrease in some functions, or a change in mood. Very rarely, such complaints are cause for concern. Seek medical advice already at later stages of the disease.

First of all, if a loss or decrease in cognitive functions is suspected, it is necessary to carefully collect an anamnesis. After all, these symptoms cannot appear without the main cause, to eliminate which the main therapeutic measures will be directed. When collecting an anamnesis, it is necessary to ask about the presence of chronic diseases and the constant intake of any drugs. After all, many drugs, penetrating the blood-brain barrier, can affect brain cells.

Diagnosis of disorders consists in considering the subjective complaints of the patient himself and his close circle (relatives, roommates), direct assessment of the neurological status and functional examination methods. There are special tests that can accurately determine not only cognitive impairment, but also their severity. Such screening scales help detect pathologies such as stroke, vascular or senile dementia, and others. Should not be used for diagnosis difficult tests. Their data will not be objective, since the complication of tasks will primarily indicate intellectual baggage, and not possible violations.

It is also important to assess the emotional sphere. Often in patients with depression there is a violation of memory and concentration. It is also necessary to pay close attention to this, since screening neuropsychological tests do not always fully reveal the state of the psyche.

Examination using MRI or CT can clarify many organic pathologies, for example, compression of parts of the brain by a neoplasm or hematoma.

Treatment of cognitive impairment should begin with the nosological disease that caused them. In the absence of an etiological disease, it is very difficult to prescribe pharmacotherapy.

COGNITIVE

Associated with consciousness, with thinking. cognitive processes. Cognitive psychology (direction in psychology, proceeding from the recognition of the primacy of human mental activity, and not his behavioral reactions, which is characteristic of behaviorism).||Cf. MENTAL.

What is COGNITIVE, COGNITIVE is, the meaning of the word COGNITIVE, origin (etymology) COGNITIVE, synonyms for COGNITIVE, paradigm (word forms) COGNITIVE in other dictionaries

cognitive

Relating to cognition, to the functions of the brain that provide the formation of concepts, operating them and obtaining inferential knowledge. K. linguistics is a branch of linguistics that deals with the role of language in cognition.

Cognitiveness (cognition) is a person's ability to process and perceive information. In psychology, the term is widely used to explain psychological processes.

In psychology

Cognitiveness in psychology is interpreted as an act of cognition. Specialists under this term mean such processes as memory, attention, perception and making conscious decisions. Emotions do not belong to cognitive states, as they arise uncontrollably and originate from the subconscious.

There is a separate direction in applied psychology, known as the school of cognitivism. Its representatives consider human behavior through its cognitive processes. They believe that a person acts in a certain way, based on the peculiarities of thinking. Cognitiveness in this context is considered an acquired property that has nothing to do with genetic or gender characteristics.

There is even a theory of cognitive correspondence, which was formed in the 50s of the last century. It describes the cognitive structure of the personality in terms of balance. After all, the main motivation of a mature individual is the preservation of integrity and the achievement of internal balance.

Understanding cognition has spawned a separate section. Cognitive psychology studies the processes of cognition and is directly related to the study of memory, completeness of perception of information, imagination, speed of thinking.

cognitive processes

Cognitiveness has not only philosophical, but also applied significance. As already mentioned, this section of psychology substantively studies the cognitive abilities of a person. They can be equally developed in all individuals, or vary depending on genetic characteristics, upbringing or individual personality traits.

Cognitive abilities are a manifestation of the higher functions of the brain. These include: orientation in time, personality and space, learning ability, memory, type of thinking, speech, and many others. Psychologists and neurologists first of all turn their attention to the degree of development or impairment of these particular functions.

Cognitive functions are primarily associated with the ability to recognize and process information, and also characterize the functioning of the brain. Scientists distinguish two main processes:

• gnosis - the ability to recognize and perceive information;
• praxis is the transfer of information and the performance of purposeful actions based on this information.

If even one of these processes is disturbed, then we can talk about the occurrence of cognitive impairment.

Possible reasons

Cognitive impairment, like any pathological process in the body, does not occur out of the blue. Most often, there are neurodegenerative diseases, pathologies of cerebral vessels, infectious processes, injuries, malignant neoplasms, hereditary and systemic diseases.

Atherosclerotic changes in blood vessels and arterial hypertension can be considered one of the most common factors in the occurrence of cognitive impairment. Violation of the trophism of brain tissue often leads to structural changes or even death of nerve cells. Such processes are especially dangerous in the places of connections between the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures.

Separately, we should talk about Alzheimer's disease. Cognitive impairment in this pathology is the leading symptom and significantly reduces the quality of life of the patient and his relatives. The main manifestation is dementia, impaired short-term and long-term memory and recognition.

Classification

There are many classifications of cognitive impairments. According to the severity and reversibility of the process, there are:

Degree of violation	Description of symptoms
Light	A slight deviation of cognitive functions within the age norm. There may be complaints of the patient, which are subjective. Others do not notice significant changes in human behavior.
Medium	Cognitive impairment is already out of age. The patient complains of fatigue, weakness, irritability. It is difficult for him to perform complex mental work, mono- or polyfunctional disorders appear.
heavy	There is a complete disadaptation in Everyday life. The doctor is talking about dementia.

Also, by the loss of certain functions, you can determine the localization of damage:

Timely diagnosis and therapy

Cognitive impairment in the early stages is very difficult to suspect. At first, a person is only concerned about weakness, fatigue, a slight decrease in some functions, or a change in mood. Very rarely, such complaints are cause for concern. Seek medical advice already at later stages of the disease.

First of all, if a loss or decrease in cognitive functions is suspected, it is necessary to carefully collect an anamnesis. After all, these symptoms cannot appear without the main cause, to eliminate which the main therapeutic measures will be directed. When collecting an anamnesis, it is necessary to ask about the presence of chronic diseases and the constant intake of any drugs. After all, many drugs, penetrating the blood-brain barrier, can affect brain cells.

Diagnosis of disorders consists in considering the subjective complaints of the patient himself and his close circle (relatives, roommates), direct assessment of the neurological status and functional examination methods. There are special tests that can accurately determine not only cognitive impairment, but also their severity. Such screening scales help detect pathologies such as stroke, vascular or senile dementia, and others. Too complex tests should not be used for diagnosis. Their data will not be objective, since the complication of tasks will primarily indicate intellectual baggage, and not possible violations.

It is also important to assess the emotional sphere. Often in patients with depression there is a violation of memory and concentration. It is also necessary to pay close attention to this, since screening neuropsychological tests do not always fully reveal the state of the psyche.

Cognitive dissonance is mental condition, accompanied by discomfort caused by a discrepancy or inconsistency in the minds of a number of conflicting ideas and concepts. Despite the complexity of the name and definition, every person almost daily encounters something similar. Sometimes we ourselves, without knowing it, plunge ourselves into a similar state, but more often this happens for reasons independent of the person.

The meaning of the concept

Cognitive dissonance is a psychological phenomenon that is accompanied by the appearance of some inconsistency between two cognitions. So, often in their actions a person has to either neglect social attitudes, or else give up personal principles. Because of this, a certain disagreement arises between action and belief.

As a result of the onset of cognitive dissonance, a person may resort to justifying his own actions or delusions that run counter to generally accepted norms. Otherwise, the individual has to direct his thinking in a new direction, which would correspond to the opinions of others and reduce conflicting sensations.

Cognitive dissonance - what is it in simple words?

Many psychological concepts and terms are not so easy to understand and understand their meaning. Sometimes a detailed explanation is required. This also applies to such a phenomenon as cognitive dissonance. What is it in simple words? The explanation of this concept is much simpler than it might seem at first glance.

Each person has some life experience and personal opinion regarding the solution of certain situations. Nevertheless, it is not always possible to solve a particular problem on the basis of one's own ideas. Sometimes a person goes against his own opinion, for example, to please the opinions of others, social values, or the norms of the law. This discrepancy between thoughts and actions is called cognitive dissonance.

Sometimes it happens that an individual consciously or unconsciously violates certain rules (or even commits a crime). In this case, it is important to get justification not only from others, but also from yourself. Thus, a person begins to look for or invent moments that can mitigate guilt in order to weaken the internal contradiction. It is also worth noting that such contradictions can arise not only in one individual, but also at the collective level.

Cognitive dissonance also often occurs when a person has to make an important decision. The individual is overcome by doubts that do not go away even when the final choice is made. Mental activity for some time will be aimed at sorting out in my head the possible options and their consequences.

Causes of Cognitive Dissonance

Cognitive dissonance can occur due to several common causes, among which are the following:

• inconsistency of ideas and concepts that a person is guided by when making certain decisions;
• discrepancy between life beliefs and generally accepted norms in society or in a certain circle;
• the spirit of contradiction caused by the unwillingness to follow generally accepted cultural and ethical norms, and especially when they go against the law;
• inconsistency of information obtained as a result of this or that experience with new conditions or situations.

Author of the theory

The author of the theory of cognitive dissonance is Leon Festinger. This doctrine was presented in 1957 and was intended to explain the essence, causes, and patterns of this phenomenon. The author considered this concept as a phenomenon of inconsistency between various thoughts and ideas of an individual (or a collective).

Watch the video: "Leon Festinger's Theory of Cognitive Dissonance"

Hypotheses of the theory

The theory of cognitive dissonance by L. Festinger is based on two main hypotheses, which are as follows:

• in view of the fact that the occurrence of cognitive dissonance is accompanied by psychological discomfort, the individual will try in every possible way to overcome this discrepancy;
• from the first point, the second can be deduced, which says that a person will in every possible way avoid situations that can plunge him into a similar state.

Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance not only provides an interpretation and clarification of concepts, but also explains the ways out of this state. In addition, the scientist considers a number real cases, which are the most typical examples in psychology.

The essence of the theory

The first thing worth noting is the fact that the theory of cognitive dissonance belongs to the category of motivational ones. This means that this state is decisive in the behavior of the individual. We can say that it is ideas and beliefs that largely influence a person’s actions, as well as his life position. Thus, it is impossible to interpret knowledge only as a set of certain facts. These are primarily motivational factors that determine human behavior both in everyday life and in non-standard situations.

The concept of cognitive dissonance combines two categories. The first of these is the intellect, which is considered as a set of certain beliefs and knowledge, as well as attitudes towards them. The second is affect, that is, a reaction to pathogens and stimuli. At the very moment when a person ceases to find a connection or feels internal contradictions between these categories, a state of cognitive dissonance sets in.

The process itself is inextricably linked with past events and experiences of the individual. So, having committed a certain act, a person may begin to repent or experience remorse. Moreover, this can happen after a considerable period of time. Then the individual begins to look for an excuse for his act or some facts that can mitigate his guilt.

How to reduce dissonance?

The state of cognitive dissonance causes psychological discomfort, from which the individual, quite naturally, tries to get rid of (or at least somewhat reduce discomfort). There are several ways that allow you to achieve relief from a contradictory state, namely:

• change the line of your behavior (if you feel that you are doing wrong, or acting contrary to your convictions, you should direct your efforts in the opposite direction, if this is possible in this particular case);
• to convince oneself (meaning the search for justification for one's actions in order to reduce their guilt or even make them correct in their understanding);
• filter information (in order not to feel internal contradictions, it is worth taking only positive data, and not taking all the negative seriously or even bypassing it altogether);
• take into account all the information and facts about the current situation, get an idea about it, and then build a new line of behavior, which will be considered the only correct one.

How to avoid dissonance

Since the phenomenon of cognitive dissonance is associated with discomfort and psychological stress, many prefer to prevent this condition than to deal with its consequences later. One of the most accessible ways to achieve this is to avoid any negative information that may be contrary to your personal beliefs or current situation. This method fits into the concept of psychological defense, which was developed by Sigmund Freud and later developed by his followers.

In the event that the occurrence of cognitive dissonance could not be avoided, it is possible to deal with its further development. To do this, additional elements are introduced into the cognitive system, which are designed to present the current situation in a positive light. At the same time, you need to ignore or avoid in every possible way those sources of information that can return you to the initial state.

One of the most common and accessible ways to deal with dissonance is to accept reality and adapt to it. In this regard, it is worth convincing yourself that the situation is acceptable. In addition, if the phenomenon is long-term, then psychological work should be aimed at changing one's own beliefs.

Cognitive dissonance: real life examples

In real life, quite often one can encounter such phenomena that cause a feeling of inconsistency or inconsistency of beliefs with the real situation. This is cognitive dissonance. Their examples are quite numerous.

The simplest example is a gold medalist and a C student who entered the university. It is quite logical that teachers expect high results and a decent level of knowledge from the first, and do not place special hopes on the second. Nevertheless, it may turn out that an excellent student will answer a question very mediocre and incomplete, and a C student, on the contrary, will give a competent, meaningful answer. In this case, the teacher experiences cognitive dissonance due to the fact that his beliefs turned out to be inconsistent with the real situation.

Another example given by psychologist A. Leontiev illustrates the desire to reduce discomfort. So, imprisoned revolutionaries were forced to dig holes as a punishment. Naturally, this occupation was unpleasant and even disgusting for the prisoners. To reduce the feeling of psychological discomfort, many gave their action a new meaning, namely, harm to the current regime.

Also, cognitive dissonance can be considered in relation to people who have bad habits (for example, smokers, or those who abuse alcohol. It is quite natural that all of them sooner or later realize the harm of these phenomena for their body. In this case, there are two scenarios. Either the individual tries by all available means to get rid of the bad habit, or he begins to look for excuses for himself, which in his mind can outweigh the possible harm that will be done to health.

Another example is also related to a typical life situation. So, for example, you see a beggar on the street who is begging, but appearance you can say that he does not quite deserve money or does not need it so much (or maybe he will spend money not on food or medicine, but on alcohol or cigarettes). Nevertheless, under the influence of your life principles or moral standards, you cannot pass by such a person. Thus, under the guidance of social principles, you do what you do not want.

Sometimes it happens that before a responsible exam, a student simply does not prepare for it. This may be due to laziness, health, unforeseen circumstances, and so on. Thus, understanding their responsibility for the result and realizing possible consequences, the individual, however, makes no attempt to learn the synopsis.

Cognitive dissonance is often experienced by girls who strive to lose weight and torture themselves with diets. If at this time they want to eat, for example, a cake, then this will contradict their goals and general ideas about proper nutrition. There are several possible solutions to the problem here. You can continue to insist on your own and deny yourself sweets, or you can stop the diet altogether, making sure that you already look good. You can also make a one-time indulgence for yourself, which will later be reimbursed by fasting or physical activity.

Conclusion

Consideration of the problem of cognitive dissonance was carried out by many scientists and psychologists. Particular attention should be paid to the work of Leon Festinger, as well as Sigmund Freud and his followers. Their theories are the most complete and contain not only information about the phenomenon itself and its causes, but also about ways to solve the problem.

It is worth noting that the theory that describes the phenomenon of cognitive dissonance refers to motivational. The contradiction that arises as a result of the inconsistency of beliefs and desires with real actions largely affects how the individual's behavior will be in the future. He may come to terms with the situation and try to revise his ideas, which will somewhat reduce the state of dissonance, or he may resort to attempts to explain or justify his behavior, avoiding real data and facts (protecting himself from the outside world).

To avoid a state of cognitive dissonance, you should avoid conflicting states and information that contradicts your beliefs. In this way, you can protect yourself from internal contradictions that have arisen due to the need to act contrary to your desires and beliefs.

Human cognitive abilities are given by nature, it is important to develop them from infancy and throughout life. In old age, cognitive processes begin to fade, therefore, in order to remain in a clear mind and memory, you need to “train” the brain.

What does cognitive mean?

For ordinary person the concept is habitual - mental or intellectual development, and what does cognitive mean, not everyone will answer. Cognitive is a cognitive process in which the consciousness processes incoming information, its mental transformation into knowledge, storage and use of accumulated experience in everyday life.

Cognitive Research

What is the cognitive abilities of people, the topic is of interest to psychologists, sociologists, linguists, philosophers. Cognitive research in various fields of science helps to understand and study the following processes:

• human knowledge of the world;
• the influence of language and culture on a personal picture of the world (subjective);
• what is the conscious and the unconscious and how is it related to brain activity;
• which cognitive abilities are innate and which are acquired in different age periods;
• what does the cognitive abilities of artificial intelligence mean (is it possible to create an artificial intelligence in the future that is not inferior to the human one).

Cognitive Psychotherapy

Cognitive therapy is aimed at eliminating errors in thinking and changing illogical thoughts and beliefs into new, constructive ones. During a psychotherapy session, the cognitive psychologist pays full attention to what the client says, how he expresses his thoughts. The method of cognitive therapy was discovered by A. Beck, who successfully applied it to many patients suffering from depression and affective disorders.

cognitive thinking

The cognitive abilities of the brain are mental functions of a higher order: attention, gnosis, perception, speech, praxis, intellect. Thinking is one of the most important cognitive processes, divided into three types:

• visual-effective (predominant in children under 3 years old) - solving specific problems, cognition and analysis of objects through manipulations with hands.
• visual-figurative - is formed from 4 to 7 years. Solving problems by using mental images.
• abstract - operating with abstract concepts that are difficult to imagine.

Development of cognitive abilities

How to develop cognitive abilities at any age? Normal human development involves interest, curiosity and the desire for development - this is inherent in nature, so it is important to maintain this and be in a state of constant interest in the world and what is happening around. From the very moment of birth, the cognitive (cognitive) abilities of the child need to be developed - this should become one of the important tasks of parents.

Development of cognitive abilities in adults

Cognitive improvement is possible at different ages, and you need to approach this in the right way, using a creative approach so that it does not seem like a chore. By discovering the exploratory spirit in oneself, a person improves his worldview, mood and helps the development of higher mental functions, which include cognitive abilities. Simple recommendations of psychologists for productive brain activity:

• brush your teeth with your left hand (left-handers - right);
• choosing a new route when going to work;
• choose your option of physical activity;
• start learning a foreign language;
• solving crossword puzzles, riddles, charades;
• a few minutes a day to do simple things with your eyes closed;
• develop intuition;
• give up junk food in favor of a healthy diet.

Development of cognitive abilities in children

Cognitive skills are important to develop from infancy. The modern choice of educational toys for children is huge, but do not neglect the tools at hand that are in every home. Cognitive abilities in young children can be developed in the following ways:

• games with cereals and buttons (under the strict supervision of adults) - pouring from container to container);
• various finger games with nursery rhymes and jokes (“magpie-crow”, “finger-finger where have you been”);
• games with water (bottling).

Gradually, games and activities become more complex and are aimed at developing motor skills and speech:

• drawing and coloring;
• drawing up puzzles, mosaics;
• cutting the image along the contour;
• construction;
• memorization of verses;
• reading and retelling;
• finding differences in two identical images;
• writing stories.

Exercises for the development of cognitive abilities

Cognitive training is the key to productive longevity and a clear mind, even in old age. The brain needs the same exercise as the body, it is important to spend 15-20 minutes a day on simple, but very useful exercises for brain activity:

1. Synchronized drawing. You will need a sheet of paper and 2 pencils. Draw geometric shapes with both hands at the same time. You can start with the same shapes for each hand, then complicate the exercise, for example, draw a square with your left hand, and a triangle with your right. Exercise balances the work of both hemispheres of the brain, develops cognitive abilities, motor skills.
2. Words backwards. Several times during the day, try to pronounce the words you heard from other people to yourself in reverse.
3. calculation. Everything that is to be counted is important to do through mental mental calculations. Put the calculator away.
4. Autobiography. There are 2 options for the exercise. In the first, a person begins to remember and write from the present moment, and deepens year after year towards his early childhood. In the second version, childhood is first described.

Loss of cognitive abilities

Cognitive functions and abilities deteriorate with age, this is due to age-related changes, but more often this happens due to comorbidities and an unhealthy lifestyle. At the first symptoms, it is important to consult a doctor for maintenance therapy. Causes of cognitive impairment:

• violation of homeostasis and metabolism;
• obesity;
• type I and II diabetes;
• hypothyroidism;
• arterial hypertension (hypertension);
• violation of cerebral circulation;
• myocardial infarction;
• traumatic brain injury;
• alcohol and drug use;
• Alzheimer's disease;
• Parkinson's disease.

Classification of cognitive impairment:

1. Mild cognitive impairment- indicators of tests and psychometry may be normal or slight deviations are observed. A person begins to complain of problems with memory, rapid fatigue, attention also suffers at the same time - concentration decreases.
2. Moderate cognitive impairment- about 15% of this form of disorders are transformed in the future into Alzheimer's disease, senile dementia. Symptoms are increasing: deterioration of thinking, memory and speech.
3. severe cognitive impairment. They appear after 60 - 65 years of age. A pronounced clinical picture, symptoms characteristic of dementia (dementia). A person ceases to navigate in space, falls into a "childish" age. People with severe cognitive impairment need constant care and drug therapy.