Chapter 1. Structural and semantic features of the nominative theme

1.1 Logical aspect

1.2 Structural aspect

1.3 Semantic aspect

1.4 Communication aspect

Chapter 2. The place of the nominative theme in the system of syntactic units

2.1 Nominative topics in the system of one-component sentences as a subsystem simple sentences

2.2 Syncretic formations combining the features of a nominative theme and a two-part sentence

2.3 Syncretic formations in the function of nominative themes, combining the features of a simple complicated and complex sentences

2.4 Nominative themes of type Main. Thought. 144 Conclusion 146 Literature 150 Sources

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Introduction to the thesis (part of the abstract) on the topic "Nominative themes as a special kind of nominative sentences"

The paper under review is devoted to the problem of qualification of the nominative theme in the modern Russian language.

The subject of the study is the syntactic unit of the nominative topic. The nominative theme, as defined by V.V. Babaitseva, this is a kind of one-component nominative sentences with one main member, expressed by a noun in the nominative case or a quantitative-nominal combination that names the subject of speech / thought, in order to most concisely and generally express the very essence of the postpositive text. For example, nominative themes-names: "Burgeon" (I.S. Turgenev), "Cursed Days" (I. Bunin), "Philosophy of Knowledge" (JI.A. Mikeshina), " Historical meaning activities of Peter" (the title of the subsection of the chapter from S.F. Platonov's Lecture Course on the History of Russia). .P. Chekhov).

The object of the study is typical samples, or speech examples, in which the structural and semantic features of the nominative theme are realized.

The nominative theme acts as the title of scientific papers, works fiction, titles of chapters, subsections; in the function of the points of the plan to the text; in the function of the sentence that starts the text.

The relevance of this study is determined by the need to study the nominative theme, describing its structural and semantic features.

The work is written in line with the structural-semantic direction in modern Russian studies, which is based on fundamental research on the relationship between language and thinking A.A. Potebni, A.F. Loseva, P.S.

Popova, P.V. Chesnokov; classical works on grammar by F.I. Buslaev, A.A. Shakhmatova, JI.B Shcherba, A.M. Peshkovsky, V.V. Vinogradov and devoted to the problems of typology and systems approach in the study of the structure and semantics of one-part sentences of the work of E.M. Galkina-Fedoruk, S.G. Ilyenko, V.V. Babaytseva and others.

The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time an attempt was made to identify the logical basis, structural, semantic and functional properties of the nominative theme, which allow differentiating nominative themes, nominative representations and existential sentences in the system of nominative sentences. The semantic varieties of nominative themes are singled out.

The material of the study was the texts of works of fiction, classical and modern, scientific works, memoirs, diaries, drafts of writers and poets of the XIX - XX centuries.

The card file of examples is about 2.5 thousand units, which ensures the reliability of the provisions and conclusions formulated in the dissertation research.

The purpose of the study is to identify the essential properties of the nominative theme, which are manifested in the logical, structural, semantic and communicative aspects, and to determine the place of the nominative theme in the system of one-component sentences and, in particular, in the system of nominative sentences. This determines the formulation and solution of the following tasks:

1) determine the nature of the thought expressed in the nominative topic;

2) give a list of block diagrams;

3) present functional-semantic types of nominative themes;

4) to determine the specifics of the actual division of the nominative theme, to identify its communicative task and the means of updating the communication center;

5) to identify the systemic connections of the nominative theme with various structural and semantic types of sentences.

Basic principles and methods of research. The structural-semantic principle of description is chosen as the initial one, taking into account the most significant structural and semantic properties of the units under consideration, in accordance with which their connections and relations with other units of the system are established.

The leading research method is descriptive, including a set of research methods of synchronous analysis. Techniques - observation, comparison, transformation / transformation /.

The theoretical significance of the work is determined by the fact that the analysis of the nominative theme in the system of nominative sentences and in the system of syntactic units made it possible to reveal a close connection between the synchronous nature of this variety of nominative sentences and various structural and semantic types.

The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the conclusions, observations, as well as speech material can be used in the practice of teaching the Russian language at a university and at school.

The study of the interactions of nominative themes with various structural-semantic types of sentences showed the reasons for putting a dash and a comma in a simple two-part sentence and in a sentence complicated by a post-positive common application. The study made it possible to theoretically substantiate the difficult cases of non-separation in the letter of a comma of dependent constructions attached using the union / particle as.

Approbation of work. The materials of the dissertation research were discussed at the scientific and methodological conference "Problems of studying one-component sentences" (MPGU, October 2004), at a meeting of the postgraduate association of the Russian Language Department of the Moscow State Pedagogical University.

Dissertation structure. The dissertation consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, bibliographic list(147 items) and a list of sources of speech material.

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Dissertation conclusion on the topic "Russian language", Drozd, Natalya Vyacheslavovna

Conclusion

1. The nominative theme, having the main features of the sentence, is a special kind of nominative sentences. The nominative theme is a one-part nominative sentence with one main member expressed by a noun in the nominative case or a substantiated word, a quantitative-nominal combination that names the subject of speech / thought in order to most concisely and generally express the main content, the very essence of the postpositive text, and forms with postpositive text functional-semantic unity. Nominative themes are used as the names of scientific works, journalistic, works of art, titles of chapters, sections, points of plans; less often - as a sentence that begins a text or a fragment of text. Features of the nominative theme as a variety of nominative sentences are manifested in the logical, structural, semantic and communicative aspects.

2. By the nature of the thought expressed, the nominative theme is a logical-psychological judgment of existence. The subject of the judgment is revealed in the postpositive text. The nominative theme is the predication of the author's understanding, denoted by the verbalized concept-predicate of the text as a reality created by the writer. The logical subject is not verbalized by the concept, but appears in the mind in the form of a representation of a text or a set of sentences.

3. Postpositive text is a prerequisite for the implementation of the nominative theme as a sentence. The nominative theme and its text form a functional-semantic unity and represent an identity in the sense that they express the same information in different ways.

4. The logical and psychological basis of the nominative theme, the judgment of existence, which is the result of the compression of thought expressed in a postpositive text, determines the general structure of the nominative theme (the one-part structure of this sentence with the two-term nature of the thought) and the morphological nature of the main member. The general structural scheme of the nominative theme (N1) does not differ from other varieties of nominative sentences. Among the common nominative themes, one should single out a variety with a structural scheme (N1 + N6) A dispute about a duel.

The object definition (prepositional-case word form expressing the meaning of the topic of the statement) is an obligatory secondary member, since it is the center of the informative semantics of sentences that implement this structural scheme.

The simplicity of the structural scheme of the nominative theme once again confirms the peculiarity of its informative semantics - semantic capacity.

5. A feature of the meaning of existence, which is realized in the nominative of the topic and allows it to be distinguished as a functional-semantic variety of nominative sentences, is that the nominative of the topic affirms the existence of an object, a phenomenon as the main content (theme / idea) not in objective reality, but in postpositive text, verbal being, intermediate between objectively real and mental being.

A feature of the semantic organization of the nominative theme is the syncretism of the logical-syntactic types of semantics realized in it (beingness, nomination, actionality, characterization).

6. The fuzzy logical-syntactic articulation of the nominative theme determines the specifics of its actual articulation. In the nominative topic, the original in the message does not find its verbal expression, since the subject of the message is the obligatory post-positive text. The entire composition of the utterance of the nominative theme is a communicative center (rheme). The actual articulation of the nominative theme reflects the interaction of the nominative theme and its text. The nominative theme is a special actualizer of the content of a postpositive text. The means of actualization of the communicative center of the nominative theme are predicative intonation with an anticipatory-highlighting shade, the preposition of the nominative theme and the obligatory presence of a postpositive text.

7. In the system of syntactic units, the nominative theme occupies an intermediate position between existential sentences and nominative representations on the horizontal scale of transitivity "two-part-indivisible sentences".

8. Prospects for the study are outlined in the second chapter. The subject of a special study may be the problem of qualifying a series of word forms with non-union and writing connection occupying the position of the nominative theme. While the question remains whether these structures are adjacent homogeneous members complicated nominative sentence, or is it complex sentences with several predicative centers.

The solution of the problem requires a careful and detailed study of the structure and semantics of the series found in all varieties of one-component sentences.

The materials of the dissertation research were discussed at the scientific and methodological conference "Problems of studying one-component sentences" (MPGU, October 2004), at a meeting of the postgraduate association of the Russian Language Department of the Moscow State Pedagogical University.

The main provisions of the dissertation are reflected in the following publications:

1. Thrush H.B. Presentation according to the essay by E.I. Osetrov about the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl. IX class // Russian literature. - 2004. - No. 6. - P.60-64 (0.3 square).

2. Drozd N.V. Nominative sentences in the function of the points of the plan for presentation in the lessons of speech development in the V class. //. Russian literature. - 2004. - No. 7. - P. 54-58 (0.3 p. l.).

3. Drozd N.V. Nominative themes as a special kind of nominative sentences // Problems of studying one-part sentences. Collective monograph / Babaitseva V.V., Bednarskaya L.D., Lekant P.V. and others; Ed. Babaitseva, Nikolina H.A. and Ksenofontova L.V. - M .: "Prometheus" MPGU, 2005. - S. 179-186 (0.43 p. L.).

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Please note that the scientific texts presented above are posted for review and obtained through recognition original texts dissertations (OCR). In this connection, they may contain errors related to the imperfection of recognition algorithms. There are no such errors in the PDF files of dissertations and abstracts that we deliver.

Introduction

Chapter 1. Structural and semantic features of the nominative topic 20

1.1 Logical aspect 24

1.2 Structural aspect 37

1.3 Semantic aspect 50

1.4 Communication aspect 82

Chapter 2. The place of the nominative topic in the system of syntactic units 103

2.1 Nominative themes in the system of one-component sentences as a subsystem of simple sentences 104

2.2 Syncretic formations combining the features of a nominative theme and a two-part sentence 130

2.3 Syncretic formations in the function of nominative themes, combining the features of a simple complicated and complex sentences 141

2.4 Nominative themes of type Main. Thought. 144

Conclusion 146

Literature 150

Sources 162

Introduction to work

The paper under review is devoted to the problem of qualification of the nominative theme in the modern Russian language.

Subject of study- syntactic unit of the nominative topic. The nominative theme, as defined by V.V. Babaitseva, this is a kind of one-component nominative sentences with one main member, expressed by a noun in the nominative case or a quantitative-nominal combination that names the subject of speech / thought, in order to most concisely and generally express the very essence of the postpositive text. For example, nominative themes-names: "Burmister"(I.S. Turgenev), "Cursed Days" (AND. Bunin), "Philosophy of Knowledge" (L.A. Mikeshina),"Historical the significance of Peter's activities"(the title of the subsection of the chapter from the "Course of lectures on the history of Russia" by S.F. Platonov). Nominative topics, beginner text:Today's women. (Artist). The women of today are fit only to be servants. The best of them go to actresses (A.P. Chekhov).

Object of study- typical samples, or speech examples, in which the structural and semantic features of the nominative theme are realized.

The nominative theme acts as the title of scientific papers, works of fiction, titles of chapters, subsections; in the function of the points of the plan to the text; in the function of the sentence that starts the text.

The relevance of this study is determined by the need to study the nominative theme, describing its structural and semantic features.

The work is written in line with the structural-semantic direction in modern Russian studies, the basis of which is fundamental research on the relationship between language and thinking by A.A. Potebni, A.F. Loseva, P.S.

Popova, P.V. Chesnokov; classical works on grammar by F.I. Buslaev, A.A. Shakhmatova, L.V. Shcherby, A.M. Peshkovsky, V.V. Vinogradov and devoted to the problems of typology and a systematic approach in the study of the structure and semantics of one-part sentences of the work of E.M. Galkina-Fedoruk, S.G. Ilyenko, V.V. Babaytseva and others.

Scientific novelty The work consists in the fact that for the first time an attempt was made to identify the logical basis, structural, semantic and functional properties of the nominative theme, which allow differentiating nominative themes, nominative representations and existential sentences in the system of nominative sentences. The semantic varieties of nominative themes are singled out.

Material The research served as texts of works of fiction, classical and modern, scientific works, memoirs, diaries, drafts of writers and poets of the XIX - XX centuries.

Case file of examples is about 2.5 thousand units, which ensures the reliability of the provisions and conclusions formulated in the dissertation research.

Target research - identifying the essential properties of the nominative topic, which are manifested in the logical, structural, semantic and communicative aspects, and determining the place of the nominative topic in the system of one-component sentences and, in particular, in the system of nominative sentences. This determines the formulation and solution of the following tasks:

determine the nature of the thought expressed in the nominative topic;

give a list of block diagrams;

present the functional-semantic types of nominative themes;

to determine the specifics of the actual division of the nominative theme, to identify its communicative task and the means of updating the communicative

foot center;

5) to identify the systemic connections of the nominative theme with various structural and semantic types of sentences.

Basic principles and methods of research. IN The structural-semantic principle of description is chosen as the initial one, taking into account the most significant structural and semantic properties of the units under consideration, in accordance with which their connections and relations with other units of the system are established.

The leading research method is descriptive, including a set of research methods of synchronous analysis. Techniques - observation, comparison, transformation / transformation /.

Theoretical significance The work is determined by the fact that the analysis of the nominative theme in the system of nominative sentences and in the system of syntactic units made it possible to reveal a close connection between the synchronic nature of this variety of nominative sentences with various structural and semantic types.

Practical significance The work lies in the fact that conclusions, observations, as well as speech material can be used in the practice of teaching the Russian language at a university and at school.

The study of the interactions of nominative themes with various structural-semantic types of sentences showed the reasons for putting a dash and a comma in a simple two-part sentence and in a sentence complicated by a post-positive common application. The study made it possible to theoretically substantiate difficult cases of non-separation in the letter of a comma of dependent constructions attached using a union / particle how.

Approbation of work. The materials of the dissertation research were discussed at the scientific and methodological conference "Problems of studying one-component sentences" (MPGU, October 2004), at a meeting of the postgraduate association of the Russian Language Department of the Moscow State Pedagogical University.

Dissertation structure. The dissertation consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a bibliographic list (147 titles) and a list of sources of speech material.

In administered the subject of research is characterized, the relevance, scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance work, goals, objectives are defined, as well as a brief bibliographic review of the various qualifications of this syntactic construction by domestic linguists.

In the first chapter "Structural and semantic features of the nominative theme" an attempt was made to clarify the nature of the expressed thought, which determines the structure of the nominative theme, the meanings realized in its structural schemes, and the communicative task of this variety of nominative sentences.

In the second chapter "The place of the nominative theme in the system of syntactic units" significant differences between nominative themes and existential sentences, nominative themes and nominative representations are revealed. The oppositions "existential sentences - nominative themes", "nominative themes - nominative representations" are illustrated by examples on the scale of transitivity.

IN imprisonment the main conclusions drawn as a result of the study are presented.

In Russian linguistics, there are different opinions on how to qualify a syntactic construction, which is an isolated nominative case of a noun, a beginning text or a title, a paragraph of a plan and denoting the topic of a subsequent text. For example:

accident in the novel. No novel can be written without accidents. Furthermore: the accidents of meetings, for example, are a compositional technique characteristic of the genre of the novel. It all comes down to how this or that writer uses this technique ...

K. Fedin

A.M. Peshkovsky singled out the category nominative representations:“... The thought is presented in this case, as it were, in two steps: first, an isolated object is put on display, and the listeners only know that something will be said about this object now and that for the time being this object must be observed; in the next moment, the very thought is expressed. one

A.S. Popov, instead of the term nominative representation, proposed by A.M. Peshkovsky, coined the term nominative topics, which, in his opinion, "more accurately reflects the essence of this construction without the specified psychologism." 2

According to A.S. Popova, the nominative theme, “having the same structure as the nominative sentence, does not form a sentence: it lacks the predicative categories of modality, tense and person...”, 3 although the nominative theme “is pronounced with a special, independent intonation, forms an intonational whole, those. phrase." But the intonation in the nominative theme

1A.M. Peshkovsky. Russian syntax in scientific coverage. - M., 2001. - S.368.

2 A.S. Popov. Nominative themes and other segmented constructions in modern Russian //
Development of grammar and vocabulary of the modern Russian language: Sat. scientific tr. - M., 1964. - S.256-273.

“performs an excretory and emotional function, but not a predicative one,” therefore it is a kind of companion to the next sentence and a means of syntactic expression.

A.S. Popov refers nominative themes to the category of constructions "with double designation, or segmented constructions" 5 , referring to the fact that he borrowed the term segment at Sh. Balli.

Sh. Bally does not use the term segment, and defines segmented offer, the process of forming such a sentence is called segmentation: "Segmented offer we call one sentence, which was formed from two composed sentences, but the combination of which turns out to be incomplete and allows us to distinguish between both parts: one (A), which performs the function of the topic of the statement, and the other (Z), which performs the function of an occasion ... Segmentation allows you to turn any part an ordinary sentence into the topic, and another - into the actual statement, into the occasion "6. S. Bally also believes that “segmentation is in the highest degree expressive reception" 7 .

However, analyzing examples with segmented constructions, A.S. Popov notes a significant difference between the nominative theme and the segment: “Singling out [in a segmented construction] occurs not with the aim of influencing the listener, but to facilitate one's own speech. (A.M. Peshkovsky called such a nominative "lecturer's"). If the speaker seeks to specifically highlight the topic of his statement, then a construction with a nominative topic is formed, which differs from the segment, which is

3 A.S. Popov. Nominative themes and other segmented constructions in modern Russian. -
M., 1964.-S.263.

4 A.S. Popov. Nominative themes and other segmented constructions in modern Russian. -
M., 1964.-S.263.

5 A.S. Popov. Nominative themes and other segmented constructions in modern Russian. -
M., 1964.-S.263.

6 S. Bally. General linguistics and questions of the French language. - M., 1955. - S.70-76.

7 S. Bally. General linguistics and questions of the French language. - M., 1955. - S.76-80.

which is part of a sentence in that it sharply separates intonation from the next sentence” 8 . It follows that A.S. Popov, introducing a new term, does not attribute the nominative theme to either nominative sentences or segmented constructions.

A.S. Popov characterizes the isolated nominative only in the communicative aspect. There is no differentiation between the structural and communicative aspects, and there is also no structural characteristic of the nominative topic, segment.

Following A.S. Popov uses the term segment D.E. Rosenthal. The scientist uses the term nominative themes and nominative representations as synonymous names for the same linguistic phenomenon - a segment. Unlike Sh. Bally and A.S. Popova, D.E. Rosenthal defines a segment not as an intonationally distinguished part of one sentence that names its topic, but as an isolated form of the nominative case of a noun, located at the beginning of not only the sentence, but also the text; naming "a person or object that in the subsequent part of the sentence receives a second designation in the form of a pronoun." nine

Consider an example given by D.E. Rosenthal:

Earth. No one will touch her ... just cling to her tighter ...

K. Simonov.

Nominative Earth highlighted in a separate segment and actualizes the topic of the sentence following it. Noun Earth names the topic of a post-positive statement and contains the assertion that both in the minds of the author and in the minds of the reader there is an image of the land scorched by war, on which, under a hail of bullets and shells, infantry crawls in a belligerent way. The war hero of K. Simonov is not a talented strategist, but an ordinary soldier, closed

8 A.S. Popov, Nominative themes and other segmented constructions in modern Russian. -M., 1964.- P.269.

waving with his body native land. The earth saves its defender, keeps him.

Perhaps it is more appropriate to qualify this example not as a segment, but as a nominative representation, which not only evokes a representation in the mind, but also names the topic of the subsequent statement. The so-called "second designations" in the form of pronouns on her, to her are minor members. But the pronoun in the text performs the function of a lexico-grammatical means of connecting sentences, and as a lexical-grammatical means of communication, the pronoun in the text is also the second designation.

Segmentation, in the interpretation of S. Bally, is an expressive means of highlighting the topic and occasion (the utterance itself) within one sentence. The hallmark of a segmented sentence is a pause that separates the sentence into topic and occasion, rather than a second designation in the form of a pronoun. Sh. Bally refers to segmented sentences like sentences Pavel, come here! (AZ). That is, by segmentation S. Bally means special cases of actual segmentation, and the field of research of the scientist is the communicative aspect.

Nouns in the nominative case that are at the beginning of the text or microtext, graphically separated from the text following them by the end-of-sentence sign (dot, question mark, exclamation point, ellipsis) are not segmented constructions with double designation. And the sentence following the nominative noun does not contain a second designation in the form of a pronoun and begins with capital letter. For example:

9 D.E. Rozentap, M.A. Telenkova. Dictionary - a reference book of linguistic terms. - M., 1985. - S.273-274.

Terror. Some kind of terrible cloud is gathering over the heads of people who have left the crowd. It's scary to think; completely innocent people, having no practical direct goal, not belonging to any association, can be destroyed, crushed, executed for some way of thinking that they do not know, which to have or not to have is not in the will of man and which to stop they can not...

A.I. Herzen.

Noun Terror unites the sentences following it, organizing them into a single whole, names its main theme and asserts its existence in the postpositive text and, therefore, is the nominative of the theme. Term segment does not determine the place of this text fragment in the system of structural-semantic types of the sentence.

A.S. Popov, D.E. Rosenthal consider nominative themes and nominative representations in the communicative aspect. A sentence of any structural-semantic type can be segmented.

A segment is a means of expressing expression related to the communicative aspect, while the terms nominative topics And nominative representation reflect the functional and semantic characteristics of the constructions they call as varieties of a certain structural and semantic type of one-component sentences and are included in the system of classical terminology.

L.E. Maiorova 10 considers nominative representations and nominative themes as two different stages of the functioning of segmented constructions in the language, which are means of expressing expression. The most important distinguishing feature of the nominative theme from the name is

10 Mayorova L.E. Nominative representations and nominative themes as different stages of functioning of nominative segmented constructions // Functioning of language units of different levels in speech.-Ufa, 1992.-S. 91-98.

representation of L.E. Mayorova considers the presence of vivid expression in the nominative representation and the absence of it in the nominative theme.

If there is no vivid expression in the nominative of the topic, then the nominative of the topic is neither a means of expressing expression, nor a subspecies of segmented constructions. A nominative representation besides emotional coloring, as well as nominative themes, contains informative semantics characteristic of one-part nominative sentences.

The term segment is not included in the conceptual system adopted in the structural-semantic direction. Perhaps, when designating the structural-semantic type of a sentence or its functional-semantic varieties, such a term as a segmented construction should be abandoned.

In the "Grammar of the Russian language" (1952-1954), edited by V.V. Vinogradov, isolated nominatives, inscriptions on signs, words and word combinations expressing greetings, headings are combined in the section "Constructions that coincide in form with nominative sentences, but do not being them." The author of the section, N.Yu. Shvedova, does not consider these constructions to be nominative sentences, since they do not contain the meaning of being, and refers to nominative only sentences that have received the name proper-existential in the works of other linguists. Substantive sentences without a demonstrative word are named in the "Grammar of the Russian Language" (1952-1954) edited by V.V. Vinogradov with ethical sentences, for example:

". Grammar of the Russian language: In 2 volumes - M .: Publishing house of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1960. - T.N. - 4.2. - P.68-77

- Sergei Sergeyevich, we are late; And we were waiting for you, waiting, waiting. (He leads to Khlestova). My daughter-in-law, who has been spoken about you for a long time (A.S. Griboedov). As well as evaluative and existential, for example:

- But he was so kind that he appointed me Lavriki as a place of residence.

-BUT! Great estate! (KS. Turgenev).

The above examples are placed in the section “Constructions that coincide in form with nominative sentences, but are not them” 12, since such sentences do not have the meaning of being, the existence of an object, but call the object as a sign and perform the function of a predicate in relation to the implied subject this- my daughter-in-law or to the noun subject of the preceding clause: Lavriki is a wonderful estate.

Relegating the isolated nominatives to one rather voluminous section, N.Yu. Shvedova argues that these various constructions are not nominative sentences. Some isolated nominatives are named sentences, but their structural-semantic type is not specified.

In "Grammar of the modern Russian literary language" (1970) N.Yu. Shvedova puts in the section "Individual word forms and phrases in an independent position" the titles of works, isolated nominatives at the beginning of the text, combined common function in the text - to name the subject of thought of the subsequent speech - in order to "present" them to the reader as a topic for further utterance. That is, in the text, along with sentences, just words can be used, or rather, word forms, case forms.

12 Grammar of the Russian language: In 2 vols. 2nd ed. - M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1960. - T.N. - 4.2. - P.72,74.

13 Grammar of the modern Russian literary language. - M., 1970. - S. 649 -650.

ME AND. Roslovets 14, using terms nominative topics And nominative representation as synonyms, defines them not as a syntactic unit (phrase or sentence), but as a component of a more complex syntactic structure than a separate simple sentence, which is a method of deploying an utterance. The scientist does not give any definition of this "structure more complex than a single sentence." And any methods of deploying an utterance, linking parts of a text, still imply the use of some specific syntactic constructions. Neither N.Yu. Shvedova, nor Ya.I. Roslovets do not use terms that would introduce nominative themes and nominative representations as structures into the system of syntactic terms of the structural-semantic direction. If nominative topics and nominative representations are not nominative sentences, then what are they: phrases, separate members or or introductory, plug-in constructions that are not members of the sentence?

In the works of N.S. Valgina 15, this concept is being further developed. N.S.Valgina already distinguishes functional-semantic types of nominative sentences: existential, demonstrative, evaluative-existential, desirable-existential. N.S. Valgina does not consider nominative themes and nominative representations not only as nominative sentences, but also as sentences in general, since they "do not contain the meaning of being and are not capable of independent functioning." 16 Concept being used by N.S. Valgina in the narrow sense - as the material world around us, its semantics does not include reality reflected in human consciousness, thinking as being, reality of art

14 Roslovets Ya.I. Nominal (substantive) sentences in modern Russian: Disdoctora fi-
lol.sci. - M., 1974. - S.294.

15 Valgina N.S. Syntax of the modern Russian language. - M., 1991. - S. 190-192.

16 Valgina N.S. Syntax of the modern Russian language. - M., 1991. - S. 190-192.

venous work. N.S. Valgina notes that "nominative sentences are lexically limited to words capable of conveying the meaning of being" . But in any language, all significant words, including nouns, reflect reality in one way or another. For example, words mermaid, goblin contain information about the fabulous reality created by the collective consciousness of an entire people.

We can agree with N.S. Valgina that nominative themes and nominative representations, “separately taken”, certainly do not perform a communicative function, but it can be difficult to distinguish any other nominative sentence out of context from an incomplete two-part one. It is also difficult to distinguish between different types of nominative sentences.

Consider the offer Horror!, which N.S. Valgina cites evaluative-existential sentences as an illustration. The ability of this sentence "to function independently", that is, without context, is very doubtful. Let's compare the same sentence by modeling several different contexts.

-Horror! - Irina exclaimed, seeing the blooming apple trees covered with snow.(One-component nominative evaluative-existential sentence).

What paralyzed our will so much? Nina asked.

-Horror! Chilling fear of the NKVD! Savva whispered hotly.(Two-part incomplete sentence).

3) Inna talked for a long time about her trip to the beauty salon, about how
her life was ruined by too pale varnish applied to her plastic
you nails. She terribly shouted at the master, horror, as the administrator threatened
nistrator. After all, her nails are terrible!

17 Valgina N.S. Syntax of the modern Russian language. - M., 1991. - S. 192.

“Horror - Belov remembered the barracks lost in the taiga, wrinkled, like old people's, children's faces. Cold, hunger, barking dogs... - Yes, this lady lives easily. Although everyone has their own horror.(One-part nominative sentence - nominative representation).

4) Horror. A state of chilling stupor, when a person ceases to think sensibly, loses his will and turns into a rabbit paralyzed by a boa constrictor. As if under hypnosis, living and intelligent beings lose all senses and begin to act instinctively. The main instinct is a sense of self-preservation. It is he who makes people come forward with accusations, race to write denunciations against neighbors and colleagues; run across the street to avoid shaking hands with a leper. But that doesn't save anyone.(One-part nominative - nominative theme).

As the analysis shows, the word form Horror can be used as the main member of sentences of different structural and semantic types.

Communicative function of the sentence horror understandable only in context. Not only nominative themes and nominative representations, but also other nominative sentences depend on the context.

Undoubtedly, the lexical meaning of the main member affects the entire informative semantics of the nominative sentence, but it is also quite acceptable to assume that the context also plays a significant role in expressing the meaning of beingness and its various shades. Consequently, different types of nominative sentences are more or less closely, but still related to the context.

The question of the proposed status of the nominative theme is connected not only with different values the concept of being and the opinions of scientists about the role of context. Seemingly insignificant at first glance, the differences in wording

nominative sentences are also determined by disagreements in their typology and classifications.

In the works of L.V. Shcherby, V.V. Vinogradov, the term nominative sentence goes back to the French term "nominative". Nominative sentences name the time, place, state of nature and environment, events, objects.

A.M. Peshkovsky, E.M. Galkina-Fedoruk, F.K. Buzhenik, V.V. Babaitsev interpret the nominative sentence according to the grammatical nature of the main member from the Latin casus nominativus (nominative case). Therefore, the typology of nominative sentences, presented by scientists of this concept, is much wider, more diverse and removes the problem of qualifying the syntactic constructions identified by N.Yu. Since, in accordance with morphological form expressions of the main member, all these constructions are varieties of nominative sentences.

One of the most significant works on the study of one-part sentences in modern Russian is the recently published monograph by V.V. Babaitseva "The system of one-part sentences in modern Russian". 19

V.V. Babaitseva qualifies nominative themes as a special kind of nominative sentences along with nominative representations, existential, demonstrative, substantive-evaluative, imperative and gives the following definition: “The nominative themes is a kind of nominative sentence, the center of which is a noun in

18 Grammar of the Russian language: In 2 volumes, 2nd ed. - M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1960. - T.N. - 4.2. - S. 68 - 77.

19 Babaitseva VV. The system of one-part sentences in modern Russian. - M., 2004. - 512s.

form of the nominative case, denoting the topic of the subsequent text” 20 . To nominative topics V.V. Babaitseva relates sentences that are paragraphs of the plan, table of contents, titles of books, magazines, newspapers, sections.

S.G. Ilyenko classifies vocative sentences and nominative representations as nominative sentences, "the organizing nominative case of which is also filled with content with the help of a certain situation and context." 21

L.N. Golaidenko considers the nominative representation as an independent unit, “not tied to the subsequent context”, and calls the nominative theme “the link between the parts of the text” and, noting the close connection of the nominative theme with the subsequent text, avoids categorically posing the question of the proposed status of the nominative theme, although he cites some structural and semantic features of the nominative theme, but with the aim of describing in detail nominative representations as a special kind of nominative sentences.

I.A. Syrov 23 considers the title as a communicative unit - a sentence - and distinguishes five functional-semantic types.

I.A. Vysotskaya, 24 analyzing syncretic formations as pre-text units, qualifies the titles of books, magazines, inscriptions on signs as syntactic units - sentences.

Babaytseva VV. The system of one-part sentences in modern Russian. - M., 2004. - S.427-437.

21 Ilyenko S.G. Russian Studies: Selected Works / Introduction, article by M.Ya. Dymarsky, I.N. Levina - St. Petersburg: Publishing House
RGPU them. A.I. Herzen, 2003. - S. 74.

22 Golaydenko L.N. Syntactic ways of expressing representation in a literary text: Dis. cand.
philological sciences - M., 1996. - S.24.

Golaydenko L.N. On the issue of distinguishing IP and IT // Semantics and structure of a simple and complex sentence / Orlovsky state. teacher Univ. - Eagle, 1995. - S.48-56.

23 Syrov I.A. Functional-semantic classification of titles and their role in the organization of the text. -
NDVSH FN, 2002. - (3). - P.59-68.

24 Vysotskaya I.V. Syncretic formations as pretext units//Word, statement,
text in cognitive, pragmatic and cultural aspects: Mat. II Intl. scientific conf., Chelya
Binsk, December 5-6, 2003 - Chelyabinsk, 2003. S. 299 - 301.

Monograph by V.V. Babaitseva and the works of her students open up prospects for further research on the structural and semantic features of the nominative theme: structural markers, informative semantics, communicative purpose - and identifying the essential properties of the nominative theme, which manifest themselves in the logical, structural, semantic and communicative aspects and determine the place of the nominative theme in system of one-part sentences.

Logical aspect

Classics of Russian linguistics F.I. Buslaev, A.A. Potebnya, F.F. Fortunatov, A.A. Shakhmatov dealt with the issue of determining the type of thought that forms the basis of the proposal in the light of the problem of the relationship between language, thinking and being.

F.I. Buslaev correlated a sentence with a judgment: "A judgment expressed in words is a sentence." But the scientist did not reveal the difference between a judgment and a sentence.

A.A. Potebnya, who believed that language expresses psychological processes and that, therefore, it is impossible to define a sentence, due to its subjectivity, he argued: “ grammatical sentence not at all identical and not parallel with a logical proposition.”31

F.F. Fortunatov defined a sentence as a "judgment in speech"32. At the heart of F.F. Fortunatov did not see the expression of a logical judgment, believing that the sentence contains a psychological judgment, which is very different from a grammatical sentence.

A.M. Peshkovsky denied the existence of any correspondence between a sentence and a judgment: “The usual reduction of a sentence to a judgment should be abandoned, since the concept of the judgment itself (both logical and psychological) has grown on the analysis of a linguistic sentence.”33

A.A. Shakhmatov, for the first time in the history of Russian linguistics, who singled out one-part sentences as a special type, along with two-part sentences, laid the foundation for the logical and psychological side of speech. Recognizing the binomial nature of thought, which is the basis of one-component sentences, and admitting the possibility of verbal inexpressibility of a logical subject, A.A. Shakhmatov made a proposition about the fusion of the subject and the predicate in one member of a one-part sentence.34

Later, the problem of the logical and psychological basis of one-component sentences was considered in the works of P.S. Popova, E.M. Galkina-Fedoruk.35

Any sentence is a form of expression of thought, as P.S. wrote. Popov: “... There are no judgments without suggestions. Without exception, all types of declarative sentences - one-part, two-part, common - contain judgments. ”36

P.S. Popov, referring the names of works of art to nominative sentences, notes that "for all one-component sentences, intonation and context are means that turn a word into a sentence." Therefore, if the words "Anna Karenina" are written on a piece of paper without the text of the novel, then we have a phrase if the same words are printed on title page books, they “form a nominative sentence; these words in this case mean the nominative proposition “this is Anna Karenina.”37 Such a proposition is binomial, and it affirms the name of the object. Although further P.S. Popov writes that nominative sentences contain one-component judgments in which only the predicate is explicitly expressed. But in the judgments “This is Anna Karenina” and “Anna Karenina” there is the same difference that V.V. Babaitseva in the sentences Lantern and This pho 34 Shakhmatov A.A. The syntax of the Russian language. 2nd ed. - L., 1941. - S.62.

According to V.V. Babaitseva, the first sentence affirms the existence of an object, and this is a one-part existential sentence, and the second sentence is two-part, and it gives the name of the object. This is a lantern, This is “Anna Karenina” are not nominative judgments of the sentences Lantern, “Anna Karenina”, but two-part sentences.

With all the interest of linguists to the logical basis of one-component sentences, the question of the form of thought that is realized in the nominative topic remains open. This is due to the fact that the nominative theme is presented as a special kind of nominative sentences only in the monograph by V.V. Babaitseva “The system of one-component sentences in modern Russian”.

In the logical aspect, it is extremely difficult to consider nominative topics and categorically state anything. But it is necessary to make such an attempt, since this will help to penetrate into the essence of this syntactic unit, although one can disagree with such an interpretation.

Nominative themes in the system of one-compound sentences as a subsystem of simple sentences

In the system of nominative sentences, the integral features of nominative themes and existential, demonstrative, substantive-evaluative, imperative sentences and nominative representations in the logical aspect are the nature of the thought expressed - the logical-psychological judgment of existence with a non-verbalized logical subject; in the structural - a single form of the main member; in the semantic - the meaning of beingness. Nominative sentences are differentiated by “the presence of functionally determined shades in semantics.”118

A specific feature of the informative semantics of the nominative theme is the syncretism of the meanings of beingness, nomination, characterization, actionality. This is due to the function of the nominative theme - compression (folding) of the information contained in the postpositive text. Thus, in terms of its functional and semantic characteristics, the nominative theme itself is already a syncretic formation, once again illustrating the statement of V.V. language tools and act as condensers of semantics; are characterized by richer compatibility possibilities than typical phenomena, have multifunctionality...” 19

In the system of varieties of nominative sentences, nominative themes enter into oppositions "existential sentences - nominative themes", "nominative themes - nominative representations".

The opposition "existential sentences - nominative themes" is due to a) differentiation of the semantics of beingness - the existence of a specific fact in objective reality and the existence of a phenomenon, an object as a topic (the main content, the subject of speech / thought) in verbal reality - a text; b) differences in functional usage in the text.

The nominative theme and its text express the same information in different ways. The nominative topic is encoded text, so the nominative topic and its text are in an identity relationship. We can say that the nominative theme and its text are in a paradigmatic (non-linear) relationship. For example:

Tobacco controversy.

“Young lady, they smoke! It is, of course, all people are equal, but still smoking is not good for a young lady. And the voice grows coarse from tobacco, and the smell from the mouth is masculine. The young lady needs to suck sweets, sprinkle with perfume, so that the gentle spirit goes. And then the gentleman with pleasantries - jumped, and you puffed at him with that masculine spirit! The male sex cannot stand the male spirit. What do you think, young lady?

Me: "Of course you're right, it's a bad habit!" Another soldier: “But I, that is, comrades, I believe that the female gender has nothing to do with it. After all, you pull into the throat, and everyone has the same throat. What is tobacco, what is bread... M. Tsvetaeva.

saturated solution. Water can't dissolve anymore. That is the law. You are a solution saturated with me.

I am not a bottomless vat. Nominative themes The argument about tobacco succinctly conveys the main content of M. Tsvetaeva's diary entry, defining the nature of the poet's conversation with fellow travelers and the topic under discussion. Nominative themes Saturated solution is a metaphorical characteristic of the relationship between the author of the diary (M. Tsvetaeva) and her lover. In the postpositive text, also metaphorical, the same idea is expressed in more detail.

Syncretic formations combining the features of a nominative theme and a two-part sentence

The core of nominative themes as a semantic-functional variety of nominative sentences is represented by the titles of books, chapters, sections, paragraphs of plans, since they have the property of identity with a postpositive text. They are joined by nominative themes that begin fragments of scientific texts, diary entries, drafts of writers, which are independent microtexts. For example:

Correspondence. “The young man dreams of devoting himself to literature, constantly writes about this to his father, in the end he quits his service, goes to St. Petersburg and devotes himself to literature - he enters the censor.

AL. Chekhov.

Decembrists. Most of all - about Lunin ("Friend of Bacchus, Mars and Venus ...").

Here is a man who can be the main hero of his era and can always be set as an example of morality...

In the function of names, points of plans, simple two-part sentences are also used, for example: “Who is to blame?” (A.I. Herzen), “How the steel was tempered ...” (N. Ostrovsky), “The dawns here are quiet ...”, “Tomorrow there was a war” (B. Vasiliev); and complex sentences, for example: “About how Panikovsky violated the convention” (I. Ilf, E. Petrov “The Golden Calf”, the title of the chapter), “The Tale of the Deserter, who settled down pretty well, and about that Babaitseva V.V. The system of one-part sentences in modern Russian. - M., what fate befell him and the self-seeker's family ”(V. Mayakovsky). The diversity and syncretism of logical-syntactic types of semantics, which are realized in nominative themes, the syncretism of secondary members that spread main member, noun, condition existence difficult cases differentiation of nominative themes and simple two-part sentences, nominative themes and complex sentences.

The features of a one-part nominative theme and a two-part sentence are combined with substantive sentences with a postpositive adjective and with a postpositive common application.

Double qualification is allowed by nominal sentences with a postpositive adjective used in the function of names. For example: “Belated Flowers” ​​(A.P. Chekhov), “Army Ensign” (A.I. Kuprin), “Soviet Russia” (S. Yesenin).

On the one hand, postposition full adjective, which is a means of its actualization as a communicative center and characteristic of the predicate, suggests that postpositive adjectives denote a predicative feature and the above sentences are two-part.

On the other hand, it is quite possible to qualify these sentences as one-component nominative, nominative themes.

In the title of the story, A.P. Chekhov “Belated Flowers”, despite the presence of the seme of actionality in the verbal adjective belated, the noun flowers is used in a figurative metaphorical meaning, which is realized only in a predicative function. Belated flowers are a figurative metaphor for the awakening of the human in the soul of the hero of the story A.P. Chekhov, but neither love, nor care, nor resorts and money will save Marusya: Dr. Toporkov was late. Therefore, "Belated Flowers" can be qualified as a phraseologically related phrase, acting as the main member of a one-part nominative sentence - a nominative theme.

In the title of the story A.i. Kuprin “Army Ensign”, the noun ensign expresses the semantics of the existence of a person and his social characteristics, and the adjective army clarifies the main characteristic, that is, it is a concretizing feature.

In the title of S. Yesenin's poem "Soviet Russia", it is permissible to interpret the expression Soviet Russia as a lexically or phraseologically related phrase of an oxymoronic nature, since there is a connotative component in the structure of the lexical meaning of the noun Russia - Kievan Rus, Ancient Russia (baptism of Russia, adoption of Christianity). As a result of the semantic interaction of the components of the combination, in the structure of the lexical meaning of the adjective Soviet, the connotative component is actualized - Soviet, that is, one who renounced Christ, the past. Such an interpretation makes it difficult to divide the sentence into an object and its predicative feature and allows us to qualify the phrase Soviet Russia as a group of the main member of the nominative theme.

The nominative of the topic (nominative representation) is a figure of speech, in the first place of which is an isolated noun in the nominative case, naming the topic of the subsequent phrase. Its function is to arouse special interest in the subject of the utterance and enhance its sound: Winter! Pushkin Ah, France! There is no better place in the world! (A.S. Griboyedov) A.S. Griboyedov Moscow! How much has merged in this sound for the Russian heart, how much has resonated in it. (A.S. Pushkin) A.S. Pushkin

The first part of the nominative topic may include: a word; combination of words; a few suggestions. “A teacher and a student... Remember that Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky wrote on his portrait, presented to the young Alexander Pushkin: “To the winner-student from the defeated teacher.” The student must certainly surpass his teacher, this is the highest merit of the teacher, his continuation, his joy, his right, even if illusory, to immortality ... "(Mikhail Dudin). Vasily Andreevich ZhukovskyMikhail Dudin In this example, the nominative construction " Teacher and student...” is the name of the topic of further discussion. These words are keywords text and determine not only the topic of the utterance, but also main idea the text itself. the text of the statement Thus, similar constructions that precede the text are called nominative representations, or nominative topics. Nominative representations (themes) are logically stressed, and in speech such constructions are distinguished by a special intonation. This speech figure undoubtedly makes the utterance expressive. Expressive intonation

Snow-white outfits are innumerable, Beauties of our Winter, Here it is cold, calm, serenity. And we admire her...

Nominative themes

Nominative themes(nominative representation, segment) is a figure of speech, in the first place of which is an isolated noun in the nominative case, naming the topic of the subsequent phrase. Its function is to arouse special interest in the subject of the statement and enhance its sound:

1. Winter!.. The peasant, triumphant, renews the way on the firewood... (A.S. Pushkin)
2. Ah, France! There is no better place in the world! (A.S. Griboyedov)
3. Moscow! How much has merged in this sound for the Russian heart, how much has resonated in it. (A.S. Pushkin)

The first part of the nominative theme may include:

combination of words;

“A teacher and a student ... Remember that Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky wrote on his portrait, presented to young Alexander Pushkin: “To the winner-student from the defeated teacher.” The student must certainly surpass his teacher, this is the highest merit of the teacher, his continuation, his joy, his right, even if illusory, to immortality ... ”(Mikhail Dudin).

In this example, the nominative construction "Teacher and student ..." is the name of the topic of further reasoning. These words are the key words of the text and determine not only the topic of the statement, but also the main idea of ​​the text itself.

Thus, similar constructions that precede the text are called the nominative representation, or the nominative topic. Nominative representations (themes) are logically stressed, and in speech such constructions are distinguished by a special intonation. This speech figure undoubtedly makes the statement expressive.

Punctuation marks for nominative topics

The nominative of the topic (representation) as a syntactic construction isolated from the sentence whose topic it represents is separated by such punctuation marks that correspond to the end of the sentence: dot, exclamation or question mark, ellipsis.

Each punctuation mark introduces a corresponding intonational and semantic connotation:

1. Word! Language! It is necessary to write about this not short articles, but passionate appeals to writers, extensive monographs, the most subtle studies (K. G. Paustovsky);
2. Moscow, Siberia. These two words sounded the name of the country (A.T. Tvardovsky);
3. Cranes... Overwhelmed with work, far from the gloomy fields, I live with strange concern - to see cranes in the sky (A.I. Solzhenitsyn);
4. Cold and wild expanses!.. How long ago were these words spoken for the first time and were they spoken by someone, or did they always soundlessly and imperiously, like a spirit, stand over Siberia, descending longing and anxiety on a traveler? (V.G. Rasputin);
5. Bullfinches! How did I not notice them before! (A.I. Solzhenitsyn);
6. Lunin... No, I cannot help but dwell here on the fate of this great compatriot (Vl. Chivilikhin);
7. Golden Rose of Shamet! It partly seems to me a prototype of our creative activity (K. G. Paustovsky);
8. Ural! The testament of centuries and together is a harbinger of future times, and it enters our souls, like a song, with a mighty bass! (A.T. Tvardovsky).

Most often, dots are used (to emphasize the moment of reflection, pause) and an exclamation point (expresses expressiveness), a combination of an exclamation mark and ellipsis is also often used.

see also

Links

Simakova E.S. Russian language. Express tutor to prepare for the exam. The expressiveness of Russian speech. - M.: AST, 2009. - 94 p.

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See what "Nominative themes" is in other dictionaries:

Same as nominative representations...

nominative topics- units In morphological stylistics: one of the meanings of the nominative case, regularly implemented in titles and headings (* novel by I. S. Turgenev Fathers and Sons, poem by N. V. Gogol Dead souls) ... Educational dictionary of stylistic terms

grammaticalization of the topic- Emphasizing the unity of the topic with syntactic constructions that open a complex syntactic whole, occupying the initial position in it: 1) the nominative of the topic; 2) theme infinitive: To be a poet...; 3) interrogative sentence; 4) circumstances ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

grammaticalization of the topic- "Emphasizing" the unity of the topic with syntactic constructions that open a complex syntactic whole, occupying the initial position in it: 1) the nominative of the topic; 2) theme infinitive: To be a poet...; 3) interrogative sentence; 4)… … Syntax: Dictionary

This term has other meanings, see Figure. Figure (rhetorical figure, stylistic figure, figure of speech; Latin figura from other Greek σχῆμα) is a term of rhetoric and stylistics, denoting turns of speech that do not contribute ... ... Wikipedia

- (lat. segmentum segment). 1) A segment of speech that is singled out as a linear sequence (speech stream) and reproduced without loss of identity in other sequences, which makes it possible to identify structural units language. 2) By ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

- (other Greek μετονυμία "renaming", from μετά "above" and ὄνομα / ὄνυμα "name") a type of trail, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object (phenomenon) located in one or another (spatial, … … Wikipedia

stylistic figure- (from lat. figura - outline, image, image, turn of speech) - a term introduced into ancient rhetoric from the art of dance and came into use in the Hellenistic time, when the doctrine of figures as unusual turns of phrase decorating ... ... Stylistic encyclopedic Dictionary Russian language

- (from the Greek ἀποστροφή “digression, deviation from the topic”), otherwise metabasis or metabasis is an exclamatory rhetorical figure of speech, when the speaker or writer stops the story and addresses the absent person as if he were present or ... Wikipedia

- (from other Greek μεταφορά “transfer”, “figurative meaning”) tropes, a word or expression used in figurative meaning, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with any other based on their common feature. ... ... Wikipedia

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• , Goncharova N.A. , An intensive course of Latin grammar is presented, presented on the basis of structural-logical schemes and tables with a complex of lexical and grammatical exercises. The book contains texts for... Category: Tutorials: basic Series: Higher education. Undergraduate Publisher: RIOR,
• Latin language. Intensive course. Textbook , N. A. Goncharova , An intensive course in Latin grammar is presented, presented on the basis of structural-logical schemes and tables with a complex of lexical and grammatical exercises. The book contains texts for… Category:

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

nominative theme(nominative representation, segment) - a figure of speech, in the first place of which is an isolated noun in the nominative case, naming the topic of the subsequent phrase. Its function is to arouse special interest in the subject of the statement and enhance its sound:

1. Winter!.. The peasant, triumphant, renews the path on the firewood ... (A. S. Pushkin)
2. Ah, France! There is no better place in the world! (A. S. Griboyedov)
3. Moscow! How much has merged in this sound for the Russian heart, how much has resonated in it. (A. S. Pushkin)

The first part of the nominative theme may include:

• combination of words;
• a few suggestions.

“A teacher and a student ... Remember that Vasily Andreyevich Zhukovsky wrote on his portrait, presented to the young Alexander Pushkin: “To the winner-student from the defeated teacher.” The student must certainly surpass his teacher, this is the highest merit of the teacher, his continuation, his joy, his right, even illusory, to immortality ... ”(Mikhail Dudin).

In this example, the nominative construction "Teacher and student ..." is the name of the topic of further reasoning. These words are the key words of the text and determine not only the topic of the statement, but also the main idea of ​​the text itself.

Thus, similar constructions that precede the text are called the nominative representation, or the nominative topic. Nominative representations (themes) are logically stressed, and in speech such constructions are distinguished by a special intonation. This speech figure undoubtedly makes the statement expressive.

Punctuation marks for nominative topics

The nominative of the topic (representation) as a syntactic construction isolated from the sentence whose topic it represents is separated by such punctuation marks that correspond to the end of the sentence: dot, exclamation or question mark, ellipsis.

Each punctuation mark introduces a corresponding intonational and semantic connotation:

1. Word! Language! It is necessary to write about this not short articles, but passionate appeals to writers, extensive monographs, the most subtle studies (K. G. Paustovsky);
2. Moscow, Siberia. These two words sounded the name of the country (A. T. Tvardovsky);
3. Cranes... Overwhelmed with work, far from the gloomy fields, I live with a strange concern - to see cranes in the sky (A. I. Solzhenitsyn);
4. Cold and wild expanses!.. How long ago were these words spoken for the first time and were they spoken by someone, or did they always soundlessly and imperiously, like a spirit, stand over Siberia, descending longing and anxiety on a traveler? (V. G. Rasputin);
5. Bullfinches! How did I not notice them before! (A. I. Solzhenitsyn);
6. Lunin... No, I cannot help but dwell here on the fate of this great compatriot (Vl. Chivilikhin);
7. Golden Rose of Shamet! It partly seems to me a prototype of our creative activity (K. G. Paustovsky);
8. Ural! The testament of centuries and together is a harbinger of future times, and it enters our souls, like a song, with a mighty bass! (A. T. Tvardovsky).

Most often, dots are used (to emphasize the moment of reflection, pause) and an exclamation point (expresses expressiveness), a combination of an exclamation mark and ellipsis is also often used.

see also

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Links

• www.svetozar.ru/lingvo/syntax/11.shtml
• www.hi-edu.ru/e-books/xbook142/01/index.html?part-021.htm
• Simakova E. S. Russian language. Express tutor to prepare for the exam. The expressiveness of Russian speech. - M.: AST, 2009. - 94 p.

figures trails

An excerpt characterizing the nominative theme

As soon as Natasha, who was sitting at the head of Prince Andrei, found out about the arrival of Princess Marya, she quietly left his room with those quick, as it seemed to Princess Marya, as if with cheerful steps, and ran to her.
On her excited face, when she ran into the room, there was only one expression - an expression of love, boundless love for him, for her, for everything that was close to a loved one, an expression of pity, suffering for others and a passionate desire to give herself all for in order to help them. It was evident that at that moment not a single thought about herself, about her relationship to him, was in Natasha's soul.
The sensitive Princess Marya, at the first glance at Natasha's face, understood all this and wept on her shoulder with sorrowful pleasure.
“Come on, let’s go to him, Marie,” Natasha said, taking her to another room.
Princess Mary raised her face, wiped her eyes, and turned to Natasha. She felt that she would understand and learn everything from her.
“What…” she began to question, but suddenly stopped. She felt that words could neither ask nor answer. Natasha's face and eyes should have said everything more clearly and deeply.
Natasha looked at her, but seemed to be in fear and doubt - to say or not to say everything that she knew; she seemed to feel that before those radiant eyes, penetrating into the very depths of her heart, it was impossible not to tell the whole, the whole truth as she saw it. Natasha's lip suddenly trembled, ugly wrinkles formed around her mouth, and she, sobbing, covered her face with her hands.
Princess Mary understood everything.
But she still hoped and asked in words in which she did not believe:
But how is his wound? In general, what position is he in?
“You, you ... will see,” Natasha could only say.
They sat for some time downstairs near his room in order to stop crying and come in to him with calm faces.
- How was the illness? Has he gotten worse? When did it happen? asked Princess Mary.
Natasha said that at first there was a danger from a feverish state and from suffering, but in the Trinity this passed, and the doctor was afraid of one thing - Antonov's fire. But that danger was over. When we arrived in Yaroslavl, the wound began to fester (Natasha knew everything about suppuration, etc.), and the doctor said that suppuration could go right. There was a fever. The doctor said that this fever was not so dangerous.
“But two days ago,” Natasha began, “it suddenly happened ...” She restrained her sobs. “I don't know why, but you'll see what he's become.
- Weakened? lost weight? .. - the princess asked.
No, not that, but worse. You will see. Ah, Marie, Marie, he's too good, he can't, can't live... because...

When Natasha, with a habitual movement, opened his door, letting the princess pass in front of her, Princess Marya already felt ready sobs in her throat. No matter how much she prepared herself, or tried to calm down, she knew that she would not be able to see him without tears.
Princess Mary understood what Natasha meant in words: it happened to him two days ago. She understood that this meant that he suddenly softened, and that softening, tenderness, these were signs of death. As she approached the door, she already saw in her imagination that face of Andryusha, which she had known since childhood, tender, meek, tender, which he had so rarely seen and therefore always had such a strong effect on her. She knew that he would say to her quiet, tender words, like those that her father had said to her before his death, and that she could not bear it and burst into tears over him. But, sooner or later, it had to be, and she entered the room. Sobs came closer and closer to her throat, while with her short-sighted eyes she more and more clearly distinguished his form and searched for his features, and now she saw his face and met his gaze.
He was lying on the sofa, padded with pillows, in a squirrel-fur robe. He was thin and pale. One thin, transparently white hand held a handkerchief, with the other, with quiet movements of his fingers, he touched his thin overgrown mustache. His eyes were on those who entered.