The principle of consistency and the approach to the study of mental phenomena based on it cause an ambiguous attitude among psychologists. Some consider the systematic approach as a manifestation of the conjuncture or scientific fashion, others identify it with the supposedly unjustified Marxist methodology, others believe that any psychological research turns out to be systematic in one way or another, and reformulating the problems of psychology in non-specific terms is unlikely to advance their solution. The experience of domestic and foreign research shows, however, that the role of the systems approach in psychology and its real possibilities look more optimistic.
Speaking of a systematic approach as such, they usually imply a special position of the researcher and an arsenal of means that fix the subject under study as multi-qualitative, integral and changing. The dynamic unity of the various, that is, the system, is analyzed in terms of elements and structure, part and whole, organization and coordination, development, hierarchy and heterarchy, dimensions and levels, as well as in other terms that express the modern structure of any positive science. The specificity of the system cognition method lies in the possibility of describing and explaining integral formations reality (wholeness). This determines the heuristic potential of this approach and the limits of its application. According to the principle of systemicity, the studied phenomena are considered from the point of view of the whole and have properties that cannot be derived from its fragments or parts. The logic of integrity, synthesis, mutual transitions and mutual inclusions comes to the fore.
1.1. Background of systems research in the psyche
Story psychological science in many ways acts as a history of the search for alternatives to the atomistic, essentially asystemic point of view on the nature of the psyche and behavior. This point of view was most consistently implemented by the empirical psychology of consciousness and classical behaviorism, which postulated the existence of initial elements (sensations, reactions) united by external connections (associations), as well as the conditionality of the psyche and behavior by rigid causal relations. The consequence of this approach was the spread of reductionism (physiological, logical, sociological, cybernetic, informational), the danger of losing the specifics of the subject of psychology and the crisis of the methodological foundations of psychological science. Actually, overcoming this crisis is connected with the development (mostly unconsciously) of a systematic view of the subject of psychological knowledge. Starting with Gestalt psychology, the criteria of scientificity are increasingly associated not so much with the analytical as with the synthetic, holistic approach that inscribes the psyche into the system of life connections and relationships of a person, on the one hand, and emphasizes the independence of the whole relative to its constituent components, on the other. Significant steps in revealing the systemic nature of the psyche in Russian science were made by B. G. Ananiev, V. M. Bekhterev, L. S. Vygotsky, A. R. Luria, V. F. Merlin, S. L. Rubinshtein, B. M. Teplov, A. A. Ukhtomsky and others. K. Anokhina, A. N. Leontiev, N. A. Bernstein and others. B. F. Lomov worked in the same methodological vein, considering systemicity as the main regulator of psychological knowledge.
The relevance of systemic research in psychology is due to a number of circumstances.
16. The principle of consistency in psychology.
The most important postulate of the principle of consistency in psychology states that all mental processes are organized into a multi-level system, the elements of which acquire new properties, given by its integrity.
System analysis: highlighting the elements that make up the system and structural and functional relationships (and not reducible to causal ones), substantiating its levels and system-forming factors, unity of organization and functions, stability and management.
Predecessors of the principle of consistency in psychology:
holism (outside integrity, the essence is lost)
elementalism (elements are connected in the system, the essence of which does not change as a whole)
eclecticism,
reductionism,
external methodology
The birth of a systematic approach - Aristotle b. The organism as a system, the soul as an expression of the specifics of the human form of the organism, the beginnings of the concept of homeostasis, expediency as a manifestation of the target cause, as well as the principle of activity as a movement towards both form and purpose. The soul and body in the concept of Aristotle cannot be separated as entities. The soul is the system-forming principle of the life of the body.
. isomorphism- the presence of an unambiguous (properly isomorphism) or partial (homomorphism) correspondence of the structure of one system to the structure of another (y gestaltist c: the spatial configuration of perception is isomorphic to the spatial configuration of the corresponding areas of excitation in the brain).
AT psychoanalysis systemic nature was concluded in the correlation of the work of consciousness and the unconscious, with immanent causality, which comes out more likely in violations of the regulatory function of the integral structure of the personality.
Connecting Systemic and Causal Analysis:
Concept I.M. Sechenov(there is an objectively given sensorimotor activity of the organism and there is inner plan as an internalized, but at the same time transformative "duplicate" of this activity)
(May happen substitution the concept of the subject by the concept of the system by referring to expediency (including the orientation of the organism to the “required future”). But then the concept of a system no longer serves as a principle within the framework of the development of psychological theory, but as a link that allows).
L.S. Vygotsky: two types of systems in humans:
social situation
sign system as a way to cultural determination
M.K.Mamardashvili, G.P. Shchedrovitsky“... psychology is a special sphere of mental activity, in fact, capturing the entire universe of life, the entire society, with many scientific subjects and various kinds of techniques - anthropotechnics, psychotechnics, cultural techniques and a number of practices ... including the practices of "communication" and "interactions"
B.F. Lomov interpretation of the mental in the multitude of external and internal relations in which it exists as a whole:
polysystemic human existence
integrality of its qualities and properties
the unity of psi reflection and activity that modifies reality
Ways to implement a systematic approach in psychology:
consideration of the phenomenon in several plans (or aspects): micro- and macroanalysis, its specificity as a qualitative unit (system) and as part of the generic macrostructure
consideration of mental phenomena as multidimensional, for which the abstraction realized by their consistent consideration in any one plan should not close all other possible plans.
the mental system should be considered as multi-level and hierarchical. Subordination and autonomy of levels are the most important conditions for the self-regulation of the system.
the multiplicity of relations in which a person exists entails the multiplicity and diversity of his properties. The construction of a "pyramid" of these properties is expected in cooperation with other sciences.
there can be no universal form of determination. Determination can be considered both as biological and social, and as a causal connection and as non-causal types of connection.
the principle of development, in which there is a resolution of the contradiction between causes and conditions, systems and subsystems, etc.
But this approach still needs to be specialized for psychology. There are disputes about its implementation.
17. Principle of development
1. The prince is unrelated to the adoption of genetic tz. for the subject of study. In psi it is: an idea of phylo-, onto- and actualogenesis.
2. The prince is only connected with the mental being in its processual development.
3. genetic pathway study linked:
a) with the content of the theory
b) with research design methods
c) as a methodological support within the framework of any theory, where the driving forces are discussed and the factors influencing it (we have - Vedic. Activity and neoplasms, in the beginning of psychology - the “ultimate” cause - the movement of mental development to some final state: E. Erickson , Piaget - operational intel stage)
The prince is also realized in the study of the psyche of adults - on ur microgenetic analysis, as the actual genesis of mental processes
4. Not every temporary deployment of a process presupposes its development. Restructuring psychological systems is an important development criterion.
Antsyferova: development(in a broad sense) - a change in the system, accompanied by the emergence of qualitative neoplasms.
Features of the development process:
irreversibility(returning the system to the outcome of ur for all indicators is not possible)
necessarily includes both progress and regression(progressive is obligatory to include elements of regression, since the choice of one of the directions of development leaves many others unrealized)
uneven development(quality jumps are replaced by gradual accumulation of quantity)
zigzag(unless it is accompanied by a temporary deterioration in the functioning of the system, because when a fundamentally new structure is formed, then at the initial stages of functioning it works worse than the old one. Note: when the child stops crawling and starts walking)
hierarchical prince unfold(when a new level of functioning appears, the old one is preserved as one of the hierarchical levels of the system. Note: visual-action and visual-image of thought remain when the conceptual one appears)
the unity of the trend towards quality change and the trend towards sustainability(success is not possible without saving what has been achieved)
6. Problems connected with the penetration of prince razv:
The role of legacy and environment
Periodization
Various models
The change of some laws and factors of determination into others (AN Leont: the laws of biol evolution are replaced in phylogenesis by the laws of general development, and the development of the psyche in ontogenesis is built on the basis of the appropriation of general experience by a person).
7. Bojovic: the connection between the principles of activity, development and consistency(in the process of developing, a quality transformation of a personal child occurs, and it occurs on the basis of his own active activity and his own active attitude to the environment) The process of self-motion is a concept that combines the principles of activity and development. New understanding of determination as self-determination .
8. The complexity of understanding the principle is due to the fact that it simultaneously acts - as a subject of study, - as a basic category, - as the prince will explain.
Empirical and theoretical psychology.
AT natural science the methodological basis for constructing theoretical knowledge is the use of the so-called ideal objects. Theoretical model relies on the reality being studied. Hypothetical knowledge, on the one hand, is formalized by means of idealization (including modeling and thought experiments), and on the other hand, it is tested in relation to the possibility of describing and explaining this reality with the help of established laws.
For humanities both the idea of positing (deducing) laws on the reality under study and the way of constructing idealized objects may be inadequate. But they also use ways to critically test generalizations assumed as theoretical assumptions.
experimental method involves verification (experimental verification) and falsification of hypotheses. Experimental models reflect the understanding of cause-and-effect relationships in the system of variables under study, representing the system under study. psychological reality.
Empirical verification of theoretical hypotheses.
In interdisciplinary research and problem-oriented forms research activities. Merging takes place in a single system of theoretical and experimental activities, fundamental and applied knowledge, intensification of direct and feedback links between them.
In history:
Roger Bacon:"experimental science". Double vision of experience:
acquired with the help of "external senses".
spiritual, when the mind follows the path of cognition, gaining "inner illumination" that is not limited by sensations. Spiritual objects are known both through their "bodily effects" and rationally - by the mind.
Francis Bacon developed the doctrine of experience: the mediation of experience by tools: "mental tools give instructions to the mind or warn it." But the "idols" of the mind hinder cognition, the mind must be freed from them. The need to combine the experimental and the rational in cognition.
(Modernity: post-non-classical science: the demand for accounting value-target settings scientist and his personality as a whole, which do not contradict the ideals of objectivity scientific knowledge, but are also its condition).
He suggested the possibility of an empirical study of mental processes and phenomena. At the same time, he introduces inductive logic into the laws of knowledge.
Descartes continued the empirical line in the study of consciousness.
Locke also distinguished two types of experience, emanating from sensations and perceptions of the actions of our mind (i.e., reflection). There is nothing in consciousness that has not come from experience, but the main role in the regular mental life plays the connection of ideas with the activity of the mind.
Today, in scientific (academic) psychology, they do not talk separately about its theoretical and empirical branches, but compare different methods empirical testing of theoretical hypotheses. The overall goal is to obtain scientific psychological knowledge - and the formulation of psychological laws, as well as the identification of empirical patterns or experimental data, on the basis of which it is possible to test theoretical generalizations.
Bonus (it's not clear how this applies, but it can also come in handy):
Classifications of theoretical methods (according to Druzhinin)
deductive(axiomatic and hypothetical-deductive), - the ascent from the general to the particular, from the abstract to the concrete. The result is theory, law, etc.;
inductive- the ascent from the particular to the general. The result is an inductive hypothesis, regularity, classification, systematization;
modelinging- by analogy, "transduction", inferences from particular to particular.
Methods classifications:
according to the features of psychological hypotheses:
descriptive and explanatory
development hypotheses.
hypotheses are causal (or causal),
hypotheses about relationships between variables (tested in correlation studies),
quantitative hypotheses - about the type of functional dependence
in relation to the studied processes:
active (experiment)
passive (fixation of the manifestations of a particular psychological reality - methods of observation, correlation approach, united in the class of passive observers).
19. Humanistic ideals and new horizons of psychological knowledge.
Zinchenko: the humanitarian paradigm of fatherly psi begins with the school of Vygotsky - Teplov, Uznadze, Bernstein. The natural science approach is associated with a one-sided orientation to the physiology of the brain.
Brushlinsky: the turn away from the EPP has already taken place, not on the basis of the GP, but not through the disclosure of the principles of activity and subjective mediation.
Rozin: Can't build psi based on EPP. Vygotsky built a cultural-historical psi, not an EN, thereby showing that a scientific psi is not necessarily a natural-science one.
Bubbles: incorrectly uses the principle of complementarity to justify the need to supplement the psychological description with the psychotechnical one.
From the general idea of humanization scientific and practical tasks in psychology, everyone agrees, but the difference between the humanitarian paradigm and the EPN, which were named at the 1993 round table, characterizes the features of any science at the stage of its non-classical development.
Bratus proposes to build an axiological orientation that characterizes the post-non-class state of science - a turn from the humanitarian paradigm to the eschatological one. Building a unified picture of the world, where there are no different paradigms.
Niels Bohr extended the principle of complementarity to the humanism of science - knowledge is generated in the process of studying it. The differences between the EPP and the GP are being erased, and there is no humanitarian thinking as such, there is scientific and non-scientific.
Kuznetsova: GP is not a way out of the crisis, because there is no gum thinking. Instead, taste reigns. A metaphor for psychology as a science about a goblin that no one has seen.
The general direction of movement of psi is a turn to face a person in the world.
It is wrong to equate the use of the experimental method with the adoption of positivist attitudes, since it is the reconstruction of unobservable processes. From the EPN, only the logic of research is taken, which is common to other humanities, and not the EH picture of the world.
The descriptive psychology of Dilthey cannot be understood as the ancestor of the GP, because the method of its study is analytical. The very dichotomy of the EPP and the GP testifies to the search for ways in the development of scientific psychology, but it is wrong to dwell on it. It is unproductive to keep them separate. In any case, critical thinking is important. For example, the method of critical analysis of sources is an analogue of the experimental one in history.
The presence of humanistic principles of orientation (orientation to the human being, disclosure of the role of meanings, gum goals, etc.) is not associated with the rejection of the logic of discursive thinking and the experimental method.
In psychological cognition, values cannot be taken out of the process of interaction between a person and a person, regardless of whether this interaction is experimental or psychotherapeutic. Psychological practices can be inhumane and manipulative, just as an experiment can be humane. Techniques by themselves do not set the development of the individual within the framework of the humanitarian ideal. The identification of humanistic psychology with the ideals of HP is incorrect. The theory is humanistic in terms of the subject of study and the principle of attitude towards it. It is wrong to consider theories related to the gumm paradigm by focusing on a non-experimental approach. Then the narrative approach can be attributed there.
Both paradigms differ in the proclaimed ideals, which belong to different eras in presenting the goals of psychology. In the humanities, unique spiritual phenomena are studied; in relationships with the object under study, study is combined with interpretation. Learning contributes spiritual growth. The problem of destructive psychotherapy. Building a practice without theoretical world impossible. Even practical psychology sees the meanings of his methodological reflection - Vasilyuk, Bubbles.
In search of new horizons, one should not abandon some paradigms in favor of others - psychology is multi-paradigm. Orientation to the knowledge of self-organizing systems brings together different types scientific thinking. Humanistic psychology does not have its own methods, and these ideals can be realized by the methods of other psychologies. Different psychological schools use supra-individual schemes of cognition from antiquity to post-nekle. In accordance with the philosophy of Feyerabend, there should be no methodological coercion, the researcher has the right to choose.
The humanitarian ideal of scientific knowledge presupposes a special type of object of study (unique, spiritual phenomena), study as a relationship with the object under study (hence the ethical approach and the problem of psychologist's responsibility), a combination of study and understanding (interpretations), such a study that contributes to the spiritual process in a person.
Personal development as the highest value is seen only in the practices of humanistic psychologists.
Personal growth as the goal of psychotherapeutic interaction cannot be considered priceless: the very fact of directing a person in one direction or another (albeit through suffering together), and the very substitution of the idea of assistance with the original value of the humanistic ideal, which in this case is not associated with the personality of a psychologist, can be critically evaluated. , but with a flag marking him as a representative of one direction or another.
Do not confuse humanistic psychology and humanitarian paradigm!
Methodological foundations of pedagogy and methods of scientific and pedagogical research program in a special discipline
ProgramSciences. Methodology of pedagogical science. Structuremethodologicalknowledge. Philosophical level of methodology (existentialism, ... logic. The concept of the methodology of science. Structuremethodologicalknowledge. Philosophical level of methodology (existentialism, ...
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Development of methodological knowledge of trainees materials of the All-Russian scientific and methodological seminar Novy Urengoy
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Personality is a unique and inimitable integrity, which must be studied in all its concrete reality, and not in its individual manifestations. The analysis of individual cases is often no less important than the identification of any statistical patterns.
Human nature has the potential for continuous self-development. The main thing in a personality is its aspiration to the future. Therefore, the knowledge of the individual should be focused not so much on the study of her past, but on the analysis of what she is striving for, how she imagines her future.
opposes theories based on the principle of homeostasis (the desire for balance), because the very way the person exists is the process of setting and achieving new and more complex goals. The leading driving forces behind the development of the personality are the motives of development inherent in a person, prompting her to a constant search for creative tension.
The structure of the empirical knowledge Having singled out the empirical and theoretical ... Stepin V. C., Tomilchik L. M. The practical nature of knowledge and methodological problems of modern physics. Minsk, 1970 ...
The most important postulate of the principle of consistency in psychology states that all mental processes are organized into a multi-level system, the elements of which acquire new properties, given by its integrity.
System analysis: identification of the elements that make up the system and structural and functional relationships (and not reducible to causal ones), substantiation of its levels and system-forming factors, unity of organization and functions, stability and management.
Predecessors of the principle of consistency in psychology:
holism (outside integrity, the essence is lost)
elementalism (elements are connected in the system, the essence of which does not change as a whole)
eclecticism,
reductionism,
external methodology
The birth of a systematic approach - Aristotle b. The organism as a system, the soul as an expression of the specifics of the human form of the organism, the beginnings of the concept of homeostasis, expediency as a manifestation of the target cause, as well as the principle of activity as a movement towards both form and purpose. The soul and body in the concept of Aristotle cannot be separated as entities. The soul is the system-forming principle of the life of the body.
. isomorphism- the presence of an unambiguous (properly isomorphism) or partial (homomorphism) correspondence of the structure of one system to the structure of another (y gestaltist c: the spatial configuration of perception is isomorphic to the spatial configuration of the corresponding areas of excitation in the brain).
AT psychoanalysis systemic nature was concluded in the correlation of the work of consciousness and the unconscious, with immanent causality, which comes out more likely in violations of the regulatory function of the integral structure of the personality.
Connecting Systemic and Causal Analysis:
Concept I.M. Sechenov(there is an objectively given sensorimotor activity of the organism and there is an internal plan as an internalized, but at the same time transforming "duplicate" of this activity)
(May happen substitution the concept of the subject by the concept of the system by referring to expediency (including the orientation of the organism to the “required future”). But then the concept of a system no longer serves as a principle within the framework of the development of psychological theory, but as a link that allows).
L.S. Vygotsky: two types of systems in humans:
social situation
sign system as a way to cultural determination
B.F. Lomov interpretation of the mental in the multitude of external and internal relations in which it exists as a whole:
polysystemic human existence
integrality of its qualities and properties
the unity of psi reflection and activity that modifies reality
Ways to implement a systematic approach in psychology:
consideration of the phenomenon in several plans (or aspects): micro- and macroanalysis, its specifics as a qualitative unit (system) and as part of the generic macrostructure
consideration of mental phenomena as multidimensional, for which the abstraction realized by their consistent consideration in any one plan should not close all other possible plans.
the mental system should be considered as multi-level and hierarchical. Subordination and autonomy of levels are the most important conditions for the self-regulation of the system.
the multiplicity of relations in which a person exists entails the multiplicity and diversity of his properties. The construction of a "pyramid" of these properties is expected in cooperation with other sciences.
there can be no universal form of determination. Determination can be considered both as biological and social, and as a causal connection and as non-causal types of connection.
the principle of development, in which there is a resolution of the contradiction between causes and conditions, systems and subsystems, etc.
But this approach still needs to be specialized for psychology. There are disputes about its implementation.
^ 11. Image category characterizes the psychological reality from the side of cognition and is the basis for the formation of individual and social-group pictures of the world. It is a sensual form of a psychic phenomenon. Being always sensual in its form, O. in its content can be. both sensual (O. of perception, O. of representation, consistent O.), and rational (O. of the atom, O. of the world, O. of war, etc.). O. is the most important component of the actions of the subject, orienting him in a specific situation, directing him to achieve the goal. The theory of reflection is a single methodological basis domestic psychology. In domestic psychology, mental phenomena are considered as various forms of subjective reflection of objective reality.
During the emergence and formation of the theory of reflection, there were other views and directions.
Objectivist trends in psychology, which announced the terms and concepts that characterize inner world unscientific person. The subject of science was behavior, which was studied as something existing in itself, regardless of the subject, the person who implements it.
Subjectivist trends, on the contrary, consider the subjective world of a person to be a reality, closed, subject to its own laws, there are no points of connection with the physical world, respectively, it is impossible scientific study psyche.
Dualistic concepts - bodily and mental were considered as two independent substances.
Features of the reflection process
1. Reflection is subjective and must be considered in connection with the knowing subject. Mental processes in which the process of reflection is carried out do not exist by themselves, isolated and independent of the subject, but directly depend on the properties of the cognizer.
2. Reflection is not static. The image is transformed and exists only in the process of reflection, in which mental processes unfold in the direction from the undivided reflection of reality to its structured integral reflection.
3. Mental processes are not isolated from each other, their separation in a holistic act of reflection is due to the difficulties of research. The psyche is unified and integral, only the imperfection of the cognizing subject makes it necessary to single out such abstractions as “thinking”, “memory”, “attention”, etc. in it.
Reflection has a systemic nature, should be considered in different aspects:
From the point of view of the forms of reflection, reflection can be mono- and polymodal, sensual and rational, concrete and abstract, etc.
2. From the point of view of possible mechanisms realizing reflection – psychological and neurophysiological, information processing, formation of a picture of the world, etc.;
From the point of view of the possible results of reflection - a sensory-perceptual image, an image of the imagination, a mnemonic image, a concept, a sign, a symbol, etc.
In terms of reflection functions in activities and communication, behavior - the level of arbitrariness of regulation, its emotional and volitional characteristics etc.
B.F. Lomov identified three levels of mental reflection:
1. sensory-perceptual (sensations, perceptions): are carried out with direct interaction of the subject with the object, involve the impact of stimuli on the senses, proceed in real time. Their function is the regulation of the action being performed, its compliance with the current situation.
2. "representational" (imagination, eidetic memory, imaginative thinking): the movement of secondary images, in the absence of a direct impact of external objects on the senses. These images are generalized, they transform and integrate. The function of presentation processes is the formation of standards, action planning, their control and correction.
3. speech-thinking (conceptual thinking, verbal memory). The processes of the speech-thinking level are needed to reflect the essential connections and relationships of objective reality. They are socially mediated, thanks to them the subject goes beyond the current situation of behavior, which makes it possible to plan activities and regulate life path personality.
All these levels of mental reflection are interconnected and pass into each other. In the real life of a person, they are carried out simultaneously, depending on the purpose of the activity and the nature of the tasks being solved, one or another level turns out to be the leading one.
B.F. Scrap based experimental studies gave a detailed description of the process of mental reflection.
The process of mental reflection goes through a series of stages, or phases, providing an increasingly complete and adequate image of reality.
The process of reflection is realized in the temporary unity of the past, present and future.
It has the properties of non-additivity (irreducibility of the whole to the sum of parts), heterogeneity and non-disjunctivity (indivisibility), and its result is multiplicativity (diversity).
The determination of the mental process is multiple in nature and changes in the course of the reflection itself.
The specific result of mental reflection (image, concept, etc.) becomes a prerequisite for its further course.
Each separately identified mental process in the study is a moment of movement of the psyche as a whole.
Action, like an act, is the true being of a person; individuality is manifested in it. Action m. relatively independent or included as a component in. broader structures of activity.
The Action Structure includes 3 main components: a) decision making; b) implementation; c) control and correction.
The most important postulate of the principle of systemicity in psychology states that all mental processes are organized into a multi-level system, the elements of which acquire new properties determined by its integrity.
System analysis: highlighting the elements that make up the system and structural and functional relationships (and not reducible to causal ones), substantiating its levels and system-forming factors, the unity of organization and functions, stability and management.
Predecessors of the principle of consistency in psychology:
Holism (outside integrity, the essence is lost)
Elementarism (elements are connected in the system, the essence of which does not change as a whole)
Eclecticism,
Reductionism,
External methodology
The birth of a systematic approach - Aristotle b. The organism as a system, the soul as an expression of the specifics of the human form of the organism, the beginnings of the concept of homeostasis, expediency as a manifestation of the target cause, as well as the principle of activity as movement towards both form and purpose. The soul and body in the concept of Aristotle are not separated as entities. The soul is the system-forming principle of the life of the body.
. isomorphism- the presence of an unambiguous (properly isomorphism) or partial (homomorphism) correspondence of the structure of one system to the structure of another (y gestaltist c: the spatial configuration of perception is isomorphic to the spatial configuration of the corresponding areas of excitation in the brain).
AT psychoanalysis systemic nature was concluded in the correlation of the work of consciousness and the unconscious, with immanent causality, which comes out more likely in violations of the regulatory function of the integral structure of the personality.
Connection of systemic and causal analysis:
Concept I.M. Sechenov(there is an objectively given sensorimotor activity of the organism and there is an internal plan as internalized, but at the same time a transforming ʼʼduplicateʼʼ of this activity)
(May happen substitution the concept of the subject by the concept of the system by referring to the expediency (including the orientation of the organism to the "required future"). But then the concept of a system no longer serves as a principle within the framework of the development of psychological theory, but as a link that allows).
L.S. Vygotsky: two types of systems in humans:
social situation
Sign system as a way to cultural determination
M.K.Mamardashvili, G.P. Shchedrovitskyʼʼ... psychology is a special sphere of mental activity, in fact, capturing the entire universe of life, the entire society, with many scientific subjects and various kinds of techniques - anthropotechnics, psychotechnics, cultural techniques and a number of practices ... including the practices of "communication" and "interactions"ʼʼ
B.F. Lomov interpretation of the mental in the multitude of external and internal relations in which it exists as a whole:
The polysystemic nature of human existence
Integrity of its qualities and properties
The unity of psi reflection and activity that modifies reality
Ways to implement a systematic approach in psychology:
- consideration of the phenomenon in several plans (or aspects): micro- and macroanalysis, its specificity as a qualitative unit (system) and as part of the generic macrostructure
- consideration of mental phenomena as multidimensional, for which the abstraction realized by their sequential consideration in any one plan should not close all other possible plans.
- the mental system should be considered as multi-level and hierarchical. Subordination and autonomy of levels are the most important conditions for the self-regulation of the system.
- the multiplicity of relations in which a person exists entails the multiplicity and diversity of his properties. The construction of a ʼʼʼʼʼʼ of these properties is expected in cooperation with other sciences.
- there should not be a universal form of determination. Determination can be considered both as biological and social, and as a causal connection and as non-causal types of connection.
- the principle of development, in which there is a resolution of the contradiction between causes and conditions, systems and subsystems, etc.
But this approach still needs to be specialized in psychology. There are disputes about its implementation.
psychological science
Aristotle was the first in the history of scientific thought, including psychological, to approve the principle of systemicity. The principle of systemicity in psychological research. / Under. ed. D.N. Zavalishina. - M .: Nauka, 1990. S. 39 .. He went through the school of Plato, where the soul was represented as an entity external to the body, disintegrating into parts, each of which is located in one of the organs of the body (mind - in the head, courage - in breasts, lust is in the liver). At the same time, Plato defended the position that expediency reigns in the world. The things of nature tend to imitate imperishable ideas. Imperfect human notions are drawn to these ideas in anguish.
In the teachings of Plato, the role of the goal was mythologized. But this role is not fictitious. Human consciousness is initially focused on goals. Plato gave this property to all reality, where, in his opinion, not causes rule, as philosophers used to believe, but goals. Appeal to the category of goal prepared the development of the principle of consistency by Aristotle.
Aristotle developed his system concept. She assumed that the living body has a physical composition (contains the same elements that make up inorganic nature), but in it the action of these elements takes place within certain boundaries and according to special internal principles established by its organization as a whole, on which the interaction of parts depends. The body ceases to exist not because of the disappearance of one of the elements, but because of the collapse of its systemic organization. This organized whole is, according to Aristotle, the soul as "the form of the natural body, potentially endowed with life"
It should be emphasized that the basis of the systemic principle approved by Aristotle in relation to the psyche was the rethinking of a wide “grid” of universal categories of knowledge (part of the whole, means - goal, possibility - reality, structure - function, content - form, internal - external). They are philosophical, methodological, but the implementation of the principle of consistency in specific sciences, including psychology, depends on them.
In the 17th century, with the advent of a new picture of the world, which did away with the old Aristotelian "forms" and "essences", presented the entire visible universe as moving according to the laws of mechanics, a new type of systemic explanation of the organism and its mental manifestations - perception, memory, affect, movement. An example of such an explanation was the model of Descartes, in which the body was presented as a machine-like device. The principle of systemicity in psychological research. / Under. ed. D.N. Zavalishina. - M.: Nauka, 1990. S. 41 ..
However, further on, the whole system of ideas about the organism, its evolution, self-regulation and relationships with the external environment changes radically. A new systemic style of thinking is emerging, in the establishment of which four natural scientists Ch. Darwin, K. Bernard, G. Helmholtz and I.M. Sechenov played an outstanding role.
A new era in biology and psychology was opened by the transition to a special system that integrates the organism and the environment, interpreting their relationship as integrity, but different from physicochemical, energy and molecular integrity.
Darwin combined the principle of the determining role of the environment with the idea of the struggle of living beings for survival in this environment. The pathos of the physicochemical direction was to identify the processes in inorganic and organic nature, bring them under one law and make the organism an object of exact knowledge. In a new way interpreting the relationship "organism - environment", the Darwinian concept emphasized the activity of the organism, prompting to remove the equal sign between the two members of the relationship.
Bernard stood at the origins of the new model of the organism, according to which the organism has two environments: an external, physical environment, and an internal one, in which all living elements of an organic body exist. The general idea was that it was thanks to the constancy internal environment the body acquires independence from external vicissitudes. Many reading mechanisms work to preserve the constants of this medium (oxygen, sugar, salts, etc.).
And again, as in previous eras (at the time of Aristotle and Descartes), the idea of systemicity was affirmed as opposed to non-systemic ideas about nature as a great cycle of countless physical particles. To take a living body out of this circulation would mean tearing it out of a single chain of being.
Having approved the systemic relation "organism - environment", Darwin and Bernard created a new problem situation in the psychophysiology of the sense organs. After all, it is through these organs that the indicated relation is realized at the level of the organism's behavior.
There were searches for a direct dependence of sensations on nerve fibers. Some progress has been made along this path. In particular, Helmholtz's theory of color vision appeared. However, the same Helmholtz, having moved in his "Physiological Optics" from individual sensations to an explanation of how integral images of external objects arise, decisively changed his approach to these mental phenomena. He put forward a hypothesis that received experimental confirmation that a holistic mental image is built by a holistic sensorimotor mechanism, thanks to operations similar, as already noted, to logical ("unconscious inferences").
This was an outstanding step towards establishing the principle of systemicity in psychology.
The next step belonged to Sechenov. He translated the concept of unconscious inferences into the language of reflex theory. Behind this was a radical transformation of the concept of reflex. Instead of individual reflex arcs, the theory of neuroregulation of the behavior of the whole organism was introduced.
One of the unique features of Sechenov's idea of a psychological system was the overcoming by its author of the splitting of phenomena that had reigned over the minds for centuries, relating to incompatible orders of being - bodily and mental, brain and soul. Essentially, all of Sechenov's innovative concepts were "hybrid". “The ingenious stroke of Sechenov’s thought” - this is how I.P. Pavlov called the scheme associated with the discovery of central inhibition, adding to this that the discovery “made a strong impression among European physiologists and was the first contribution of the Russian mind to an important branch of natural science, just before this moved forward by the successes of the Germans and the French "The principle of consistency in psychological research. / Under. ed. D.N. Zavalishina. - M.: Nauka, 1990. S. 45 ..
Freudians, Gestalt psychology, and other scientists also contributed to the formation of a system-forming principle in psychology. It is important that all these teachings gradually brought psychological science closer to modern stage its development.
Today, two tasks act as strategic guidelines for the development of a systematic approach in psychology: 1) building on the basis of the principle of systematicity the subject of psychological science and 2) developing a systematic method of cognition of mental phenomena, or “reification” of the approach in the method of Lomov B.F. On the systemic determination of mental phenomena and behavior // The principle of consistency in psychological research. - M.: Nauka, 1990. p. 68.. The completeness and effectiveness of solving these problems determine the level of development of systemic research in general. Strictly speaking, the study of the integral formations of the psyche (or their derivatives), the identification of the composition, structure, modes of functioning, hierarchical organization, etc. is the rule rather than the exception. Such objects include: behavioral act (P.K. Anokhin), gestalt (K. Koffka), psychological system (L.S. Vygotsky), intellect (J. Piaget), cognitive sphere (D. Norman), perceptual cycle (W. Neisser) and others. The peculiarity of the current stage is that, along with the organization (structure, levels) and functioning of integral formations, the study of their formation and development comes to the fore. The genetic direction of the systems approach is dominant. The issues of the mechanisms of generating integrity, the correlation of stages and levels of development, its types, criteria, the relationship between the actual and the potential in mental development, etc. are considered as key ones.
Development expresses the mode of existence of the mental as a system. Its integrity and differentiation arise, form and transform in the course of the development of the individual, which, in turn, acts as a polysystemic process. Mental development is characterized by the movement of foundations, the change of determinants, the emergence of new properties or qualities, the transformation of the structure of integrity, etc. Any result of development is included in the total determination of the mental, acting as an internal factor, prerequisite or mediating link in relation to the result of the next stage. A situation is emerging that provides the possibility of the transition of mental education to a new stage of development.
The existing arsenal of system technologies in psychological science and practice is still very modest, and its development is a difficult research task. The main difficulty is to study this or that phenomenon without losing, without cutting off, but taking into account its systemic (integral) qualities, connections with other phenomena of the life and activity of the subject, the holistic nature of their deployment in time, the multi-level organization Lomov B.F. . On the systemic determination of mental phenomena and behavior // The principle of consistency in psychological research. - M.: Nauka, 1990. p. 70..
Psychological research conducted in line with a systematic approach bears little resemblance to a monolithic trend. This is a very vague and heterogeneous layer of works, united by an appeal to the concept of "system", which is defined and implemented in different ways by different authors. In the general array of studies, two limiting branches of the system approach are embodied: concrete-syncretic and abstract-analytical.
The specific syncretic branch involves the study of specific things and events (for example, a person, mental illness, professional training of specialists, etc.), and not the laws of their interaction. Here, elements or components of the system are arbitrarily established, in a single formal plan, many connections and relationships are considered, each of which obeys qualitatively different laws. This branch reflects the stage of multidimensional knowledge in the development of psychological science.
The abstract-analytical branch of the system approach involves the study of abstractly distinguished properties of things or events (for example, character traits or abilities) that are subject to qualitatively homogeneous laws in terms of content. The allocation of systems (its components, levels) is based on a certain form of interaction and the corresponding structural level organizing events.
Both branches perform useful functions in cognition and are closely interconnected.
