Parsing scheme simple sentence

1. Make a graphical analysis of the sentence: highlight the grammatical basis, indicate the way the subject is expressed, the type of the predicate and the way it is expressed; emphasize the secondary members of the sentence, indicate their categories and ways of expression.

2. Indicate the type of sentence for the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).

3. Determine the type of sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).

4. Indicate the type of proposal by the number of main members (two-part or one-part); for one-part sentences determine the variety (definitely personal, indefinitely personal, impersonal, nominative).

5. Describe the proposal by the presence or absence of secondary members (common or non-common).

6. Characterize the proposal in terms of the presence or absence of structurally necessary members of the proposal (complete or incomplete); if incomplete, indicate which part of the sentence is missing.

7. Indicate whether the proposal is complicated (what is complicated: homogeneous, isolated members sentences, introductory words, appeals) or uncomplicated.

Note. When parsing a part complex sentence as a simple characteristic in terms of the purpose of the statement and emotional coloring should be omitted; it is enough to indicate that this is a simple sentence as part of a complex one.

Simple Sentence Parsing Sample

Our sacred craft has existed for thousands of years (A. Akhmatova).

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, two-part, common, complete, uncomplicated.

Main members: craft - subject, expressed by a noun; exists - a simple verbal predicate, expressed by a verb.

Secondary members: craft (what?) Ours - an agreed definition, expressed by a pronoun; (what?) sacred - an agreed definition, expressed by an adjective; exists (for how long?) for thousands of years - the circumstance of time, expressed as a whole phrase.

Where should I go this January? (O. Mandelstam)

The sentence is interrogative, non-exclamatory, one-part, impersonal, common, complete, uncomplicated.

Main Member: get away - a simple verbal predicate, expressed in the infinitive.

Secondary members: to go (where?) Where - the circumstance of the place, expressed by the pronominal adverb; get away (to whom?) to me - an indirect object, expressed by a pronoun; get away (when?) in January - a circumstance of time, expressed by a noun with a preposition; in January (what?) this is the agreed definition, expressed by the pronoun.

In the cell, also illuminated by electric light, despite the morning hour, the clerk Ivan Pavlovich, with obvious pleasure, drilled and stitched paper with a silk cord ... (M. Aldanov).

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, two-part, widespread, complete, complicated by a separate agreed definition, expressed by participial turnover, a separate circumstance of concession, expressed by a turnover with the preposition despite, homogeneous predicates.

Main members: Ivan Pavlovich - subject, expressed by a noun; drilled and stitched - homogeneous simple verbal predicates, expressed by verbs.

Secondary members: Ivan Pavlovich (what?) clerk - application, expressed by a noun; bored and stitched (where?) in the cell - a circumstance of the place, expressed by a noun with a preposition; in a chamber (what?) illuminated by electric light - a separate agreed definition, expressed by participial turnover; drilled and stitched (despite what?) despite the morning hour - a separate circumstance of concession, expressed by a turnover with a pretext despite; bored and stitched (in what way?) with pleasure - a circumstance of the mode of action, expressed by a noun with a preposition; with pleasure (what?) obvious - an agreed definition, expressed by an adjective; drilled and stitched (what?) paper - direct object, expressed by a noun; drilled and stitched (with what?) with a cord - an indirect addition,

Consider main features of a complex sentence within the following aspects:

I. Structural aspect.

II. semantic aspect.

III. communicative aspect.

IV. functional aspect.

I. Structural aspect. The main features of a complex sentence

1) A complex sentence consists of several predicative units characterized by a complex mechanism of interaction, which is transmitted using the system grammatical means connections.

2) Communications:

a) The main means of communication in the joint venture(define the type of joint venture in the traditional classification):

Coordinating conjunctions (CSP);

Subordinating conjunctions or allied words (SPP);

· intonation (BSP).

b) Additional means of communication in the joint venture(does not depend on the type of joint venture):

pronominal substitution (not only personal pronouns can be used);

synonymous replacement (categorical, general language, contextual);

· lexical repetitions;

the use of single-root words;

parallelism of the structure is the symmetrical arrangement of the main and secondary members in predicative units (What is the pop, such is the parish);

Structural incompleteness of subsequent parts;

correlative words, in school they are called demonstrative (This was that the day that...) found in SPP and BSP;

use of words with generic relationships (Furniture: ... table, wardrobe);

the use of words of the same thematic group (Cold - icy);

The ratio of types of temporal or modal-temporal forms of the predicate, which indicate the simultaneity of events, their diversity, successive change, etc.;

Intonation of incompleteness of the first or several first predicative units (PE): the first unit is pronounced with an increase in the tone of voice at the end;

The presence of introductory words.

*Special tool- the use of particles in the meaning of unions. Example1: Here the master will come, the master will judge us. Comment for example: particle here used in conjunction when . Options are BSP, this is SPP. Examples 2, 3: It's dark all around only the distant moon shines. He asked soon whether exam. Often the particle retains its properties particles and therefore such constructions can be considered BSP, but while it acquires the properties of the union , so the same constructions can be considered allied at the expense syncretic properties of particles-unions.

An example of the analysis of communication facilities in the joint venture:

Princess Mary came up with those the words, which she will say him at the meeting.

Primary means of communication: allied word which expressed by a relative pronoun.

Additional communications:

There is an index word in the first part those, expressed by a demonstrative pronoun,

There are pronominal substitutions (Princess Marya - she, words - which),

intonation of incompleteness of the first part,

words of one thematic group are used - verbs with the meaning of thought, speech, feeling (invented, will say);

The ratio of temporary forms indicates the sequence of events - came up with(non-sov. in., past in), say(sov.v., bud. v.).

There are different types syntactic units in . They can be divided into groups according to different criteria: according to the purpose of the statement, according to the features of the grammatical basis, according to intonation, according to structure. In Russian, there is a whole section that studies this construction as a unit of text. This section is called "". Consider what types of sentences exist in Russian.

In contact with

Division into groups

Let's analyze what are the proposals for the purpose of the statement:

Narrative sentences are sentences that end with a period. Declarative sentences tell about some event. Examples can be given from any text describing certain events.

An exclamation point must end with an exclamation point. It is used to express anger, surprise and other strong feelings.

An interrogative always ends with a question mark. It is used in cases where a person wants to ask about something, make inquiries, clarify information.

Attention! In Russian, unlike some other European languages ​​​​(for example, from), you can make an interrogative statement from a declarative statement (and vice versa) without changing the word order. For example: “Masha is a student” and “Masha is a student?”. In the first case, this is a statement of fact, in the second case, it is an expression of uncertainty, a desire to clarify the reliability of information.

Separation into groups according to emotional coloring

According to the emotional coloring of the proposal are exclamatory and non-exclamatory.

Exclamation point:

• Aren `t you ashamed!
• Shame on the losers and lazybones!
• Look how quiet it is around! Grace!

Exclamatory sentences, as can be seen from the examples, express different ones, from contempt to admiration.

Non-exclamatory:

• My mom is a teacher.
• In my hometown many interesting places.
• When I grow up, I will be a mechanic.

In order to understand what non-exclamatory statements are, any of their examples can be read aloud. In this case, the intonation will be even, calm. If there is an exclamation point at the end of a written statement, the intonation, on the contrary, will be uneven, ascending.

Proposals vary in tone. This applies not only to Russian, but also to all other languages ​​of the world. In Russian, according to intonation, sentences are emotionally colored or emotionally neutral.

Offers in writing, which have a pronounced emotional coloring, have an exclamation point at the end. Expressions in oral speech, characterized by emotions, are pronounced with a rise in voice at the end of the phrase.

Attention! If there is an exclamation point at the end of a phrase, this phrase should be read aloud very expressively. This is especially true for reading poetry. If you pronounce such phrases in an even, calm voice, the meaning of the statement and its expressiveness are often lost.

Classification according to the features of the grammatical basis

According to the presence or absence of the components of the grammatical basis, sentences are one-piece and two-piece. A monosyllabic has only a predicate or a subject. The two-part one has both the subject and the predicate. The characteristic of constructions according to the features of the grammatical basis occupies an important place in school course modern Russian language.

According to the full or partial presence of a grammatical basis, complete thoughts in writing are single-part and two-part. Here are examples of a typical incomplete one-part sentence:

• It's getting light.
• It's getting cold.
• I came, I saw, I conquered.

And here are examples of two-part full:

• The embroiderer has finished her needlework.
• Santa Claus came to the Christmas tree at school.
• Grandmother milked the cow and went to rest.

Offer classification

Classification by the number of grammatical bases

What groups are these syntactic units divided by number grammar basics? For two - simple and complex. To determine what type the statement belongs to, it is possible by the presence of one or more bases. When we are talking about simple and complex sentences, you can simple examples explore important rule punctuation. It is given below.

Simple sentences

Attention! All grammatical bases included in the composition are separated by a comma. There may be an alliance between them, but it may also be absent. For example: “The sun went down, and the animals in the barn fell asleep” or “It was raining, a boy in galoshes splashed through the puddles.”

A simple sentence is a written statement that has only one grammatical basis. Here are typical examples:

• I have gone to distant lands.
• My uncle works as a tractor driver on a collective farm.
• The cat can jump and scream loudly.

The main features of the complex: the presence of several grammatical bases, the use of unions (although they may not be), the division of the statement into logical parts using commas. Examples:

• My brother taught lessons and I played the piano.
• Mom sang a song, and the children sang along with her.
• Morning came, the grandmother took her grandson to kindergarten.

Types of complex sentences

A complex sentence can consist of several parts, interconnected by a coordinating or subordinating link. What groups can complex structures be divided into? On the compound and complex. Here are typical examples:

• I live in a house that is under a mountain (subordination).
• I will go to a place where no one knows me (subordinating relationship).
• Snowflakes are spinning and coming New Year(coordinative allied connection).
• I was sitting at home, my mother was sleeping (composing non-union connection).

The sentence, its grammatical basis

Different types of complex sentences

Conclusion

The characteristic of a sentence is one of the most difficult questions in modern Russian. This problem is actively studied by modern linguists, and is also considered in the Russian language course for students in grades 5–9 of secondary schools. general education schools. According to various characteristics in modern Russian, they are divided into different groups. A detailed description of this syntactic unit helps to better understand the essence of the statement, as well as to understand the rules of punctuation.

A simple sentence is a sentence that consists of one or more grammatically combined words that express a complete thought. It is the basic grammatical unit of syntax. A simple sentence should have only one grammatical stem (predicative center). Father is washing the car. Children play on the lawn. Dust. Grandma is resting. Simple sentence - basic structural type sentences in Russian, which serves to build complex sentences. Spring has come + The snow has melted = Spring has come, the snow has melted.

Characteristics of a simple sentence.

1.. According to the purpose of the statement: narrative, interrogative, incentive.

2..By exclamation: exclamatory - non-exclamatory.

3. By the presence of secondary members: common - non-common.

4.. By the presence of main members: two-part - one-part (nominal, definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal, impersonal).

5.. By meaning: complete - incomplete.

6. Complicated or not complicated by anything (turns or homogeneous members).

Violation of grammatical (syntactic) norms in the construction of a simple sentence (violation of coordination between the subject and predicate; violation of the order of words in a sentence; violation of the boundary of a sentence; violation of the norms in the use of homogeneous members of a sentence; errors in the use of participial and adverbial phrases).

1. Misuse case form of a noun with a preposition
The use of some prepositions requires special attention. It is important to know that after the following prepositions, nouns can only be in the dative case:

And these prepositions can only be combined with nouns in Genitive:

2. Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

The subject and predicate must agree with each other in gender and number.

Difficult cases
1) Coordination of the predicate with the words: a number, a majority, a minority, a multitude, a few, a part. The predicate must be in the singular:

if there are no dependent words for the given words.
For example: A minority voted for the ruling party.

with inanimate subjects.
For example: Some hospitals have closed their doors to patients.

If activity is not emphasized actors.
For example: Most of the listeners were absent.

The predicate must be in plural, if the activity of the actors is emphasized.
For example: Several high school students did not cope with the task.

2) The subject and predicate are always in the singular in the following cases:

If the subject has only singular(foliage, youth, humanity)
For example: The people chose their ruler.

If the subject has in its composition the words many, few, few.
For example: At night, many stars lit up in the sky.

· If the subject is the pronoun who and the words formed from it: nobody, someone, etc.
For example: Those who are constantly late do not save the time of others.
3. Violation in the construction of a proposal with an inconsistent application

An application is a definition that is expressed by a noun. An inconsistent application is some kind of name enclosed in quotation marks.

If there is a common noun before the inconsistent application, then only it changes, and the application remains in the nominative case:
For example: They wrote about him in the Vedomosti newspaper.

If there is no common noun before the inconsistent application, then the application itself changes:
For example: Vedomosti wrote a note about him.
4. Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members
To determine this violation, it is worth remembering the following rules:

1. You can not use as homogeneous members at the same time both full and short adjective.
Example with an error: The sunset was beautiful and mysterious.
Example without error: The sunset was beautiful and mysterious. (or: The sunset was beautiful and mysterious.)

2. It is impossible to mix genus-species concepts in a series of homogeneous members:
Example with an error: In the park I saw flowers, daisies, cornflowers.
Example without error: In the park I saw daisies, cornflowers.

3. It is unacceptable to use words as homogeneous members, logically
incompatible (unless it is a means to achieve a comic effect).
Example with an error: I put on a mask of indifference and a coat.
Example without error: I put on a mask of indifference. (or: I put on my coat.)

4. It is necessary to use double unions correctly: do not replace individual words in them with other words, use only immediately before a homogeneous member:
Example with an error: She has been seen in parks as well as on busy streets.
Example without error: She was seen both in parks and on busy streets.

5. One preposition cannot be used for homogeneous members if one of them has a different preposition:
Example with an error: It was possible to play everywhere: on the field, grass, forest.
Example without error: It was possible to play everywhere: on the field, on the grass, in the forest.
6. Homogeneous members must be in the same case as the generalizing word:

Example with an error: We discussed new articles about contemporary issues Keywords: culture, health, politics.
Example without error: We discussed new articles on contemporary issues: culture, health, politics.

7. False if homogeneous members- noun and infinitive.

Example with an error: She prefers healthy food and exercise.
Example without error: She prefers healthy eating and sports.

5. Incorrect sentence construction with participle turnover
Recall that the adverb denotes an additional action. The main action in the sentence is expressed by the predicate.

In this regard, both of these actions (the action that is expressed by the adverbial turnover and the action that is expressed by the predicate) must refer to the subject.
For example: When I saw her, I turned away. (I saw and I turned away)

If the sentence is one-part definitely personal, then the subject can be restored.
For example: We walk along the beach, enjoying the sea air. (we walk and we enjoy)

If the sentence is one-part impersonal, then it must contain an infinitive and the words: you can, you must, you need, it is necessary, you should, you want, it is recommended, it is required, you cannot.
For example: When making a call, you must introduce yourself.

6. Violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover
1) The participial turnover must be consistent with the word being defined.
Example with an error: Students who wish to take the exam ahead of schedule must go to the dean's office.
Example without error: Students who wish to take the exam ahead of schedule must go to the dean's office.
How to test yourself? Ask a question from the word being defined to participle turnover and find out the correct ending.
For example: For students - what?- wishing them.

2) The word being defined can occupy only two positions relative to participial turnover: either before it or after it.
Example with an error: A car parked on the sidewalk flashed its headlights.
Example without error: The car stopped at the sidewalk, its headlights flashing.

Everything is very simple. Remember: sentences are simple and complex. This is known to everyone from elementary school.

Simple sentence is a sentence with one grammatical basis.
complex is a sentence with two or more grammatical bases.
This means that you need to know what grammatical foundations are in order to correctly identify them in the sentence proposed for analysis.

Do not confuse:

two-part and one-part simple sentences.

• Bipartite sentences are sentences with two main members: subject and predicate.
• One-piece sentences are sentences with one main member.

Parts in complex sentences can also be two-part and one-part.

If in your version of the task a complex sentence is given, then you need to determine what it is. Detailed description is not required.
See if there are means of communication: unions and allied words.

• If they are not, then the proposal unionless(the non-union connection of sentences is a syntactic connection in meaning, formally expressed only intonation).
• If there is, then allied, and you have one more simple step: to determine the type of syntactic link.

How to do it? To determine the type of syntactic connection, two criteria must be borne in mind: 1) meaning and 2) form.

If offers
1) are equal in meaning,
2) connected by a coordinating union,

that sentence compound.

If offers
1) are not equal in meaning (you can establish a hierarchy: the main thing is the subordinate clause),
2) the subordination is expressed subordinating unions,
that sentence complex.

Finally, the last. The language and, of course, KIMs also have complex sentences with several types of connection:

1) allied and allied subordinating,
2) unionless and allied coordinating,
3) allied coordinating and subordinating.
These are complex sentences consisting of more than two simple ones and having, respectively, more than two grammatical bases. Don't be surprised when you see these offers. Remember, there can be two or more parts. There may even be 13-15 or more. AT USE assignments such long and multi-part sentences do not exist. But even in sentences of 3-4 parts there can be combinations of allied and unionless connection or writing and subordination.
Regardless of which offer you come across, you must:

• read the proposal carefully and thoughtfully,
• identify grammatical foundations
• divide the proposal into parts,
• determine the nature of the connection and the means of communication (unions and allied words, intonation with an union-free connection of parts).

In the draft, draw diagrams, they will help you understand how many parts are in a complex sentence and how they are connected. Figure out what is what.
Scheme examples:
[ ... ], [ ... ] - non-union complex sentence, for example:

By the evening warmer,/ in the garden frogs croaked.

[ ... ] - [... ] - non-union complex sentence, for example:

I got up to the third floor and went to the door - / unexpectedly because of it resounded desperate doggy barking.

[ ...] : [ ... ] - non-union complex sentence, for example:

Hearing the noise I lowered eyes:/ right in front of me hedgehog ran.

[ … ], [ and … ] - compound sentence, For example:

Sunset, / and It cooled down.

[ ... ], (to ...) - a complex sentence, for example:

I will do everything to make her happy.

[..., (to ...) ...] - a complex sentence, for example:

Mitya, / so that she is happy, / will do everything.

Remember:

In sentences with several subordinate clauses, subordination can be different:
1) consistent: […], (where…), (which…), for example:
I found out,/ where buy dictionary,/ which I couldn't find it for a long time.

2) parallel: […], (what...), (how...). Example:
Document explains,/ what kind items will be required,/ as choice will be made.

3) homogeneous:[ ... ], (conjunction as ...), and (conjunction as ...). Example:
I suddenly felt,/ as voltage subsided/And How it became easy in my heart.