Detailed solution paragraphs Final questions on social science for grade 9 students, authors A.I. Kravchenko, E.A. Pevtsova 2015

1. What is politics and what is its role in the life of society?

Politics - is defined as a field of activity related to the distribution and exercise of power within the state and between states in order to achieve the security of society. Politics always affects the interests of many people, its consequences affect many, if not all, participants in the process. The main factors of politics are social (ethnic) groups and political organizations, institutions, movements and leaders expressing their interests. The purpose of politics is to orient social development in a human-friendly direction by identifying common goals and agreed means to achieve them.

2. What is the nature of political power?

By its nature and origin, power, as such, is a social phenomenon. Forming and existing in various areas of human life, it can manifest itself in various spheres of public life and in various forms: either as a moral authority, or in the form of economic or informational domination, or in the form of legal coercion, etc. At the same time, power can differ both in volume (family, international, etc.), and in object (personal, party, public, etc.), and in the nature of its application (democratic, bureaucratic, despotic, etc.), and on other grounds.

One of the main types is political power. This is due to the fact that it covers, directs and regulates life in society and the state, dominates over all other types of power. Political power is the ability and ability to exercise one's will, to exert a decisive influence on the activities and behavior of people with the help of authority, law, and violence.

3. What is the separation of powers?

Separation of powers is the principle of building and functioning of public administration in modern democratic states, which implies the presence of legislative, executive and judicial branches of power. With the separation of powers, the executive, legislative and judicial institutions, being independent of each other within their competence, mutually control each other and prevent the concentration of power in one hand.

4. How is the state formed and what are its functions?

There are several theories about the origin of the state:

1. Theological - the state came into being and exists by virtue of the Divine will. The Creator of everything earthly, including the state, is God.

2. Patriarchal - originated in ancient Greece. By their nature, people strive to communicate with each other, as a result of which kindred patriarchal families are formed, which unite into one large family, forming a state.

3. The theory of the social contract - the emergence of the state was preceded by the natural state of people with natural rights. For the sake of peace and prosperity, a social contract is concluded between each member of society and the state being created. People transfer part of their rights to state power and undertake to obey it, and the latter guarantees the protection of the rights of each person.

4. The theory of violence - to control the conquered peoples and the territories of enslavement of new ones, an apparatus of coercion is needed, which has become the state.

5. Organic - considers the state a product of nature itself, a product of its development.

6. Materialistic - connects the emergence of the state with the natural economic development of primitive society.

State functions:

Internal: protection of the existing mode of production, economic and social system; suppression of class opponents (in societies divided into classes with opposing interests); participation in economic management; maintaining public order and maintaining discipline; regulation social relations; cultural and educational, ideological activity, etc.

External: protecting the interests of a given state in its relations with other states in the international arena, ensuring the country's defense, developing normal relations with other states, mutually beneficial cooperation with it based on the principles of peaceful coexistence.

5. What forms of government do you know about?

Correct and incorrect forms of government (according to Aristotle).

The correct forms of government are:

Monarchy:

Absolute:

Monarch - head of state;

Exercises sole control. Has full power. His power is supreme and independent;

His power is declared sacred and endowed with a religious halo;

As a rule, power is inherited;

Limited:

The monarch is limited in the field of legislative, executive activities

The monarch is independent of parliament, but is forced to reckon with its activities

Aristocracy is a form of government in which power belongs to the nobility. It is based on the idea that only the elite should govern the state. Chosenness was determined by origin, size of property, religious superiority.

Democracy. It comes from two Greek words: "demos" - "people" and "kratos" - "strength", "rule". Democracy means such a device in which all citizens manage their own routine of life, influence public life. They also say that in a democracy the people are sovereign, that is, they are independent of the authorities in choosing their way of life. Sovereignty means that the legitimate source of power is the people. In a modern democratic system, the people form representative bodies of power through elections. True democracy is possible under certain conditions:

Law supremacy;

Equal rights for all citizens;

Separation of powers, i.e. independence from each other of the judicial, executive and legislative powers;

Multi-party system and political competition;

Media free from censorship and state pressure;

The presence of market relations in the economy, etc.

Incorrect forms of government include:

1. Autocracy (tyranny) is one of the forms of government based on the unlimited and uncontrolled sovereignty of one person in the state. In modern literature, this concept means the unlimited and uncontrolled power of one person.

2. Oligarchy is a form of government in which power is concentrated in the hands of a small group of people. Power and capital are concentrated in the hands of one group of people

3. Ochlocracy or anarchy - a form of government, resulting from the extreme development and bringing to the point of absurdity of democratic tendencies - the rule of the mob, the worst of the citizens.

6. What is the national-state structure?

The national-state system is a certain form of social relations, the statehood of a multinational community, a form of organization of the state, expressing the relationship between the territorial organization of state power and the national structure of society, as well as the relationship between the sovereignty of the state and the national sovereignties of the nation and nationalities united in the state. The main forms of national-state structure are federation, unitary state, confederation, commonwealth.

7. What are the political regimes?

Political regimes are either democratic or non-democratic.

Democratic regimes are forms of government in which leading role played by Parliament - the collective legislative body. This is a parliamentary regime, liberal-democratic.

Non-democratic regimes include such forms of government where the ruler with unlimited power plays the main role. These are authoritarian, fascist, totalitarian, tyrannical regimes.

8. How are the concepts of "citizen" and "citizenship" related?

Citizenship is a permanent political and legal relationship between a person and the state, expressed in their mutual rights and obligations.

A citizen is a person belonging to the permanent population of a certain state, enjoying its protection and endowed with a set of political and other rights and obligations.

From the moment of acquisition of citizenship, a person begins to enjoy a full list of civil rights. Children and adolescents do not have full citizenship status because they do not have the right to vote and do not have some other rights available only to adults. They are protected by the rights guaranteed by the constitution.

9. How does the participation of citizens in political life take place?

Participation of citizens in political life occurs as follows:

1. participation in elections as a voter or elected;

2. organization and participation in the activities of political parties and social movements;

3. appeal to the parliament and local legislative authorities with proposals and projects;

4. participation in meetings, rallies;

5. campaigning for a particular party;

6. work as a party leader;

7. membership in a political club or organization;

8. cash donations to the party.

10. What are elections and a referendum?

Referendum (from the Latin referendum - what should be reported) is a form of passing laws or solving the most important issues of public life by universal suffrage. One of the forms of direct democracy.

Elections are the procedure for electing someone by open or secret ballot.

11. What parties did you get to know, how do they function?

"United Russia", the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, the Liberal Democratic Party, "Yabloko", "Unity".

The activity of the party is determined on the basis of its functions. Functions of a political party:

7. Political - mastery of state power.

8. Recruiting - training and promotion of personnel for various political institutions.

9. Socialization - education dedicated members and the formation of the political culture of citizens.

10. Electoral - the expression of the interests of certain groups and strata of the population.

11. Representative - organization and participation in election campaigns.

12. What is single and multi-party system?

One-party system - a party system in which power belongs to one party.

Multi-party system - a party system in which more than two political parties exist and legally operate in the country.

13. About what political reforms in modern Russia can you tell?

In accordance with the Decree of the President of December 12, 1993, a nationwide vote was held on the draft Constitution of the Russian Federation. Article 10 of the Russian Constitution states that “state power in the Russian Federation is exercised on the basis of division into legislative, executive and judicial. Legislative, executive and judicial authorities are independent”.

Federal Law No. 95-FZ of July 11, 2001 (as amended on May 23, 2015) “On Political Parties”. The adoption of the law on parties and the change in the principles of election to regional legislatures sharply limited the possibilities for the formation of new parties independent of the vertical executive power and independent decision-making by regional parliaments. The transition from elections in single-mandate districts to elections based on party lists increased the dependence of regional branches of parties on the center.

Political reforms in Russia:

1. reforms of the federal structure:

Creation of seven (since 2010 - eight) federal districts headed by presidential plenipotentiaries (May 13, 2000);

Merger of subjects of the Federation;

Renaming the subjects of the Federation;

Bringing the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation into line with the federal one. Before central authorities the authorities did not use their powers.

The introduction of the principle of not being elected, but appointing governors.

Reform of local self-government (04.08.2000). Municipalities are put under direct subordination to the federal and regional authorities. The head of a municipality may be removed from office by decree of the president or the head of the relevant subject of the federation, and the legislature may be dissolved by regional or federal law.

2. reform central office controls:

Reform of the Federation Council. The Federation Council now includes not directly the heads of the executive and legislative authorities of the subjects, but their representatives.

Reform of the State Duma. Since 2007, they are only on party lists; single-member constituencies are abolished.

Changing the terms of office of the President and the State Duma.

Creation State Council RF (09/01/2000). It consists of heads of executive power - governors of regions and presidents of the republics that are part of the Russian Federation. The Chairman of the State Council is the President, who appoints the members of the Presidium of the State Council - seven people representing the federal districts of the country and changing every six months. The State Council meets quarterly; its Presidium - every month.

Creation of the Public Chamber (2005).

Electoral reform. A ban on the creation of electoral blocs in elections at all levels; banning members of some parties from entering the electoral lists of other parties; cancellation of the column "against all".

3. reform of spheres of public life:

Since 2004, military reform has been carried out in Russia:

Transfer of part of the army to contract service;

Reducing the term of service on conscription to 12 months,

Law on Alternative Civil Service (2002; in the spring of 2007, 2 people were called up in Moscow),

The total reduction of the army to 1.1 million people.

Administrative reform, problems of its implementation.

party reform.

Judicial reform:

Creation of juvenile justice,

Reform of the penitentiary system.

14. What branches of law do you know?

Branches of law:

8. Constitutional law. It includes the norms that establish the state structure of our country, the rules for the activities of government and administration. They indicate the rights and obligations of citizens.

9. Criminal law. It unites the norms that establish the criminality of people's actions and the measure of punishment for them.

10. Administrative law. It consists of norms regulating relations between authorities, persons endowed with certain powers, and citizens.

11. Civil procedural and criminal procedural law includes rules governing the procedure for resolving civil and criminal cases.

12. Civil law regulates property and personal non-property relations. It includes norms that determine the order of inheritance, possession and disposal of property, conclusion of transactions, protection of honor and dignity, etc.

13. Labor law establishes the procedure for relations between employers and employees in the labor process and in connection with labor.

14. Family law governs relations between a man and a woman upon marriage, divorce, and in the course of family life.

15. How are law and law related?

Law is a system of mandatory rules of conduct, sanctioned by the state and expressed in certain norms.

Law is generally accepted moral conduct, which is mandatory. In human society, the law is made up of the highest government bodies. We are required by law to receive a school education. And the right is to study in a public or private school.

It turns out that the law can restrict rights.

16. Why is the Constitution the Basic Law of the State?

Constitution (from Latin constitution - device) - the Basic law of the state, because it is a set of relatively stable rules (laws) fixed in a special document (or several documents) that determine the foundations, goals and structure of the state, the principles of its organization and functioning, ways of political education and decision-making, as well as the position of the individual in the state.

The Constitution acts as a text of a “social contract” concluded between citizens and the state and regulating its activities. Adopted with the consent of the vast majority of the population, it fixes that minimum of social consent, without which the joint life of people is impossible.

The laws adopted in the state cannot contradict the constitution.

17. What are the foundations of the constitutional order of the Russian Federation?

The foundations of the constitutional order of the Russian Federation are set out in Chapter 1 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation:

1. The Russian Federation is a democratic federal legal state with a republican form of government.

2. Man, his rights and freedoms are the highest value. Recognition, observance and protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen is the duty of the state.

3. The bearer of sovereignty and the source of power is the people.

4. The highest direct expression of the power of the people is the referendum and free elections.

5. The sovereignty of the Russian Federation extends to its entire territory.

6. The Constitution of the Russian Federation is the main law of the country.

7. The Russian Federation consists of republics, territories, regions, cities of federal significance, an autonomous region, autonomous regions- equal subjects of the Russian Federation.

8. Republics have their own constitution.

9. Citizenship is a fundamental element of the legal status of an individual. Only its citizens enjoy full rights and freedoms on the territory of the state. The Constitution of the Russian Federation in Art. 6 proclaims a single and equal citizenship, regardless of the grounds for its acquisition.

10. The Russian Federation is a welfare state.

11. Economic freedom and equality of all forms of ownership.

12. The principle of separation of powers.

13. Guarantees of local self-government.

14. The principle of ideological diversity

15. The principle of political pluralism (political diversity)

16. principle of priority of law

17. A special procedure for changing the provisions of the Constitution, which constitute the foundations of the constitutional order of Russia, acts as a fundamental principle that ensures not only the stability of the Basic Law, but also the inviolability of the state system of the Russian Federation.

18. What are the functions of the legislative, executive and judicial branches?

Functions of the legislature:

1. development of legislation;

2. government approval;

3. approval of changes in taxation;

4. approval of the country's budget;

5. ratification of international agreements and treaties;

6. declaration of war.

Executive functions:

1) executive (law enforcement) function, i.e. the function of implementing the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws and laws of the subjects of the Russian Federation;

2) "human rights" function, i.e. the function of observing and protecting the rights and freedoms of man and citizen;

3) socio-economic function, i.e. creation of conditions for the development of economic construction, socio-cultural and administrative-political management;

4) the function of ensuring the rule of law and compliance with the constitutional order in the country;

5) the regulatory function, within which many functions of public administration are carried out: leadership, control, coordination, planning, accounting, forecasting, etc.;

6) norm-setting function, in accordance with which the executive authorities carry out, within the limits established by law, activities for the adoption of normative acts;

7) a protective function, which means that the executive authorities are legally vested with the authority to apply measures of state (administrative) coercion to legal entities and individuals in the event that the specified persons violate the norms of the law.

Functions of the legislature:

1. Justice.

2. Judicial control (supervision) over the legality and validity of decisions of local representative and all executive bodies, over compliance with the constitution.

3. Interpretation of legal norms.

19. What is the office of the presidency?

The institution of the presidency in its modern sense was first formalized by the US Constitution in 1787. The "Founding Fathers" of the American Constitution, when modeling the institution of the presidency, were guided by British political and legal practice and the concept of separation of powers. At present, this institution is one of the most widespread institutions of state power. At the end of the XX century. more than 130 out of 183 member states of the UN had the post of president in the state mechanism. Their constitutional status differs significantly from each other. Even if we confine ourselves to the countries of Western democracy, then presidents in presidential (USA), semi-presidential (France) and parliamentary (Germany) republics differ significantly in the scope of powers, the nature of functions, and their role in solving state and public affairs. In a few scientific works in which an attempt was made to analyze the concept of the institution of presidency, the latter is defined as a set of four groups of norms:

1. the procedure for the election of the President, including including the inauguration;

2. its legal status in the structure of public authorities (constitutional status - a structural aspect);

3. functions and powers of the president (constitutional status - functional aspect);

4. termination of the exercise of presidential powers.

Each of these groups is a kind of sub-institution in relation to the institution of presidency as a whole. At the same time, an essential element of this institution is the responsibility of the president. This is one of the important forms of constitutional responsibility, and quite a serious one at that. This is evidenced, for example, by the impeachment attempts in the United States (December 1998 - January 1999 in relation to B. Clinton) and Russia (in May 1999 in relation to B. Yeltsin), as well as how this the procedure affects the political and legal situation in the country. Thus, the institution of the presidency is a system of constitutional and legal norms that regulate the procedure for electing and taking office of the president (inauguration), the powers of the president that determine his position in the system of state authorities, as well as the early termination of powers, replacement and removal from office. When defining the concept of "institution of presidency", some authors use

20. How does local self-government manifest itself?

The Constitution of the Russian Federation recognizes that local self-government bodies operate locally. They solve local problems that are not within the competence of the central authorities (cleaning the streets, building hospitals, the problem of schools, etc.). Now each region has its own thoughts, councils, meetings. They employ deputies elected by the population. Cities have mayors, prefects, who manage a particular territory. All local self-government bodies act on the basis of the charter and issue their own legal acts.

21. How are human rights expressed?

Human rights are usually understood as those rights that are inherent in a person from birth. The concept of human rights implies that every individual can enjoy their human rights regardless of race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinions, national or social origin, property, parents or other status.

In the legal sense, human rights are guaranteed by human rights law, which protects individuals and groups from acts that infringe on fundamental freedoms and human dignity. They find expression in treaties, customary international law, bodies of principles and other sources of law.

22. What is written in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that:

1. all people are born free and equal;

2. human rights and freedoms do not depend on race, skin color, sex, language, religion, political or other beliefs, national or social origin, property, estate or other status;

3. everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person;

4. no one should be held in slavery, no one should be tortured;

5. no one may be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile;

6. Everyone has the right to move freely and choose his place of residence within the boundaries of each state;

7. Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion;

8. Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country directly or through freely chosen representatives, etc.

That is, the fundamental rights and freedoms of all people are proclaimed.

23. What is international humanitarian law?

International humanitarian law covers the principles and rules governing the means and methods of warfare, as well as the humanitarian protection of the civilian population, sick and wounded military personnel, and prisoners of war. The main instruments are the 1949 Geneva Conventions for the Protection of War Victims and two additional protocols concluded in 1977 under the auspices of the International Committee of the Red Cross.

24. How are the rights of a child and an adult protected?

Article 56 of the RF IC establishes that the direct protection of the rights and legitimate interests of the child must be carried out by parents or persons replacing them (that is, adoptive parents, guardians, trustees, foster parents), and in cases expressly provided for by the RF IC - by guardianship and guardianship authorities, the prosecutor and court. If a child left without parental care is in an educational institution or in an institution of social protection, then the protection of his rights and interests is entrusted to the administration of these institutions in accordance with Article 147 of the RF IC.

In addition, in accordance with paragraph 3 of Article 7 of the Federal Law "On Basic Guarantees of the Rights of the Child in the Russian Federation", pedagogical, medical, social workers, psychologists and other specialists who carry out the functions of education, training, health care, social support and social services child, assist him social adaptation, social rehabilitation, may participate in the procedure established by the legislation of the Russian Federation in measures to ensure the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of the child in state bodies and local governments.

The Constitution guarantees the human rights prescribed in it. The rights of both an adult and a child are protected by the state, by the court.

25. What is the similarity between civil society and the rule of law?

The rule of law is a state in which the rule of law and the rule of law are ensured, the equality of all before the law and an independent court, human rights and freedoms are recognized and guaranteed, and the principle of separation of powers is put in the basis of the organization of state power.

Civil society is a free, democratic, legal society that recognizes the value of a person. Civil society is not just any, but only a highly developed society, with developed social (political, economic, legal and other) relations. Civil society is characterized by high civil and moral qualities of its members.

Civil society is inseparable from the rule of law, the rule of law is a state-powerful organization of civil society, and in a rule of law state power depends on civil society and expresses its interests. However, the rule of law state refuses total control, avoids unreasonable interference in the life of civil society, in the private life of citizens. Many social relations remain independent of the state.

Civil society is a society in which there are informal structures in the form of various organizations, movements, committees, associations, societies, assemblies, etc., operating within the framework of legal laws and regulations and exerting a noticeable influence on the official authorities. It maintains a certain balance between society and the state. If the state begins to exceed its powers, then the structures of civil society remind it of the limits of state intervention in the affairs of society. And vice versa: if a society violates the laws and order adopted in the state, then civil society warns it that its actions can lead to anarchy, fraught with dangerous consequences for all people.

26. What is a crime?

Crime is a socially dangerous act. It is expressed in causing damage to any interests protected by criminal law.

27. What is the form of criminal liability?

Criminal liability is expressed in the application of state coercion against the guilty person in the form of punishment.

28. What is an administrative offense?

An administrative offense is a violation of the norms of administrative law.

29. How do law enforcement agencies operate?

Law enforcement agencies operate on the basis of the laws of the country.

An important law enforcement agency in Russia is the police. The Russian police have units with their own functions. For example, the State Security Inspectorate traffic ensures order on the roads of the country, making sure that pedestrians and drivers follow the rules, statutory. The Federal Migration Service is responsible for the movement of people around the country, their departure from the state, as well as the entry of foreigners into Russia.

The police are obliged to detect crimes, to search for persons committing dangerous acts. In such a division of internal affairs there is a criminal investigation department, investigative departments, special departments for combating economic crimes.

Law enforcement agencies ensure the security of the individual and the state. The main body of the law enforcement system is the Security Council of the Russian Federation, it is headed by the President of the Russian Federation. He appoints the secretary and members of the Council.

Disclosure of espionage, terrorist acts, corruption, drug trafficking is handled by the Federal Security Service (FSB). Intelligence activities in order to obtain information about the actions and plans of foreign states and individuals in relation to Russia are carried out by the Foreign Intelligence Service. Crossing the borders of our country by people, transport with various goods is regulated by a special procedure, which is supported by the Federal Customs Service. Control over receipts to the state treasury of taxes and payments is carried out by the Federal Tax Service.

Supervision over the execution of laws is carried out by the prosecutor's office. The prosecutor ensures that crimes are investigated in accordance with the law. He participates as a public prosecutor in the trial of the case. The prosecutor has the right to cancel the illegal decisions of the investigators, to appeal against the verdicts of the court.

The law enforcement agencies of the Russian Federation include a notary. Notaries certify the authenticity of documents, facts, etc. Legal assistance to the population is provided by the bar, which unites lawyers on a voluntary basis. The company has legal advisors. They help managers legally competently carry out entrepreneurial activities, draw up various contracts, and defend interests in court.

30. What is society and what areas does it consist of?

In science, there is no single definition of what society is.

In a narrow sense, society should be understood as:

A certain group of people united for communication and joint performance of any activity;

A specific stage in the historical development of a people or country.

In a broad sense, society is a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, consisting of individuals and including ways of interacting people and forms of their unification.

Society can be divided into 4 spheres - social, economic, political and cultural.

31. What are the main features of society?

Signs of society:

1. the association is not part of any larger

2. systems (societies);

3. has its own territory;

4. has its own name and history;

5. has its own control system;

6. concludes marriages between representatives of this association;

7. grows mainly at the expense of the children of those people whose parents are its recognized representatives;

8. exists longer than the average life expectancy of an individual;

9. is united by a common system of values ​​(customs, traditions, norms, laws, rules, mores), i.e. culture.

32. How does society affect nature and what are the anthropogenic pressures on it?

Primitive societies - small local groups of 60-80 people, wandering in search of edible plants and animals and living at a great distance from each other, could not cause any tangible harm to nature. They depended on, feared, revered and deified her. The reverence for mother nature is felt in their myths, traditions and rituals. Back in the 18th century, no one encroached on the dominance of nature, although even then man cut down forests, poisoned animals and polluted rivers. But in the 19th and 20th centuries drastic changes took place. The industrial society tore up everything that could be dug up, polluted everything that was still clean, exterminated many animals, and listed the rest as relics in the Red Book. The consequences of disharmony between nature and society turned out to be disastrous for man himself: soil erosion and clogging of groundwater, deforestation, displacement of black soil by sandstone (the phenomenon of the onset of the desert), pollution of the air basin of the earth, the emergence of ozone holes, etc. The conflict between society and nature grows to the scale undeclared war, and all cases of clashes between them look like reports from the battlefield.

Anthropogenic load - the degree of impact of man, his activities on nature. Anthropogenic pressure includes the use of resources of populations of species that are part of ecosystems (hunting, fishing, harvesting of medicinal plants, cutting trees), livestock grazing, recreational impacts, pollution (discharge of industrial, domestic and agricultural effluents into water bodies, precipitation of suspended solids from the atmosphere or acid rain), etc. When environmental management anthropogenic load is regulated by means of environmental regulation to a level that is safe for ecosystems.

33. What typologies of society are accepted in science, what is a pre-industrial, industrial and post-industrial society?

Society typology:

1. by the presence of writing:

preliterate

Written

2. by the number of management levels and the degree of social stratification:

Simple

Complex

3. according to the method of obtaining means of subsistence

Society of hunters and gatherers

Horticulture Society

Cattle Breeders Society

Agricultural society

industrial society

4. by method of production and form of ownership

primeval

slaveholding

feudal

capitalist

Pre-industrial - these are societies where there was no industry, i.e. industry. These are all simple and pre-literate societies that existed in the era of slavery and feudalism. Pre-industrial societies are otherwise called traditional, because the main lever of social progress here was the transfer of knowledge from the elderly to the youth, strict adherence to once established customs and traditions. Science did not interfere in social production. All social and vital phenomena were led by religion, be it archaic beliefs (fetishism, magic, etc.) or modern ones - Christianity, Buddhism, Islam, etc. The defining factor of development was agriculture, with the church and the army as the main institutions.

With the development of industry (200-250 years ago), the era of industrial society came. Its driving spring was the development of machine production with a corporation and a firm at the head.

And only a short period of historical time, starting from the 70s of the XX century, belongs to the most modern type - post-industrial society. But it does not cover all the countries that exist on the planet, but only the most advanced ones, for example, the USA, Great Britain, Japan, Germany, France, Canada and some others. Most countries, including Russia, have yet to enter the post-industrial era. In a post-industrial society, theoretical knowledge comes first with the university as the place of its concentration. This society is dominated not by industry, but by information and services.

34. What is the manifestation of social and scientific and technological progress?

The global, world-historical process of the ascent of human societies from the state of savagery to the heights of civilization is called social progress. This generalizing concept includes, as its constituent parts, economic, technical and cultural progress. The foundation of social progress is technological progress.

Technological progress is an interdependent, mutually stimulating development of science and technology. It manifests itself in various kinds of inventions, discoveries designed to improve the quality of human life and satisfy his needs.

35. How would you characterize the global problems of mankind?

Scientific and technological progress, the speed of which is five orders of magnitude higher than the speed of creating new "technologies" of the biosphere (new types of biological organisms), generates more and more powerful sources of destruction and pollution of the natural environment. The Earth's ecosystem loses 50,000 biological species a year. During the period from the 16th to the 20th century, more than 250 species and subspecies of vertebrates disappeared. Since the early 1980s, on average, one animal species (or subspecies) has disappeared daily, and a plant species has disappeared weekly. More than 20,000 species are under threat of extinction. About 1000 species of birds and mammals are threatened with extinction. About 1 billion tons of standard fuel are burned annually, hundreds of millions of tons of nitrogen oxides, sulfur, carbon oxides (some of them return in the form of acid rain), soot, ash and dust are emitted into the atmosphere. Soils and waters are polluted by industrial and domestic effluents (hundreds of billion tons per year), oil products (several million tons), mineral fertilizers (about a hundred million tons) and pesticides, heavy metals (mercury, lead, etc.), radioactive waste . The destruction of the Earth's ozone screen has threatened the ability of the biosphere to cleanse itself.

Scientists have identified the following global problems of mankind:

Climate change caused by human activity;

Extinction of biological species;

Continued growth in population and consumption levels.

The impact of man and the products of his activities on nature is increasing every year. It is mostly negative, among the positive ones so far we can name the protection of animals and the restoration of their endangered species.

36. What is the world community?

Today, the concept of "society" has become broader than just a certain group of people. Indeed, a society can be understood as a separate country, or it can be understood as all countries of the world. In this case, we should talk about the world community.

The idea of ​​a global, or planetary, unity of all people has not always existed. It appeared only in the 20th century. World wars, earthquakes, international conflicts made earthlings feel the commonality of their fate, dependence on each other, the feeling that they are all passengers of one ship, the safety of which depends on each of them. Some 500 years ago, humanity was an extremely colorful mosaic, made up of isolated formations (hordes, tribes, kingdoms, empires), which had their own economy, politics and culture.

37. How does a person become a personality?

A person turns into a personality through socialization through the assimilation social norms, by overcoming difficulties and accumulating life experience, developing moral consciousness, hard work on oneself. Individuals are not born, individuals are made. It is a relatively late product of social development.

38. What is socialization and education?

Socialization is the process of assimilation of cultural norms and development of social roles.

Part of the process of socialization is education. It instills cultural norms in a person. Education is determined by society and is expressed in the form

cultural norms,

Household rules of conduct,

values ​​and ideals.

39. What human needs have you met?

Human needs:

Physiological needs - in the reproduction of people, food, breathing, physical movements, housing, rest, protecting oneself from the adverse effects of climate (heat, cold, etc.).

The need for security - express the desire to preserve and protect their lives, protect themselves, relatives and their homes from intrusion, natural Disasters, discomfort.

Social needs - a person is a social being and cannot live outside the group. We crave friendship, affection, love, belonging to a community, fellowship, participation in organizations, caring for others and helping loved ones.

Prestigious needs - a person has the inherent property to stand out with something, overtake others, be unequal to them, draw special attention to himself and seek advantages.

Spiritual needs are the desire to express through creative activity everything that a person is capable of, i.e. self-realization.

40. How does a person cognize the world and himself?

The desire for knowledge is the most important spiritual need of a person. Cognition is of two types - sensory and logical.

1. Sensory cognition is carried out through direct interaction between the subject and the object. The characteristics of an object at this level are reflected through the senses. The forms of sensory cognition are:

There are three forms of sensory knowledge: sensation, perception, representation. Sensation is the initial element of sensory experience. It arises as a result of the direct impact of objects on our senses. We feel the shape, color, smell, that is, the individual properties of the object. His holistic image gives us perception. It allows you to select an object from the surrounding background, displaying its shape, position in space. Perception also serves as the basis for the formation of ideas. After the cessation of the impact of the object on the senses, the impression of it is fixed and stored in memory. The sensual image of objects and phenomena, stored in the mind without their direct influence, is called representation. A person can imagine what he once saw, describe what he perceived before. At the same time, some details individual features subject may be lost while maintaining its essential properties. We call such an image generalized.

2. Rational (logical) knowledge is carried out through abstract thinking. Its task is to reveal the internal connections between phenomena, objects and processes, to explain the laws of functioning and development of objective reality. Forms of rational knowledge:

A concept is a form of abstract thinking that reflects and fixes in the language the most general and essential features of a certain class of objects (the concepts of "nation", "atom", etc.).

Judgment is a form of abstract thinking, in which, through the connection of concepts, the presence or absence of any feature of an object and its connection with other objects is established.

Inference is a form of abstract thinking that connects thoughts of various kinds of content into a single series of premises and consequences.

Through spirituality there is a process of a person's knowledge of himself, his purpose and life meaning.

41. What is the spiritual life of a person?

Spiritual life is a sphere of activity of a person and society associated with the production, preservation, dissemination and consumption of the values ​​of spiritual culture.

In the process of spiritual life, a person realizes the needs for knowledge, love, creativity, beauty, learning the world and himself, as well as developing and improving his human nature.

Science, art, philosophy, religion, morality give a person a multifaceted idea of ​​the real world and himself.

In individual human life, spiritual values ​​play an orienting and guiding role. Values ​​allow people to distinguish the important from the unimportant.

People consider values ​​that they put above momentary joys and pleasures, which gives meaning and meaning to their existence. In real, practical life, spiritual values ​​appear not in the form of abstract ideas, but in the form of specific, sensually tangible symbols, for example, images of favorite literary heroes, poetic lines and paintings, brilliant inventions and scientific discoveries. By communicating with symbols, people communicate with values.

Appeal to spiritual values ​​makes a person independent and consistent in actions, independent of random assessments, preconceived opinions. You must have met such people. They not only read a lot, are fond of art, science, politics, but also perceive all this deeply meaningfully, personally. It is interesting to communicate with them. Such people are said to have a rich spiritual world. On the other hand, a person who does not associate himself with any spiritual values ​​is able to live only for today. His fate depends on the whim of chance and popular opinion, his own passions and whims, and on the whole his life seems meaningless.

42. How are freedom and responsibility related?

The fact that one person has freedom does not mean that he has the right to deprive another of the opportunity to act in accordance with his own needs and desires. The measure of our freedom (arbitrariness) in relation to other people is limited by the social norms existing in society, among which the norms of morality and law play a leading role. It follows that each of us is responsible for our actions if they affect other people's interests, and appropriate sanctions can be applied to him by means of public or state coercion.

43. How does a person manifest himself in a group?

A person in a group may behave as follows:

1. adapt to the group, i.e. the opinions and norms of the group are accepted by a person only externally, but internally he continues to disagree with the group;

2. a person learns the opinion of the majority and agrees with it;

3. a person resists the pressure of the group, actively defends his opinion, argues, proves;

4. a person is not subjected to group pressure, he is independent and self-sufficient.

44. What is interpersonal relationships and communication process?

Interpersonal relationships are subjectively experienced connections between people, manifested in the nature and methods of mutual influences exerted by people on each other in the process of joint activities and communication.

The process of communication is a socio-psychological process of interaction between two or more people. Types of communication - verbal and non-verbal.

45. How do conflicts arise and are resolved in society?

The subject of the dispute can be the territory of residence, money, housing, power and many other things, as well as the struggle for position in society. However, you can't list everything. In the bus, the conflict arises because of the free space, between the peoples

Because of the vital territory, between religions - because of the creed or the true interpretation of this symbol. In other words, a conflict arises when the cause of the dispute cannot be divided, otherwise no quarrel or war would have arisen.

A minor incident can serve as a cause for conflict. The conflict takes different forms and scales. The most common is the daily quarrel of friends, relatives, strangers on the street, in transport. A more serious form is a quarrel, a divorce, a strike. Riot, rebellion - a spontaneous mass form of protest. They can end in revolution, war, upheaval.

The most massive and widespread conflicts are family. They occur every day, outnumbering all other conflicts combined. Statistics and science know nothing about most of them. They spontaneously arise and spontaneously fade away.

Experts identify the following ways to resolve conflicts:

Compromise - solving the problem through mutual concessions of the parties;

Negotiations - a peaceful conversation of both sides to solve the problem;

Mediation - the use of a third party in the absentee solution of the problem;

Arbitration - an appeal to a specially empowered authority for help in solving a problem;

The use of force, power, law is the unilateral use of power or force by the side that considers itself stronger.

Modern USE in social studies a very variable subject that diagnoses various skills of a graduate. One of the tasks that have already become familiar opens the 2nd part of the exam. Here are 21-24 assignments in social studies, which are united by a common text.

Here are the tasks that require a detailed answer. According to the developers, they make it possible to show special knowledge and skills that reflect the depth of formation of social science skills. Tasks 21 and 22 have a basic level of difficulty, and 23 and 24 have an increased level. They require not only finding the required element in the content of the text, but also the correct interpretation, taking into account existing knowledge and social practice.

In total, for all tasks, the graduate will receive 10 points, according to the scheme 2 + 2 + 3 + 3. Every high school student is interested in high-quality writing work. To do this, you need to remember and learn how to follow a few simple rules that will help you give reasonable and correct answers to questions. USE in social studies.

1. Read the entire text carefully. This will allow you to see its internal structure, highlight the main thoughts and correlate it thematically with any content line, for example, politics or economics.

2.Highlight main idea text, try to understand the idea that the author wanted to convey.

3. Try to follow the order established in the task in the answer. Answer the questions in sequence starting from task 21. So you will not get confused in the answers and do not miss important information.

4.Sometimes graduates have difficulties in where to move away from the text and use existing knowledge. There is only one recipe here - carefully read the tasks, this requirement is directly indicated there. As a rule, it is indicated by phrases - specify, specify the position of the author or based on knowledge of the social science course.

5. For the sake of volume, it is not necessary to go beyond the scope of the designated question. Despite the text USE in social science tasks 21-24 suggest a specific answer that meets the stated requirements.

6.Try to stick to the right style. Write as legibly and clearly as possible. Start each answer with a new paragraph.

When preparing for the exam, it is very important to work out assignments 21-24 of the Unified State Examination in social studies, so let's look at the example of a specific text how to answer.

PROBLEMS OF SMALL BUSINESS AND WAYS TO OVERCOME THEM

The study of the process of the emergence of small business in the domestic economy revealed the existence of a contradictory situation. On the one hand, Russia already has all the formal prerequisites for its successful development.Appropriate federal laws and numerous by-laws on state support for small businesses have been adopted. The necessary infrastructure has been created in the form of state agencies and funds, associations of entrepreneurs. There is a reserve labor market, including highly skilled workers and graduates. The importance of small business development was confirmed by the speeches of statesmen, politicians, heads of major banks and corporations, and leading scientists.

On the other hand, the actual state of small business by representatives of all stakeholders is assessed asextremely unsatisfactory. In Russia, there is a pronounced underdevelopment of this sector of the economy. In light of the reform of the economic system and the still incomplete transition to a market model, small enterprises should be given special attention. The excessive concentration of production in the Soviet Union has become one of the main reasons for the decline of small towns, the ruin of tens of thousands of villages and villages. resettlement dozens million people in large cities has created an insoluble problem of housing, consumer and cultural services, transport, ecology, and crime.The development of small enterprises is necessary for Russia to establish an efficient and stable economy, but the hopes that were pinned on small businesses in the late 1980s and early 1990s have not yet been fully justified.

It is necessary to emphasize the main characteristics that allow small businesses to develop dynamically. These include: rapid response to market conditions; addressing social issues, such as the ability to quickly create new jobs; opposition to monopoly in the economy; activation of the structural restructuring of the economy.

Thus, it is difficult to overestimate the importance of small business development for our country. It is capable of radically and without significant capital investments to expand the production of many consumer goods and services (primarily for the low-income majority of the population) using local sources of raw materials,solve the problem of employment, accelerate scientific and technological progress and create a positive alternative to the criminal business.

Task 21. The author cites a number of negative consequences,which arose as a result of excessive concentration of production in the conditions of an administrative-command economy. List three of them. The question contains a specific requirement indicating the number of elements of the answer - we are looking for them in a text fragment. Here is a sentence containing the answer to the question (highlighted in green in the text). The resettlement of tens of millions of people in large cities has created an insoluble problem of housing, consumer and cultural services, transport, ecology, and crime.The number of elements presented here is even more than required.

And again we see the question exactly in the text, indicating the number of elements. Reading carefully, we find the desired block (marked in red in the text). We highlight the main thoughts from it and clearly formulate the answer:

· development of the labor market, taking into account the interests of small businesses;

· formation of a legislative framework aimed at supporting small business;

· the priority of small business development has been repeatedly emphasized in the words of the largest entrepreneurs, politicians, scientists, financiers.

Task 23. What, in your opinion, is the author's position in assessing the opportunities for small business development in solving economic problems in Russia? By what provisions of the text did you determine this? (Indicate any two positions-arguments.) Give an example of solving a specific economic problem with the help of small business.

The requirements have become more complicated - you need to carefully re-read the fragment again and try to highlight the author's position (underlined in yellow), referring to specific provisions (underlined in blue in the text). Why is this considered the author's position? Because all content is imbued with the idea of ​​the importance and necessity of supporting and developing small businesses. The required provisions are indicated immediately after the thesis.

Next, we need to come up with an example. It should be specific and essentially illustrate the above thought. We present such an option. Small business is able to serve the consumer sector with high quality without using huge capital investments based on local resources.

How to answer questions in part B

The second part of the work on social studies consists of 7 tasks with a short answer. Part B requires a self-concise answer. Two of them (В1 and В2) are evaluated with one point each, the remaining five (ВЗ-В7) - with two points on condition of complete correct execution and one point on condition of partially correct execution (one point is given if there is one incorrect answer along with the correct ones). character is a letter or number). The maximum possible score for the second part of the work is 12. The examination paper presents several types (models) of tasks with a short answer.

At position B1, along with the task to fill in the missing element of the scheme, the task is introduced to fill in the missing element of the table. Different Content in Different Versions: Revealing structural elements using charts and tables.
This task was aimed at testing the ability to identify different content in different options: orientation to the type of activity (a task to identify structural elements using diagrams and tables).

Task 1. Determine the missing element of scheme 1.

Comment. The task cannot be classified as difficult. On this simple example you can trace the general sequence of actions when performing tasks of this type. First of all, we pay attention to the initial general concept, which reflects the entire field of the phenomena under consideration. This is the education system.
We are also given three subordinate elements with the main concept: preschool institutions, secondary schools, technical schools (colleges). These are the initial conditions.
It is required to define the fourth element. To do this, we take the next, most important and difficult step - we identify the basis of the classification. This will help us to establish the similarities between the three already known elements. Each of them reflects a sequential stage in the educational process (note that in our case the sequence is not rigid: studying at a technical school is not a prerequisite for moving to the next educational level).
What in this series can be considered as the final link in this chain? The answer is obvious - a higher educational institution. Thus, the scheme receives a logical conclusion.

And here is another task of the same group.

Task 2. Determine the missing element of scheme 2.

Comment. Among those who performed this task on the exam, there were many who thought that the word “experiment” was missing. Meanwhile, this is not true. And the error in this case is caused by an incorrect definition of the basis of classification. By analogy with the previous example, we define a common feature of the two indicated elements. Both theory and law relate to the content of scientific knowledge, they express ideas established by science, revealed connections between phenomena. real world. Are there other types of scientific knowledge that contain certain ideas, provisions? There is. These are hypotheses. "All bodies are made up of atoms." This statement, before becoming part of scientific theory, was a hypothesis that, as you know, could not be confirmed for quite some time. Thus, we insert the word “hypothesis” into the free cell of our scheme. And what about the experiment, you ask, is it also related to science? Certainly it has. But this element is an integral part of another classification of scientific knowledge, which is based on scientific methods of cognition of the world. It will also include observation, modeling and other methods.

Task B2 was aimed at testing the ability to define the terms and concepts of social phenomena, based on the correlation of species concepts with generic ones.

Concept - a form of thinking that reflects objects in their general essential features.

In the tasks of part B 2, it is usually proposed to find a word that "drops out" of a number of homogeneous concepts.
Among the listed terms, find one that is not a feature that characterizes social dynamics: reform, revolution, progress, decline, rise, organization, trend.
Pay attention to the keyword. In this example, this is "dynamics", that is, movement, change. The word "organization" is not associated with movement. It is something that "falls out" of the general series.

Task B3 was aimed at testing the ability to classify concepts, phenomena, social objects by establishing the correspondence between terms and their definitions, concepts and their features. These skills tested the tasks of the basic level of complexity of the second part of the work. In each version of the examination paper, one such task was given.

Task B-3 is a task for correlating information, for establishing relationships between two series of information. Correlating concepts and definitions: how to avoid mistakes?
Consideration of assignments for compliance will begin with the following example.

Task B3. Establish a correspondence between the factors of production and their examples: for each position given in the first column, select the position from the second column.

Comment. This task proved difficult for most of the graduates.
It can be converted into a task that requires you to distribute the list (first column) into the groups indicated in the second column. But there are already three of these groups. The basis of the classification is given in the condition - this is a broad concept of "factors of production", meaning resources, without which the process of production of goods and services is impossible. In turn, this category is divided into three more particular concepts: "land", "capital", "labor". They are also named in the assignment statement and form the second tier of the classification scheme. Let us clarify the content of these concepts. “Land” refers to natural resources (and not just arable land, as some schoolchildren mistakenly think) that are used in production. Capital (in this case, physical capital) is everything that is created for production by human labor. Labor in this case, economists consider the physical and mental efforts expended by a person in the production process. So, we have clarified the content of the concepts presented in the second column of the task conditions. What is in the first column? The specific objects used in production are listed here. This is the third level of classification - the level of specific concepts. The task requires to establish to which of the factors of production each of the specified specific objects belongs. After we have specified what the individual factors of production include, this task is not difficult to perform. Coal and arable land are natural resources (“land”), construction machines and factories are material means of production (“capital”), while the farmer in this case personifies human resources (“labor”). Thus, the main difficulty associated with the performance of classification tasks is to find a characteristic (attribute, property) used as the basis for the system for identifying groups and subgroups. Where groups have already been identified, it is important to find the most significant differences between them (the majoritarian electoral system from the proportional, the economic sphere of society from the political, patriarchal family from the partnership type family, etc.) and, using this criterion, to attribute those given in list of specific manifestations to one form or another.

Task B3. Establish a correspondence between concepts and their characteristics.

Comment. In order to properly complete the task, a number of logical steps are required. First of all, it is advisable to establish what links all the concepts indicated in the right column, in other words, to find a generic concept for them. That concept is "man". Now let's establish the most characteristic specific differences of each of the three concepts: individual - each representative of the human race (one of the people), individuality - the originality of an individual person, personality - a kind of social dimension of a person. The next step is to comprehend the definitions and characteristics given in the left column and correlate them with the specific feature of each of the listed concepts. After that, the requirement of the task is fulfilled, namely, the correspondence of two groups of positions is established. In our example, it looks like this:

Task B4 was aimed at testing the ability to select the necessary positions from the proposed list, using knowledge about salient features, signs of concepts and phenomena, social objects of a certain class (a task to select several correct positions from the proposed list). These skills were tested with tasks of an increased level of complexity.

Tasks B4 and B7 are tasks that involve the ability to group facts and phenomena. If there are five or six positions from the list, you need to be able to choose on a specific topic, for example, "Features of a traditional society" or "Features of a market economy."
How to choose the right attribute of the specified concept?
The tasks of this group contain an indication of the concept under consideration in the condition. It is required to choose its attribute from among the listed ones. Let's take an example.

Task B4 . Which of the following characteristics characterizes an industrial society?
1) the leading role of agriculture
2) the predominance of industry
3) a weak level of division of labor
4) the decisive importance of the service sector in the economy

Comment. In this task, it is not so difficult to select the correct answer, since other alternatives contain signs of often close, but different concepts. Thus, in the first answer, the leading role of agriculture clearly characterizes an agrarian society, the decisive importance of the service sector is inherent in society at the stage of its transition to a post-industrial one, and a weak division of labor was characteristic of the early pre-industrial stages of economic development. So the only correct answer remains - the predominance of industry. It was indicated by the vast majority of graduates.
It is more difficult to make the right choice in cases where the answer options include derivatives of the main features, private characteristics.
Let's compare two tasks related to the concept of "nation".

Task 1. The sign inherent in the concept of "nation" is
1) the presence of the party
2) having your own army
3) common territory
4) separation of powers

Task 2. An obligatory sign of an ethnic group is
1) sovereignty
2) coincidence of ethnic and state borders
3) lack of continuity of generations
4) common historical destiny

Comment. The answer alternatives in the first task, with the exception of one - “community of territory”, do not relate to the concept of a nation at all (the presence of an army, the separation of powers characterize the state, the party is an element of the political system). In the second task, there is a sign inherent in individual nations - the coincidence of ethnic and state borders, in other words, there are many single-national states in the world. But there are also multinational states. Therefore, this feature cannot be considered as mandatory, namely, this word is contained in the condition of the assignment. The correct answer is "a common historical destiny."

Another one from the same series.

Task 3. Personal socialization is
1) communication with others
2) change in social status
3) mastering the social experience accumulated by people
4) the transition from one social group to another

Comment. Along with the correct answer, reflecting the essence of socialization (option 3), there is a position that reflects the method (path) of socialization (option 1). And this choice may seem right if you fail to distinguish the essential feature of the phenomenon from the way it is realized.

How to cope with tasks on the distribution of positions into groups and on the establishment of correspondence?

Let's give examples.
Exercise. Distribute the following as follows: the first three positions should represent the expression of forms of private property, the next three - state.

1) family farm
2) the armed forces of the country
3) agricultural cooperative
4) an apartment privatized by a citizen
5) property of diplomatic missions abroad
6) national park.

Comment. The total set of objects (in this case, relations) implied in this task can be denoted by the concept of "property" as a way for people to appropriate what they need for life. It is appropriate to recall such semantic characteristics of property as possession, use and disposal of something.
In the task, two groups are indicated, into which the presented objects should be distributed. Therefore, the next logical step in completing the task is to clarify the features underlying this division, in other words, we need to remember what distinguishes state property from private property. The answer is quite obvious, especially in relation to state property. But as far as private property is concerned, it should be remembered that it can be individual, collective (cooperative) and corporate (joint stock company).
Having done these logical operations and restored the necessary knowledge, you can accurately complete the proposed task. Private forms of ownership include a family farm and a privatized apartment (this is an individual private property), as well as an agricultural cooperative (collective private). The remaining positions indicated in the list correspond to the signs of state ownership.

Task B5 was aimed at differentiating factors and value judgments in social information. This skill was tested by tasks of the basic level of the second part of the work.
Let's try to figure out which judgments are factual and which are evaluative. The word "fact" comes from the Latin faktum - "done, accomplished."
Fact - knowledge in the form of a statement, the reliability of which is strictly established. From the course of social science it is known that facts form the empirical basis of knowledge. The fact is the direct basis of science, it is recognized as a given, as an indisputable truth (one of the meanings of the word "fact" is "true knowledge"). Factual judgment fixes real fact, a phenomenon of reality that has already taken place, which took place in real time.
In the usual sense, a real, quite real event, a phenomenon, something that exists is called a social fact. In a broader, cognitive sense, a social fact is understood as knowledge about an event that is described taking into account the specifics of the social situation in which it took place.
A person who cognizes social phenomena cannot remain impartial to what he studies - he forms his own attitude, assessment - positive or negative, multifaceted, and the evaluation group of judgments may include not only a purely evaluative component ("bad", “good”, “progressive”, “reactionary”, “positive”, etc.), but also in a broader sense – the attitude towards the phenomenon (“serves as an example”, “creates a reliable basis”, etc.). Relationships and assessments can be controversial.

Judgments that are factual in nature cannot be challenged. An example of such a judgment might be the following: "The study involved 30,000 men from 30 to 45 years old."

Evaluative judgments express attitudes towards facts, evaluate their significance. These judgments can include both a purely evaluative component (“bad”, “good”, “immoral”, etc.), as well as an attitude towards a phenomenon in a broader sense, an explanation of its causes from one’s own position or an assessment of its impact on other phenomena (“can be explained”, “is an example”, etc.). Examples of value judgments are: "This opinion can be explained by a low level of education" or "We believe that such a distribution of responsibilities negatively affects family relationships."
In some cases, the clue words "according to scientists", "probably" are given, but often there are no such clues.

Task B6 was aimed at understanding the text; definition of terms and concepts corresponding to the proposed context. This skill was tested by tasks of an increased level of complexity in the second part of the work.

Task B6 is a task that involves the ability to correctly operate with concepts. The text is given with gaps and at the end of the text there is a list of concepts, there are more of them than gaps, it is necessary to find a concept that needs to be inserted into these gaps. This is an advanced task. Completing task B6, which at first glance seems to be very simple, is impossible in the absence of contextual reading skills, including the ability to understand both the read text as a whole and the meaning of individual sentences. Inattentive, careless reading leads to the wrong choice of the right concept. This will also lead to the inability to analyze the meaning of individual sentences, and, of course, the lack of knowledge of the relevant social science sphere.

Answers to the tasks of the second part of the work must be formulated independently and written down in the answer form No. 1 in the form of a word, phrase, a set of letters or numbers, as required by the instructions for recording the answer.
I must say that when preparing for an exam, as a rule, they pay attention to the first position and often ignore the second. And this cannot but affect the results obtained. It is clear that if the answer is not written as required by the instruction, it will be read by the computer as incorrect. For example, numbers or letters will be given inadvertently in the wrong sequence, or one of the characters (number or letter) will be omitted - the task will be counted as failed.

Particular attention should be paid to the fact that in addition to the tasks themselves, the work contains a number of instructions. What is their purpose?
First, the instructions help to understand what the task requires of him.
Secondly, the instructions contain the rules for recording the response.
We recommend that you read them carefully and follow them. When working with a separate option, we advise you to complete the tasks in the order in which they are given. To save time, skip the task that you can't complete right away and move on to the next one. If after completing all the work you have time left, you can return to the missed tasks.

The second part of the examination work consists of tasks with a detailed answer. Each of the six tasks in this part tests a specific skill on a different social science course content. There are some general rules, observance of which can be recommended for the successful completion of the tasks of this part.

First of all, you need to read the condition of the assignment and clearly understand the requirement, which indicates the elements of the response being evaluated. At the same time, it is important to pay attention not only to what to name(indicate, formulate, etc.): signs, (features, arguments, examples, etc.), but also determine which number of data elements it is necessary to bring (one, two, three, etc.).

This is necessary in order to get the maximum score without doing extra work (when instead of three elements a graduate gives, for example, five or six). The fact is that there is a clear dependence of points on the completeness of the correct answer. The answer may be correct, but incomplete. In this case, it will be impossible to get the maximum score.

Read the text and write out the tasks.

We are entering an age in which education, knowledge, professional skills will play a decisive role in the fate of a person. Without knowledge, by the way, which is becoming more and more complicated, it will simply be impossible to work, to be useful ... A person will bring in new ideas, think about what a machine cannot think about. And for this, the general intelligence of a person, his ability to create new things and, of course, moral responsibility, which a machine cannot bear in any way, will be more and more needed ... the hardest and most difficult task will fall on a person to be not just a man, but a man of science, a man, morally responsible for everything that happens in the age of machines and robots. General education can create a person of the future, a creative person, a creator of everything new and morally responsible for everything that will be created.

Teaching is what a young person needs now from a very young age. You must always learn. Until the end of his life, not only taught, but also studied all the major scientists. If you stop learning, you won't be able to teach. For knowledge is growing and becoming more complex. At the same time, it must be remembered that the most favorable time for learning is youth. It is in youth, in childhood, in adolescence, in youth, that the human mind is most receptive.

Know how not to waste time on trifles, on “rest”, which sometimes tires more than the hardest work, do not fill your bright mind with muddy streams of stupid and aimless “information”. Take care of yourself for learning, for acquiring knowledge and skills that you will master easily and quickly only in your youth.

And here I hear the heavy sigh of a young man: what a boring life you offer our youth! Only study. And where is the rest, entertainment? So why shouldn't we rejoice?

No. The acquisition of skills and knowledge is the same sport. Teaching is difficult when we do not know how to find joy in it. We must love to study and choose smart forms of recreation and entertainment that can also teach something, develop in us some abilities that will be needed in life ...

Learn to love learning!

(D.S Likhachev)

26 Plan the text. To do this, highlight the main semantic fragments of the text and title each of them.

31 The author believes that “one should always study”. Using the text and social science knowledge, confirm with two arguments (explanations) the need continuing education throughout a person's life.

The first task for the text (No. 26 in the work) requires to draw up a plan of the text, highlighting its main semantic fragments and title each of them. To complete this task, you must carefully read the text, understand its content, identify the main ideas. It is very important to understand that the names of the points of the plan should not fully reproduce the individual phrases of the text - it is necessary to briefly formulate the main idea of ​​each fragment on your own. At the same time, the number of selected fragments can be different; the evaluation system does not set any specific number of plan items. But at the same time, one must understand that in splitting the text into semantic fragments (micro-themes) there must be a certain logic, and it is on the basis of its understanding that the expert checking the work can conclude that the main semantic fragments are highlighted.

In our example, the following semantic fragments can be distinguished, for example:

1. the role of education in the 21st century;
2. moral responsibility of a man of science;
3. young years - time of study;
4. be able to find joy in learning.

Other formulations of the points of the plan are possible that do not distort the essence of the main idea of ​​the fragment, and the allocation of additional semantic blocks. The correctness of all formulations of the work in the verification process will be determined by the expert.

The next two tasks require extracting information from the text.

The second task for the text (No. 27 in work) involves the extraction of information presented explicitly. The required information can be given in the form of a direct quotation from the text, and lengths and details can be omitted and only a recognizable fragment of the phrase is given. Information can be given in the form of a paraphrase close to the text. Both of these options are equal.

In our example, the following elements should be given:

1. role: a person will bring new ideas, think about what a machine cannot think about;
2. qualities: the general intelligence of a person, his ability to create something new, moral responsibility.

It is possible that in the text you can find not what is required in the task, but more units of information. In this case, the student can choose any of them.

The third task for the text (No. 28 in work) involves the extraction and some interpretation of the information presented in the text.

In our example, the correct answer should contain the reasons:

1. knowledge is growing and becoming more complex;
2. it is in youth that the human mind is most receptive.

The fourth task to the text (No. 29 in work) involves going beyond the content of the text and attracting the contextual knowledge of the social science course, the facts of social life or the graduate's personal social experience.

What are the requirements for such assignments? Firstly, the accuracy and correctness of the given facts (social facts or models of social situations), their compliance with the theoretical provisions given in the task. Secondly, the presence of reasoning that concretizes the essence of the theoretical position given in the assignment, the logical and meaningful correctness of these reasoning. Thirdly, the correctness of the reflection in the arguments and facts of various types of connections.

In our example, the following explanations can be given:

A correct answer must contain the following elements:

2) two examples indicating qualities, let's say:

- classes in the sports section develop strength, dexterity, strong-willed qualities, the ability to interact with partners and rivals;

– reading works of art develops imagination, a sense of empathy; expands ideas about the world and man.

Elements of the answer can be given in other formulations that are close in meaning.

Fifth assignment to the text (No. 30 in work) - a task that, as a rule, has an independent detailed condition, tests a whole range of skills: correlate individual facts and social processes, apply knowledge of a social science course, supplement knowledge of a course with information from a proposed source, use a source of social information to solve a problem and etc.

Such explanations can be given.

Man bears moral responsibility for “everything. what happens in the age of machines and robots”, because:

1) the global economic problems faced by humanity in the second half of the 20th century are largely caused by the intensive transformational activity of man, the nature and direction of which at the beginning of the 21st century is not changed;

2) developing equipment and technologies not only have a positive impact on the development of society, but also carry a potential threat to the existence of mankind.

Other explanations may be given.

The variants use different models of the condition (problem situation, social fact, statistical data, problem statement, etc.)

Sixth assignment to the text (No. 31 in the work) involves the formulation and argumentation by the graduate of his own judgment on the actual problematic issue of public life. This task is directly related to the content of the text, but it requires considering the text from a different perspective.

In our example, the correct answer should contain the following elements:

arguments (explanations):

1) in modern world knowledge becomes obsolete very quickly, so you have to constantly replenish and correct it;

2) modern people often change jobs, so you have to constantly learn new information, activities.

Other arguments (explanations) may be given.

Secondary general education

Line UMK G. A. Bordovsky. Social Studies (10-11)

Social science

USE in social studies: we analyze tasks with a teacher

My students, graduates of 2017, who successfully passed the Unified State Examination in social studies, claim that the recommendation to read the entire text of the work before starting the tasks gives a good effect when doing the work. When reading the work, emotional stress is removed, brain activity is directed to the analysis of materials, and the graduate is included in productive cognitive activity, leading to high scores for the performance of the work.

As materials for work we use version of the exam in Social Studies 2017 (early period), published by FIPI in the spring of 2017.

Part 1

Task number 1

Write down the missing word in the table.

Factors of production and factor income

When performing task number 1, you need to carefully look at the name of the table. In our case, the table is called Factors of Production and Factor Income. One of the factors of production is indicated: entrepreneurship (entrepreneurial ability) and its factor income is indicated: profit. Knowledge of the main factors of production: land, labor, capital (physical and monetary), entrepreneurial abilities of information is inextricably linked with the knowledge of factor income as income that the owner receives from the use or application of factors of production. Labor - wages, land - rent, capital - interest, entrepreneurial ability, information - profit. The table shows factor income - rent, which means that in the first column we can safely enter such a factor of production as Earth. The correct answer is earth. When preparing, it is important for the student to know and full specifications all factors of production.

Task number 2

In the row below, find the concept that is generalizing for all the other concepts presented. write it down word (phrase).

State shape, form of government, unitary state, federation, republic.

Answer: ___________________________.

In task number 2, it is always necessary to clearly define the generic concept (in the question it sounds like a generalizing concept). In our version, the following are presented: the form of the state, as device the political organization of society (it is important to remember that this is also a certain set of characteristics by which we determine the way the organization and structure of the state); form of government, which is determined by the composition of the highest bodies of state power and the order of their formation, as well as by their interaction with the population of the state; a unitary state, which refers to one of the forms of state-territorial structure, like a federation; A republic is a form of government. For my students, I always strongly recommend that, in a draft, as soon as they begin to complete tasks related to the topic "Politics", draw a diagram:

This is important because a typical mistake that graduates make when conducting trial exams is related to mixing concepts. And when the scheme is in front of your eyes, it will be more difficult to make a mistake.

Accordingly, based on the scheme, it becomes clear that the generic (generalizing concept for everyone else here will be the form of the state, i.e. its versatile characteristics presented in the answer options. The remaining concepts reflect these or other elements. For example, the form of government is given as part of forms of the state and the republic, as one of the types of form of government.

Correct Answer: State.

Task number 3

Below is a list of features. All of them, with the exception of two, belong to the elite culture.

1. the complexity of the forms used;
2. the desire of authors to embody their own ideas;
3. entertaining character;
4. strong commercial focus;
5. spiritual aristocracy;
6. requirement special training for understanding.

Find two characteristics that “drop out” of the general series, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

When performing task number 3, we pay attention to the concept in question. In this case, it is “elite culture” and we are asked about the characteristics of this concept. Elite culture is considered in the topic "The spiritual sphere of society." The generic concept is "Culture". In our case, the question is in the plane of varieties of culture (material, spiritual; folk, mass, elite). The task presents the features of an elite culture: the complexity of the forms used, the desire of the authors to embody their own ideas, spiritual aristocracy, the requirement for special training for understanding. Well, really, are we all ready for the perception of Schnittke's musical works, the analysis of Kafka's highly intellectual literary works? What can you say about Rodin's sculptures? It is clear that this culture is designed for a narrow circle of consumers prepared for the perception of complex works. Elite culture is not looking for commercial gain, it is important for authors to express themselves and search for new forms in art.

Two characteristics left out of our attention: entertainment and a pronounced commercial orientation are the most important characteristics of mass culture. Therefore, in this case, we will mark them as correct. Because in the task we are asked to remove unnecessary characteristics.

Task number 4

Choose the correct judgments about society and social institutions and write down numbers under which they are listed.

1. Society is a constantly developing dynamic system.
2. Social progress is characterized by degradation, a return to obsolete structures and relationships.
3. In a broad sense, society is understood as a part of the world isolated from nature, but connected with it, including ways of interaction and forms of uniting people.
4. Social institutions perform the function of human socialization.
5. Society is a closed system that does not interact with the external environment.

Answer: ___________________________.

In task number 4, we must find judgments about society and public institutions. Here one cannot do without knowledge of the concepts: “society” in the broad and narrow senses; society as a system; "social institution", as a historically established stable form of organizing joint activities of people, and knowledge of the types of social institutions in the main areas of society.

The first judgment characterizes society as a dynamic developing system - this judgment is correct, since it is an axiom in the course of social science.

The second judgment is incorrect, since progress, which is one of the directions of social development, is characterized by the development of society from the lowest to the highest. And the judgment indicates: degradation, a return to obsolete structures and relationships, which are the qualitative characteristics of another direction of social development - regression.

The third judgment almost completely reproduces the concept of "society" in a broad sense, and therefore is true. It lacks "consisting of individuals with consciousness and will."

The fourth proposition is correct. In the course of socialization, a person learns the experience of previous generations. We know that social institutions set patterns of behavior for people. This is best confirmed by such a social institution as the family, which belongs to the social subsystem of society.

The fifth proposition is not correct. Society is a dynamic, open, self-developing system. It is practically impossible to apply the concepts of a “closed system” that does not interact with the external environment to society. No special evidence is needed here. It suffices to recall the concept of society in the broad sense of "a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it."

Thus, the following statements will be correct: 1, 3, 4.

Thematic planning in social studies

Task number 5

Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and types (forms) of activity: for each element given in the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.

Task number 5 refers to the topic "Activities". Types (forms of activity) are considered: game, teaching, work, communication. To complete this task, it is enough to know the characteristics of each type (form of activity). The imaginary setting is a characteristic of the game (A 4), focus on achieving a practically useful result - to work (a person creates certain objects that satisfy needs) (B 2). Focus on acquiring new knowledge and skills - to learning (IN 3). And none of the types (forms) of activity can do without communication. Therefore, the remaining two characteristics: the process of establishing and developing contacts between people and the focus on the exchange of information reflect the essence of communication. (G 1, D 1). Just remember that in the process of communication people exchange not only information, but also emotions, influencing each other.

With the seeming ease of tasks, it is important not to rush, to conduct an internal dialogue with yourself. Answer the question: why the chosen answer is correct, based on knowledge of concepts.

Task number 6

Students conducted a study of motives learning activities elementary school students. Find in the list below the methods they used that correspond to the empirical level of scientific knowledge. write down numbers under which they are listed.

1. description of observed phenomena
2. promotion and substantiation of hypotheses
3. explanation of existing relationships
4. direct observation of individual facts and phenomena
5. fixing generalizations in the form of laws
6. obtaining quantitative data about the object under study

Answer: ___________________________.

In task number 6, they ask about the empirical level of scientific knowledge and its methods. We immediately mentally turn to the generic concept - "science", recall the structure of scientific knowledge, which includes levels: empirical and theoretical, and spread the methods related to each level. Remember that empirical methods include: observation, description, measurement, classification, systematization, i.e. with their help, it is possible to identify specific properties of the objects under study, in contrast to the theoretical level, aimed at identifying general trends, laws, etc.

So we found the right answers: 1, 4, 6

Task number 7

Choose the correct judgments about economic systems and write down numbers under which they are listed.

1. Private property is the basis of a command (planned) economy.
2. In a traditional economy, the main issues of the economy are decided by central government agencies.
3. The main subjects of market relations are economically independent participants economic life.
4. The stimulus for the activity of enterprises in a market system is profit.
5. The characteristics of a market economy include free pricing.

Answer: ___________________________.

Task number 7 aims us at the knowledge of the characteristics of economic systems as a way of organizing the economic life of society. Knowledge of the distinctive features of traditional, command (planned) or command-administrative, market and mixed economic systems is the basic knowledge of a graduate who wants to get a high score on the exam.

So let's try. Private property is a prerequisite for the existence of a market model of the economic system. We are told in the judgment that the command economy. This is not true, also because the command economy is dominated by state ownership, as well as the main issues of the economy are decided by the central authorities. So the second statement is also wrong. The third judgment is correct, since in a market economy each owner has the right to freely and independently dispose of his factors of production.

The fourth and fifth judgments are also correct, since in a market economy the freedom of economic activity of individual entities is aimed at making a profit in a competitive environment and market mechanisms determine the price.

Right answers: 3, 4, 5.

Task number 8

Establish a correspondence between examples and types of taxes and fees in the Russian Federation (in accordance with the Tax Code of the Russian Federation): for each item given in the first column, select the appropriate item from the second column.

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

Task No. 8 is related to the financial literacy of the graduate, namely, knowledge of the types of taxes and fees in the Russian Federation. The task defines the levels of taxes collected: federal, regional and local. When performing this task, it is important to clearly distinguish between types of taxes by levels:

Thus, in our task, we again apply the empirical ranking method: A 3, B 3, C 1, D 3, D 2.

Authors: Vorontsov A.V., Koroleva G.E., Naumov S.A. The textbook covers the most important topics of the social science course: economics, politics and law. In accordance with modern scientific ideas, the authors reveal the features of the market mechanism and the role of the state in the economy, the foundations of political science, the functioning of the state and the development of democracy, the principles of law, the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen.

Task number 9

Firm Y is a tailoring studio for wedding dresses. Find examples of firm Y's short run variable costs in the list below and write down numbers under which they are listed.

1. interest expense on a previously taken loan
2. expenses for the purchase of fabrics, threads, accessories
3. cost of paying piecework wages to employees
4. studio space rent
5. payment for consumed electricity
6. insurance premiums

Answer: ___________________________.

Task number 9 requires knowledge of the topic "Firm" and its key concepts: revenue, costs and profits. The assignment should clearly state the company's variable costs in the short run, as opposed to fixed costs.

To complete the task without error, it is also necessary to remember that variable costs change when the volume of production changes.

A firm's credit history will always be a fixed cost, so the first option is not correct. But the acquisition of fabrics, threads, accessories refers to consumables, which means to variable costs, as well as payment of piecework wages to employees, in contrast to salaries, which are fixed costs of the company. Rent, insurance premiums are fixed costs of any company. And here is the payment consumed electricity (depending on the volume of work of the company) - will be a variable cost.

Right answers: 2, 3, 5 .

Social science. Grade 11. A basic level of. Textbook. Authors: Nikitin A.F., Gribanova G.I., Martyanov D.S. The textbook is included in the educational and methodological complex in social science for grade 11 (basic level). Corresponds to the Federal State Educational Standard of secondary (complete) general education, included in the Federal List. The textbook deals with the most important issues of economics and law. The methodological apparatus of the textbook includes the headings "Think, compare, draw conclusions", "Check our knowledge", "Research, design, discuss, argue".

The figure shows the change in the supply of chairs in the relevant market: the supply line S moved to a new position S 1 . (P- price; Q- amount.)

Which of the following factors can cause such a change? write down numbers under which they are listed.

1. an increase in the cost of upholstery materials for chairs
2. increase in the wages of workers in enterprises that produce chairs
3. reducing the cost of materials for the frame of chairs
4. reduction of taxes levied on furniture manufacturers
5. increase in electricity tariffs for furniture manufacturers

Answer: ___________________________.

Task number 10 requires a very careful reading of the question. It is necessary to understand what they are asking: about a change in the magnitude of demand or the magnitude of supply? In this case, the supply of chairs in the relevant market has changed. By observing the change in the supply curve, we can say that the supply has decreased. When completing the task, you need to remember that the change in supply is affected by the cost of production factors, technology, government tax policy, government support, price expectations, competition, etc.

Therefore, the first answer is that an increase in the cost of materials for upholstery of chairs will just help to reduce the supply of this product on the market. The answer is correct. An increase in the wages of workers increases the cost of such a factor of production as labor, but at the same time lowers the supply of this product on the market. The answer is correct. The third option should lead to an increase in supply, since a decrease in the cost of raw materials leads to an increase in the supply of goods on the market (in our case, a decrease in the cost of material for the frame). The answer is not correct. Tax cuts will also increase supply. The answer is not correct. But the increase in electricity tariffs for furniture manufacturers will increase variable costs and reduce supply. So, an increase in the cost of consumables, electricity tariffs, wages of workers will force the company to either reduce production volumes or increase the cost of goods, which will lead to a decrease in supply on the market.

Right answers: 1, 2, 5 .

Task number 11

Choose the correct judgments about social stratification and social mobility and write down numbers under which they are listed.

1. Horizontal mobility implies a transition to a social group located at a different level of the social hierarchy.
2. One of the criteria for differentiating social groups is income.
3. The personal qualities of a person act as a criterion for the social stratification of modern society.
4. Sociologists distinguish between individual and collective mobility.
5. One of the criteria for the social stratification of society is the volume of power.

Answer: ___________________________.

Performing task No. 11, we proceed from the knowledge of the concepts of "social stratification" and "social mobility", the criteria for social stratification, and the types of social mobility.

Horizontal mobility involves the transition from one social group to another, located on the same rung of the social ladder. Therefore, the first statement is not correct. Differentiation (separation) of social groups in society occurs according to many criteria, one of which is income. And also the amount of power, education, prestige of the profession. The second and fifth judgments are correct, unlike the third. The personal qualities of a person are not a criterion of social stratification. The fourth proposition is correct because sociologists do distinguish between individual and collective mobility. For example, under the influence of the events of the revolution of 1917, there was a shift in the position of social groups.

Right answers: 2, 4, 5.

In the course of sociological surveys of adult residents of countries Z and Y, they were asked the question: “Which of the directions of the youth policy of the state do you consider the most important?”

The results of the surveys (in % of the number of respondents) are shown in the diagram.

Find in the list of conclusions that can be drawn from the diagram, and write down numbers under which they are listed.

1. The share of those who note the importance of providing access to decision-making in the economy, public life, and politics is smaller in country Z than in country Y.
2. Equal proportions of respondents in each country consider it necessary to carry out educational work.
3. In country Z, the opinion about the importance of providing access to decision-making in the economy, public life, and politics is less popular than the opinion about the importance of educational work.
4. In country Y, equal proportions of respondents point out the creation of conditions for self-expression, self-realization of young people and educational work with them as the most important areas.
5. The share of those who consider the provision of social support as the most important is larger in country Z than in country Y.

Answer: ___________________________.

Performing task number 12, you need to carefully read the conditions sociological survey. In this case, the most important areas of the youth policy of the two countries were clarified. The chart shows the data for these countries. Before reading the presented judgments, you should carefully study the diagram yourself. In each of the countries, the leading position was taken by the answer “provision of social support”. Further, in country Z, the position “carrying out educational work” was in second place, and the minimum position was occupied by the judgment “providing access to decision-making ...”. In country Y, equally minimal positions were occupied by the judgments “providing access to decision-making ...” and “creating conditions for self-expression”. After we tried to analyze statistical materials, we try to analyze judgments.

The first judgment is correct, since the diagram data demonstrate this position. The second judgment is not correct, since there are more people in country Z who consider “carrying out educational work” important compared to country Y.

The third judgment is correct, and we saw this during our own analysis of the diagram.

The fourth judgment is also true, we also determined this during the analysis of the diagram and marked these positions as minimally the same.

The fifth judgment is not true, this is clearly seen in the diagram. The figures show the opposite result.

Right answers: 1, 3, 4.

Task number 13

Choose the correct judgments about the state and its functions and write down numbers under which they are listed.

1. The environmental requirements established by the state form the basis of the country's environmental security.
2. The fundamental feature of a state of any type is the implementation of the principle of separation of powers in it.
3. The state has the monopoly right to legally apply coercion by forces of law enforcement and security agencies.
4. The external functions of the state include determining the general direction of the economic policy of the state in accordance with the achieved level of economic development.
5. The state creates a regulatory and organizational basis for the effective and high-quality activities of state bodies.

Answer: ___________________________.

Performing task number 13, it is important to remember the concept of "state", its main features, external and internal functions. The first judgment directs us to such a sign of the state as the exclusive right for lawmaking. Therefore, the judgment “environmental requirements established by the state ( lawmaking), form the basis of countries' environmental security" is correct. The second judgment is not true, because the principle of separation of powers is implemented in a democratic state, and, therefore, this feature is not fundamental for any type of state.

The third proposition “the state has the monopoly right to legally apply coercion by the forces of law enforcement and security” in fact, sends us to the most important feature of the state - the monopoly legal right to coercion. The fourth judgment is erroneous, since it reflects the most important internal function of the state "determining the general direction of the state's economic policy." The fifth judgment brought together two features of the state: law-making and a system of bodies and mechanisms for exercising public power ( we are talking on public authorities). We read: "The state creates normative and institutional framework for efficient and high-quality activities government agencies.

Right answers: 1, 3, 5 .

Task number 14

Establish a correspondence between the issues and the subjects of state power of the Russian Federation, to which these issues relate: for each position given in the first column, select the appropriate position from the second column.

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

For the correct fulfillment of task No. 14, it is necessary to know the basics of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation and the functionality of all branches of power in the Russian Federation. To begin with, you need to carefully look at which subjects of state power of the Russian Federation are indicated in the task. In our case, they are not named directly, but the levels are indicated: only the federal center and jointly the federal center and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Knowledge of the principles of the federal structure of the Russian Federation will come to the rescue. Remember that in a federation the principle of the integrity of the state, the unity of state power, and the delimitation of powers are implemented, which is what we are asked about. Earlier, we saw the separation of powers when doing the task about taxes. You need to remember what is in the exclusive competence of the federal authorities: all issues of international relations, defense and security, judiciary, federal property, etc.

The first competence - issues of ownership, use and disposal of land, subsoil, water and other natural resources are jointly administered A 2. Those. it is a question on which the center and the subjects share responsibility in solving problems. So, it would be correct to attribute to the same position “implementation of measures to combat disasters” IN 2. federal funds regional development implement the fundamentals of federal policy and federal programs, therefore B 1. Positions D and E are within the exclusive competence of the federal authorities, therefore G 1, D 1.

Task number 15

In the democratic state Z, in the course of the reform of the electoral system of parliamentary elections, a transition was made from a proportional electoral system to a majoritarian one.

Which of the following remained unchanged during this electoral reform? Write down the relevant numbers.

1. free and voluntary participation of citizens in elections
2. granting the right to vote to citizens from the age of 18, regardless of nationality, gender, professional affiliation, level of education, income
3. secret ballot procedure
4. single-member district voting
5. dependence of the number of deputy mandates received by the party on the number of votes
6. the possibility of nominating independent non-partisan candidates

Answer: ___________________________.

Question number 15 is related to the electoral process. Despite the fact that at the beginning of the question they explain to us the reform, during which there was a transition from a proportional electoral system to a majoritarian one. The essence of the question is not so much about the types of electoral systems, their reform, but about elections as a whole(topic "Political participation"). We need to remember the basic principles of elections in a democratic state: direct participation of citizens, universal, equal, direct suffrage, secret ballot, voluntary participation.

Accordingly, the first proposition is correct. The second judgment relates us to the principle of equality in suffrage, therefore it is also true. The third judgment is correct, one of the principles is also presented - secret ballot.

The fourth judgment goes beyond the question: which of the following remained unchanged during this electoral reform? Voting in single-mandate districts sends us to the organization of the electoral process under the majoritarian system, as opposed to proportional, where the state acts as a single constituency. This means that this judgment reflects a change in the electoral process. The answer is not correct in our case. The dependence of the number of deputy mandates received by the party on the number of votes also applies to the proportional electoral system, which is not true for our question. The sixth option also reflects the majoritarian electoral model.

Correct answer: 1, 2, 3 .

Task number 16

Which of the following applies to the political rights (freedoms) of a citizen of the Russian Federation? write down numbers under which they are listed.

1. holding meetings and rallies
2. appeal to government agencies
3. payment of legally established taxes and fees
4. defense of the Fatherland
5. participation in the management of state affairs through their representatives

Answer: ___________________________.

Question number 16 again brings us back to the foundations of the constitutional order of the Russian Federation. Rights and freedoms of man and citizen. It is important to know four groups of rights and freedoms: personal (civil), political, socio-economic, cultural. Our task asks about political rights, which ensure the participation of citizens in the exercise of political power. Therefore, holding meetings and rallies is correct, appealing to state bodies is correct, participating in the management of state affairs through one's representatives is correct. Payment of taxes and fees, defense of the Fatherland are among the constitutional duties of a citizen, as well as compliance with the Constitution and laws of the Russian Federation, concern for the preservation of historical and cultural heritage care for children and disabled parents.

Right answers: 1, 2, 5 .

Task number 17

Select the correct judgments about family law in the Russian Federation and write down numbers under which they are listed.

1. Family law regulates property and personal non-property relations between family members.
2. Marriage is suspended due to the announcement by the registry office of one of the spouses as deceased.
3. Marriage is concluded in the civil registry offices (ZAGS).
4. The legal regime of property of the spouses is established only by the marriage contract.
5. Parents are required to provide maintenance for their minor children.

Answer: ___________________________.

Analyzing the materials of assignment No. 17, we single out the basic concepts and norms related to family law. The first judgment will be correct, as it refers us to Article 2 of the Family Code. The key institution of family law is a marriage concluded in the registry office (judgment 3), which gives rise to mutual rights and obligations of spouses. The second judgment confuses us a little, it is known that in connection with the death of one of the spouses, the second spouse needs to come to the registry office to get a certificate about his death, and as a consequence of this, termination of marriage. In our task, it is formulated: the marriage is suspended as a result of the announcement by the registry office of one of the spouses as dead. The answer is not correct. The fourth and fifth options send us to the property rights and obligations of the spouses. The fifth option is correct, since the wording is at the junction of constitutional obligations and family law: parents are obliged to provide maintenance for their minor children. But the fourth option is erroneous because of its wording: the legal regime of property of the spouses is established only marriage contract. This is not true, because Not only marriage contract, but also the norms of family law, i.e. The legal regime of the property of the spouses is regulated by family law and established by the marriage contract.

Right answers: 1, 3, 5 .

Task number 18

Establish a correspondence between examples and measures of legal liability in the Russian Federation: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

Task number 18 is related to legal liability. When completing a task, it is important to remember the types of legal liability: criminal, administrative, civil and disciplinary. A reprimand is a disciplinary sanction - A 2. The warning refers to the type of administrative punishment - B 3. Dismissal on relevant grounds (for example, absenteeism, a single gross violation of labor duties, repeated non-fulfillment of labor duties by an employee, etc.) - IN 2. Notice - disciplinary action G 2. Deprivation of liberty - criminal liability for committing a crime - D 1.

Task number 19

Joint Stock Company "Sweet Charm" produces confectionery. Find in the above list the features of the difference between a joint-stock company and other organizational and legal forms of enterprises. write down numbers under which they are listed.

• division of the authorized capital of the company into equal parts, each of which is issued by a security
• obligatory conclusion of an employment contract with employees
• duty of employees to observe labor discipline
• distribution of profit among employees in accordance with their labor participation
• bearing the risk of loss within the value of the securities owned by the participant
• payment of dividends to owners at the end of the year

Answer: ___________________________.

To complete task number 19, it is necessary to distinguish between the organizational and legal forms of enterprises. In our case, highlight the distinctive features of a joint-stock company. We recall that joint-stock companies, like limited liability companies, are business companies. These are commercial organizations, i.e. the purpose of their activities is to make a profit. The authorized capital is divided into a certain number of shares. Participants can be citizens, legal entities and public legal entities. Therefore, answer option 1 - "dividing the authorized capital of the company into equal parts, each of which is framed by a security" will be correct. It is known that the shareholders are not liable for the obligations of the JSC, but they bear the risk of losses on the activities of the company within the value of their shares. Therefore, option 5 - "carrying the risk of loss within the value of the securities owned by the participant" (share - security) will be correct, as well as answer 6 - "payment of dividends to owners at the end of the year." 2 and 3 judgments - "mandatory conclusion of an employment contract with employees", "the duty of employees to observe labor discipline" refer to the general places of the Labor Law. But "the distribution of profits among employees in accordance with their labor participation" is a characteristic of such an organizational and legal form of an enterprise as a "production cooperative" (artel).

Right answers: 1, 5, 6 .

Task number 20

Read the text below with a number of words missing. Choose from the proposed list of words that you want to insert in place of the gaps.

“A person who actively explores and purposefully transforms nature, society and himself is _________ (A). This is a person with his socially formed and individually expressed qualities: _________ (B), emotional-volitional, moral, etc. Their formation is due to the fact that the individual, together with other people _________ (C), cognizes and changes the world and himself. The process of this cognition in the course of assimilation and reproduction of social experience is at the same time a process of _________ (D).

Personality is defined as a special form of existence and development of social ties, a person's relationship to the world and with the world, to himself and with himself. It is characterized by _________ (D) to develop, expand the scope of its activities and is open to all the influences of social life, to any experience. This is a person who has his own position in life, who shows independence of thought, carries _________ (E) for his choice.

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used one once.

Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.

List of terms:

1. activity
2. intellectual
3. duty
4. everyday
5. responsibility
6. socialization
7. personality
8. pursuit
9. communication

The table below lists the letters that represent the missing words. Write in the table under each letter the number of the word you have chosen.

When completing task number 20, I recommend that you first try to read the text and substitute the words yourself, in your opinion, suitable in meaning. Thus, a semantic understanding of the content of the text is achieved. And when you read it again, choose the words from the list. You will have a situation of success when your chosen words match those proposed from the list. So, we try to read, inserting words that are close in meaning, then choose from those available in the task.

“A person who actively masters and purposefully transforms nature, society and himself is personality (A)(personality is a set of socially significant properties and qualities of a person. Where a person is formed - in society. What a person does - transforms the world and himself). This is a person with his socially formed and individually expressed qualities: intellectual (B), emotional-volitional, moral, etc. (in this case, socially significant qualities are listed). Their formation is due to the fact that the individual, together with other people, activities (B) cognizes and changes the world and himself (one of the definitions of activity is the conscious activity of a person, during which a person changes the world around him and changes himself; the process of human interaction with the outside world). The process of this cognition in the course of assimilation and reproduction of social experience is at the same time a process socialization (D).

Personality is defined as a special form of existence and development of social ties, a person's relationship to the world and with the world, to himself and with himself. It is characterized aspiration (D) develop, expand the scope of its activities and is open to all the influences of social life, to any experience (again explained through the process of socialization, which lasts throughout a person's life). This is a person who has his own position in life, who shows independence of thought, carries responsibility (E) for your choice (freedom and responsibility in human life).

Part 2

Read the text and do tasks 21-24.

In a broad sense, underemployment is a situation in which the work performed does not require the full use of the qualifications and professional training of the individual, does not meet his expectations and does not allow him to receive the salary that he could receive by performing that work (and in that amount) which could be claimed...

Cyclical unemployment is associated with fluctuations in the demand for labor. A recession is a cyclical decline in business activity that causes people to lose their jobs for a period until demand picks up again and business activity recovers. Seasonal unemployment occurs due to seasonal fluctuations in the demand for labor. It affects those employed in fishing, construction and agriculture. Those who change jobs, and those who are currently unemployed due to moving from one place to another, are called functional (frictional) unemployed. Functional (frictional) unemployment is considered an inevitable but still acceptable consequence of a healthy economy. It can be assumed that even with full employment, employees will move from place to place.

Structural unemployed people find it difficult to get a job due to insufficient or no longer sufficient qualifications, discrimination based on gender, ethnicity, age or disability. Even during periods of high employment, the structural unemployed remain disproportionately unemployed.

Unemployment is not just a lack of work... While unemployment can be a creative, will-mobilizing challenge, most people who have gone through it say they have experienced despair, powerlessness, and confusion, especially if they have been out of work for more than a few weeks. For most people, employment is the main, and often the only means of providing for material needs in food, clothing, and a roof over their heads. Studies show that those who do not like their work still prefer to keep it even when it is possible to live on other incomes. Although working conditions can cause adverse effects, being out of work leads to no less problems: increased stress, family conflicts, addiction to alcohol and drugs.

(K.H. Brier)

Starting to complete tasks on the text 21-24, you should initially read the text very carefully and highlight the main semantic fragments of the text. Work through the text with a pen for maximum assimilation of the content. I do not recommend that my students immediately read the question and randomly, with a cursory reading, look for answers. As a rule, this practice leads to erroneous answers and lower scores on the exam.

Task number 21

How does the text indicate the impact of the recession on cyclical unemployment? What sectors of the economy, according to the author, are affected by seasonal unemployment? (Indicate all industries mentioned in the text.) How does the author explain the inevitability of functional (frictional) unemployment?

Answer: “A recession is a cyclical downturn in business activity that causes people to lose their jobs for a period until demand picks up again and business activity recovers.” Those. demand for labor fluctuates.

Task number 22

Task number 22 is also best done in parts.

Answer: “underemployment is a situation in which the work performed does not require the full use of the qualifications and professional training of the individual, does not meet his expectations and does not allow him to receive the salary that he could receive by performing that work (and in that amount) for which I could apply…”

Suggest why some workers settle for part-time employment (make two suggestions). When completing this assignment, I recommend that students write down each assumption on a new line.

In our case, we can model the answer using text. We do not provide examples because it is not specified in the task.

Answer: employees agree to part-time employment, because it is important for a person to feel significant, necessary. Even part-time employment gives a person a sense of stability, relieves social tension, and makes it possible to participate in public life.

Workers agree to part-time employment, because in a crisis, even such work can be the only source of income for their families, protection from social upheavals, and allows them to save their lifestyle.

Task number 23

The author notes that "even during periods of high employment among the structural unemployed, disproportionately high unemployment persists." Using social science knowledge, explain the reason for this level of unemployment among these categories of citizens. Name any two measures to prevent discrimination of the categories of citizens indicated by the author, provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The author gives us the reasons for high unemployment among the structural unemployed: insufficiently high or insufficient qualifications, discrimination based on gender, ethnicity, age or disability. But the assignment requires the use of social science knowledge. We recall that from the course of social science we know that structural unemployment is associated with the impossibility of finding employment for people of certain professions and the discrepancy between supply and demand in the labor market.

Answer: A high level of structural unemployment, even during periods of high employment in the country, is usually associated with changes in production technologies and scientific and technological progress. Those. people of certain professions are no longer in demand on the labor market (examples are not required in the assignment, only an explanation of the problem).

Name any two measures to prevent discrimination of the categories of citizens indicated by the author, provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation. In this case, we are asked to refer to the norms of the Labor Law of the Russian Federation, since it regulates relations in the field of wage labor.

Answer: The Labor Code of the Russian Federation contains prohibitions on discrimination:

1. citizens of the Russian Federation have equal opportunities for employees to advance at work, taking into account labor productivity, qualifications and length of service in their specialty, as well as for training and additional professional education;
2. restrictions on labor rights or gaining benefits based on gender, race, skin color, nationality, language, origin, property, family, social and official status, age, place of residence, attitude to religion, beliefs, membership or non-membership of public associations are prohibited or any social groups, as well as from other circumstances not related to the business qualities of the employee.

As a guarantee of non-admission of discrimination, the Labor Code of the Russian Federation provides for the right of a person who considers himself discriminated in the sphere of labor to apply to the court for the restoration of violated rights, compensation for material damage and compensation for moral damage.

Task number 24

Why, according to the author, unemployment causes a state of despair, confusion of a person? Using social science knowledge and the facts of public life, make two assumptions about how the mobilizing effect of the unemployed state on a person is manifested.

Using social science knowledge and the facts of public life, make two assumptions about how the mobilizing effect of the unemployed state on a person manifests itself (in this case, we must give examples, because the question sounds “facts of public life”).

1. Unemployment provides an incentive for retraining if the profession is in little demand on the labor market. Break in employment for retraining and education. Citizen N, after being registered with the Employment Center, was sent for professional training as an electric and gas welder.
2. Unemployment provides an opportunity for organizing self-employment. For example, after being fired from his main job at the closing of an enterprise in the city of Moscow, citizen N moved to the Moscow region, submitted documents to the Employment Center of the city of Moscow, where he received advice on starting a farm, assistance in drawing up a business plan and one-time financial assistance.

Task number 25

What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "art"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the types of art, and one sentence revealing the essence of the educational function of art.

Task number 25 can be successfully completed only if you know the basic concepts of the course. Art is a form of culture that reflects the surrounding reality in artistic images. Artistic image can be expressed in different types of art: music, painting, architecture, sculpture, literature. Works of art have a great influence on the formation of a person's personality.

Task number 26

Name and illustrate with examples any three main obligations of the employer, enshrined in the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

In task No. 26, it is necessary to name and illustrate examples of any three main obligations of the employer, enshrined in the Labor Code:

1. Ensure safety and working conditions in accordance with labor protection standards. At enterprise N, in order to improve the working conditions of employees, training sessions were held on injury prevention,
2. Pay wages in full on time. For delaying the payment of wages, the management of enterprise Y was held liable in the form of forcing employees to pay interest in addition to their salaries.
3. Provide compulsory social insurance for employees. In the employment contract signed by citizen N with the company, a clause on compulsory social insurance of citizen N was included in the section of the employer's obligations.

Task number 27

A new political party has been registered in State Z. It has central governing bodies and regional branches. The party proclaims as its basic principles traditionalism, stability, order, as well as the priority of the interests of the state, nation, society over the interests of the individual. The political party during the elections won the required number of votes and received seats in parliament. Determine the type of political party depending on its ideological affiliation. Give the fact that allowed you to make such a conclusion. Name any two other types of parties distinguished by this criterion, and briefly describe any one of them.

• the party is registered;
• central governments and regional offices (sign, indicates a mass party);
• basic principles: traditionalism, stability, order, as well as the priority of the interests of the state, nation, society over the interests of the individual (a sign indicating ideological affiliation is conservative);
• entered the parliament after the elections (participates in power - a sign indicating the ruling party);

Now questions: Determine the type of political party depending on its ideological affiliation.

Answer: Conservative Party.

Give the fact that allowed you to make such a conclusion.

Answer: Since it upholds the principles of tradition and stability of development (traditionalism, stability, order, as well as the priority of the interests of the state, nation, society over the interests of the individual).

Name any two other types of parties distinguished by this criterion, and briefly describe any one of them.

Answer: In terms of ideological orientation, liberal and socialist parties can be distinguished. Signs of the liberal party: inalienability of natural human rights, their priority over the interests of society and the state, political pluralism, free market economy.

Task number 28

You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “Types of families”. Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

To write a plan for any of the social science topics, it is necessary to clearly understand the structure of the study of the topic. In fact, this task tests students' understanding of the structure of the topic. Therefore, the writing of the plan also depends on the quality of mastering the material of the topic, understanding its structure. In this case, the topic of the plan is "Types of families."

1. The concept of the family as a small group based on marriage or consanguinity.
2. Family functions (in this version of the plan, you may not specify)
3. Types of families by the nature of the relationship between members:
1. Traditional (patriarchal family), its features:
   A) cohabitation of several generations;
   B) male dominance;
   C) economic dependence of family members on a man;
   D) rigid distribution of responsibilities
2. Partner (democratic) family:
   A) nuclearity;
   B) decision-making by all family members;
   C) the economic independence of women;
   D) fair distribution of household responsibilities
4. Types of families in relation to raising children:
1. authoritarian;
2. Democratic;
3. Liberal (permissive)
4. Current trends in family development

Task 29

Select one from the statements below, reveal its meaning in the form of a mini-essay, indicating, if necessary, different aspects the problem posed by the author (the topic touched upon).

When presenting your thoughts on the issue raised (marked topic), when arguing your point of view, use knowledge obtained during the study of the course of social science, corresponding concepts, as well as facts social life and own life experience.

(Give at least two examples from various sources as evidence.)

29.1. Philosophy. “The privilege of fish, rats and wolves is to live by the law of supply and demand; but justice is the law of the life of mankind.” (D. Ruskin)

29.2. Economy. "The types of business are different, but the business as a system remains the same regardless of its scale and structure, products, technologies and markets." (P. Drucker)

29.3. Sociology, social Psychology. “We need schools that not only teach, which is extremely important, this is the most important thing, but also schools that educate the individual.” (V.V. Putin)

29.4. Political science. "The supreme power is worthy of honor only insofar as it is a means of ensuring human rights." (A. Custin)

29.5. Jurisprudence. “Protection of law is a duty to society. He who defends his right defends the right in general. (R. Iering)

Exercise 29. 3. “We need schools that not only teach, which is extremely important, this is the most important thing, but also schools that educate the individual.” (V.V. Putin)

When writing an essay, first of all, it is necessary to clearly represent the sphere of society to which the chosen topic belongs. You should carefully read the proposed topics, analyze your “knowledge baggage”, understand which of the topics you have more clear theoretical ideas, on which of the topics you can give the best examples that reveal the content of the topic.

In this case, we have chosen a topic from the section sociology, social psychology. We understand that the problem is immediately raised modern school, education systems. The eternal question: the tasks of education are training and education, what is more important? The issue of socialization is also touched upon - “schools that educate the individual”. I note that we cannot go into the concept of the topic of the spiritual sphere of society here, because we are writing an essay from another section. So let's try to write.

What social order should the school fulfill - to give students only a high level of education? Or to fulfill an equally important mission - the education of the individual?

As is known from the course of social science, education is a way of becoming a person by obtaining knowledge, acquiring skills and abilities, developing creative abilities through a system of social institutions, the most important of which is the school.

When we talk about a school as an institution that provides education, we understand that we are talking about a social institution that has a number of elements: these are educational standards and programs, principles of functioning, including a network of educational institutions and governments.

To improve the quality of education, the state is taking a number of measures: lengthening the training period, raising the requirements for the level of qualification of teachers, using variability educational programs, individual educational trajectories of students are being built, schools are being equipped with modern equipment, new forms of final certification are being introduced.

As a result, we see how high school graduates demonstrate high scores on the Unified State Examination, which make it possible to take state-funded places in the leading universities of the capital. According to the results of international research presented by the HSE, in which 49 countries took part, Russian schoolchildren primary school occupy a leading position in the world in reading, mathematics and science. As well as 8th grade math. According to the researchers, this result was achieved due to the introduction of new educational standards, a system of unified state certification.

But is it enough only educational results for society and the individual? The author of the quote clearly points out to us the most important component of the educational process: the upbringing of a person's personality.

Based on the functions of education: economic, social and cultural, it becomes clear that it is in the cultural function - the use of previously accumulated culture in order to educate a person, develop his creative abilities that this problem manifests itself.

In addition to lessons, grades, exams, there is also an eventful school life: cool watch, school festivals, trips, joint trips with classmates in Russia and other countries.

In all this, the student learns to interact with other people, shows his abilities and talents. It is in this atmosphere that the social function of education is realized. Through the socialization of the individual, the assimilation of social norms, statuses and roles.

As an example, one can cite the favorite film from childhood, "The Weird of 5 B", which vividly demonstrates how school team, the class shapes Bori's personality. How does he learn responsibility when he is appointed counselor in grade 1.

Thus, V.V. Putin in his statement once again emphasized the importance of understanding by society and the school of the inseparability of the two most important processes associated with the socialization of the individual - education and upbringing.