How to place commas correctly. How to learn to correctly punctuate. Signal of completeness of written speech

Punctuation marks play an important role in the perception of written text. A classic example is the phrase "Execution cannot be pardoned", which changes its meaning to the opposite depending on where the comma is. Properly placed punctuation marks are a guarantee that the text will be understandable to the addressee. However, even adults who have successfully completed school often have difficulty with punctuation.

There are 10 punctuation marks in Russian, which play an important role, allowing both the writer and the reader to understand the written language in the same way. As an example, let's try to learn how to punctuate correctly.

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Functions of punctuation marks

Punctuation marks have two functions: semantic and intonation-expressive:

The semantic function ensures the division of the text and the sentence into semantic pieces, helps to place semantic accents and correctly understand the relationship of words in the sentence.
The intonation-expressive function allows you to demonstrate the purpose of the statement, intonation and emotional accents.

Basic punctuation rules

Usually difficulties arise with punctuation marks in the middle of a sentence. These can be commas and dashes, the arrangement of which must be guided by several rules:

The sentence needs to be spoken aloud and pay special attention to the places where a pause is made when reading - most likely commas or dashes will be needed there.
When listing, words and phrases are separated by commas, unless there is a union “and” between them. At the same time, you need to make sure that the listed adjectives are not a compound name (for example: porcelain dinner plates) and do not refer to the same word (for example: a comfortable desk);
If repeated unions are used with homogeneous members of the sentence when listing: “and ..., and ...”, “neither ..., nor ..”, “or ..., or ...”, then they are separated by commas;
Before opposing unions: “a”, “but”, “however”, “but”, a comma is always put;
Participle turns are always distinguished by commas on both sides (for example: a nickel, ringing and bouncing, rolled along the pavement);
In a sentence, there may be isolated secondary members of the sentence, which stand out intonation and meaning. In this case, it is necessary to take into account which part of speech they belong to, whether they have dependent words, and also whether they stand after the word being defined or before it;
Appeals and introductory words are separated by commas on both sides. (for example: I, of course, will come at seven. I, Masha, miss you);
Simple sentences in complex sentences are separated by commas. To highlight simple sentences, you need to find grammar basics(who does what and what), define the boundaries of each simple sentence and put a comma between them (for example: the wind blew on the seashore, and the waves rolled on the sand with a slight rustle);
If the word “this” is omitted from the sentence, then a dash should be put in its place. (for example: an island is a piece of land surrounded by water on all sides).

Additional Information

In order to learn how to correctly punctuate, it is useful to read aloud and with expression excerpts from texts on various topics, paying attention to semantic pauses and how they relate to punctuation marks;
A text overloaded with punctuation marks is perceived poorly - it is better to skip a comma than put an extra one;
In difficult cases, you need to use reference books;
Regularly performed exercises will help build punctuation skills and ensure a high level of literacy.

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Commas in sentences

Crib for writers

Commas between homogeneous members of a sentence

In enumerations, homogeneous members of a sentence are separated from each other by commas.

Here, all homogeneous adjectives are separated by commas, except for the last ones - "Chinese and even Madagascar" . They are connected by the union "and", and here punctuation marks are not needed. The same rule applies to conjunctions "or" and "yes".

Shchi and porridge are our food.

He went home or went to visit.

But if unions are repeated, then a comma before them is needed.

His collection included Spanish, German, Chinese, and even Madagascar coins.

In this example, the union "and" is repeated before each homogeneous member, so there is a need to put commas.

Homogeneous members are not only individual words, but also groups of words. In this case, each group is considered a separate homogeneous member.

His collection included coins from different countries: Spanish and German, Chinese and Madagascar.

Note: Commas do not separate homogeneous members of a sentence connected by repeated unions if they are part of set expressions.

Exhausted by nightmares, he got out of bed at dawn.

Despite repeated alliances "no no" , there is no comma here. The same principle works in the stable expressions "neither fluff nor feather", "neither fish nor meat" and many others.

Commas between adjectives

Adjectives in a row can be homogeneous definitions (if they characterize the same property of the object) or heterogeneous (if different properties of the object are considered).

When we are dealing with homogeneous definitions, a comma is needed, and if we are dealing with heterogeneous definitions, a comma is not necessary.

His collection included Spanish, German, Chinese and even Madagascar coins.

Homogeneous definitions are given here: they point to the same feature - the origin of the coins.

And here are characterized by different signs - age and appearance:

He had beautiful old coins in his collection.

Commas in introductory constructions

Introductory words or phrases are separated by commas.

Unfortunately, he got stuck in traffic and was late for the interview.

Commas separate the introductory construction "Unfortunately" .

Note: Depending on the context, the same words may or may not be introductory. In the second case, no commas are needed:

Driving drunk can lead to bad luck on the road.

One more example:

The boss was, I must say, in the most disgusting mood.

Here "need to say" - an introductory construction, so commas are placed.

I must tell Petrovich about this.

In this example "need to say" - a full member of the sentence, so commas are not required.

There are words that are sometimes mistakenly referred to as introductory constructions: “maybe”, “hardly”, “in addition”, “suddenly”, “even”, “for sure”, etc. No punctuation is needed here.

Perhaps it will turn out to spend the night with friends.

Comma when referring

“I don’t understand, Seryozha, what are you hoping for.

Appeal "Seryozha" separated by commas on both sides.

In the appeal itself, consisting of several words, punctuation marks are not needed:

What would we do without you, dear Leonid Ilyich!

After "expensive" comma is not included.

Commas separate simple sentences that are part of a complex sentence.

While she put things in a bag, he did not interfere with her.

It got dark and they decided to go home.

He never thought of what to say in his defense.

If in a complex sentence the subordinate clause consists of one word, there is no need for a comma.

He had long wanted to confess everything to her, but still did not know how.

If the main clause has several subordinate clauses, the same principle applies as with homogeneous members: there are no unions - we put commas between them, there is a single union “and”, “or”, “yes” - we do not put commas.

It became clear to him that the offense had not yet passed and that any excuses would only cause anger.

It became clear to him that he would have to be patient or completely forget about Masha.

He had no choice but to go to the city and buy new boots.

Commas in sentences with participles and participles

In participial phrases, the arrangement of commas depends on where the word being defined stands: if before participle turnover- commas are needed, if after - they are not needed.

After a vacation spent on all sorts of nonsense, she did not feel rested.

Defined word "vacation" comes before participle turnover "spent on all sorts of nonsense" , so we separate it with commas.

After a vacation spent on all sorts of nonsense, she did not feel rested.

Here "vacation" comes after the participle, so we do not put a comma.

In any case, adverbial phrases are separated by commas:

They broke into the room and ransacked it.

They ransacked the room.

Note: Single gerunds are not separated by commas if they characterize the action itself.

The investigator slowly leafed through the case.

gerund "slowly" explains exactly how the investigator leafed through the file, and here it is closer in meaning to the adverb. We do not put a comma.

However, a comma is placed if single gerund indicates some other, separate action:

The investigator, frowning, began to leaf through the file.

There are two steps here - "frowned" and "started flipping" . The participle must be separated by commas.

Comma before conjunctions

There are unions before which a comma is mandatory: “a”, “but”, “how”, “what”, “to”. However, in some set expressions - regardless of conjunctions - a comma is not needed.

He was the right man.

For three years he wandered around somewhere, and then appeared as if nothing had happened.

Set expressions "what you need" and "as if nothing had happened" do not require commas.

comma before "as"

In comparative turns or in turns similar in meaning to introductory words, a comma is placed before the conjunction “how”.

The bus, as always, came twenty minutes late.

turnover "as always" performs the same role as the introductory words - we put a comma.

His gaze was cloudy, like water in a roadside puddle.

Comparative turnover - put a comma.

But in set expressions, a comma is not needed:

Waiting for his arrival, she sat on pins and needles.

If “how” is part of the predicate, do not put a comma either:

The killer was very tall, I'm telling you as a forensic expert.

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Any text contains many punctuation marks. However, users do not always type texts in accordance with accepted rules. For example, it is not uncommon for spaces to appear before a period or comma, after an opening quotation mark, or before a closing quotation mark. Often punctuation marks are misplaced or used where they shouldn't be. This article discusses the basics of correct punctuation.

When writing a text, you should always remember one rule: no space before punctuation mark, a after punctuation mark space must be put necessarily. (There are exceptions for brackets, dashes, quotes).
Example:
Right:
« This book is undeniable proof that science, like other areas of human activity, has its funny sides. Here you will find a fusion of satirical science and scientific satire...»
Wrong (spaces before and after commas, periods, before ellipsis):
« This book is undeniable proof that science, like other areas of human activity, has its funny sides. Here you will find a fusion of satirical science and scientific satire..."(Collection of translations" Physicists continue to joke ")

If several punctuation marks follow each other, then there is no space between them, for example: ., .; .: ./ .

The punctuation marks listed below must be written according to the rule: we do not write a space before the sign, but put it after it. This applies to commas, semicolons, colons, ellipsis, question and exclamation marks.

As for the ellipsis, then, together with other characters, they are written together and with two dots, for example: ?.. !..

The point in the text has several functions:
- a punctuation mark that closes a sentence.
- in combination with other punctuation marks (for example, with brackets or quotation marks), the period is written together. Example: Then he turned his head and threw one of his sidelong glances at me (before that, he looked into the side window of the car ).
- dot as an abbreviation sign, for example: those. (i.e), G. (year, city) gg. (years, cities) etc. (etc).

There are a few rules to keep in mind when writing texts. point is not set:
- on the title page;
- in headings and subheadings (with the exception of cases when the heading is written in a line with text);
- at the end of column names in tables;
- after legend metric measures: g, kg, im, cm, m, etc.;
- after technical values: Hz, gn, etc.;
- after abbreviations, for example: RF, MP3, GOST etc.

Quote rules

A space is always placed before the opening quote and after the closing one. There is no space after the opening quote and before the closing quote. For example:

Correctly:

Lightning flashed the thought: “Why not!”.

Not right:

Lightning flashed the thought: “Why not! » .

One more important rule concerns punctuation before closing quotes: do not put a period, comma, semicolon and colon. These characters should be correctly placed after the closing quote.

At the same time, question and exclamation marks, as well as ellipsis, are placed before closing quotes if they refer only to the expression enclosed in quotes.

When in the text one phrase in quotation marks is part of another phrase enclosed in quotation marks, then two quotation marks are not put at the beginning or at the end in a row. For example:
JSC "Corporation" First pancake ".

The use of quotation marks is appropriate in the following cases:
- in direct speech, for example: When Ganelon and Lance saw me, they said with one voice: "We are ready".
- in quotes. Example: As the bard said, "Avalon both near and far" he paraphrased my poems.
- mentioning the conditional names of various objects and concepts, the names of works, for example: newspaper "City Morning", plant "Conductor", transmission "GOOG night kids!" etc.
- to give an ironic meaning to individual words or even whole expressions, for example: And then we'll play "Russian roulette" in your new way. Winner takes all. When I speak "danced", I don't mean flickering, they jumped, changed magnitude, dashed, swirled, flashed to the brightness of a supernova, and then faded to nothing.

Hello my beloved readers! We know how difficult it is to put a comma or a dash in Russian. Everything depends on the meaning. Of course, a copywriter can refer to the author's punctuation, but it is often mistaken for a mistake. Today I propose to solve this problem with the help of special services and programs. You will learn how effective online punctuation checking is, where to do it.

So far, online tools cannot correctly place all punctuation marks in context. They cope only with commas between introductory words, conjunctions, verbs. For starters, it's not that bad.

Here's a classic example: "You can't stop loving." How can the program put a comma? She doesn't know what the author meant. And it can seriously change the meaning.

For you I have collected 8 the best programs and services. I'll show you how they work, what mistakes they notice, where to find them.

Stay with me, dear freelancers, managers, students. A lot of interesting things are waiting for you. I look forward to your comment at the end of the article.

Text

Text.ru corrects, emphasizes only gross errors. Works worse than Word. If you are not at all friendly with punctuation, use more reliable programs.

To test the service, I took an excerpt from Chekhov's story “Thick and Thin”, removed all punctuation marks in two lines. There were 5 of them.

The passage I used: “The fat one wanted to object something, but the face of the thin one was written with so much reverence, sweetness and respectful acidity that Privy Councilor vomited. He turned away from the thin one and gave him his hand in parting.

Text.ru pointed out only the absence of a comma before the “but” union. How to highlight the enumeration, what to put between the members of a compound sentence, the program did not tell us.

If you want to try punctuation with Text.ru, go to the Spell Check tab. Get the result instantly. For editing, pay attention to the red marks.

What did you like? The tool is free and explains why the mistake is made and how to fix it.

spelling

spelling- young talent. Considered the guru of grammar. The creators promise high-quality, readable text without errors. Constantly updated vocabulary service, algorithms change.

Let's see how powerful this tool is in punctuation. I will test it on the same passage. It will be perfect if he finds 5 bugs.

To download the text and run the program, I need to login. I click on the “Cabinet” tab in the top corner.

The project is paid. Each new user is given a 6,000-character package for free verification. Ended - go buy a subscription.

I inserted my passage, pressed F7 - the process started. Got the result in a few seconds.

The quality let us down - only 2 errors out of 5. One comma and a period - they are highlighted in green.

I am glad that Spelling makes a complete punctuation parsing offers. She explains what and where you wrote wrong, gives the rules of the Russian language.

Spelling is a good project with great promise. I liked it. It will really justify its paid subscription, I hope it will be better with punctuation in the future.

Word and its analogues

Microsoft Office Word - familiar to us text editor. It is a recognized leader in terms of syntax. The punctuation in complex sentences, of course, is not his. But here he saves from a sheet of texts without commas.

First, I advise you to go to the settings, enable automatic spelling, spelling and other sections of the great and mighty.

Click on the Home tab in Word 2007.

We see the “Word Options” button, click without hesitation.

We are only interested in the "Spelling" section. We ruthlessly tick boxes everywhere, right down to the readability statistics. I chose the set of rules “For business correspondence”, you change it to “Strict” - the accuracy will be higher. Click on “OK” to save everything.

Now we're ready to put Word to the test. I insert the same passage from Chekhov.

Punctuation errors are marked in green. As if we are sitting in a Russian lesson and the teacher emphasizes our mistakes in the composition.

You can right-click on the note and immediately add or remove a punctuation mark.

But sometimes the program does not have time to emphasize everything or does not want to - who knows. I recommend running the check in Word in a different way.

We need the "Review" tab. You can find it at the top.

We click, a menu with tools appears in front of us.

We only need the cherished “Spelling” with a tick icon and three letters. One click - the text analysis has begun.

Some errors are corrected automatically by the program. Others will have to sweat.

In older versions of Word, spell checking was an add-on. It had to be bought, downloaded and installed separately.

The result for artificial intelligence is not bad. Remember that no service can find errors as skillfully as a person.

Word found 3 shortcomings and politely asked us to add the missing characters. I give 4 out of 5.

But what to do if that terrible day has come and you are left without the Word? Did it crash, get deleted, stop working, or wasn't installed at all? Do not panic, I will offer you some online analogues.

How to replace Word while it is not there, but the Internet is:

Microsoft Office Live. Twin brother of the Vord we know. It does not require installation, but it requires a Microsoft account to work.
Google Docs. Bloggers and copywriters actively write draft versions of posts and articles here. But check by default - a tin. I advise you to install the Language Tool plugin.
OpenOffice Writer. A plugin that can be installed in Chrome or Yandex.Browser. Helps to print an article online, check it right there. For lazy, underachieving authors, there is a useful feature - autocorrect errors.

We could stop there, but we continue to test services, look for the best one.

Orfo

Orfo is a nice service. In addition to placing punctuation marks in the text, he corrects spelling errors.

The toolbar is similar to Word's. You can add lists, highlight the words you need with a marker, change the font, insert a hyperlink. This will come in handy if you wrote an article in a hurry and did not see some shortcomings in time.

As a test subject, I took the same lines from Chekhov's story.

The result is like Spelling. Why buy a paid subscription then? Here you can get the same.

If you want to check the article offline, you can buy the Orfo program or use the demo version.

LT is a foreign project. He offers complex analysis articles. Helps to identify grammatical, punctuation, stylistic errors and typos. But I, as always, do not believe the words and promises of the developers, so I decided to see for myself the reliability of the tool.

We will again torment the same lines of Chekhov.

Unfortunately, there was no magic. The result is worse than Spelling and Word. Most likely, this is due to the fact that I checked for free.

Under the “Upgrade” button, there is an opportunity to upgrade the tool by purchasing a paid subscription. A monthly subscription costs 499 rubles, and an annual subscription costs 1,999 rubles.

What developers of free users are deprived of:

Personal dictionary. If the program is unfamiliar with a word, it will mark it as a typo. Will have to endure.
Bulkness. You can only check articles up to 20,000 characters at a time.
Qualities. The program makes fewer corrections of punctuation errors.

Service benefits:

in the database of 700+ rules of the Russian language,
works smartly and without glitches,
detects errors in texts in more than 30 languages.

For convenience, we are offered this tool in two more versions:

Program for PC. It can be downloaded from the official page for free. It works with Java 8+ and takes up little space.
Plugin for browsers. Suitable for Chrome, Yandex, Firefox.

What to say? Rated 3 out of 5 with an interference fit. The quality leaves much to be desired, and the donut is frustrating.

5-ege

5-ege gives hope to students, schoolchildren and copywriters that here they will finally be able to correct all the mistakes and be proud of their work.

But I liked this service the least. And that's why:

checks only separate fragments - phrases;
inserted a snippet of an excerpt - no validation results were shown.

What made me happy:

the text is of better quality, because you yourself have to parse examples with introductory words, unions;
there are rules for punctuation in quick access.

I rate this service 3.5 points. Not everyone wants to delve into a bunch of rules, insert phrases separately.

More than 80% of articles on the Internet are low-quality texts. Online services have not yet learned how to correctly place all punctuation marks in sentences.

I advise you to go through so that you no longer suffer from errors. You will be able to brag to your friends and acquaintances about your literacy. This is a great value in our time, when articles can be converted into money.

Textis

The interface of Textis is simple - you press the button and punctuation error should glow orange. Only here the expectation differs from reality.

I included the same passage.

And I got this result. Worse than Word, no explanation. Average. If you can use Spelling or LT - choose them.

advego

Advego- a site for all occasions. I already wrote how it is possible there. Now we are offered to immediately check the punctuation. Let's test the service and see how good it is.

For a sample and fair results, we take the same excerpt from Chekhov and paste it into the workspace.

We see the worst result. We missed 5 punctuation marks, but the service shows that there are no errors.

The service will be able to find typos in the article and double spaces. But not everything is so smooth here. But I have already shown you 7 good services that you can sometimes take as your assistants.

Conclusion

I hope you enjoyed my selection of services and programs for checking punctuation. I tried to be honest and objective about them. So you could clearly see all the disadvantages and advantages, choose the most effective project for yourself.

I wish everyone to write qualitatively and without errors. Programs to help you. Good luck!

Where do you check your work? What services would you like to try? Feel free to write in the comments.

If you like the warm company of our blog and want to learn copywriting with us - everyone is welcome!

77. Principles of Russian punctuation, functions and types of punctuation marks.

The punctuation system of the Russian language is built on a syntactic basis, almost all punctuation rules are formulated depending on the structure of the sentence.

Although the Russian language has many rules for mandatory punctuation, Russian punctuation is very flexible: there are various punctuation options that are related not only to meaning, but also to stylistic features text.

Functions of punctuation marks.

Punctuation marks indicate the semantic division of the text, they also help to reveal the syntactic structure of the text and its rhythmic melodies.

Types of punctuation marks:

highlight signs (their functions are the designation of the boundaries of syntactic constructions that complement, explain the members of the sentence; intonation-semantic separation of parts of the sentence, constructions containing an appeal or the attitude of the speaker to his statement): two commas and two dashes (a single paired sign), brackets, quotes;
separation signs (their functions are the designation of boundaries between separate independent sentences, between homogeneous members of a sentence, between simple sentences as part of a complex; indication of the type of sentence by the purpose of the statement, by emotional coloring): dot, question and exclamation marks, comma, semicolon, colon, dash, ellipsis;
a special punctuation mark is the red line (indicates the beginning of a new turn in the narrative).

Punctuation marks are single and paired. Paired punctuation marks indicate that the setting of the first punctuation mark requires the setting of the second. These include two commas and two dashes (as single characters), brackets and quotation marks.

78. Punctuation at the end of a sentence.

a dot is placed at the end of declarative and motivating non-exclamatory sentences (They went for a walk in the forest.);

Note: if there is a dot at the end of the sentence, indicating an abbreviated word, then the second dot, indicating the end of the sentence, is not put: In the store you can buy pens, notebooks, pencils, etc.

a question mark is placed at the end of an interrogative sentence (Why don't people fly?);
an exclamation mark is placed at the end of an exclamatory sentence (How good it is to live in the world!);
the ellipsis is placed as at the end of the sentence when the statement is incomplete (Dubrovsky was silent ... Suddenly he raised his head, his eyes sparkled.);

Note: an ellipsis can also be placed in the middle of a sentence during a break in speech. (I don't want to... like this.)

79. A dash between members of a sentence.

A dash between subject and predicate.

1. A dash between the subject and the predicate is placed:

with a zero link (i.e., in the absence of a link verb), while the subject and predicate are expressed by a noun or a quantitative numeral in the nominative case, an infinitive. (My mother is a teacher.)
if the predicate is preceded by the words this, then, then this means (Defending the Motherland is our duty.)

2. A dash between the subject and the predicate is not put:

if comparative conjunctions are used as a link, as if, as if, exactly, sort of like, etc. (This house is like a block.),
if the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun (the dash in this case is considered as a copyright) (She is a ballerina.),
if the predicate is preceded by a negative particle not (Poverty is not a vice.),
if the predicate is preceded by a secondary member of the sentence, not agreed with it (Plato is my friend, but the truth is dearer.),
if between the main members of the sentence there is an introductory word, adverb or particle (Ivan is also a student. His father, apparently, is an engineer.),
in sentences of conversational style (His brother is a student.).

Dash in incomplete sentence.

A dash in an incomplete sentence is placed if the predicate (most often) or some other member of the sentence is omitted, but it can be easily restored from the context or from the situation (She went home, he went to the cinema),
If the absence of a predicate is the norm for a sentence, then the dash is not put (the predicate is implied and easily guessed from the content of the sentence itself): Again at the hour of the night cloud over the earth.

Intonation dash.

1. An intonational dash is placed at the point where the sentence breaks up into verbal groups in order to emphasize the semantic relationships between the members of the sentence and help the reader correctly connect the words in meaning (Children need to be explained.)

Connecting dash.

1. A dash is placed:

between words to denote a certain space (the train Nikolaev - Moscow), quantity (buy two or three kilograms of sweets) or a period of time (Revolution of 1905-1907), if it replaces the meaning of the construction "from ... to",
between proper names, the totality of which is some kind of name (teaching, scientific institution, etc.): Boyle-Mariotte law, CSKA - Lokomotiv match.

80. Punctuation marks when homogeneous members.

1. If the homogeneous members of the sentence are not connected by unions, but only by intonation, then a comma is placed between them (I was given sweets, balls, toys.);

Note. If the homogeneous members of the sentence are common and there are commas inside them, then they can be separated by a semicolon (I walked around the squares, parks; I went to visit Katerina, Peter, Matvey; I called Anna, Andrey, Inna.).

2. Homogeneous members of the sentence, connected by non-repeating unions:

if homogeneous members of the sentence are connected by non-repeating opposing unions, then a comma is placed between them (It was not me, but he.),
if homogeneous members of the sentence are connected by non-repeating connectives or divisive unions, then a comma is not put between them (Marina and Olga entered the class. Did Pushkin or Lermontov write this?);
A comma is not placed before the union yes and (I’ll take it and leave.) and before the union and, if it is followed by a demonstrative pronoun that, that, then, those (The child will cope with this task.);

3. Homogeneous members of the sentence, connected by repeating unions:

a comma is placed before repeated conjunctions and ... and, yes ... yes, neither ... nor, or ... or, whether ... whether, or ... either, then ... then, etc. . (You can also buy notebooks, pens, and books in this store.)

Note. A comma with homogeneous members of a sentence connected by repeating unions is placed after each homogeneous member (Teachers, and students, and their parents came to the concert.).

if homogeneous members are closely related in meaning, then a comma is not placed between them (There were both summer and autumn rainy.),
the comma is also not put if the homogeneous members of the sentence are part of integral expressions(neither to himself nor to people, neither this nor that).

4. A coordinating union and can connect homogeneous members of a sentence in pairs, and then the pairs are separated from each other by commas, and a comma is not put inside the pairs (The students in the class were 55 smart and stupid, excellent students and losers),

5. A comma is placed before the second part of the double union (I am the same age as you); double unions are both ... and, not so ... like, not so much ... how much, not only ... but also, although ... but, if not ... then, as much. ..how much, how...so much.

The main cases of punctuation with homogeneous members of the sentence:

[oh oh oh oh] [oh and oh] [oh ah oh] [oh oh oh oh] [and oh and oh and oh] [oh and oh and oh] [oh and oh, oh and oh] [both oh and oh]

Generalizing words with homogeneous members of a sentence (the main cases of punctuation marks).

1. [Oh: oh, oh, oh] Everyone came to the meeting: teachers and students.

[Oh, cv. sl.: oh, oh, oh] Everyone came to the meeting, namely: teachers and students.

2. [oh, oh, oh - oh] Children, old people, women - all mixed up in a living stream.

[oh, oh, oh-vv. sl., O] Children, old people, women - in a word, everything is mixed up in a living stream

3. [Oh: oh, oh, oh -...] And all this: the river, and willow twigs, and this boy - reminded me of the distant days of childhood.

81. Punctuation marks for repeated words.

If the same word is repeated in the sentence to convey the duration or intensity of the action, then a comma is placed (I'm going, I'm going home across the field.),
If repeated words are a lexical formation, which are, as it were, one compound word, then they are written with a hyphen (Far, far beyond the sea.),
The comma is not included if

predicates are repeated, and between them there is a particle like this (To go like this to go.),
repeating the same word (perhaps in different forms) and the second word is used with a negative particle not (I saw a bush not a bush, a tree not a tree).

82. Punctuation marks in sentences with separate members suggestions.

Definitions.

a) Separate:

common definitions expressed as participial phrases or adjectives with dependent words after the word being defined (I saw an old woman carrying a large bag and decided to help her.);
two or more single definitions after the word being defined (Spring has come, sunny, bright.);
a single definition after the word being defined, if it has an additional circumstantial meaning (often causal or concessions) (Mom, tired, sat down in a chair.);
common or single definitions, standing immediately before the word being defined, if they have an additional adverbial meaning (Barely alive, they reached the city.);
a common or single definition, if it is torn off from the word being defined by other members of the sentence (Sun-drenched, buckwheat and wheat fields lay behind the river.);
definition, if the word being defined is a personal pronoun (She, flushed, ran out into the yard.)
inconsistent definitions in order to tear them away from the neighboring member of the sentence or if you need to emphasize the meaning they convey (Boys, in black suits, with bouquets of flowers, went to congratulate their teachers on March 8.).

b) Do not separate:

common definitions expressed by participial phrases or adjectives with dependent words and does not have the meanings before the word being defined (Malnik, who entered the class, is our new student.);
common definitions expressed as participles or adjectives with dependent words dependent on and following the indefinite pronoun (I saw something similar to a barn.).

Applications.

Separated:

a) commas

common applications expressed by a noun with dependent words that come after the word being defined (less often before) (The old woman, Grishkin's mother, died, but the old people, father and father-in-law, were still alive.);
applications that depend on personal pronouns (I, Ivanov Ivan Ivanovich, declare ...);
single applications that refer to a common noun with explanatory words (Here, on a wide street, they met the cook of General Zhukov, an old man.);
applications that depend on proper names, if they are after the word being defined (Yesterday, Ivan Petrovich, the director of the school, gathered us in the assembly hall.);
applications expressed by a proper name, if they can be put in front of them without changing the meaning, namely, that is (The next on the list, Silin, turned out to be a tall and broad-shouldered man.);
applications that are joined by the union like or words by name, by surname, etc. and which have additional circumstantial significance (As an honest man, he must now marry her.);

applications before which you can put words namely (He broke the tree - oak.); - common applications at the end of the sentence (The sun shone high in the sky - a very clean and hot sun of the Kiev summer.);
applications related to only one of the homogenous members (I met my cousin, Misha - ev fiancé, Pavel and Oksana.).

Additions.

Additions can be isolated and not isolated depending on the semantic load that the author has invested in the sentence.

Usually, turns are isolated, conditionally called additions, which are expressed by nouns with prepositions except, except for, instead of, broken, excluding, etc. and which have a restrictive or expansive meaning (I really liked the story, with the exception of some details.). Circumstances.

a) Separate:

common circumstances, expressed by participial phrases, and single circumstances, expressed by gerunds (Upon entering the room, he greeted everyone present. Waking up, I could not understand where I was for a long time.);
the circumstances expressed by adverbs or nouns are isolated if they explain or clarify other circumstances (place and time); usually the structure is: before? (circumstance, which is the main) where exactly? (depending circumstance); When? (circumstance, which is the main) when exactly? (depending circumstance): In the room, in the corner, there is a closet. Later, in ten years, you will regret your words.
circumstances introduced by words in addition to, despite, somehow, not counting, contrary to, etc., which clarify or limit the meaning of the words being defined (it is mandatory to isolate only the construction that begins with despite): Despite the frost, they let's go to the forest.
set expressions expressed by participial turnover, which act as introductory expressions (In all honesty, I do not like this.)

b) Do not separate:

single gerunds that do not denote an additional action and are close to adverbs (Sister slowly opened her bag.);
circumstances expressed by gerunds with dependent words, if they are sustainable combination(They rolled up their sleeves.)

83. Clarifying, explanatory and connecting members suggestions.

Separated:

words that clarify the content of the sentence, but not related to the previous expression by any special words (words can be put before the clarifying expression, namely without changing the meaning): Five houses, two on the main street and three in the alley, were leased.

Note. Sometimes a dash is used instead of a comma.

most often, the specifying members of the sentence are the circumstances of place and time, as well as definitions (He went to the right, along the road. This is a big work, five hundred pages.)
connecting phrases introduced by words even, especially, including others, which introduce additional comments and explanations (He wrote a large essay, and a good one at that.)

84. Punctuation marks for comparative turns.

1. Comparative turns, starting with the words as if, as if, rather than, exactly, etc. separated by commas (I like cinema more than / than theater.)

2. Turnovers with a union as separated by commas:

if they denote assimilation and do not contain any additional shades of meaning (Night approached and grew like a thundercloud.).
if before the turnover there are demonstrative words so, such, that, so (His facial features were the same as those of his sister.),
if the turnover is introduced into the sentence with a combination like and (I have been to London, as well as to other European cities.),
if this combination of type is none other than and none other than (In front rose none other than a high palace.)

3. Turnovers with a union are not separated by commas:

if in the turnover in the foreground there is a circumstantial value (The ring burns like a heat. - can be replaced by a combination burns with heat),
if in the foreground the meaning of equating or identifying (I tell you this as a doctor.),
if turnover is included compound predicate or is closely related to it in meaning (Work as work.),
if turnover is set expression(Things went swimmingly.),
if the turnover is preceded by a negative particle not (I did not act as a patriot.).

85. Punctuation marks for introductory words and phrases

Introductory words and phrases.

Introductory words and phrases are separated by commas (You, apparently, do not share our views.),

if introductory phrase forms an incomplete construction, i.e. if any word is missing that can be restored from the context, then a dash is put instead of a comma (On the one hand, she cannot cook, on the other, she wants to learn it.).
punctuation marks for homogeneous members of a sentence with a generalized word in the presence of an introductory word or phrase:

[Oh, cv. el.: oh, oh, oh] Everyone came to the meeting, namely: teachers and students.

[oh oh oh - cv. ate., O] Children, old people, women - in a word, everything was mixed up in a living stream.

some words can be both introductory and separated by commas, and sentence members:

	is an introductory word	is not an introductory word
finally	- indicates the connection of thoughts, the order of presentation - evaluates the fact with t. sp. speaker (Yes, come in, finally!)	- equal in value to after everything, finally, as a result of everything
eventually	- same function as "finally" (Shut up, after all!)	- (We walked, walked and finally came.) - the same function as "finally". (They argued for a long time and eventually reached a decision that suited everyone.)
but	- stands in the middle or at the end of a sentence (Look, however, how he spoke!)	- stands at the beginning of a sentence or between homogeneous members of a sentence and is an opposing union (I didn’t want to see her anymore, but I had to.) Exception: in sentences like: “However, it’s a cold spring today!” the word "however" is at the beginning of the sentence, it acts as an interjection and is separated by a comma
certainly	- usually acts as a water word (Of course, I will help you.)	- can act as a particle (Of course I would go there...)
means	- if equal in value to words, therefore, therefore (I didn't see her at school today, so she must be really sick.)	- if the sentence plays the role of a predicate (according to the meaning, it is approximate in the word means) (She means too much to me to fool her.)
generally	- if equal in value to the combination generally speaking (Actually, it's very interesting)	- in other meanings (He generally forbade going out after twelve)
mainly	- if equal in value to the combination of the most important (To prepare for the lesson, you need to read the theory and, mainly, complete the assignments.)	- if equal in meaning to words predominantly, mostly, most of all (He survived mainly thanks to his friends.)
anyway	- if it has a restrictive-evaluative value (I didn't say that anyway.)	- if it matters under any circumstances ([At least he will never leave his former pet.)
in my queue	- if used in figurative meaning. (Such secondary members as definition, addition and circumstance are distinguished, in the group of the latter, in turn, by the circumstance of the place).	- if used in a meaning close to direct (“And you?” I asked Lena in turn.)

if the introductory word is at the beginning or at the end of a separate common member of the sentence, then it is not separated from it by a comma, and if it is in the middle, then it is separated by commas (The young man, apparently recently graduated from the institute, made many mistakes when answering. Young the man, apparently recently graduating from the institute, made many mistakes in his answers.)
if the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged, then it is separated by a comma from the previous coordinating union; if this is not possible, then a comma is placed only after the introductory word, and it is not placed on the border between the union and the introductory word (Firstly, he is very busy and, secondly, he does not want to see you. Misfortune did not change him at all, but on the contrary, made it even stronger.)
introductory sentences are distinguished: by commas if they are small in volume (Here, you know, everything always worked out for me.) Or if they are introduced using conjunctions like, how much, if (Today, as newspapers report, a rally will be held in the center of Moscow.) ;
dashes if they are common (They - I noticed this right away - wanted to get rid of me as soon as possible.);
inserted constructions are highlighted in brackets (unlike introductory sentences, they do not express the speaker's attitude to what was said, but contain some incidental or additional remarks): One evening (it was in the autumn of 1912) ...

86. Punctuation marks for appeals.

appeals are separated from other members of the sentence by commas (Alyosha, come to me, please.),
sometimes an exclamation mark is placed after an address at the beginning of a sentence (Kirill! Why are you there for so long?),
the particle o before the address is not separated from it by a comma (Oh Moscow, you are so beautiful!),
a comma is put between repeated appeals connected by the union a, and after the union itself, it is not put (Fall, but fell, buy me this toy.),
if two appeals are connected by a non-repeating connecting union, then a comma is not placed between them (Hello, sun and cheerful morning).

87. Punctuation marks for interjections, affirmative and negative words.

interjections from the members of the sentence are separated by commas (Life, alas, is not an eternal gift.),
if the interjection is pronounced with an exclamatory intonation, then an exclamation point is put instead of a comma (Hurrah! Ours win the match)),
particles oh, well, oh, oh, which are used to enhance the semantic connotation, are not separated by commas (Oh, yes, you are absolutely right. Oh, that's what you are! No, that's too much.),
the word yes (expresses an affirmation) and the word no (expresses a negation) are separated from the sentence by a comma or an exclamation point (Yes, that's exactly what I want to say. No, you're wrong.)

88. Punctuation marks in complex sentences.

A comma is placed between simple sentences in the Complicated Subordinate, regardless of what union the oui are connected with: connecting, adversative, dividing, connecting or explanatory (The sky frowned, and soon a thunderstorm broke out. He had already forgotten everything, but she could not forgive him. Either the sun is shining very brightly, or my eyesight has become very bad.).
If the phenomena that are mentioned in parts (of a compound sentence quickly follow each other or are opposed to each other, then a dash is put (A rocket fired - and everything around rumbled.).
The comma is not put:

if parts compound sentence have a common member of the sentence or a common subordinate clause and if they are connected by connecting unions and, yes (in the meaning of and) or divisive unions or, then no comma is put between them (Cars raced through the streets and trams thundered. When it started to rain, the game stopped and everyone went lady.).
between denominative sentences connected by connecting conjunctions and, yes (in the meaning of and) or disjunctive conjunctions or, or (Walking in the park and riding a bicycle.),
between interrogative sentences connected by connecting conjunctions and, yes (in the meaning of and) or disjunctive conjunctions or, or (When do we leave and what time does the train leave?)

Two impersonal sentences as part of a compound sentence are separated by a comma (It got dark and it became cool.), BUT if the predicates are homogeneous in meaning, then the comma is not put (You need to wash the floor and then wipe it dry.)

Punctuation marks in a complex sentence.

If the subordinate clause comes before or after the main one, then it is separated by a comma (When I came home, everyone was already asleep. The glory of those who die for the fatherland does not die.). If the subordinate clause is in the middle of the main clause, then it is separated by commas on both sides (In the evening, when I had no strength to work, I went to the embankment.).
If the subordinate clause is attached to the main clause with the help of conjunctions because, because, since, in order to, despite the fact that, etc., then the comma is placed only once or before everything complex union, or before its second part (I did not come because I had a lot to do. I sent in order to express my condolences to you.)
If subordinate clauses depend on the same member of the main clause, then the rules for punctuation between them are the same as for homogeneous members of the sentence:

At the junction of two subordinating unions or subordinating and coordinating unions, a comma is placed between them only if the omission of the subordinate clause does not require a complete restructuring of the sentence (Masha said that when she comes next time, she will bring her fiancé.); if the second part of the subordinate clause begins with the words how, but, then the comma is not put (Masha said that when she comes next time, she will bring her fiancé.)
Sometimes, when underlining intonation, before subordinate explanatory and conditional clauses with a union, is it not a comma, but a dash (I have been sent some books, but I don’t know which ones yet.)

Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence.

Between parts of the unionless complex sentence can be set:

a comma if the parts are independent of each other, but united in meaning (The horses set off, the bell rang, the wagon flew.),
semicolon if there are commas inside one or both parts or if the sentences are distant from each other in meaning (the sentence is divided into two semantic parts): Gerasim grabbed Mumu. squeezed her in his arms; she licked his nose, eyes, mustache and beard in an instant.
colon if
1. the second sentence explains the reason or tells about the consequences of what is said in the first sentence (They were silent all the way: the noise of the motor interfered with talking.),
2. if in the first sentence there are words to see, hear, know, etc., which tell the reader that a statement of some facts will follow (I understood: she wanted me to leave.),
3. If a quotation is syntactically connected with the text, then it is enclosed in quotation marks, but it is written with a small letter (Pushkin wrote that "the habit is given to us from above.")
4. Quoting can be done as direct speech. (Pushkin said: "The habit is given to us from above.")
5. If the quote is not taken completely, then at the place of the gap, or at the beginning, or at the end (Depending on where the text is truncated), an ellipsis is placed. If the sentence in this case begins with a citation, then it is formatted as follows: "... Citation" the text itself. (The capital letter is written even if the original is lowercase).
1. When a comma and a dash meet, both a comma and a dash are written (The woman performing on stage is my mother.),
2. When meeting quotes:
  - with a period, quotes are written first, and then a period She said: “Come in.”)
  - with a question mark, exclamation point or ellipsis in direct speech, a question mark, exclamation point or ellipsis is first written, then quotation marks. Even if this is the end of the whole sentence, there is no period after the quotation marks (She asked: “What do you think about this issue?”),
  - with the same signs, but when only certain members of the sentence are enclosed in quotation marks, the exclamation mark, question mark and ellipsis are put depending on the construction of the entire sentence (Have you ever watched The White Sun of the Desert?),
3. If the comma appeared before the closing or opening bracket, then it is skipped, if after the closing one, it remains.
Authors do not always follow the rules for punctuation marks. Often they find their own, special use for them, and this achieves a special expressiveness and beauty of the text. Such punctuation is called the author's use of punctuation marks.