Clarifying proposals and explanatory sentences differ from each other.
Clarification is the transition from a broader to a narrower concept.
An explanation is a designation of the same concept in other words.
In general, they have the function of additional messages.
Specifying members of a sentence:
Separate clarifying members of a sentence are members of a sentence that explain the meanings of other members of a sentence.
Clarifying separate offers answer questions:
how exactly? where exactly? Who exactly? when exactly? etc.
1. Clarifying circumstances of time and place are isolated.
(from there, everywhere, there, there, everywhere, then, then, and others)
Here's an example:
There, (where exactly?) on the outskirts, glowed a bright red streak of light;
2. Other circumstances may also be specified, if they have a broader meaning than a clarifying one:
Here's an example:
She tossed her hair and coquettishly (how exactly?) almost defiantly stepped forward into the hall;
3. Coordinated definitions with the meaning of color, size, age, etc. can be clarified.
Here's an example:
One more (what exactly?) last tale - and my chronicle is over;
4. Clarifying inconsistent definitions are separated more often than agreed definitions:
Here's an example:
The ship sailed, moving all the time in a dark (what exactly?) almost ink-colored shadow cast by high coastal cliffs;
5. Words more precisely, or rather, otherwise, and so on, give the statement a clarifying character. The members of the sentence following them are not separated.
Here's an example:
Her kindness, or rather, his generosity, shocked me.
(the predicate in this sentence is consistent with the word closest to it, from which it cannot be separated by a comma);
More recently, more precisely, in the last issue of the journal, an article of a similar content was published;
It is necessary to supplement, rather, clarify the data given in the report.
Clarifying members of a sentence are usually distinguished by commas or dashes (less often).
The dash is usually placed:
- under clarifying circumstances, when not only the clarifying, but also the plug-in nature of the circumstances is emphasized,
Rooks screamed across the river in the branches, and everywhere - in the bushes and in the grass - birds sang, chirped (A.N. Tolstoy);
- when emphasizing the sequence of clarification and correlation of the clarification and clarification members, for example:
He got a job at the mine, part-time - after school (Baruzdin)
The use of a comma instead of a dash in this context is impossible, since the comma will distort the meaning, equalizing the positions of all three circumstances: (for a mine, for a part-time job, after school). The dash, in turn, emphasizes that the circumstances are unequally correlated with each other;
- when specifying the nominal part of the predicate
(The snow here was shallow - ankle-deep).
Explanatory members of the sentence:
Before the explanatory member of the sentence are the words: exactly, namely, that is, that is.
For example:
At that time, namely a year ago, I was still working with several companies.
In the absence of explanatory unions, that is, exactly, namely, and in the presence of an explanation, the selection usually occurs with a dash, and not a comma.
For example:
There was only one conversation - about politics;
His profession was the most peaceful - a teacher.
The setting of the colon is also found in the explanatory member of the sentence. It is often put in order to avoid two dashes.
For example:
Another option has been proposed: the use of certain types of marine plants - algae, rich in valuable substances.
Explanatory members of a sentence can be joined by a union or (meaning "that is"):
It was Alexander Petrovich, or simply Sasha, who had come from St. Petersburg.
Attaching members of the proposal
The connecting members of the sentence convey explanations or comments, additional information that arose along the way, in connection with the content of the main statement.
The connecting members of the sentence can be separated by commas (more often), or a dash (less often).
The reflection of the light struck, trembling impetuously, in all directions, especially from above (Turgenev);
Attaching members of the proposal may have the following special linking words: for example, moreover, and moreover, moreover, even, especially, in particular, mainly, in particular, including, and, and in general, and only, etc.
For example:
At night, especially in the heat, the house was unbearable.
The new manager paid most of his attention to the formal side of the matter, in particular to organizational specifics.
Such members of the sentence can be easily separated from the rest of the sentence and, to enhance their distinguishing role, put a dot instead of a comma.
For example:
You have quite a bit of work experience, moreover, in the field of restructuring and searching for new forms. - Among other telegrams will be his. And the most unusual.
A comma can separate the connecting construction from the preceding part of the sentence, if this construction is closely connected in meaning with the subsequent part of the sentence, from which it is not separated by a pause in pronunciation, for example:
It's too late now, and there's no need to return to this question.
A comma after the introductory word is not put if the connecting member of the sentence begins with an introductory word (for example, in particular, etc.)
A comma before the union and is not put:
- if the union is used in a connecting sense.
So he went into the forest for nuts and got lost (Turgenev);
- in combinations like yes and said (with the same form of the verb, take another verb to denote an unexpected or arbitrary action):
They lived a year soul to soul, and the next year she take it and die (Uspensky);
- combined no-no yes and:
... No, no, yes, and he will remember her (mother), write a letter (Gladkov)
Affiliating Members can be part of a sentence without the use of conjunctions, accompanied by a pause. In this case, the sentence is separated by a dash, comma, period or ellipsis.
For example:
At night I stand at the post, orderly. (,)
We went to the dacha - to the sun, to the sea, to the picturesque mountains. (-)
I'm completely cold. My feet are cold. And the face (Yu. Kazakov). (.)
It's scary to admit it, but I want this person to know that it is like a song to me ... And it must be the last one (N. Pogodin). (…)
Russian language lesson on the topic: “Separation of clarifying members of a sentence” in grade 8.
Lesson Objectives:
1. General education
To develop the ability to use in oral speech and find clarifying members of the sentence in writing
Learn to separate qualifying members of a sentence with commas
Learn how to construct sentences with qualifying members
2.Developing
Activate cognitive activity students
Stimulate and develop thought processes
Develop memory, attention, speed of reaction
Type of lesson: Lesson explaining new material.
During the classes:
1 Frontal survey on the topics covered from the section "Separation".
What is isolation? (Separate - separate especially
Highlight, shield, exclude from the general.
Isolation - intonation and semantic separation of secondary members of the sentence.
What members of the sentence are called isolated? (highlighted secondary members
How is separation expressed in writing? In spoken language? (in writing with commas, in oral speech - intonation).
In what case are definitions, applications separated? (If they stand after the word being defined, they refer to a personal pronoun, have an additional adverbial meaning, refer to a proper name)
What are the rules for separating circumstances? (In Russian there are cases of mandatory isolation of circumstances -
this is the isolation of circumstances expressed by a single gerund or participle turnover)
What is the word being defined, how do we designate it? (the word being defined, to which the isolated member of the sentence refers)
In which case separate circumstances are not distinguished (if they are a stable expression (phraseologism) For example: Work carelessly. Headlong, holding your breath.
The students' worksheet contains seven sentences with separate definitions, circumstances, and applications. Students read the sentences and verbally explain the punctuation marks.
1. The vase on the table struck me.
2. Under the clouds, flooding the air with silver sounds, the larks sang.
3. The snow that fell during the night covered a narrow path.
4. Danko rushed forward, holding his burning heart high.
5. Immensely in love with the sky, he remained faithful to him.
6. My grandmother worked tirelessly all her life.
7. Onegin, my good friend, was born on the banks of the Neva.
One of the students does parsing second sentence (orally). The sentence is declarative, non-exclamatory. Grammatical basis: Larks - subject, sang - predicate. The proposal is simple two-part. The sentence contains secondary members. Where did you sing? Under the clouds - so it is common. The sentence is complicated by a separate circumstance expressed by a participial turnover.
2. Explanation of the new material: "Separation of clarifying members of the proposal"
Suggestions are written on the board:
a) Tomorrow we will go on an excursion. (at 10 o'clock)
b) Golden autumn decorates the earth. (with yellow leaves)
c) The stars in the sky are gradually fading. (So slow)
Try to concretize these members of the proposal, make them more precise, clear.
Students give their examples of clarification.
Let's try to draw a conclusion. What words are isolated in these sentences?
Separate words and phrases that clarify the meaning of the preceding words.
Why do we need to use clarifying members of a sentence in speech?
a) In order not to make a mistake when arranging a meeting place (where, when, exactly when) I am at the pharmacy, and I was waiting for you at the cinema. So tomorrow at the same place, at the same hour.
b) The clarifying members of the sentence create an image, have an artistic
value. Golden, with yellow leaves, autumn adorns the earth.
c) help to reveal various feelings. We talked well, in a friendly way.
Questions: What members of the sentence are called clarifying?
How do they stand out in speech? In writing?
Compiling a table " Commas in sentences with qualifying members suggestions." The table is posted on the blackboard The same table is on the students' worksheets . One student at the blackboard and the rest in their worksheets must correlate the left and right parts of the table. Find sentences corresponding to each item in the table.
Separate words and phrases that clarify the meaning of previous words
| Clarifying circumstances of the place | Every morning at eight o'clock I go to work. |
| Clarifying circumstances of time | Far away, in the forest, the blows of an ax were heard. |
| Clarifying circumstances of the course of action | It was Alexander Ivanovich, or simply Sasha, a guest who had come from Samara. |
| Clarifying definitions with the meaning of color, size, age. | There was nothing to be seen below, except for the glittering lights. |
| Clarifying applications with conjunction or (= that is) | A long, several versts, shadow lay from the mountains on the steppe. |
| Clarifying objects with prepositions (except, including, except, etc.) | He naively, childishly, wiped his eyes with his fingers. |
6.Fixing the material.
Selective (complicated) cheating.
From the proposed pairs of sentences, select only sentences with qualifying members.
A.1. Here, among the swamps, a thin stream makes its way.
2. Something strange happened on the farm yesterday.
B.1. Having entered the yurt, Makar went up to the fire.
2.Today, at eight o'clock in the evening, we will go to visit.
B. 1. The nutria, or water rat, appreciates (t, t) with its fur.
2. The letter will be delivered by my brother or his friend.
D. 1. I did not hear anything except the noise of the leaves.
2. In the north, faintly flickering, some whitish clouds rose.
After completing this task, students exchange their work and make a mutual check. Evaluated according to the following criteria:
2 sentences - "3"
3 sentences - "4"
4 sentences - "5"
Lexical work: In the worksheets during this task, you noticed the highlighted words. Try to define lexical meaning these words from the context.
Students provide their own answers.
The teacher reads out the correct interpretation of the words.
Farm: 1) A separate piece of land with the owner's estate.
2) In Ukraine, Kuban - a small peasant village.
Kamelek: Small fireplace or hearth for heating.
Whitish: Whitish, dull white. (The suffix -ovat- denotes an incomplete sign, for example, reddish, sad).
4.Designing proposals.
Students are invited to "collect" the scattered sentence.
a) High waters, in the spring, now, with fear, we, early, are waiting.
Now, in early spring, we fear floods.
b) Sitting, children, at home, near, a bench, on.
Near the house, on a bench, children were sitting.
c) We study, that is, we, sentences, science, about, phrases, sentences, etc.
We study syntax, that is, the science of phrases and sentences.
At the blackboard, three students make sentences with clarifying members, attaching words to the board with magnets and explain the punctuation marks in sentences with clarifying members of the sentence.
5. Draw up sentence schemes with clarifying members. (Listening)
Proposals are read out once (without repetition). After each sentence, students write sentence patterns in their notebooks.
Then the sentence patterns are written on the board.
Late in the evening, at eleven o'clock, I went out into the garden
To the right of the house, on the bank of the river, there is a huge park.
We talked well, in a friendly way.
White mosquitoes, that is, snowflakes, occasionally appeared in the air.
He worked cheerfully, with a twinkle.
Examination:
when exactly when
where, exactly where,
how exactly.
There is something.
how exactly.
6. Creative task.
Compose short story on the topic "School holidays", using the sentences of the studied construction. Remember what holidays are celebrated in our school and try to write a short story, use sentences with clarifying members.
Pupils write stories, two or three works are read out.
§one. Isolation. General concept
Isolation- a way of semantic highlighting or clarification. Only minor members of the sentence are separated. Usually, isolations allow you to present information in more detail and draw attention to it. Compared with ordinary, non-separate members, the isolation proposals have greater independence.
Separations are different. Separate definitions, circumstances and additions differ. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:
- Separate definition: The boy, who fell asleep in an uncomfortable position right on the suitcase, shuddered.
- An isolated circumstance: Sasha was sitting on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and dangling his legs.
- Standalone addition: I heard nothing but the ticking of an alarm clock.
Most often, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Separate members of the sentence stand out in speech intonation, and in writing - punctuation.
§2. Separate definitions
Separate definitions are divided into:
- agreed
- inconsistent
The child who fell asleep in my arms suddenly woke up.
(agreed isolated definition, expressed by participial turnover)
Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.
(inconsistent isolated definition)
Agreed Definition
The agreed stand-alone definition is expressed as:
- participial turnover: The child, who was sleeping in my arms, woke up.
- two or more adjectives or participles: The child, full and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.
Note:
A single agreed definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:
He, full, quickly fell asleep.
Inconsistent definition
An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by nominal phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. Examples:
How did you, with your mind, not understand her intention?
Olga, in her wedding dress, was extraordinarily pretty.
An inconsistent isolated definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined.
If the inconsistent definition refers to the word being defined, expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:
The guy in the baseball cap kept looking around.
Definition structure
The structure of the definition can be different. Differ:
- single definition: excited girl;
- two or three single definitions: girl, excited and happy;
- a common definition expressed by the phrase: a girl, excited by the news received, ...
1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the word being defined, only if the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun:
She was agitated and could not sleep.
(single isolated definition after the defined word expressed by the pronoun)
Excited, she could not sleep.
(single isolated definition before the defined word, expressed by the pronoun)
2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they come after the word being defined, expressed by the noun:
The girl, excited and happy, could not fall asleep for a long time.
If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is also possible in the position before the defined member:
Excited and happy, she could not sleep for a long time.
(separation of several single definitions before the defined word - pronoun)
3. A common definition, expressed by a phrase, is isolated if it refers to the word being defined, expressed by a noun, and stands after it:
The girl, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.
(a separate definition, expressed by participial turnover, is after the defined word, expressed by a noun)
If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the common definition can be in a position both after and before the word being defined:
Excited by the news she received, she could not sleep for a long time.
She, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.
Separate definitions with an additional adverbial value
The definitions that precede the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings.
These can be both common and single definitions, standing directly before the noun being defined, if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessive, etc.). In such cases, the defining turnover is easily replaced subordinate clause reasons with union because, a subordinate clause of a condition with a union if, a clause assignment with a union although.
To check for the presence of a circumstantial meaning, you can use the replacement of the attributive phrase with a phrase with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is isolated. For example:
Seriously ill, her mother could not go to work.
(additional reason value)
Even when she was ill, her mother went to work.
(additional concession value)
Thus, various factors are important for isolation:
1) by what part of speech the defined word is expressed,
2) what is the structure of the definition,
3) how the definition is expressed,
4) whether it expresses additional adverbial meanings.
§3. Standalone Applications
Appendix- this is a special kind of attribute expressed by a noun in the same case as the noun or pronoun that it defines: dragonfly jumper, beauty girl. The application can be:
1) single: Bear, fidget, tortured everyone;
2) common: Mishka, a terrible fidget, tortured everyone.
The application, both single and common, is isolated if it refers to the word being defined, expressed by the pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the word being defined:
He is a great doctor and helped me a lot.
Great doctor, he helped me a lot.
A common application is isolated if it comes after the defined word expressed by a noun:
My brother, an excellent doctor, treats our entire family.
A single non-spread application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words:
He saw his son, the baby, and immediately began to smile.
Any application stands apart if it stands after its own name:
Mishka, the neighbor's son, is a desperate tomboy.
An application expressed by a proper name is separated if it serves to clarify or clarify:
And the neighbor's son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, set a fire in the attic.
The application is isolated in a position before the word being defined - a proper name, if an additional adverbial meaning is expressed at the same time.
An architect from God, Gaudi, could not conceive an ordinary cathedral.
(why? for what reason?)
Application with union as is isolated if the connotation of the cause is expressed:
On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.
Note:
Single applications after the word being defined, which are not distinguished by intonation during pronunciation, are not isolated, because merge with it:
In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka-neighbor.
Note:
Separate applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized in the voice and is highlighted with a pause.
Soon New Year- the favorite holiday of the children.
§4. Standalone add-ons
The additions expressed by nouns with prepositions are separated: except for, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with. They are passed inclusion-exclusion or substitution values. For example:
Nobody but Ivan knew the answer to the teacher's question.
"USE-navigator": effective online preparation §6. Isolation of comparative turnovers
Comparative turnovers are separated:
1) with unions: as, like, exactly, as if, what, how, than etc., if they matter:
- comparison: The rain poured, as if from a sieve.
- Similarities: Her teeth were like pearls.
2) with union like:
Masha, like everyone else, prepared well for the exam.
Comparative turnovers are not isolated, if:
1. are phraseological in nature:
Stuck like a bath leaf. The rain poured like a bucket.
2. the circumstances of the course of action matter (comparative turnover answers the question as?, often it can be replaced by an adverb or a noun in Etc.:
We are going around in circles.
(We walk(as?) like in a circle. You can replace the noun. in T.p.: around)
3) turnover with union as expresses the meaning "as":
It's not about qualifications: I don't like him as a person.
4) turnover from as is part of a compound nominal predicate or is closely related to the predicate in meaning:
The garden was like a forest.
He wrote about feelings as something very important to him.
§7. Separate clarifying members of the sentence
Refinement members refer to the word being qualified and answers the same question, for example: where exactly? when exactly? Who exactly? which one? etc. Most often, the clarification is conveyed by isolated circumstances of place and time, but there may be other cases. Clarifying members can refer to the addition, definition or main members of the sentence. Clarifying members are isolated, standing out in speech intonation, and in writing - with commas, brackets or dashes. Example:
We stayed up late into the night.
Below, in the valley that stretched out before us, the stream rustled.
The qualifying member usually comes after the qualifying member. They are tonally connected.
Clarifying members can be introduced into a complicated sentence:
1) with the help of unions: that is, namely:
I'm getting ready for USE task C1, that is, to the essay.
2) also words: especially, even, in particular, especially For example:
Everywhere, especially in the living room, was clean and beautiful.
test of strength
Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.
Final test
Is it true that isolation is a way of semantic highlighting or clarification?
Is it true that only minor members of the sentence are separated?
What are separate definitions?
- common and uncommon
- agreed and inconsistent
Are isolated definitions always expressed by participial turnover?
In what case are the definitions standing before the defined word separated?
- if an additional adverbial value is expressed
- if no additional adverbial value is expressed
Is it correct to think that an application is a special kind of attribute expressed by a noun in the same case and number as the noun or pronoun it defines?
What prepositions are used in prepositional case combinations that are separate objects?
- o, in, on, to, before, behind, under, over, before
- except for, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with
Is it necessary to separate adverbs and participles?
Is it necessary to isolate circumstances with a preposition in spite of?
- “Just a second passed - and somewhere nearby an explosion thundered, right behind him.”
- “Once upon a time here, in a quiet, little-known village, life flowed.” The third example: “It happened quite recently, just a couple of days ago.”
- “Whatever his name was. There were rumors that he was either a magician, or a mage, or a superhuman.”
- “It was a balanced, individual, that is, not imposed on him by anyone, decision.”
- “A lot was said about the terrible battle that took place here, namely: helmets and fragments of uniforms, craters from artillery shells, shells.”
- “Everyone remembers that no one could defeat a magician, even those who tried to do it in a crowd.”
- “The victory was a joy for everyone, especially for those who sacrificed a lot for this.”
- “Another second - the detachment went on a breakthrough, including him.”
- “Many countries welcome Russian tourists with great joy, in particular Turkey is doing this now.”
- “He was already feeling more or less stable, except that his leg was still a little sore.”
- “In addition to the rain promised the day before, the sky lit up with branches of purple lightning, leaving their bright mark on the retina for a moment.”
- “Along with the questions that were waiting to be resolved at work, something had to be done with household chores.”
- “In addition to all this, there was another significant flaw in the product, which decisively deterred the purchase.”
- “And everything was fine, except, of course, some points.”
- The circumstance is separated by commas on both sides, regardless of its location in the text, if it is expressed by a participial phrase. Example: “The two of them, holding their breath and holding their breath, waited for the shadow to slip further, past them.” Explanation: here “with bated breath” are homogeneous and isolated members of the sentence, expressed by adverbial turnover. There is an exception to this rule. The adverbial turnover is not isolated if it is a phraseological unit.
- The circumstance is separated by commas on both sides, regardless of its location in the text, if it is expressed by a single participle. Example: "He left without looking back, although he understood what he had just done." Explanation: here “without turning around” acts as a single gerund. There is also an exception here. A single gerund is not isolated if it merges with an adverb in its meaning. Example: “While someone was saying something to me, I stood thinking.”
- Usually two gerunds connected by the union “and” (as well as two single gerunds) are separated as one turn. Example: “I, despite the mistakes of others and not listening to common sense, continued to persistently trample his way. Explanation: here “despite the mistakes of others” and “not listening to common sense” are homogeneous adverbial phrases. However, they refer to the same word, so they are equal. Therefore, there is no comma between them.
- A circumstance is isolated if it is presented as a comparative turnover. Usually in comparative terms, words like “exactly”, “as if”, “like” are used. There are some exceptions to the separation of comparative turns, they are not separated in all cases. In general, the isolation of comparisons and comparative phrases refers to the isolation of secondary members of sentences only sometimes, so we will not talk much about this in this article. Example: “My head hurt, as if something massive had been walked over it.”
- If the circumstance is presented as a noun. In this case, the pretext may or may not be present. But most of all, when circumstances are isolated, which are expressed by a combination of nouns with certain prepositions. These are: “thanks to”, “despite”, “contrary”, “according to”, “depending on”, “to avoid”, “in view of”. Examples:
- "Thanks to the availability of free time, he was able to solve almost all his problems."
“Despite the rain, they still decided to go on a picnic.”
- "Despite the threats, he did not change his policy in the slightest."
- “According to the plan, all tasks were completed on time.”
- "Depending on what decision will be made, a different fate awaited him."
- "In order to avoid a fight, the people who were nearby parted them in different corners."
“Due to unforeseen circumstances, it was necessary to decide something quickly, but thoughtfully.” - If there is a specification of the place, time. Example: “And yet it was impossible not to notice that here, in this place forgotten by civilization, some company once worked and prospered.”
- Firstly, the use of isolated members of the sentence is done in order to endow the isolated fragment with independence and increased information load.
- Secondly, commas and dashes are used to isolate punctuation, and intonation is used in conversation.
- Thirdly, isolated members of a sentence can only be secondary.
In contact with
AT simple sentence intonation and meaning, the members of the sentence with the meaning are distinguished clarifications, clarifications and additions. In general, they have the function of additional messages.
In sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members, the following punctuation marks are used: comma, dash.
A) Specifying members of a sentence
When clarified, they are distinguished clarifying and refined sentence members. Clarifying are those members of the sentence that explain other, specified members.
Separate (separated by a comma at the beginning and end of the sentence and highlighted on both sides in the middle of the sentence) words and phrases that clarify the meaning of the preceding words.
Clarifying members in relation to the specified ones serve as names that are more specific in meaning, since they narrow the concept conveyed by the specified (main) member of the sentence, or in some way limit it. Thus, the terms specified and specified are correlated as general and particular, broad and specific, generic and specific, and the specifying member of the sentence follows the specified one (and not vice versa!).
Wed: Tomorrow ,(when exactly?) at six o'clock in the evening, a meeting of members of the cooperative will be held. - At six o'clock in the evening there will be a meeting of members of the cooperative.
All members of the proposal can be specified.
1. Most often specified circumstances of place and time, since they can be denoted in a very generalized and indefinite way ( there, there, from there; everywhere, everywhere; then, then and etc.). It is the clarifying term that gives the concretization:
There ,(where exactly?) on the horizon, glowed a pale pink streak of light(M. Gorky); Now,(when exactly?) after flood, it was a river of six fathoms(Chekhov).
Sometimes the ratio of a broader and a narrower concept can be dictated only by the given context:
Tonight Yegor Ivanovich and I are going to Petrograd,(where exactly? / to whom exactly?) to Masha (A.N. Tolstoy).
Often, specifying circumstances of the place form a chain, line up in a row:
ahead,(where exactly?) away, (where exactly?) on the other side of the misty sea, one could see protruding wooded hills(L. Tolstoy).
2. Can be specified and other circumstances, if they have a broader meaning than a clarifying one:
He shook his curls and self-confidently,(how exactly?) almost with a challenge looked up at the sky(Turgenev); He was meticulous(how exactly? / to what extent?) to a pink gloss on the cheeks, shaved(Antonov).
Note!
1) Sometimes a series of circumstances can be devoid of a clarifying shade of meaning and be perceived (in this context!) as different sides one phenomenon, without semantic subordination.
Several people are walking through the snow across the street to the hut (Bykov).
If commas are placed between circumstances, then the relationship between them will become somewhat different: each subsequent one will be logically distinguished, perceived as subordinate to the previous one, which will enhance the impression of tension and even danger of the described moment.
Wed: Several people are walking across the snow, across the street, into the hut.
Pay attention to how the intonation changes with this!
2) Depending on the meaning, the same words can be considered as clarifying or not as clarifying circumstances. Compare the sentences given in pairs:
Far away in the forest were heard blows of an ax(the listener is also in the forest). - Far , in the forest, ax blows were heard(the listener is outside the forest).
Children settled down in the clearing between the bushes (the clearing is surrounded by bushes, but there are none on the clearing itself). - The children sat in the meadow between the bushes (the bushes are in the clearing itself).
3) If, in the presence of two circumstances of time, the second of them does not serve to limit the concept expressed by the first, then it is not clarifying and a comma is not placed between them.
In 1961, 12th of April man first flew into space. On April 12, 1961, a man flew into space for the first time.
3. Can be specified agreed definitions with the meaning of color, size, age, etc.:
One more ,(what exactly?) last thing, legend - and my chronicle is over(Pushkin); In some places women's peeped out,(what exactly?) mostly old ladies, heads(Turgenev).
Clarifying definitions can specify general meaning pronouns this, such, each, one(not in the meaning of the numeral, but in the meaning of the pronoun), etc.:
Chichikov was a little puzzled by this(what exactly?) partly sharp, definition (Gogol); Not a single, neither sledge, nor human, nor animal, trace was visible (L. Tolstoy); I wanted to distinguish myself before this, (what exactly?) dear to me, man (M. Gorky).
Note!
1) Separation of clarifying agreed definitions is a rather rare phenomenon and largely depends on the will of the writer. Usually, definitions with a clarifying meaning are considered as homogeneous, that is, a comma is placed not on two sides, but on one - between the definitions.
With quick steps I passed a long "area" of bushes, climbed a hill and ... saw completely different, unfamiliar my place(Turgenev).
2) Clarifying definitions can be attached through subordinating conjunctions.
irresistible, although quiet, the power carried me away(Turgenev); You can't kill like that because of a simple, albeit so expensive, costume(Saveliev).
But if the definition attached subordinating union, is homogeneous in relation to the previous one and does not have the character of clarification (semantic and intonation!), then a comma is not placed after it.
Received important although not final intelligence.
4. More often than agreed definitions, clarifying inconsistent definitions:
The boat was moving, moving all the time in black,(which one?) almost inky color, the shadow cast by high coastal cliffs(Simonov); It was a young man of short stature, with an inconspicuous mustache, in simple,(which one?) striped, shirt(Soloukhin); A young woman entered(which one?) seventeen years old girl(Kuprin); Gavrik examined the little schoolboy in a long,(which one?) to toe, greatcoat(Kataev).
5. The clarifying character is given to the statement of the word rather, rather, otherwise etc., however, the members of the sentence following them are not isolated, since the indicated words, which have the meaning of introductory ( rather, rather, otherwise, rather in meaning, they are equivalent to the phrases “to be more precise”, “in other words”, etc.), they themselves are separated by commas:
His kindness, or rather, his generosity touched me(in this example, the predicate agrees with the closest preceding word to it, from which it cannot be separated by a comma); More recently, more precisely, in the last issue of the journal, an article of similar content was published; It is necessary to supplement, rather, clarify the data given in the report.
In the role of clarifying words moreover can act. They are separated by commas, while the definition following them is not:
It would be foolishness, nay, madness, to miss such an opportunity; He deeply respected his friend, moreover, admired him.
Note!
The word is rather not separated by commas if used in meanings:
a)"better", "more willing":
b)"better say":
Pavel Petrovich slowly paced up and down the dining room..., uttering some remark, or rather an exclamation, like "ah! hey! hm!(Turgenev); He was not surprised, but rather pleased by this question.
Note. Specifying members of a sentence are usually separated by commas. However, it is also possible to set such a sign as dash.
A dash is usually placed in the following cases:
a) under clarifying circumstances, if not only the clarifying, but also the plug-in nature of the circumstances is emphasized, for example: Rooks screamed across the river in the branches, and everywhere - in bushes and grass- birds chirped, chirped(A.N. Tolstoy);
b) when emphasizing the sequence of clarification and correlation of the clarification and clarification members, for example: He got a job at the mine, part-time- After school(Baruzdin). Here circumstance to the mine explained by the following construction part-time - after school, and this construction has its refinement After school, separated by a dash. The use of a comma instead of a dash in this context is impossible, since the comma would distort the meaning by equalizing the positions of all three circumstances (cf .: to the mine, part-time, after school). A dash emphasizes that the circumstances are unequally correlated with each other;
c) when clarifying the nominal part of the predicate (cf .: The snow here was shallow - ankle-deep ).
B) Explanatory members of the sentence
The explanatory members of the sentence explain the meaning of the preceding members of the sentence. Explained and explanatory terms, in principle, denote identical concepts.
Differences between specifying and explanatory members of the sentence lies in the fact that clarification is the transition from a broader concept to a narrower one, and explanation is the designation of the same concept in other words.
Thus, the explanatory members are the second names in relation to the first, expressing for various reasons this or that concept is not sufficiently clear and understandable:
Especially for us Russians, conciseness should be close and precious.(Chernyshevsky); He imagined his house - six large rooms (M. Gorky); Sometimes you want to do something - read(Gogol).
1. The explanatory part of the sentence is preceded by the words exactly, namely, that is, that is, that is:
She was raised no-old, that is, surrounded by mothers, nannies, girlfriends and hay girls (Pushkin); We rode on our leather horses that is, in a covered matting (Aksakov); While, exactly a year ago, I also collaborated on magazines(Dostoevsky); third day, i.e. this week I say to the elder...(Sleptsov).
If there are no words in the sentence exactly, namely, that is these words can be inserted:
Grandfather Semyon had his own golden and unfulfilled dream - to become a carpenter(Paustovsky); He always wanted one thing with all the strength of his soul - be quite good (L. Tolstoy).
Note!
1) In the absence of explanatory conjunctions that is, exactly, namely and when there is an explanation, the selection is usually done with a dash, not a comma.
There was only one conversation - about the weather; His profession was the most peaceful - a teacher.
2) There is a statement of the colon with the explanatory member of the sentence. Usually a colon is used to avoid two dashes.
Another way has been suggested: the use of certain types of marine plants- algae, rich in many valuable substances.
2. Explanatory members of a sentence can be joined by a union or (meaning "that is"):
Note!
The union or can have a divisive meaning ("either this or that"). In this case, it links homogeneous members, and there is no comma between them. If the union or can be replaced by the union that is, then it has an explanatory meaning. In this case, the explanatory phrase is separated by commas.
Wed: From the forest ravine came the singing of a nightingale or a goldfinch. - From the forest ravine came the cooing of wild pigeons, or turtledoves(Aksakov); It was decided to decorate the house with a balcony or a mezzanine. - Around the whole building there is a vast stone balcony, or veranda, where, in bamboo chairs, the owners of the barracks lazily doze(Goncharov).
Note. Definitions that are in the nature of an explanation (they can be preceded by the words namely, that is), are separated by a comma from the word being explained, but after them a comma is usually not put, for example: Thick brands stuck out, remnants of the old, burned-out bathhouse; The next, sixth volume of the subscription edition will go to the store one of these days; He spoke in a completely different, serious tone; The fourth and last part of the novel will end with an epilogue.
C) Attaching members of the proposal
The connecting members of the sentence convey additional information, clarifications or comments that have arisen along the way, in connection with the content of the main statement. The connecting members of the sentence are separated by commas, less often by a dash:
Reflection of light hit, trembling impetuously, in all directions, especially from above(Turgenev); Each, even a small, river has merit on earth(Peskov).
1. The connecting members of the sentence may have special linking words: even, especially, in particular, for example, mainly, in particular, including, moreover, and moreover, moreover, and(in the sense of "and moreover"), yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, and yes and etc.:
Invisibly I became attached to a good family, even to the crooked garrison lieutenant(Pushkin); Here you will have a bath, and with your mistress(Pushkin); At night, especially in the heat, ... it was scary in the house (Bunin); Some Cossacks including Lukashka, stood up and stretched out (L. Tolstoy); The new manager paid most of his attention to the formal side of the matter, in particular on clerical subtleties(Mamin-Sibiryak); Three people in the district, including Sima Devushkin, made bird cages and cages (M. Gorky).
Such members of the sentence can be easily separated from the rest of the sentence and, to enhance their distinguishing role, put a dot instead of a comma.
Wed: You have solid work experience moreover, in the field of restructuring and the search for new forms (Belyaev). - Among other telegrams there will be his. And the most unusual (Lapin); All things, especially tree branches and corners of buildings, surprisingly stood out in relief against the swarthy-pink darkening sky(Kuprin). - Many writers possessed this ability for a beautiful oral story based on true facts. Especially Mark Twain (Paustovsky); It was very warm, even hot(Chakovsky). - The mechanisms in dolls are usually very primitive. Even in the most expensive and beautiful (Dementiev).
Note!
1) If the connecting member of the sentence begins with an introductory word ( for example, in particular etc.), then the comma after the introductory word is not put.
The fastest growing mushrooms such as birches and russula reach full development in three days(Aksakov).
2) Punctuation should not be mixed with joining unions and connecting unions and, yes, linking homogeneous members of the sentence. In the first case, a comma is placed before the union, in the second, no sign is required before a non-repeating union.
Wed: The author submitted the article, and in a timely manner (and- conjunction union). - The author submitted the article in a revised form and in a timely manner. (and- union connecting); The work could have been done long ago, and even better. - The work could have been done faster and even better.
3) A comma is not put before the union and in the following cases:
a) if it is used in a conjunctive sense.
So he went into the forest for nuts and got lost(Turgenev);
b) in combinations like yes and said (with the same form of the verb take and another verb for unexpected or arbitrary action):
They lived a year soul to soul, and the next year she take it and die (Uspensky);
in) combined no-no yes and:
... No, no, yes, and he will remember her[mother], will write a letter(Gladkov).
2. Sometimes adjuncts can be included in a sentence without conjunctions (note the long pause that accompanies the adjunct of the sentence):
Quite late, another guest appeared, in a tailcoat ...(Herzen); At night I stand at the gun, on duty(Kataev).
Often this uses a dash instead of a comma:
We went to the Caucasus - to the sun, to the sea, to the picturesque mountains; He remained the same as before, calm, hardworking, humble.
3. Punctuation distinguishes not only the connecting members of the sentence, but also the connecting sentences:
No, I am his[brownie] did not see yes, you can't see him (Turgenev); I was walking in some kind of intoxication, yes, and from what (Garshin); I took it into my head to turn under the shed where our horses stood, to see if they had food, And besides, caution never hurts (Lermontov).
D) Separate turnovers with the value of inclusion, exclusion and substitution
Separate turns with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion and substitution adjoin the clarifying, explanatory and connecting constructions. Such turns consist of nouns (with or without dependent words) with prepositions and prepositional combinations except for, instead of, in addition to, beyond, along with, except for, including, excluding and etc.:
instead of hard work; with the exception of three people; except for three people; along with clear success.
Turnovers denote objects included in a homogeneous series or, conversely, excluded from such a series, or objects replacing others.
In a letter, turnovers with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion, substitution can be separated:
The crowd dispersed except for a few curious and boys and Gavrila returned home(Turgenev). Beyond all expectation my grandmother gave me some books(Aksakov).
It should be remembered that the allocation of such revolutions is not mandatory! They can be isolated depending on the semantic load, position in the sentence, degree of prevalence, etc., that is, if the author wants to single out such phrases in meaning and intonation:
At the outpost, instead of a sentry, there was a collapsed booth(Pushkin). - Instead of answering, Kirila Petrovich was given a letter(Pushkin).
Note!
1) In this kind of phrase excluding including are prepositions, not adverbs.
2) If the isolated member of the sentence is in the middle of the sentence, then it is isolated from two sides.
3) A phrase with the preposition except can have inclusion and exclusion meanings.
Wed: Except the big house in Zamoskvorechye, nothing reminded of a night fight(Leonov) - exception (only big house reminiscent of a fight); Except the city of Okurov, on the plain, a small village of Voevodino was stuck(M. Gorky) - inclusion (both the city of Okurov and the village of Voevodino were on the plain).
Usually turns are isolated regardless of shades of meaning. However, uncommon expressions with except in the meaning of inclusion may not be isolated (this is how their inclusion in a homogeneous series of objects is emphasized).
Wed: In addition to books, there were notebooks and pencils on the table.(inclusion). - There was nothing on the table besides books.(exception).
AT recent times there is a tendency to highlight turns with except, regardless of the shades of meaning. This happens especially often:
A) in the presence of negative pronouns nobody, nothing and interrogative pronouns who, what:
I couldn't distinguish anything except for the muddy torsion of a blizzard (Pushkin);
b) if there is a combination in circulation other than:
We are evil to no one except for bears, do not(Markov).
Please note that the turnover in addition in the meaning of "besides" is introductory word, so it is always isolated in writing.
4) Turnovers with the preposition instead also differ in meaning. If they have a substitution value, then a comma is usually included.
Instead of bare cliffs, I saw green mountains and fruitful trees around me(Pushkin).
If instead is used in the meaning of "instead of", "for", then the comma is usually not put.
He got into the car instead of the driver.
What are isolated members of a sentence? What are they? When do members of a sentence separate, and when not? In this article, we will deal with what separate members of a sentence are, what categories they are divided into, and also what rules for separation exist.
The concept of isolated members of the proposal
So, let's start, as is customary in such cases, with a definition. Separate members of a sentence are such secondary members that are distinguished by intonation and meaning. The emphasis is made so that they acquire “independence” within the framework of the entire phrase.
How are isolated members of a sentence distinguished?
Isolation in oral conversation occurs with the help of intonation. If we talk about writing, then the situation is somewhat different there. To highlight separate members sentences in the text use commas.
Comparing Detached Members to Non-Detached Members
It is worth noting one simple fact: the syntactic weight of isolated members is much greater than that of their opposites. Consequently, the stylistic expressiveness also increases. It is impossible not to say about the logical selection.
What can be isolated in Russian?
Of all the members of the proposal, only secondary ones can be isolated. The main terms in the proposal have never been separated, and this is not expected in the near future.
Why is segregation necessary?
It allows you to draw attention to a particular piece of information. In addition, the fragment can be presented in more detail by resorting to isolation. As mentioned earlier, isolated secondary members of the proposal have more weight and greater independence. We immediately note that isolation can be very different. These are additions, and circumstances, and definitions. Next, we will try to deal with each of these categories, give specific examples for each group.
Isolation of clarifications
First of all, let's look at what separate clarifying members of a sentence are and why they are needed. As the name implies, such secondary members of the sentence serve to specify, clarify. They are inextricably linked by a syntactic function with one or another member of the sentence, the meaning of which they, in fact, explain.
When are qualifying members of a sentence separated?
1. Separate clarifying members of a sentence can be expressed by a definition. Example: “It was dark all around, very dark, I would say. So much so that it seemed like someone in this world just turned off all the lights.” In this case, the phrase “even very dark” has a clarifying meaning and is separated by commas on both sides.
It is worth noting that definitions with a clarifying meaning can be highlighted with a dash when writing. Example: “There were a lot of things in the house - both his personal ones and those that clearly did not belong to him.”
2. Circumstances that are relevant are singled out. They can be expressed as nouns with prepositions, as well as adverbs. For example:
Explanation: in the first and second examples, the clarification is in the nature of a place. In the third - the nature of time. Often the isolation of clarifications depends on the author of the place.
3. Clarifications are isolated, attached with the help of the words “or”, “that is”, “precisely”. For example:
4. The clarifying members of the sentence are separated, which are joined with the help of such words as “even”, “especially”, “including”, “in particular”. For example:
Separation of add-ons
The types of separate members of the proposal include a group of additions. This is nothing but case forms applied to nouns. They are used with combinations such as “except”, “instead of”, “except”, “along with”, “excluding”, “besides”. Thus, it can be seen that phrases in such use have meanings corresponding to substitution and inclusion, exclusion.
Separation occurs depending on what is the semantic load, whether the author has a desire to highlight this fragment:
Note that if the preposition “instead of” is used in the meaning of “instead of”, then it is not isolated. Example: “In return for all the money promised, as he thought, by his friends, he received only promises, words and nothing more.”
Separation of circumstance
Separate members of the sentence are called, as we found out earlier, secondary members, distinguished intonation and with the help of punctuation marks. When do circumstances separate? This is what will be discussed further.
There is such a concept in Russian syntax - optional. It means "at the discretion of the author". So, circumstances are optionally isolated in two cases:
How can you find isolated circumstances in the text? To do this, you must first find an ordinary circumstance. And then see if it really is separated by punctuation marks. After that, you can begin to analyze the question of how the isolated circumstance is expressed. It is easiest to start the search with adverbial phrases, as well as single gerunds. Comparative phrases are no worse seen, which, as you remember, are also separate circumstances along with clarifications of place and time, the manner of a person's action. There is a questionnaire called the “Separate Members of a Sentence Test”. It usually gives tasks to search for isolations. There is a task according to which it is necessary to find a separate circumstance in the text, expressed by a participial phrase. It is logical that there will be not one gerund, but a certain set of dependent words. Clarifying circumstances can be found just as easily. To do this, simply search for words that are expressed by nouns in oblique cases. Next to them there should be adverbs, prepositions. These, in most cases, are isolated circumstances expressed by clarifications of place and time.
Signs of isolation
According to the rules of the Russian language, the signs of isolated members of the sentence can be divided into four groups. The first group is semantic features. The second is grammar. The third is intonation (that is, pauses and highlighting intonation). And the last, fourth group is punctuation marks. As mentioned earlier, punctuation marks such as commas are most often used as punctuation marks. But it is possible that the separation will be carried out with the help of a dash. Copyright punctuation is a rather complicated thing.
The role of isolation in Russian
Separation often allows you to endow this or that fragment of a text or phrase with some special meaning, to give it an informational weight that is different from that of other parts of the sentence. That is, due to isolation, a peculiar emphasis is placed on certain facts. During a conversation, we often, talking about something, without noticing it ourselves, highlight some words and even phrases with intonation. Accordingly, we are trying to achieve attention to these fragments, they play some special role in this or that situation. It may make some clarifications as well. Thus, summing up, we can say that the role of isolated members of the proposal lies in increasing the information load.
Test “Isolated members of a sentence”
Before moving on to the final part of the article, where we will summarize its results, I would like to write my own unique test with suggestions to help the reader consolidate the knowledge gained about the isolation of secondary members. Perhaps the test may seem easy to some, but in fact, it is precisely this kind of tasks that are used to identify knowledge among middle school students. educational institutions. Next, there will be a task to which you need to give an answer, then the answer options, and after that an explanation for those who answered the task incorrectly and the correct answer.
1. What numbers correctly represent ALL the commas that should be in the text? “He went to the lake (1) which shimmered in the sunlight (2) and went somewhere further.”
Options: a) only 1; b) only 2; c) 1 and 2.
Explanation: “which shimmered in the sunlight and went somewhere further” - a construction consisting of two participial revolutions. Participle turnover is one example of a separate definition. “Shimmered in the sunlight” and “went somewhere further” are two equal participial phrases that refer to the same word. So there is no comma between them.
Correct answer: a.
2. In all the following cases, a sentence will be written immediately in which commas must be correctly placed. “Everything was fine (1) except (2) that a group of clouds (4) gathered into one whole was already looming on the horizon (3) predicting a thunderstorm (5) and heavy rain.”
Options: a) 1, 2, 5; b) 1, 3, 4; c) 2, 5; d) 1, 2, 4.
Explanation: “except” is an example of a stand-alone object. It does not stand at the beginning of the sentence and not at the end, therefore it is isolated from two sides at once. “A group of clouds gathered together” is a common definition, which is expressed by participial turnover. There will be no isolation at the checkpoint (3). But between the “clouds” and the “predicting” necessary comma. “Thunderstorm” and “shower” are two equal complements that refer to the same word. Therefore, there is no need for a comma between them.
Correct answer: Mr.
3. “The sky (1) gradually (2) darkened (3) occasionally illuminating with forks of lightning (4) and somewhere in the distance (5) thunder was heard (6) foreshadowing bad weather.”
Answers: a) 1, 2, 5; b) 2, 3, 4, 5; c) 3, 4, 6; d) 1, 5, 6.
Clarification: omissions 1 and 2 will not contain a comma, because there is no clarification there. “Sometimes illuminating with ramifications of lightning” is a common isolated circumstance, expressed by adverbial turnover. It will separate from two sides. "Foretelling bad weather" - participial at the end of a sentence. It separates on one side.
Correct answer: c.
Conclusion
So, what did we find out in the course of this article?
Separate members of the proposal, the table for which will be presented below, may have the purpose of clarifying the time and manner of action, place. Often they are also expressed by gerunds, participles and turnovers. Comparisons are not ruled out at all.
One of the sections of the syntax is precisely the isolated members of the sentence. The Russian language presupposes the presence of such minor isolated members as: additions, circumstances, definitions, clarifications and comparisons.
