§one. Isolation. General concept

Isolation- a way of semantic highlighting or clarification. Only minor members of the sentence are separated. Usually, isolations allow you to present information in more detail and draw attention to it. Compared with ordinary, non-separate members, the isolation proposals have greater independence.

Separations are different. Separate definitions, circumstances and additions differ. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:

1. Separate definition: The boy, who fell asleep in an uncomfortable position right on the suitcase, shuddered.
2. An isolated circumstance: Sasha was sitting on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and dangling his legs.
3. Standalone addition: I heard nothing but the ticking of an alarm clock.

Most often, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Separate members of the sentence stand out in speech intonation, and in writing - punctuation.

§2. Separate definitions

Separate definitions are divided into:

• agreed
• inconsistent

The child who fell asleep in my arms suddenly woke up.

(agreed stand-alone definition expressed participle turnover)

Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.

(inconsistent isolated definition)

Agreed Definition

The agreed stand-alone definition is expressed as:

• participial turnover: The child, who was sleeping in my arms, woke up.
• two or more adjectives or participles: The child, full and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.

Note:

A single agreed definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:

He, full, quickly fell asleep.

Inconsistent definition

An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by nominal phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. Examples:

How did you, with your mind, not understand her intention?

Olga, in her wedding dress, was extraordinarily pretty.

An inconsistent isolated definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined.
If the inconsistent definition refers to the word being defined, expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:

The guy in the baseball cap kept looking around.

Definition structure

The structure of the definition can be different. Differ:

• single definition: excited girl;
• two or three single definitions: girl, excited and happy;
• a common definition expressed by the phrase: a girl, excited by the news received, ...

1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the word being defined, only if the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun:

She was agitated and could not sleep.

(single isolated definition after the defined word expressed by the pronoun)

Excited, she could not sleep.

(single isolated definition before the defined word, expressed by the pronoun)

2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they come after the word being defined, expressed by the noun:

The girl, excited and happy, could not fall asleep for a long time.

If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is also possible in the position before the defined member:

Excited and happy, she could not sleep for a long time.

(separation of several single definitions before the defined word - pronoun)

3. A common definition, expressed by a phrase, is isolated if it refers to the word being defined, expressed by a noun, and stands after it:

The girl, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.

(a separate definition, expressed by participial turnover, is after the defined word, expressed by a noun)

If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the common definition can be in a position both after and before the word being defined:

Excited by the news she received, she could not sleep for a long time.

She, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.

Separate definitions with an additional adverbial value

The definitions that precede the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings.
These can be both common and single definitions, standing directly before the noun being defined, if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessive, etc.). In such cases, the defining turnover is easily replaced subordinate clause reasons with union because, a subordinate clause of a condition with a union if, a clause assignment with a union although.
To check for the presence of a circumstantial meaning, you can use the replacement of the attributive phrase with a phrase with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is isolated. For example:

Seriously ill, her mother could not go to work.

(additional reason value)

Even when she was ill, her mother went to work.

(additional concession value)

Thus, various factors are important for isolation:

1) by what part of speech the defined word is expressed,
2) what is the structure of the definition,
3) how the definition is expressed,
4) whether it expresses additional adverbial meanings.

§3. Standalone Applications

Appendix- this is a special kind of attribute expressed by a noun in the same case as the noun or pronoun that it defines: dragonfly jumper, beauty girl. The application can be:

1) single: Bear, fidget, tortured everyone;

2) common: Mishka, a terrible fidget, tortured everyone.

The application, both single and common, is isolated if it refers to the word being defined, expressed by the pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the word being defined:

He is a great doctor and helped me a lot.

Great doctor, he helped me a lot.

A common application is isolated if it comes after the defined word expressed by a noun:

My brother, an excellent doctor, treats our entire family.

A single non-spread application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words:

He saw his son, the baby, and immediately began to smile.

Any application stands apart if it stands after its own name:

Mishka, the neighbor's son, is a desperate tomboy.

An application expressed by a proper name is separated if it serves to clarify or clarify:

And the neighbor's son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, set a fire in the attic.

The application is isolated in a position before the word being defined - a proper name, if an additional adverbial meaning is expressed at the same time.

An architect from God, Gaudi, could not conceive an ordinary cathedral.

(why? for what reason?)

Application with union as is isolated if the connotation of the cause is expressed:

On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.

Note:

Single applications after the word being defined, which are not distinguished by intonation during pronunciation, are not isolated, because merge with it:

In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka-neighbor.

Note:

Standalone Applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is put if the application is especially emphasized in the voice and is highlighted with a pause.

Soon New Year- the favorite holiday of the children.

§4. Standalone add-ons

The additions expressed by nouns with prepositions are separated: except for, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with. They are passed inclusion-exclusion or substitution values. For example:

Nobody but Ivan knew the answer to the teacher's question.

"USE-navigator": effective online preparation

§6. Isolation of comparative turnovers

Comparative turnovers are separated:

1) with unions: as, like, exactly, as if, what, how, than etc., if they matter:

• comparison: The rain poured, as if from a sieve.
• Similarities: Her teeth were like pearls.

2) with union like:

Masha, like everyone else, prepared well for the exam.

Comparative turnovers are not isolated, if:

1. are phraseological in nature:

Stuck like a bath leaf. The rain poured like a bucket.

2. the circumstances of the course of action matter (comparative turnover answers the question as?, often it can be replaced by an adverb or a noun in Etc.:

We are going around in circles.

(We walk(as?) like in a circle. You can replace the noun. in T.p.: around)

3) turnover with union as expresses the meaning "as":

It's not about qualifications: I don't like him as a person.

4) turnover from as is part of a compound nominal predicate or is closely related to the predicate in meaning:

The garden was like a forest.

He wrote about feelings as something very important to him.

§7. Separate clarifying members of the sentence

Refinement members refer to the word being qualified and answers the same question, for example: where exactly? when exactly? Who exactly? which one? etc. Most often, the clarification is conveyed by isolated circumstances of place and time, but there may be other cases. Clarifying members can refer to the addition, definition or main members of the sentence. Clarifying members are isolated, standing out in speech intonation, and in writing - with commas, brackets or dashes. Example:

We stayed up late into the night.

Below, in the valley that stretched out before us, the stream rustled.

The qualifying member usually comes after the qualifying member. They are tonally connected.

Clarifying members can be introduced into a complicated sentence:

1) with the help of unions: that is, namely:

I'm getting ready for USE task C1, that is, to the composition.

2) also words: especially, even, particularly mainly, For example:

Everywhere, especially in the living room, was clean and beautiful.

test of strength

Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is it true that isolation is a way of semantic highlighting or clarification?

2. Is it true that only minor members of the sentence are separated?

3. What are separate definitions?

   • common and uncommon
   • agreed and inconsistent

4. Are isolated definitions always expressed by participial turnover?

5. In what case are the definitions standing before the defined word separated?

   • if an additional adverbial value is expressed
   • if no additional adverbial value is expressed

6. Is it correct to think that an application is a special kind of attribute expressed by a noun in the same case and number as the noun or pronoun it defines?

7. What prepositions are used in prepositional case combinations that are separate objects?

   • o, in, on, to, before, behind, under, over, before
   • except for, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with

8. Is it necessary to separate adverbs and participles?

9. Is it necessary to isolate circumstances with a preposition in spite of?

In contact with

What are isolated members of a sentence? What are they? When do members of a sentence separate, and when not? In this article, we will deal with what separate members of a sentence are, what categories they are divided into, and also what are the rules for separation.

The concept of isolated members of the proposal

So, let's start, as is customary in such cases, with a definition. Separate members of a sentence are such secondary members that are distinguished by intonation and meaning. The emphasis is made so that they acquire “independence” within the framework of the entire phrase.

How are isolated members of a sentence distinguished?

Isolation in oral conversation occurs with the help of intonation. If we talk about writing, then the situation is somewhat different there. Commas are used to separate separate members of a sentence in the text.

Comparing Detached Members to Non-Detached Members

It is worth noting one simple fact: the syntactic weight of isolated members is much greater than that of their opposites. Consequently, the stylistic expressiveness also increases. It is impossible not to say about the logical selection.

What can be isolated in Russian?

Of all the members of the proposal, only secondary ones can be isolated. The main terms in the proposal have never been separated, and this is not expected in the near future.



Why is segregation necessary?

It allows you to draw attention to a particular piece of information. In addition, the fragment can be presented in more detail by resorting to isolation. As mentioned earlier, isolated secondary members of the proposal have more weight and greater independence. We immediately note that isolation can be very different. These are additions, and circumstances, and definitions. Next, we will try to deal with each of these categories, give specific examples for each group.

Isolation of clarifications

First of all, let's look at what separate clarifying members of a sentence are and why they are needed. As the name implies, such secondary members of the sentence serve to specify, clarify. They are inextricably linked by a syntactic function with one or another member of the sentence, the meaning of which they, in fact, explain.



When are qualifying members of a sentence separated?

1. Separate clarifying members of a sentence can be expressed by a definition. Example: “It was dark all around, very dark, I would say. So much so that it seemed like someone in this world just turned off all the lights.” In this case, the phrase “even very dark” has a clarifying meaning and is separated by commas on both sides.

It is worth noting that definitions with a clarifying meaning can be highlighted with a dash when writing. Example: “There were a lot of things in the house - both his personal ones and those that clearly did not belong to him.”

2. Circumstances that are relevant are singled out. They can be expressed as nouns with prepositions, as well as adverbs. For example:

• “Just a second passed - and somewhere nearby an explosion thundered, right behind him.”
• “Once upon a time here, in a quiet, little-known village, life flowed.” The third example: “It happened quite recently, just a couple of days ago.”

Explanation: in the first and second examples, the clarification is in the nature of a place. In the third - the nature of time. Often the isolation of clarifications depends on the author of the place.

3. Clarifications are isolated, attached with the help of the words “or”, “that is”, “precisely”. For example:

• “Whatever his name was. There were rumors that he was either a magician, or a mage, or a superhuman.”
• “It was a balanced, individual, that is, not imposed on him by anyone, decision.”
• “A lot was said about the terrible battle that took place here, namely: helmets and fragments of uniforms, craters from artillery shells, shells.”

4. The clarifying members of the sentence are separated, which are joined with the help of such words as “even”, “especially”, “including”, “in particular”. For example:

• “Everyone remembers that no one could defeat a magician, even those who tried to do it in a crowd.”
• “The victory was a joy for everyone, especially for those who sacrificed a lot for this.”
• “Another second - the detachment went on a breakthrough, including him.”
• “Many countries welcome Russian tourists with great joy, in particular Turkey is doing this now.”

Separation of add-ons

The types of separate members of the proposal include a group of additions. This is nothing but case forms applied to nouns. They are used with combinations such as “except”, “instead of”, “except”, “along with”, “excluding”, “besides”. Thus, it can be seen that phrases in such use have meanings corresponding to substitution and inclusion, exclusion.



Separation occurs depending on what is the semantic load, whether the author has a desire to highlight this fragment:

• “He was already feeling more or less stable, except that his leg was still a little sore.”
• “In addition to the rain promised the day before, the sky lit up with branches of purple lightning, leaving their bright mark on the retina for a moment.”
• “Along with the questions that were waiting to be resolved at work, something had to be done with household chores.”
• “In addition to all this, there was another significant flaw in the product, which decisively deterred the purchase.”
• “And everything was fine, except, of course, some points.”

Note that if the preposition “instead of” is used in the meaning of “instead of”, then it is not isolated. Example: “In return for all the money promised, as he thought, by his friends, he received only promises, words and nothing more.”

Separation of circumstance

Separate members of the sentence are called, as we found out earlier, secondary members, distinguished intonation and with the help of punctuation marks. When do circumstances separate? This is what will be discussed further.



1. The circumstance is separated by commas on both sides, regardless of its location in the text, if it is expressed by a participial phrase. Example: “The two of them, holding their breath and holding their breath, waited for the shadow to slip further, past them.” Explanation: here “with bated breath” are homogeneous and isolated members of the sentence, expressed by adverbial turnover. There is an exception to this rule. The adverbial turnover is not isolated if it is a phraseological unit.
2. The circumstance is separated by commas on both sides, regardless of its location in the text, if it is expressed by a single participle. Example: "He left without looking back, although he understood what he had just done." Explanation: here “without turning around” acts as a single gerund. There is also an exception here. A single gerund is not isolated if it merges with an adverb in its meaning. Example: “While someone was saying something to me, I stood thinking.”
3. Usually two gerunds connected by the union “and” (as well as two single gerunds) are separated as one turn. Example: “I, despite the mistakes of others and not listening to common sense, continued to persistently trample his way. Explanation: here “despite the mistakes of others” and “not listening to common sense” are homogeneous adverbial phrases. However, they refer to the same word, so they are equal. Therefore, there is no comma between them.
4. A circumstance is isolated if it is presented as a comparative turnover. Usually in comparative terms, words like “exactly”, “as if”, “like” are used. There are some exceptions to the separation of comparative turns, they are not separated in all cases. In general, the isolation of comparisons and comparative phrases refers to the isolation of secondary members of sentences only sometimes, so we will not talk much about this in this article. Example: “My head hurt, as if something massive had been walked over it.”

There is such a concept in Russian syntax - optional. It means "at the discretion of the author". So, circumstances are optionally isolated in two cases:

1. If the circumstance is presented as a noun. In this case, the pretext may or may not be present. But most of all, when circumstances are isolated, which are expressed by a combination of nouns with certain prepositions. These are: “thanks to”, “despite”, “contrary”, “according to”, “depending on”, “to avoid”, “in view of”. Examples:

   - "Thanks to the availability of free time, he was able to solve almost all his problems."
   “Despite the rain, they still decided to go on a picnic.”
   - "Despite the threats, he did not change his policy in the slightest."
   - “According to the plan, all tasks were completed on time.”
   - "Depending on what decision will be made, a different fate awaited him."
   - "In order to avoid a fight, the people who were nearby parted them in different corners."
   “Due to unforeseen circumstances, it was necessary to decide something quickly, but thoughtfully.”

2. If there is a specification of the place, time. Example: “And yet it was impossible not to notice that here, in this place forgotten by civilization, some company once worked and prospered.”

How can you find isolated circumstances in the text? To do this, you must first find an ordinary circumstance. And then see if it really is separated by punctuation marks. After that, you can begin to analyze the question of how the isolated circumstance is expressed. It is easiest to start the search with gerunds, as well as single gerunds. Not worse viewed and comparative turns, which, as you remember, are also isolated circumstances along with clarifications of the place and time, the mode of action of the person. There is a questionnaire called the “Separate Members of a Sentence Test”. It usually gives tasks to search for isolations. There is a task according to which it is necessary to find a separate circumstance in the text, expressed by a participial phrase. It is logical that there will be not one gerund, but a certain set of dependent words. Clarifying circumstances can be found just as easily. To do this, simply search for words that are expressed by nouns in oblique cases. Next to them there should be adverbs, prepositions. These, in most cases, are isolated circumstances expressed by clarifications of place and time.

Signs of isolation

According to the rules of the Russian language, the signs of isolated members of the sentence can be divided into four groups. The first group is semantic features. The second is grammar. The third is intonation (that is, pauses and highlighting intonation). And the last, fourth group is punctuation marks. As mentioned earlier, punctuation marks such as commas are most often used as punctuation marks. But it is possible that the separation will be carried out with the help of a dash. Copyright punctuation is a rather complicated thing.



The role of isolation in Russian

Separation often allows you to endow this or that fragment of a text or phrase with some special meaning, to give it an informational weight that is different from that of other parts of the sentence. That is, due to isolation, a peculiar emphasis is placed on certain facts. During a conversation, we often, talking about something, without noticing it ourselves, highlight some words and even phrases with intonation. Accordingly, we are trying to achieve attention to these fragments, they play some special role in this or that situation. It may make some clarifications as well. Thus, summing up, we can say that the role of isolated members of the proposal lies in increasing the information load.

Test “Isolated members of a sentence”

Before moving on to the final part of the article, where we will summarize its results, I would like to write my own unique test with suggestions to help the reader consolidate the knowledge gained about the isolation of secondary members. Perhaps the test may seem easy to some, but in fact, it is precisely this kind of tasks that are used to identify knowledge among middle school students. educational institutions. Next, there will be a task to which you need to give an answer, then answer options, and after that an explanation for those who answered the task incorrectly and the correct answer.

1. What numbers correctly represent ALL the commas that should be in the text? “He went to the lake (1) which shimmered in the sunlight (2) and went somewhere further.”

Options: a) only 1; b) only 2; c) 1 and 2.

Explanation: “which shimmered in the sunlight and went somewhere further” - a construction consisting of two participial revolutions. Participle turnover is one example of a separate definition. “Shimmered in the sunlight” and “went somewhere further” are two equal participial phrases that refer to the same word. So there is no comma between them.

Correct answer: a.

2. In all the following cases, a sentence will be written immediately in which commas must be correctly placed. “Everything was fine (1) except (2) that a group of clouds (4) gathered into one whole was already looming on the horizon (3) predicting a thunderstorm (5) and heavy rain.”

Options: a) 1, 2, 5; b) 1, 3, 4; c) 2, 5; d) 1, 2, 4.

Explanation: “except” is an example of a stand-alone object. It does not stand at the beginning of the sentence and not at the end, therefore it is isolated from two sides at once. “A group of clouds gathered together” is a common definition, which is expressed by participial turnover. There will be no isolation at the checkpoint (3). But between the “clouds” and the “predicting” necessary comma. “Thunderstorm” and “shower” are two equal complements that refer to the same word. Therefore, there is no need for a comma between them.

Correct answer: Mr.

3. “The sky (1) gradually (2) darkened (3) occasionally illuminating with forks of lightning (4) and somewhere in the distance (5) thunder was heard (6) foreshadowing bad weather.”

Answers: a) 1, 2, 5; b) 2, 3, 4, 5; c) 3, 4, 6; d) 1, 5, 6.

Clarification: omissions 1 and 2 will not contain a comma, because there is no clarification there. “Sometimes illuminating with ramifications of lightning” is a common isolated circumstance, expressed by adverbial turnover. It will separate from two sides. “Foretelling bad weather” is a participial phrase at the end of a sentence. It separates on one side.

Correct answer: c.

Conclusion

So, what did we find out in the course of this article?

• Firstly, the use of isolated members of the sentence is done in order to endow the isolated fragment with independence and increased information load.
• Secondly, commas and dashes are used to isolate punctuation, and intonation is used in conversation.
• Thirdly, isolated members of a sentence can only be secondary.

Separate members of the proposal, the table for which will be presented below, may have the purpose of clarifying the time and manner of action, place. Often they are also expressed by gerunds, participles and turnovers. Comparisons are not ruled out at all.



One of the sections of the syntax is precisely the isolated members of the sentence. The Russian language presupposes the presence of such minor isolated members as: additions, circumstances, definitions, clarifications and comparisons.

The two branches of the science of language - syntax and punctuation - are always studied together. Simple cases of comma placement, for example, a mandatory comma before A and BUT, usually do not cause difficulties. But to isolate the secondary ones, knowledge of the basics of syntax is necessary.

Secondary members under a number of conditions can be distinguished from two sides and circumstance.

The circumstance in the sentence answers the questions of adverbs, as it denotes a sign of action or, much less often, not only an adverb, but also any independent element can act as a circumstance.

Separation of circumstances expressed or single gerund, although it has its own subtleties, it is easily absorbed by schoolchildren. The presence of a gerund in a sentence is a kind of signal for setting a comma.

Another thing is a clarifying circumstance. Examples of this kind are harder to find: they are not so obvious.

What is a clarifying circumstance?

Clarifying members, as is already clear from the term itself, clarify the information contained in the sentence:

All childhood friends, (who exactly?) Especially Mikhail, are very dear to me.

Dark (what exactly?) almost jet-black eyes stood out against his pale face.

A little girl ran into the room, (what exactly?) No older than our son.

A qualifier is always separated by a dash.

A separate clarifying circumstance in most cases specifies the time and place of the action.



If we have a clarifying circumstance of time, then the sentence, in addition to it, should contain generalized information about when the action is performed:

We left late in the evening, (when exactly?) at eleven o'clock.

At the end of August, (when exactly?) on the twenty-fifth, my only brother was born.

The specifying circumstance of the place details, narrows down the information about where the event described in the sentence takes place:

Andrei lives very close to us, (where exactly?) A five-minute walk.

Ahead, (where exactly?) in the very center of the road, we noticed a huge pit.



Geographical names and addresses are often specified:

Last summer we returned from another city, (where exactly?) from Vladivostok.

My friend moved to the Oktyabrsky district of the city of Samara, (where exactly?) to Michurin street.

Less common is a clarifying circumstance of the course of action:

The soldiers tried to speak as quietly as possible, (how exactly?) Almost a whisper.

Perepyolkin listened to me attentively, (how exactly?) With some special respect.

Clarifying circumstances with other meanings are also isolated.

For the correct punctuation, it is important to understand the context of the sentence:

Artists performed on the square in the city center. (The area is located in the central part of the city)

Artists performed on the square in the center of the city. (Artists perform on the square, located exactly in the center of the city).

A clue in isolating the clarifying members of a sentence is intonation. But you should not focus only on semantic pauses in the speech stream, it is better to pay attention to syntactic role designs and choose a question for it.

Lesson type: lesson of generalization and systematization.

Lesson type: combined (lecture with feedback, research type practical lesson).

Triune didactic goal:

Educational aspect: repeat the rules for separating secondary members of a sentence, deepen knowledge about separate definitions, clarifying members, explanatory and connecting constructions, develop the skills of analyzing punctuation marks with isolated members of a sentence.

Development aspect: to develop the improvement of linguistic flair, the ability to differentiate the types of isolated members of the sentence and punctuation marks with them, to form interest in educational research and educational and practical activities.

Educational aspect: maintain interest in learning the Russian language, mastering the topic through group work, fostering cooperation and striving for high quality work results.

Methods of work: reproductive, partially search, heuristic.

Forms of organization learning activities: frontal, group, individual.

Providing a lesson: handouts (tests, tables, algorithms).

Material for dictionary and semantic work: isolation, defined word, agreed and inconsistent definition, separate applications, separate additions, isolated circumstances.

Literature:

Tutorials:

1. Vlasenkov A.I., Potemkina T.V., Russian language. The average professional education. - M.: Bustard, 2007.

2. Goltsova N.G., Shamshin I.V. Russian language grade 10-11. – M.: “ Russian word- RS” 2008.

3. E.S. Antonova, T.M. Voitelev. Russian language NSPO. -M.: Publishing Center "Academy". 2012.

Lesson stages

Structural lesson elements, teaching methods	Stage content	Time
1. Organizing moment Method: conversation	Checking the readiness of the audience for the lesson. Section 7 Syntax and Punctuation Theme of the Sentence with separate and clarifying members. Setting goals: the teacher acquaints students with the objectives of the lesson, explains that for effective work and achievement of the set goal, attention, composure is necessary, notebooks, pens, pencils, textbooks should be on the desktop Objectives: to repeat the rules for separating secondary members of a sentence, to deepen knowledge about separate definitions, clarifying members, explanatory and connecting constructions, to develop the skills of analyzing punctuation marks with isolated members of a sentence.	1 min.
2. Checking homework Method: frontal survey	Oral survey on vocabulary and semantic work. Examination writing exercise on the topic "Complicated sentence".	5 minutes.
3. Calling “Basket” concepts Method: food for thought	The teacher focuses students' attention on the key concepts of the topic being studied, stimulates students to actively and creatively perceive the educational material. Terms are written down, then discussed in pairs, together with the teacher they come to the desired conclusion. In the process, students demonstrate primary knowledge on the topic being studied, a “Basket” of concepts is compiled.	10 minutes.
4. Realization of meaning Method: teacher and student lecture, self-study	There is direct contact with new information, the teacher recalls the rules for writing theses, maintains the inertia of movement created during the challenge stage. The topic of the lesson is written on the board and in notebooks. Textbook applied. Lecture plan: 1. The concept of isolated members of the proposal. 2. Types of isolated members of the proposal. 3. Separation of circumstances expressed by gerunds and participles. 4. Separation of clarifying members of the proposal, turns with the meaning of explanation and accession. 5. Rules for separating agreed and inconsistent definitions.	20 minutes.
5. Updating knowledge Method: explanation, group work, testing, independent work	The teacher offers to perform tasks of a generalizing nature, which help to systematize knowledge. Students analyze the proposed text, distinguishing between separate members of the sentence, answering the teacher's questions. Working in groups with tables activates the creative and cognitive activity of students. Commented dictation and practical task prepare for the control test.	35 min.
Physical education minute		4 min.
6. Reflection Method: frontal survey on the application of new knowledge, individual work on cards, drawing up an algorithm	The teacher conducts a face-to-face survey. Work for a group, in which creative processing, interpretation takes place. During the survey, 4 students individually perform tasks on cards. Drawing up an algorithm introduces an integrating element.	10 minutes.
7. Summing up Method: story-information	The teacher sums up, formulates conclusions and grades for active work in the lesson, correct and complete answers to the question, draws attention to the fact that not all students are ready to correctly evaluate their work, consistently and clearly state their thoughts, recalls the need to correct the situation.	2 minutes.
8. Homework Method: explanation	The teacher comments on homework: Ex. 235. Make a summary on the topic "Introductory words and sentences." Prepare for the vocabulary dictation “Н and НН in adjectives and participles”.	3 min.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

II. Checking homework.

1. Give definitions to key concepts: “Homogeneous members”, “Composing connection”, “Series of homogeneous members”, “Generalizing word”.

2. Exercise 372 (1).

III. Challenge the “Basket” of ideas.

Explain the meaning of the key concepts: “Separation”, “Turnover”, “Defined word”, “Separate definitions”, “Participal turnover”, “Separate applications”, “Separate circumstances”, “ Participial turnover”.

IV. Realization of meaning.

1. The word of the teacher.

A simple sentence can be complicated by separate members, which in oral speech are distinguished by intonation and meaning, and in writing by commas or dashes.

Separate members of the sentence contain an addition, explanation, clarification in relation to the word being defined, for example: Glass cups full of pure fire burned on the sides(K. Paustovsky) - a separate definition full of pure fire in speech it receives a special intonational design, contains an additional meaning in relation to the highlighted word, and is separated by commas in writing.

When isolating the secondary members of the proposal, the following should be taken into account:

1. What word (what part of speech) does the sentence member refer to.
2. What is isolated sentence member whether it is common or not.
3. The position of a separate member relative to the word being defined (before or after it, separated or not from it by other members of the sentence).
4. The presence or absence of additional semantic shades (most often circumstantial).

Separate members of a sentence can be transformed into synonymous constructions - subordinate clauses, for example, compare: There reflected in the water familiar sky, forgotten for this evening people(K. Paustovsky). There the usual sky was reflected in the water, which was forgotten for this evening by people; By dawn, having burned down, the lamp went out(A. Green). - By dawn, when it burned out, the lamp went out.

Different secondary members of the sentence6 of the definition (agreed and inconsistent), applications, additions, circumstances, secondary members of the sentence, having a clarifying, explanatory, connecting meaning, can be isolated.

Separate nouns with prepositions instead of, except for, including, except for, in addition to, beyond, along with etc., conditionally called additions: I really liked the story except for some details (S.T. Aksakov); There is nothing outside the window except for lanterns (K. Paustovsky).

Separate additions contain an additional message to the main idea of ​​the sentence and have the meaning of inclusion, exclusion, substitution, cf .: There are no special beauties and riches in the Meshchersky region, except for forests, meadows and clear air (K. Paustovsky). - In the Meshchersky region there are no special beauties and riches, but there are forests, meadows and clear air.

Separation of circumstances expressed by gerunds and participles.

The circumstances expressed by the adverbial turnover are always isolated, cf .: trembling leaves beat against each other, trying to break away and fly away (M. Prishvin). - Trying to break away and fly away fluttering leaves beat against each other.

Single gerunds are isolated if they retain the meaning of the verb, indicating the time, place, reason for the action. Such gerunds often come before the predicate: Horses, snoring, swept past the sentinel at the outskirts(K. Paustovsky); resting, I lay on the mound for a long time(I.A. Bunin).

A participial turnover or a single participle standing after a union (union word) is separated from it by a comma, cf .: People walked around the yard, but did not notice me and, talking loudly passed by(V. Garshin). - People walked around the yard, but did not notice me and passed by, talking loudly (such a turnover can be freely rearranged to another place); compare: Zvyagintsev had no doubt that, examining the territory of the plant, quickly navigate the situation and be able to help in the construction of defensive fortifications(A. Chakovsky). - Zvyagintsev had no doubt that he would quickly orient himself in the situation and be able to help in the construction of defensive fortifications, looking around the plant.

Two participles and participles connected by a non-repeating conjunction and, commas are not separated as homogeneous members, connected by a single union and: The wind quickly drove the clouds, whistling and screeching (I.S. Turgenev); Taking off my wet jacket and hanging hunting armor on the wall, I started making fire(D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak).

Circumstances are necessarily isolated if they are expressed by nouns with prepositions in spite of, in spite of, For example: At the gates of houses despite the early morning crowded people(V. Garshin); Finally, our patience snapped, and, despite the bad weather we decided to go back to the sea(V. K. Arseniev).

Circumstances expressed by nouns with derivative prepositions are usually isolated. due to, in spite of, in contrast to, in view of, due to, in the absence of, likeand others: Contrary to expectations the owner met us, although not very kindly, but nevertheless ordered to feed us and allowed us to spend the night in his fanza(V. K. Arseniev); Unlike the crane, herons don't get used to humans(I. Sokolov-Mikitov).

Separation of clarifying members of the sentence, turns with the meaning of explanation or attachment.

Clarifying members of a sentence are words, phrases that explain other members of a sentence.

Most often, clarifying circumstances are the circumstances of the place, time, mode of action, etc., specifying the meaning of the word to which they refer: There, in the sky the summer sun was already shining, and there was still dusk on the earth(K. Paustovsky); The ants crawled out in a dense mass, one to one, sitting and waiting for something( M. Prishvin).

In the letter, clarifying members are separated (separated) by commas. In addition to circumstances, other members of the proposal may be specified: Only narrow three hundred fathoms, a strip of fertile land is the possession of the Cossacks(LN Tolstoy) - definition.

Clarifying members of a sentence with the meaning of an explanation can be joined by conjunctions that is, or(in meaning i.e.), namely: It goes without saying that in wet times one must already seek salvation under a tent, or in a booth as the Siberians say(A. Cherkasov); As soon as the snow melts and the rags begin to dry, that is last year's grass,"burns" or steppe fires begin(S.T. Aksakov).

Clarifying connecting constructions, including an additional message about the content of the statement, are attached with words even, especially, in particular, for example, in particular, especially, and in general. In a letter, they are distinguished by commas, less often by a dash: roof painting, especially with our drying oil and paint, considered to be very profitable(A.P. Chekhov); The fastest growing mushrooms such as birch trees and russula, reach full development in three days(S.T. Aksakov).

2. Student's speech “Separation of agreed definitions” (students write down abstracts)

1. An agreed definition is isolated if it refers to personal pronoun, regardless of the place in the sentence, cf .: She is, indignant, suddenly changed to me ... (M. Prishvin). - Outraged She suddenly changed towards me.

Common agreed-upon definitions are separated, expressed by participial turnover or adjectives with a dependent word after the word being defined: The mountains, covered with snow, turned white in the middle of the night (K. Paustovsky); The road entered a small forest, dead, cold from the moon and dew(I.A. Bunin).

2. Agreed definitions are always isolated if it comes after the defined a word preceded by one or more definitions: Black plentiful bunches, emitting a faint smell of strawberries, hung heavily between the dark greenery, somewhere gilded by the sun(I.A. Kuprin).

3. If the word being defined has no previous definition, then isolation depends on the meaning and intonation: Moon, bright and wet, flashed over the bare tops(I.A. Bunin); They ate fish fried and salted and drank water and honey, old, aged (P. Zagrebelny).

4. An agreed definition before the word being defined is isolated if has an additional adverbial value(reasons, concessions, etc.), cf.: Tired and chilled, all sluggishly dragged along the slippery and dirty road(V.V. Veresaev) - the meaning of the cause. – Being tired and chilled , everyone trudged sluggishly along the muddy and muddy road; Unnoticed by anyone quivering aspen can be beautiful and noticeable in autumn (S.T. Aksakov) - the meaning of concession.

5. An agreed definition is isolated if it separated from defined words by other members of the sentence: The locomotive shouted jubilantly, intoxicated by its own rush (K. Paustovsky).

If agreed definitions that depend on a personal pronoun are connected in meaning with both the subject and the predicate, then they are not isolated: They returned home satisfied and happy .

The agreed definition with a noun is not isolated if it is connected in meaning not only with the subject, but also with the predicate: Foliage

Coming out from under your feet tight-fitting, gray(M. Prishvin).

Inconsistent definitions are isolated (highlighted, separated by commas) in the following cases:

1. If they refer to a proper name : Now Makarka, in his old clothes and with a stick in his hand, stood at the threshold and sang(I.A. Bunin).
2. If referring to a personal pronoun : With beaten feet I finally got to my hometown(K. Paustovsky).
3. If separated from the word being defined by other members of the sentence: She is entered the door of the visiting room, under a thick veil, and became on the other side of a private double lattice(M. Prishvin).
4. If they are in a series of homogeneous members of the proposal with separate agreed definitions: Even chess, old, broken, scratched, with a spool of thread instead of a rook and a tin soldier instead of an elephant, evoked a warm feeling in me.(E. Ryss).
5. If expressed in turns with an adjective in the form of a comparative degree: Other room, almost double, called the hall(A.P. Chekhov).
6. If expressed by nouns with a preposition and refer to a common noun; at the same time, the independence of the meaning of this definition is emphasized: Among them, raising his eyebrows, walked Jewish grain merchant, in a bowler hat, in a coat with a hood (I. A. Bunin).

V. Actualization of knowledge. Development of skills and abilities

Explain punctuation marks in the text, determine what makes a simple sentence complicated in a complex one?

What members of the sentence are separate revolutions?

What is the function of participial phrases in the text? (Participles with dependent words convey the sign of the subject as an action. Participle phrases give the text expressive brevity, since they have the “energy” of the verb and the pictorial power of the adjective. Therefore, participles and participial phrases are expressive artistic medium in the text.)

What is special about this passage? (There are many participial phrases in a small text. Participle phrases are usually used in book speech. Their advantage is brevity, conciseness. The participles and participles and participles are very expressive, so they are widely used in artistic speech.)

2. The work of students in groups “Who is faster?”: it is necessary to supplement the table with examples using explanatory dictionaries, examples from literary texts. (The task is carried out in writing with subsequent verification).

Separate members of the sentence	Separation conditions
Definitions	Separated: 1) Common definitions expressed by a participial phrase or adjectives with a dependent word (determinative phrases) after the word being defined. 2) A single definition, if it comes after the word being defined or if it is torn off in the text from the word being defined. 3) Common or single definitions, standing directly before the noun being defined, if they have an additional adverbial value. 4) Definitions related to the personal pronoun.
Applications	1) Common applications expressed by a common noun with dependent words and related to a common noun are isolated. 2) A single application, standing after a common noun, if the noun being defined has an explanatory word with it. 3) An application referring to a proper name if it comes after the noun being defined. 4) The proper name of a person or the nickname of an animal acts as a separate application if it explains or clarifies a common noun. 5) Applications with a personal pronoun.
Circumstance	1) A participial turnover or a single participle. 2) Circumstances expressed by nouns in the form of an indirect case for semantic emphasis or for incidental explanation. Turnover with prepositional combinations in spite of, in view of, due to, depending on, in order to avoid, in spite of, in contrast, in contrast, in connection with, due to, due to, in case, for lack of, for absence, like, due to, on occasion, in presence, with condition according to and etc.
Addition	Nouns with prepositions except for, instead of, in addition to, over, except for, along with and etc.
Specifying members of a sentence	Words and phrases that clarify the meaning of the preceding words: 1) Clarifying circumstances of the place. 2) Clarifying circumstances of time. 3) Clarifying circumstances of the course of action. 4) clarifying definitions with the meaning of color, size, age, etc.
Explanatory constructions	Explanatory members of a sentence with a union or.
Connecting structures		Structures that join with words even, especially, in particular, for example, mainly, in particular, including, moreover, and then, moreover, and in general and etc.

3. Recording sentences under the dictation of the teacher. Commentary dictation.

The garden was completely silent. The frozen earth, covered with a fluffy soft layer, was completely wet, without giving off sounds: on the other hand, the air became especially sensitive, clearly and completely transferring to far distances the cry of a crow, and the blow of an ax, and the slight crackle of a broken branch. From time to time a strange sound was heard, as if from glass, passing to the highest notes and dying away, as if at a great distance. It was the boys who threw stones on the village pond, which was covered with a thin film of first ice in the morning.

In the estate the pond was also frozen over, but the river near the mill, heavy and dark, still oozed in its fluffy banks and rustled at the locks. Peter went to the dam and stopped, listening. The sound of the water was different - heavier and without a melody. It seemed to feel the cold of the dead surroundings in it ...

In Peter's soul, too, it was cold and gloomy. The dark feeling that even on that happy evening rose from the depths of the soul with some kind of fear, dissatisfaction and a question, now has grown and occupied the place in the soul that belonged to the sensations of joy and happiness. ( V. Korolenko.)

Show in the text you have written down the syntactic function of isolated secondary terms.

4. Written assignment.

Rearrange the sentences so that non-separated definitions become separate. Compare both options, paying attention to intonation. Write sentences with punctuation marks.

1. A magnificent and bright sun rose over the sea. 2. An official who arrived from St. Petersburg by personal order demands you to him. 3. The boat, driven by a fair wind, easily glided through the water. 4. The sea and clean month illuminated our path. 5. A dense fog that suddenly covered the coast forced us to stand in the roadstead.

5. Control testing.

1. Determine if you need to put the missing punctuation marks in sentences with isolated definitions:

a) a comma before and;

b) a comma after and;

c) signs are placed correctly.

1. Now, probably, the wind will blow, sharp, unpleasant and will tear this fog to shreds.

2. Now Anna saw in the corner a stove made of a large iron barrel and a large cast iron on the stove.

3. The yellow boards lay quietly on the water and, carried away by an imperceptible current, turned their ends towards the river.

4. I assumed that the matter would end with a little rain, and, lulled by this thought, I calmly fell asleep.

5. The plane began to smoke and, bent down by the beam, went to its west.

6. A rippling river beat with a booming wave, already covered with lard in the channels and seized by ice near the banks.

7. The poor guest, with a ragged coat and scratched to the point of blood, soon found a safe corner.

8. Eyes stuck together and half-closed, too, smiled.

9. The valley covered with herbs and the transparent river bathed in a whitish haze pierced by moonbeams.

10. A large yard, curly with burdock and strewn with yellow leaves, slightly silvered with autumn drizzle.

Answers: 1 - in; 2 - a; 3 - b; 4 - a; 5 B; 6 - in; 7 - in; 8 - b; 9 - a; 10 - c.

2. Determine if there are punctuation errors in sentences with isolated circumstances: a) yes; b) no:

1. The Vasnetsovs lived without meeting anyone.

2. Half an hour later, Anna led them to a clearing.

3. Daring on the great, you inevitably risk your good name (Vauvenargues).

4. I tremble all the time at the thought that, wanting to express the truth, I write down only a sigh (Stendhal).

5. The teacher quickly and without waiting for an answer bombarded the students with questions.

6. In the distance, merging with the sky, ice piled up.

7. Grabbing the fishing rod, Pavka pulled it and breaking off the hooked line, jumped out onto the road.

8. In a quiet spring hour, it would be nice to stand in the awakened forest.

9. Despite repeated warnings from weather forecasters, the Pathfinders hit the road.

10. Mother, according to her old lady's habit, appeared at the station for a whole hour.

Answers: 1 - b; 2 - a; 3 - b; 4 - b; 5 - a; 6 - a; 7 - b; 8 - a; 9 - b; 10 - a.

3. In which option are the answers correctly indicated and all the commas are explained?

Nightingale (1) Scattering with a jubilant trill (2) sang (3) his spring song.

a) 2 - participial turnover is highlighted;

b) 1, 2 - participial turnover is distinguished;

c) 1, 2 - participle turnover is highlighted;

d) 1, 3 - the adverbial turnover is distinguished.

Answer: b).

4. In which answer option are all the commas correctly indicated and explained?

The evening sun (1) having bathed enough (2) in the clouds (3) will throw a few purple strokes into the sky.

a) 1 - participial turnover is highlighted;

b) 2 - participial turnover is distinguished;

c) 1, 3 - participial turnover is highlighted;

d) 1, 3 - the adverbial turnover is distinguished.

VI. Reflection

1. Questions.

Name the cases of mandatory separation of agreed definitions.

In what cases are gerunds and gerunds with dependent words separated?

What punctuation marks are used in clarifying connecting constructions?

What are the principles for differentiating separate members of a sentence?

2. Work on cards.

Read and underline the qualifying parts of the sentence.

1) The nightingales sang in the direction where the dawn is beyond the river, and on the mountain above me, and below, in the alder ravine, and I listened and chose in which direction the nightingales sang better.

2) Everything good, including a good story, comes not only from personal effort, no, it ripens itself, like an apple on the trunk of a human personality.

3) In order to be a real artist, one must overcome in oneself malicious envy for the best and replace it with admiration for the absolutely beautiful.

Why should I envy the best, if the best is a beacon in front of the absolutely beautiful, if I participate in it to some extent, even in the smallest, but: by the very fact that I admire, I participate.

Justify the communicative expediency of using clarifying isolated members of the sentence in the above passages.

3. Drawing up the algorithm “Separation of agreed definitions”.

VII. Summarizing. Evaluation.

VIII. Homework:

Make a summary of "Introductory words and sentences."

Prepare for the vocabulary dictation “Н and НН in adjectives and participles”.

AT simple sentence intonation and meaning, the members of the sentence with the meaning are distinguished clarifications, clarifications and additions. In general, they have the function of additional messages.

In sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members, the following punctuation marks are used: comma, dash.

A) Specifying members of a sentence

When clarified, they are distinguished clarifying and refined sentence members. Clarifying are those members of the sentence that explain other, specified members.

Separate (separated by a comma at the beginning and end of the sentence and highlighted on both sides in the middle of the sentence) words and phrases that clarify the meaning of the preceding words.

Clarifying members in relation to the specified ones serve as names that are more specific in meaning, since they narrow the concept conveyed by the specified (main) member of the sentence, or in some way limit it. Thus, the terms specified and specified are correlated as general and particular, broad and specific, generic and specific, and the specifying member of the sentence follows the specified one (and not vice versa!).

Wed: Tomorrow ,(when exactly?) at six o'clock in the evening, a meeting of members of the cooperative will be held. - At six o'clock in the evening there will be a meeting of members of the cooperative.

All members of the proposal can be specified.

1. Most often specified circumstances of place and time, since they can be denoted in a very generalized and indefinite way ( there, there, from there; everywhere, everywhere; then, then and etc.). It is the clarifying term that gives the concretization:

There ,(where exactly?) on the horizon, glowed a pale pink streak of light(M. Gorky); Now,(when exactly?) after flood, it was a river of six fathoms(Chekhov).

Sometimes the ratio of a broader and a narrower concept can be dictated only by the given context:

Tonight Yegor Ivanovich and I are going to Petrograd,(where exactly? / to whom exactly?) to Masha (A.N. Tolstoy).

Often, specifying circumstances of the place form a chain, line up in a row:

ahead,(where exactly?) away, (where exactly?) on the other side of the misty sea, one could see protruding wooded hills(L. Tolstoy).

2. Can be specified and other circumstances, if they have a broader meaning than a clarifying one:

He shook his curls and self-confidently,(how exactly?) almost with a challenge looked up at the sky(Turgenev); He was meticulous(how exactly? / to what extent?) to a pink gloss on the cheeks, shaved(Antonov).

Note!

1) Sometimes a series of circumstances can be devoid of a clarifying shade of meaning and be perceived (in this context!) as different sides one phenomenon, without semantic subordination.

Several people are walking through the snow across the street to the hut (Bykov).

If commas are placed between circumstances, then the relationship between them will become somewhat different: each subsequent one will be logically distinguished, perceived as subordinate to the previous one, which will enhance the impression of tension and even danger of the described moment.

Wed: Several people are walking across the snow, across the street, into the hut.

Pay attention to how the intonation changes with this!

2) Depending on the meaning, the same words can be considered as clarifying or not as clarifying circumstances. Compare the sentences given in pairs:

Far away in the forest were heard blows of an ax(the listener is also in the forest). - Far , in the forest, ax blows were heard(the listener is outside the forest).

Children settled down in the clearing between the bushes (the clearing is surrounded by bushes, but there are none on the clearing itself). - The children sat in the meadow between the bushes (the bushes are in the clearing itself).

3) If, in the presence of two circumstances of time, the second of them does not serve to limit the concept expressed by the first, then it is not clarifying and a comma is not placed between them.

In 1961, 12th of April man first flew into space. On April 12, 1961, a man flew into space for the first time.

3. Can be specified agreed definitions with the meaning of color, size, age, etc.:

One more ,(what exactly?) last thing, legend - and my chronicle is over(Pushkin); In some places women's peeped out,(what exactly?) mostly old ladies, head(Turgenev).

Clarifying definitions can specify general meaning pronouns this, such, each, one(not in the meaning of the numeral, but in the meaning of the pronoun), etc.:

Chichikov was a little puzzled by this(what exactly?) partly sharp, definition (Gogol); Not a single, neither sledge, nor human, nor animal, trace was visible (L. Tolstoy); I wanted to distinguish myself before this, (what exactly?) dear to me, man (M. Gorky).

Note!

1) Separation of clarifying agreed definitions is a rather rare phenomenon and largely depends on the will of the writer. Usually, definitions with a clarifying meaning are considered as homogeneous, that is, a comma is placed not on two sides, but on one - between the definitions.

With quick steps I passed a long "area" of bushes, climbed a hill and ... saw completely different, unfamiliar my place(Turgenev).

2) Clarifying definitions can be attached through subordinating conjunctions.

irresistible, although quiet, the power carried me away(Turgenev); You can't kill like that because of a simple, albeit so expensive, suit(Saveliev).

But if the definition attached subordinating union, is homogeneous in relation to the previous one and does not have the character of clarification (semantic and intonation!), then a comma is not placed after it.

Received important although not final intelligence.

4. More often than agreed definitions, clarifying inconsistent definitions:

The boat was moving, moving all the time in black,(which one?) almost inky color, the shadow cast by high coastal cliffs(Simonov); It was a young man of short stature, with an inconspicuous mustache, in simple,(which one?) striped, shirt(Soloukhin); A young woman entered(which one?) seventeen years old girl(Kuprin); Gavrik examined the little schoolboy in a long,(which one?) to toe, greatcoat(Kataev).

5. The clarifying character is given to the statement of the word rather, rather, otherwise etc., however, the members of the sentence following them are not isolated, since the indicated words, which have the meaning of introductory ( rather, rather, otherwise, rather in meaning, they are equivalent to the phrases “to be more precise”, “in other words”, etc.), they themselves are separated by commas:

His kindness, or rather, his generosity touched me(in this example, the predicate agrees with the closest preceding word to it, from which it cannot be separated by a comma); More recently, more precisely, in the last issue of the journal, an article of similar content was published; It is necessary to supplement, rather, clarify the data given in the report.

In the role of clarifying words moreover can act. They are separated by commas, while the definition following them is not:

It would be foolishness, nay, madness, to miss such an opportunity; He deeply respected his friend, moreover, admired him.

Note!

The word is rather not separated by commas if used in meanings:

a)"better", "more willing":

b)"better say":

Pavel Petrovich slowly paced up and down the dining room..., uttering some remark, or rather an exclamation, like "ah! hey! hm!(Turgenev); He was not surprised, but rather pleased by this question.

Note. Specifying members of a sentence are usually separated by commas. However, it is also possible to set such a sign as dash.

A dash is usually placed in the following cases:

a) under clarifying circumstances, if not only the clarifying, but also the plug-in nature of the circumstances is emphasized, for example: Rooks screamed across the river in the branches, and everywhere - in bushes and grass- birds chirped, chirped(A.N. Tolstoy);

b) when emphasizing the sequence of clarification and correlation of the clarification and clarification members, for example: He got a job at the mine, part-time- After school(Baruzdin). Here circumstance to the mine explained by the following construction part-time - after school, and this construction has its refinement After school, separated by a dash. The use of a comma instead of a dash in this context is impossible, since the comma would distort the meaning by equalizing the positions of all three circumstances (cf .: to the mine, part-time, after school). A dash emphasizes that the circumstances are unequally correlated with each other;

c) when clarifying the nominal part of the predicate (cf .: The snow here was shallow - ankle-deep ).

B) Explanatory members of the sentence

The explanatory members of the sentence explain the meaning of the preceding members of the sentence. Explained and explanatory terms, in principle, denote identical concepts.

Differences between specifying and explanatory members of the sentence lies in the fact that clarification is the transition from a broader concept to a narrower one, and explanation is the designation of the same concept in other words.

Thus, the explanatory members are the second names in relation to the first, expressing for various reasons this or that concept is not sufficiently clear and understandable:

Especially for us Russians, conciseness should be close and precious.(Chernyshevsky); He imagined his house - six large rooms (M. Gorky); Sometimes you want to do something - read(Gogol).

1. The explanatory part of the sentence is preceded by the words exactly, namely, that is, that is, that is:

She was raised no-old, that is, surrounded by mothers, nannies, girlfriends and hay girls (Pushkin); We rode on our leather horses that is, in a covered matting (Aksakov); While, exactly a year ago, I also collaborated on magazines(Dostoevsky); third day, i.e. this week I say to the elder...(Sleptsov).

If there are no words in the sentence exactly, namely, that is these words can be inserted:

Grandfather Semyon had his own golden and unfulfilled dream - to become a carpenter(Paustovsky); He always wanted one thing with all the strength of his soul - be quite good (L. Tolstoy).

Note!

1) In the absence of explanatory conjunctions that is, exactly, namely and when there is an explanation, the selection is usually done with a dash, not a comma.

There was only one conversation - about the weather; His profession was the most peaceful - a teacher.

2) There is a statement of the colon with the explanatory member of the sentence. Usually a colon is used to avoid two dashes.

Another way has been suggested: the use of certain types of marine plants- algae, rich in many valuable substances.

2. Explanatory members of a sentence can be joined by a union or (meaning "that is"):

Note!

The union or can have a divisive meaning ("either this or that"). In this case, it connects homogeneous members, and a comma is not placed between them. If the union or can be replaced by the union that is, then it has an explanatory meaning. In this case, the explanatory phrase is separated by commas.

Wed: From the forest ravine came the singing of a nightingale or a goldfinch. - From the forest ravine came the cooing of wild pigeons, or turtledoves(Aksakov); It was decided to decorate the house with a balcony or a mezzanine. - Around the whole building there is a vast stone balcony, or veranda, where, in bamboo chairs, the owners of the barracks lazily doze(Goncharov).

Note. Definitions that are in the nature of an explanation (they can be preceded by the words namely, that is), are separated by a comma from the word being explained, but after them a comma is usually not put, for example: Thick brands stuck out, remnants of the old, burned-out bathhouse; The next, sixth volume of the subscription edition will go to the store one of these days; He spoke in a completely different, serious tone; The fourth and last part of the novel will end with an epilogue.

C) Attaching members of the proposal

The connecting members of the sentence convey additional information, clarifications or comments that have arisen along the way, in connection with the content of the main statement. The connecting members of the sentence are separated by commas, less often by a dash:

Reflection of light hit, trembling impetuously, in all directions, especially from above(Turgenev); Each, even a small, river has merit on earth(Peskov).

1. The connecting members of the sentence may have special linking words: even, especially, in particular, for example, mainly, in particular, including, moreover, and moreover, moreover, and(in the sense of "and moreover"), yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, and yes and etc.:

Invisibly I became attached to a good family, even to the crooked garrison lieutenant(Pushkin); Here you will have a bath, and with your mistress(Pushkin); At night, especially in the heat, ... it was scary in the house (Bunin); Some Cossacks including Lukashka, stood up and stretched out (L. Tolstoy); The new manager paid most of his attention to the formal side of the matter, in particular on clerical subtleties(Mamin-Sibiryak); Three people in the district, including Sima Devushkin, made bird cages and cages (M. Gorky).

Such members of the sentence can be easily separated from the rest of the sentence and, to enhance their distinguishing role, put a dot instead of a comma.

Wed: You have solid work experience moreover, in the field of restructuring and the search for new forms (Belyaev). - Among other telegrams there will be his. And the most unusual (Lapin); All things, especially tree branches and corners of buildings, surprisingly stood out in relief against the swarthy-pink darkening sky(Kuprin). - Many writers possessed this ability for a beautiful oral story based on true facts. Especially Mark Twain (Paustovsky); It was very warm, even hot(Chakovsky). - The mechanisms in dolls are usually very primitive. Even in the most expensive and beautiful (Dementiev).

Note!

1) If the connecting member of the sentence begins with an introductory word ( for example, in particular etc.), then the comma after the introductory word is not put.

The fastest growing mushrooms such as birches and russula reach full development in three days(Aksakov).

2) Punctuation should not be mixed with joining unions and connecting unions and, yes, linking homogeneous members of the sentence. In the first case, a comma is placed before the union, in the second, no sign is required before a non-repeating union.

Wed: The author submitted the article, and in a timely manner (and- conjunction union). - The author submitted the article in a revised form and in a timely manner. (and- union connecting); The work could have been done long ago, and even better. - The work could have been done faster and even better.

3) A comma is not put before the union and in the following cases:

a) if it is used in a conjunctive sense.

So he went into the forest for nuts and got lost(Turgenev);

b) in combinations like yes and said (with the same form of the verb take and another verb for unexpected or arbitrary action):

They lived a year soul to soul, and the next year she take it and die (Uspensky);

in) combined no-no yes and:

... No, no, yes, and he will remember her[mother], will write a letter(Gladkov).

2. Sometimes adjuncts can be included in a sentence without conjunctions (note the long pause that accompanies the adjunct of the sentence):

Quite late, another guest appeared, in a tailcoat ...(Herzen); At night I stand at the gun, on duty(Kataev).

Often this uses a dash instead of a comma:

We went to the Caucasus - to the sun, to the sea, to the picturesque mountains; He remained the same as before, calm, hardworking, humble.

3. Punctuation distinguishes not only the connecting members of the sentence, but also the connecting sentences:

No, I am his[brownie] did not see yes, you can't see him (Turgenev); I was walking in some kind of intoxication, yes, and from what (Garshin); I took it into my head to turn under the shed where our horses stood, to see if they had food, And besides, caution never hurts (Lermontov).

D) Separate turnovers with the value of inclusion, exclusion and substitution

Separate turns with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion and substitution adjoin the clarifying, explanatory and connecting constructions. Such turns consist of nouns (with or without dependent words) with prepositions and prepositional combinations except for, instead of, in addition to, beyond, along with, except for, including, excluding and etc.:

instead of hard work; with the exception of three people; except for three people; along with clear success.

Turnovers denote objects included in a homogeneous series or, conversely, excluded from such a series, or objects replacing others.

In a letter, turnovers with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion, substitution can be separated:

The crowd dispersed except for a few curious and boys and Gavrila returned home(Turgenev). Beyond all expectation my grandmother gave me some books(Aksakov).

It should be remembered that the allocation of such revolutions is not mandatory! They can be isolated depending on the semantic load, position in the sentence, degree of prevalence, etc., that is, if the author wants to single out such phrases in meaning and intonation:

At the outpost, instead of a sentry, there was a collapsed booth(Pushkin). - Instead of answering, Kirila Petrovich was given a letter(Pushkin).

Note!

1) In this kind of phrase excluding including are prepositions, not adverbs.

2) If a isolated member sentence is in the middle of the sentence, then it is isolated from two sides.

3) A phrase with the preposition except can have inclusion and exclusion meanings.

Wed: Except the big house in Zamoskvorechye, nothing reminded of a night fight(Leonov) - exception (only big house reminiscent of a fight); Except the city of Okurov, on the plain, a small village of Voevodino was stuck(M. Gorky) - inclusion (both the city of Okurov and the village of Voevodino were on the plain).

Usually turns are isolated regardless of shades of meaning. However, uncommon expressions with except in the meaning of inclusion may not be isolated (this is how their inclusion in a homogeneous series of objects is emphasized).

Wed: In addition to books, there were notebooks and pencils on the table.(inclusion). - There was nothing on the table besides books.(exception).

AT recent times there is a tendency to highlight turns with except, regardless of the shades of meaning. This happens especially often:

A) in the presence of negative pronouns nobody, nothing and interrogative pronouns who, what:

I couldn't distinguish anything except for the muddy torsion of a blizzard (Pushkin);

b) if there is a combination in circulation other than:

We are evil to no one except for bears, do not(Markov).

Please note that the turnover in addition in the meaning of "besides" is introductory word, so it is always isolated in writing.

4) Turnovers with the preposition instead also differ in meaning. If they have a substitution value, then a comma is usually included.

Instead of bare cliffs, I saw green mountains and fruitful trees around me(Pushkin).

If instead is used in the meaning of "instead of", "for", then the comma is usually not put.

He got into the car instead of the driver.