Comparative turns and turns with union as

1. Comparative phrases beginning with conjunctions as if, as if, as if, rather than, than, precisely, that in the meaning of "as if", separated by commas. In sentences, comparative turns are usually circumstances:

From somewhere it was damp, exactly from the cellar (Mamin-Sibiryak); The wind blew towardsas if trying to stop a young criminal (Pushkin); It seemed to me that they[stars] much higherhow we have in the north (Lermontov); It was safer to fly at nightthan afternoon(Perventsev).

2. No commas are separated turnovers with the indicated unions as if, as if as if, rather than, exactly what in the following cases:

• if the turns are phraseological units:

What stucklike a bath leaf ? (Turgenev);

• if turns are part of the predicate:

Lights lanternslike lighthouses ; Funnysong what a winged bird .

3. Turnovers from as separated by commas in the following cases:

a)if turnover denotes assimilation (how does “like” matter, how can it be replaced by another comparative union - as if, as if, exactly etc.).

Wed: her mouth,as roses , blush(Pushkin); Down below,as steel mirror , jet lakes turn blue (Tyutchev)

b)if there is an index word in the main part so, such, that, so:

Nowhere at a mutual meeting do not bow So nobly,like on Nevsky Prospekt (Gogol);

in)if the turnover begins with a combination like :

To Moscowlike to the whole country , I feel my sonship, like an old nanny (Paustovsky);

G)if the turnover, being an application, has a tinge of causal meaning (the turnover can be replaced by a subordinate clause with conjunctions because, since, because or turnover with being):

Wed: Like a senior I order you, gentlemen, to disperse immediately(Kuprin). - Being a senior Since I am the elder I order you, gentlemen, to disperse immediately;

e)if the turnover is expressed by a combination as a rule, as an exception, as always, as usual, as before, as now, as if on purpose:

I seeas it is now , the owner himself(Pushkin); What a shame!as if on purpose , not a soul!(Gogol).

But such turns are not distinguished by commas if they are part of the predicate or are closely related to it in meaning (there is no isolation intonation):

Yesterday passed as usual; Everything went on as usual;

e)if the turnover is a combination none other than; nothing but; none other than; nothing else but:

Rhine Falls in front nothing but low water level (Zhukovsky).

4. Turnovers with as not separated by commas in the following cases:

a)if the turnover has the meaning of the circumstance of the mode of action and it can be replaced by the instrumental case of the noun.

Wed: like hail buckshot rained down (Lermontov). - hail buckshot rained down;

b)if the turnover has the meaning of equating or identifying.

Wed: He loved melike property (Lermontov). - He loved me, considering his property; Try to look at me like a patient possessed by a disease you still don't know (Lermontov). - Try to look at me, equating me with a patient possessed by a disease that is still unknown to you;

in)if conjunction as means "as":

So I advise you like a buddy be careful (Lermontov) - as a buddy ;

G)if the turnover is part of the predicate or is closely related in meaning to the predicate (usually in these cases the predicate does not have a complete meaning):

Like the sun she is (Seifulina); Poem was spoken like a confession (Fedin);

e)if the comparative turnover is preceded by the negation of not or the word quite, absolutely, almost, almost, exactly, exactly, just, exactly etc.:

He talked to him not like with baby ; Children sometimes talk just like adults ;

e)if the turnover has the character of a stable combination, it is a phraseological unit:white as a harrier (like paper, like chalk, like canvas, like snow ), pale as death, shines like a mirror, cherish like the apple of an eye, disease is taken away like a hand, afraid like fire, wanders like a restless man, mumbles like a sexton, spins like a squirrel in a wheel, squeals like a pig, everything is like a pickup, jumped up like a scalded man, stupid like a cork, naked like a falcon, hungry like a wolf, dirty like a pig, trembling like an aspen leaf, waiting like manna from heaven, healthy like a bull, angry like a dog, rolling like cheese in butter, handsome like a god, rushing about like mad, flying like an arrow and etc.

Exercise to the topic "Comparative turns and turns with HOW"

Fill in the missing punctuation marks. Justify your answer.

1. Her eyes, then wide open and bright and joyful, like day, then half-covered with eyelashes and deep and dark, like night, stood before his eyes (Turgenev). 2. Turgenev, like perhaps no other Russian writer, is suitable for the title of master (Rylenkov). 3. Kupfer, as one of the stewards with a white bow on the cuff of his tailcoat, fussed and fussed with all his might (Turgenev). 4. The thick foliage covered with hoarfrost was picturesque: yellow, purple, red as blood, it pleased the eye (Shishkov). 5. She keeps and moves as magnetized as a somnambulist (Turgenev). 6. He, as a “fatal” person, had to throw out some unusual thing (Turgenev). 7. None of the writers makes noise and shimmers on the pages of such festive seas as those of Green (Paustovsky). 8. Most people know Bunin mainly as a prose writer (Paustovsky). 9. She is all as if petrified (L. Tolstoy). 10. His mobile face, like that of an actor, became cheerful again (Shishkov). 11. To meet me clean and clear, as if also washed by the morning coolness, the sounds of a bell came (Turgenev). 12. Sometimes it seemed that it was about to rain; but the outstretched hand did not feel anything, but looking at the sleeve of the dress one could notice traces of tiny drops like the smallest beads (Turgenev). 13. The pulse is like a hammer, and the hands are cold (Kuprin). 14. There was a fine hard snow that pricked the face like needles (Chekhov). 15. She's just like a child (Gerasimov). 16. If not for death, then perhaps A. Green would have entered the ranks of our literature as one of the most original writers who organically merged realism with free and bold imagination (Paustovsky). 17. The moon rose crimson and gloomy, as if sick (Chekhov). 18. Sometimes you shoot a hare, you hurt him, and he screams like a child (Chekhov). 19. Panteleimon sits on the goats, stretching forward straight like wooden arms (Chekhov). 20. But precisely because Alexandra Gavrilovna gets excited, she loses more often than her husband (Saltykov-Shchedrin). 21. Cities as magnets (Soloukhin). 22. Traitors have sunk into the water (Nikitin). 23. As I remember the old concepts, it pours over me like a brew (Ostrovsky). 24. And the whole steppe was covered with fallen ones like a swarm of black locusts (Pushkin). 25. As a woman you loved your homeland (Nekrasov). 26. Valya was summoned in his case as a witness (N. Ostrovsky). 27. She needs it just like we do (Yevtushenko). 28. It rained like a bucket (Prishvin). 29. Since the pre-war times, I have been following you as an ordinary moviegoer and appreciate your talent (Krutikov). 30. I speak like a writer. I am used to looking at literature as a revolutionary thing (Fedin). 31. And this little story is nothing more than fragmentary memories of those days of happy closeness to them (S. Nikitin). 32. It was evident that he sought to get away from this large gray building (Field) as soon as possible. 33. But in front of him was none other than Aigl, a well-known collector of songs of legends and fairy tales (Green), traveling on foot. 34. Days run like streams into a foggy river (Yesenin). 35. Gentlemen, I think that you, like all decent people, have been in love at least once during your life (Turgenev). 36. Oil smells as strong as in the church (M. Gorky). 37. To Moscow, as well as to the whole country, I feel my sonship as to an old nanny (Paustovsky). 38. I see how now the owner himself (Pushkin). 39. She has now become again slender and thin as before (M. Gorky). 40. I looked at her like a fool (Turgenev). 41. We treated Vanya like our own person (Prishvin). 42. The robber of a peasant peeled off like sticky (Krylov). 43. After all, she lived with a paramedic like a cat with a dog (Chekhov). 44. I answered him as best I could (Turgenev). 45. As a telegram flies the earth, the fields ring with an even ringing (Tikhonov). 46. ​​Vera Pavlovna was constantly in the workshop, and they already managed to get to know her closely as a prudent, prudent, reasonable woman (Chernyshevsky). 47. Urbenin and the Pole, as heavy people, preferred to wait for us below on the road (Chekhov). 48. He was afraid of familiarity like fire and kept himself very dry (Chernyshevsky). 49. From the blood of the dead, the sunset was baked like a wound (Lugovskoy). 50. Like a snow maiden, the night outside the window is good (Lugovskoy). 51. Chichikov as an acquirer no less, if not more, Pechorin is a hero of our time (Belinsky). 52. She was like a lesser favorite of her father (L. Tolstoy). 53. Vasenda, as a positive and practical person, found a fixed place unprofitable (Pomyalovsky).

Compare the completed task with the sample by opening the file attached below.

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A comma in constructions with the union as.

A comma is placed No comma 1. When attaching subordinate clauses (explanatory, comparative, measures and degrees, etc.): He saw how far the network stretched railways. 1. If HOW is part of the predicate: The ravine was like a deep gorge.

2. When joining a comparative turnover: He, like an angry lion, rushed at the enemy. 2. If there is a negation in the comparative turnover before the union: He took the tool not as a boy, but as an adult worker.

3. If HOW is part of the introductory construction: He, it seems to me, is an interesting person. 3. If HOW is part of a paired union (HOW ..., SO AND): Behind were both large cities and small villages.

4. If HOW is part of the application with the meaning of the reason: He, as a man of action, immediately approached the machine. 4. In applications with the meaning "as": The story was included in the book as a small chapter.

5. In combination with the union And: She looked the same as three years ago. 5. In stable phrases (as part of phraseological units, in set expressions, in turns close in meaning to the nominal part of compound predicates): His hands were cold as ice.

6. If there are demonstrative words (so, such, so, etc.): He was as quick in decisions as before. 6. When repeating what is compared to indicate the commonness, typicality of the subject: Everything here is still in order. Ice like ice, desert like desert.

7. In turns no more than ... (not) earlier than ... (not) more than ... which do not contain comparison: No more than half an hour, classes will end

Remember: none other than... none other than...

Determine whether it is necessary to separate revolutions with the union HOW with commas: a - necessary, b - not necessary. Man was created for happiness like a bird for flight. Youth is like the song of a lark at dawn. After days the days passed like a shadow. A leaf fell off a birch and covered the ground like a carpet. Beneath him, like an ocean, the steppe turns blue all around. Clouds like lead. The response received was considered as consent. Dubrovin walked like crazy for a year. Get as far away from here as you can. Like lightning in the sky they blazed like fiery rain fell from the sky.

(Answers: 1 - a, 2 - b, 3 - b, 4 - a, 5 - a, 6 - b, 7 - b, 8 - b, 9 - b, 10 - a)

Determine whether it is necessary to separate revolutions with the union HOW with commas: a - necessary, b - not necessary. The day began as usual in a dense fog. We met like old friends. The robber robbed the peasant like a sticky. Cranes screamed sadly as if they were calling with them. The road was like an alley. I want to keep these letters as a memory. It was calm and quiet, like after a storm. Beneath him, the Caucasus, like a facet of a diamond, shone with eternal snows. I speak as a writer. I am like a stranger to you.

(Answers: 1 - a, 2 - b, 3 - b, 4 - a, 5 - b, 6 - b, 7 - a, 8 - a, 9 - b, 10 - b)

Determine whether it is necessary to separate revolutions with the union HOW with commas: a - necessary, b - not necessary. He carried himself like an aristocrat. He was as strong as an ox in body and as brave as a lion. It was calm and quiet, like after a storm. Are you swallowing a fly? Here the stars will look from the sky, and how the river will light up Milky Way. There were a lot of people on the street as if on a holiday. Rarely do you see such interesting person How is he. Buckshot rained down like hail. Evening is like two drops of water similar to any other. This melody was created by Glinka, but it is perceived as a truly folk one.

(Answers: 1 - b, 2 - b, 3 - a, 4 - b, 5 - a, 6 - a, 7 - a, 8 - b, 9 - a, 10 - b)

Teacher of the Russian language and literature, MBOU secondary school No. 39, Bryansk Borisova N.I.

8. Read an excerpt from Alexander Green's work "The Brilliant World". Then return to the beginning of the text and, paying attention to the beginning The arena is alive... track which syntactic constructions in the text convey the dynamics of circus life.

For this evening, the directorate released the best forces of the circus.<...>

The arena came to life: gymnasts changed horses, horses - clowns, clowns - acrobats; jugglers and magicians followed the lion tamers. Two elephants, tied with napkins, dined sedately, sitting at the laid table, and, throwing their trunks “for tea” with a princely movement, rode on wooden balls.<...>Preceded by the sound of the trumpet, the lions came out, perched, drowning out the orchestra with a roar; a man in a black tailcoat, shooting with a whip, humiliated them as he pleased; foam fell from their mouths, but they waltzed and jumped into the hoop. Four gymnasts, swaying under the dome, were thrown from one trapezoid to another in terrible volts. The Japanese magician pulled out from behind the collar of the tights 2 a heavy glass vase full of water and live fish. The juggler proved that there are no objects that could not be played with, throwing them into the air and catching flies like a swallow, without bruises and misses; seven lighted lamps flew from his hands with the lightness of a fountain jet. The end of the second section was the rider Richley, galloping on five red-haired white-maned horses and crossing, standing, from one to the other as easy as we change into chairs.

* 3 1. Pay attention to the highlighted part of the last sentence: on what basis is the coordinative union and connects the members of the sentence, which, when written analysis you will most likely underline the sentences differently (... Richley galloping... and crossing...)?

2. Think: in what cases is a gerund or participle turnover characterizes the action or state of an object speaking and answering questions circumstances(as? when? why? etc.), and in which - it matters additional message and answer questions minor predicate (doing what? or what did you do?)

4 How to test yourself? Let us use the method of construct transformation: depending on the features of their meaning, the methods of transformation will be different. Wed:

...had dinner sitting behind set table, - had dinner(under what circumstances?) at the laid table;

Throwing "for tea", rode on wooden balls - rode on wooden balls (what did you do?), throwing "for tea"; ... after being thrown "for tea" ...

We discovered the grammatical polysemy of adverbial phrases: they can be replaced by different syntactic constructions, which is one of the manifestations of the richness of the syntax of the Russian language.

3. Let's consider how punctuation marks are put in gerunds and participles, between which there is a union in the sentence and (in these cases, punctuation errors are most often made).

Find sentences in the text that contain the following punctograms:

Decipher the diagrams. Remember the rules for punctuation with homogeneous members.

Write examples for each diagram.

9. 1. Fill in the missing punctuation marks. Explain your actions.

All night the lanterns howled with a creak, the outer latch rattled, and by morning it subsided, calmed down and the owner came. He sat on a stool, clasping his knee with a red swollen hand, and waited for Ruslan to finish the stew. The owner brought his machine gun with him and hung it on a hook in the corner of the cabin - this meant that there was a service ahead that had not been for a long time, and therefore it was necessary to eat slowly but without delay. (G.Vladimov)

2. Does the adverbial participle (from the last sentence) retain the meaning of the additional action? What synonymous adverbs can you choose for them? Which question from the predicate to these participles is more natural: as should have eaten or what doing?

By correctly answering the previous questions, you thereby explain why the participles in the last sentence are not separate and there is no need to separate them with commas.

10. Comment on the statement of the writer V. Kaverin.

In my youth, I read Dostoevsky without stopping, with a running start - and put it aside, as if I felt that for me he was still ahead of me, that I would return to him more than once or twice.

1. Make a spelling and punctuation analysis of the sentence.

*2. Underline the punctuation that is not indicated by a punctuation mark.

*3. What punctuation mark in the sentence is optional, author's? What options for solving the punctuation problem are possible here?

11. On what basis are the above extracts from the speech of people of different ages, occupations and degrees of language literacy combined into one group?

1) Flying up to Novosibirsk, it was snowing. 2) Leaving, the correspondent remembered the cap on Olezhka's head. 3) Having sunbathed a little, we were allowed to swim. 4) Having become acquainted with this exhibition, the question involuntarily arises ... 5) Having come to the theater, I had a very good impression. 6) Entering the store, one is struck by the abundance of various products. 7) Each time, with bated breath, knowing by heart every mise-en-scene 5 , there was a meeting with a miracle. 8) After graduating from school, a large choice of paths and roads opens up before us. 9) He spoke, gesticulating with one hand, and the other was in his pocket, walking among the delegates. 10) Basygin remembered that, losing consciousness, his fingers instinctively squeezed the dog's fur. 11) After reading this novel, Tatyana Larina became my favorite character.

1. What mistake was made in the use of the gerund in each case?

The participle is characteristic double bond - with the subject and the predicate. Denoting additional - in relation to predicate- action or state subject of speech, adverb should denote an additional action or state faces or subject, designated subject. Breaking this connection creates, as you can see, nonsense (and even comic situations).

How to act so that the error becomes obvious and how to eliminate it? Let's take the first sentence as an example.

1) Find the subject in the sentence: Flying up to Novosibirsk, lay snow. 2) Mentally change the word order so that the adverbial turnover is next to the subject: Snow flying up to Novosibirsk... We detect a distortion of meaning: it is clear that it was not snow that flew up to Novosibirsk ... 3) We eliminate the error (variants are possible), for example: Flying up to Novosibirsk, we saw lying snow; ... the passengers saw that there was snow; When we flew up to Novosibirsk, it was already snowing. And etc.

2. Eliminate errors in the use of gerunds (participles) and write down the converted sentences.

12. What feelings does N. Zabolotsky's poem "Cranes" evoke?

Leaving Africa in April
To the shores of the fatherland,
Flying in a long triangle
Drowning in the sky, cranes.

Stretching out silver wings
across the wide sky,
Led the leader to the valley of abundance
Your few people.

But when under the wings flashed
Lake transparent through
Black gaping muzzle
It rose from the bushes.

A ray of fire hit the bird's heart,
A quick flame flared up and went out,
And a particle of wondrous greatness
It fell on us from above.

Two wings, like two huge sorrows,
Embraced the cold wave
And, echoing a sorrowful sob,
The cranes took off into the air.

Only where the lights move
In atonement for your own evil
Nature has given them back
What death took with it:

Proud spirit, high aspiration,
The will to fight,
Everything from the past generation
Passes, youth, to you.

And the leader in a shirt made of metal
Slowly sinking to the bottom
And the dawn formed over him
Golden glow spot.

*one. What syntactic constructions does the poet use when drawing the flight of cranes “to the shores of the fatherland”? How is it changing syntactic structure poems as the story progresses?

2. Prepare to write down the poem from memory.

13. *one. What syntactic constructions in the description made it possible to draw a detailed picture of an old, wild, but still beautiful garden?

Behind the big house was an old garden, already wild, drowned out by weeds and bushes. I walked along the terrace, still strong and beautiful; through the glass door one could see a room with a parquet floor, probably a living room: an old piano and engravings on the walls in wide mahogany frames - and nothing more. Only peonies and poppies survived from the former flower beds, which raised their white and bright red heads from the grass; along the paths, stretching out, interfering with each other, grew young maples and elms, already plucked by cows. It was dense, and the garden seemed impassable, but this was only near the house, where poplars, pines and old lindens of the same age that had survived from the former alleys still stood, and then the garden was cleared for haymaking, and there was no longer soaring, cobwebs did not climb into the mouth and in the eyes, the breeze blew; the farther inland, the more spacious, and cherries, plums, sprawling apple trees, disfigured by props and gangrene, and pears so tall that they could not even believe that they were pears were already growing in the open.<...>

The garden, more and more thinned, turning into a real meadow, descended to the river, overgrown with green reeds and willows; near the mill dam there was a deep and fishy stretch, a small mill with a thatched roof angrily roared, frogs croaked furiously. On the water, smooth as a mirror, circles occasionally went round and the river lilies trembled, disturbed by the merry fish.

<...>A quiet blue stretch beckoned to itself, promising coolness and peace. ( A. Chekhov)

2. Prepare to take dictation.

14. Only three proposals were needed by I.S. Turgenev, so that we, the readers, feel sympathy for the hero of his story. And this is achieved...

*one. Read the text carefully, listen to its intonations, pay attention to syntactic means language, and then try to independently complete the unfinished judgment in the task.

There are such happy faces: everyone loves to look at them, as if they are warming you or stroking you. Gagin had just such a face, sweet, affectionate, with large, affectionate eyes and soft curly hair. He spoke in such a way that, without even seeing his face, you, one sound of his voice, felt that he was smiling.

2. Pay attention to the highlighted combination: it does not contain the meaning of an additional message; it does not play the role of a secondary predicate (it cannot be converted into a predicate). But it is punctuated according to the rules of a separate member of the sentence. Why?

This combination of words is an example of an optional isolation of a sentence member in order to give it special meaning, to strengthen its communicative role. To make sure that this is the case, let's read the sentence without intonational isolation of this combination of words:

A special group of isolated members is formed by clarifying members of the sentence, in the selection and identification of which also importance It has separation intonation. Compare:

To single out or not to single out a sentence member in such cases by voice in oral speech and punctuation marks in writing is the right of the speaker or writer.

15. 1. Work through independently excerpts from the book of N.S. Valgina Difficulties of modern punctuation. Give your examples.

1) The members of the proposal - the specified and the specifying - are correlated as general, indefinite and particular, specific; generic and species. Most often, circumstances of place and time are specified, expressed in such words as there, there, from there; everywhere, everywhere; then, then. The clarifying member of the sentence, standing after such circumstances, specifies their meaning: There, on the horizon, from where a cloud floated into the sky, a pale pink streak of light shone.(M. Gorky)

2) Specific concepts can also be clarified: At the bottom, at the very feet there was a snag, like a catfish with a mustache, which the boys were afraid of.(A. Tolstoy)

3) Nearby circumstances can act as clarifying and clarifying only in this context: Ten steps from the entrance to the tunnel, right next to the highway there was a lonely house.(N. Ostrovsky)

4) A definition can be clarifying, more often - inconsistent, less often - agreed: The gray ones glided silently, under the color of the earth lizards.(M. Sholokhov)

5) An application can be clarifying: Both, mother and daughter, were wearing straw hats.(A.Chekhov)

6) Even predicates, usually nominal ones, can be specified: The mines are all in the snow, which is not at all deep here - to the ankle. (V. Bykov) With the help of a dash, a clarification is also isolated in an undivided one-part sentence: Monuments, however, were few - only five or six. (K. Paustovsky)

2. Based on these materials, draw up a plan for their presentation and prepare a message on the topic "Separate clarifying members of the proposal."

16. 1. Words of what part of speech often act as specified? (See point 1 in the text of exercise 15.) What feature of their grammatical meaning is this connected with?

2. Imagine that you have to write a receipt for receipt ... What will be the first offer?

I, ________________________

17. In the book of A.T. Arsiria "Materials on entertaining grammar of the Russian language" in each section there is a heading "It's interesting." Check out the contents of one of them.

Remember the lines from the fable of I.A. Krylov "Fish Dance": Here, having licked the headman Leo graciously in the chest ..., he set off on a further journey. As you can see, this is a rare case when the subject has taken a completely unusual place for itself inside the adverbial turnover. However, this is only a "liberty" of colloquial speech.

Consider the offer: The ant labored in vain, unable to budge the crumb.

What is this strange isolation? It does not fit any species known to you.

It turns out that this is a “splinter” of the adverbial turnover being unable to in which the participle played an auxiliary role and therefore disappeared without prejudice to the meaning. In the same way, an isolated circumstance was formed, beginning with the words unable to: Unable to work anymore, he decided to go out into the fresh air. And there is no doubt that this is a separate circumstance (reasons): he decided to walk why? because he was unable to work anymore.

An interesting case is when the participle is closely merged with the allied word of the subordinate clause. In this case, of course, it is not isolated: From the window one could see fields in dull silver, those winter Russian spaces, looking at which you remember the fate of your country, and the beauty of its nature, and Pushkin, and everything that makes up the richness of the human soul.(V. Lidin)

Note that the latter case is not an episodic occurrence. There is such a rule: adverbial phrases are not isolated, “if the gerund has an allied word as a dependent word which as part of an adjunct defining sentence, For example: To the right was a door having passed which it was possible to get into the corridor leading to the stage» 5 .

When reading the materials above, you may have evaluated them differently, for example: this is not very important, it can be taken into account, it will come in handy. Tell us about your attitude to what you read, justifying your judgments.

18. You've probably already encountered the fact that it's quite hard to tell when comparative turnover with union as stands out with commas in the letter, and when it does not stand out.

You can read about the most common variants of this punctogram in the reference materials.

1. Comparative turnover with union asstands out commas if

a) as has the meaning like, For example: With fingers light as a dream, he touched my pupils.(A. Pushkin) The air is clean and fresh, like a baby's kiss.(M. Lermontov);

b) the comparative turnover has a causal meaning, for example: The commandant amiably advised me to give up poetry, as it was contrary to the service and leading to nothing good.(A. Pushkin) She was, like a smaller one, her father's favorite....(L. Tolstoy);

c) comparative turnover begins with a combination like, For example: To Moscow, as well as to the whole country, I feel my sonship, as to an old nanny.(K. Paustovsky)

2. Comparative turnover with union asnot highlighted commas if

a) union as has the meaning as, For example: So, I advise you as a friend to be careful.(M. Lermontov) I speak as a writer.(M. Gorky);

b) the turnover forms the nominal part of the compound predicate or is closely related in meaning to the predicate (usually in these cases the predicate does not have a complete meaning without a comparative turnover), for example: Marya Ilyinichna sat on pins and needles.(A. Pushkin) Our garden like a driveway.(A. Chekhov);

c) comparative turnover is preceded by negation not or words quite, absolutely, almost, almost, exactly, exactly, just, exactly etc., for example: I brought up in myself this sense of celebration not like rest ... but as a desired goal, the completion of the highest creativity of life.(M. Prishvin) It was light, almost like daylight; Children sometimes talk just like adults; The girl's hair is curly exactly like at mother;

d) the turnover has the character of a stable combination, for example: At the lion like a mountain lifted off my shoulders. (I. Krylov) The young spouses were happy, and their life flowed like clockwork. (A.Chekhov) 6

19. 1. Using reference materials, explain the punctuation of comparative phrases.

1) Rich, good-looking, Lensky was accepted everywhere as a groom. 2) He sang love, obedient to love, and his song was clear, like the thoughts of an ingenuous maiden, like the dream of an infant, like the moon in the deserts of the serene sky, the goddess of secrets and tender sighs. 3) The fiery creator used to show his hero to us in an important way of mood, as a model of perfection. 4) Like a true Frenchman, he brought a couplet to Tatiana in Triquet's pocket. 5) Rural freedom has its happy rights, just like haughty Moscow. 6) As for an unfortunate parting, Tatyana grumbles at the stream. 7) Monotonous and insane, like a whirlwind of young life, the waltz is whirling, a noisy whirlwind. 8) She, as with old friends, with her groves, meadows, is still in a hurry to talk. 9) He returned and got, like Chatsky, from the ship to the ball. 10) But I would, it seems, wish to glorify my sad lot, so that at least a single sound would remind of me, as a true friend. (A. Pushkin)

2. Comment on the remaining punctograms in these sentences. If you have any difficulties, do not leave them unattended (discuss the questions in class, try to find the answer yourself in the textbook, contact the teacher.)

*20. Fill in the missing punctuation marks.

1) I will never forget one case that remains in my memory as an example of the extreme naivety of the first young hares running in the right circle to lay. (M. Prishvin) 2) As a hunter, I was well known to myself, but I never thought I didn’t know that there was some other person in me. (M. Prishvin) 3) Take me through the outpost as your servant, I don't need anything else. (A. Herzen) 4) Savka was as naked as a falcon. (A.Chekhov) 5) Of course, as a kind person, he loved people more than he did not love them. (L. Tolstoy) 6) In the commandant's house I was accepted as a native. (A. Pushkin) 7) The sun was hiding behind the clouds, the trees and the air were frowning like before the rain, but despite this it was hot and stuffy. (A.Chekhov) 8) Neva tossed about like a patient in her restless bed. (A. Pushkin)

*21. In the mentioned book by A.T. Arsyria has headings: "What do you think?", "Be careful", "Let's see." Try to answer their questions.

1. Here is an offer for you: He jumped up and exactly burnt, running around the room...(M. Gorky) What are the highlighted words from a syntactic point of view? What happens if you omit the union exactly?

2. Which definitions in the following sentence are separate and where is the word being defined: The eldest, thin, blue-eyed, with blond hair, held an ax in his hand.(B. Polevoy)? Why could there be difficulties with the identification of the defined word?

3. Find and designate a separate member in the sentence: It was wonderful to go like this, to nowhere, which is the country of surprises and happiness.(L.Leonov) Which group of isolated members does it belong to - specifying or with the meaning of an additional message?

4. Try to explain the setting of the dash in a sentence with a separate definition: Night was falling on the sea - grayish, as if after rain.(K. Paustovsky)

5. Why is the application isolated in the sentence: The best friend of Nicholas, Victor could not remain indifferent to his fate?

6. What is the highlighted word in the sentence: So, poor guy I was afraid that I could not utter a word? Can an application exist without a word to which it is attached?

7. If in the offer All summer the cattle grazed on the meadow, that is, the highland pasture instead of i.e use or, do i need to keep the comma?

*22. Read the statement by K.G. Paustovsky about the artist I.I. Levitan.

Levitan left about a hundred autumn paintings. They depict things familiar from childhood: haystacks, blackened from dampness; small rivers circling the fallen leaves in slow whirlpools; lonely golden birches; a sky like thin ice; shaggy rains over forest clearings. But in all these landscapes, no matter what they depict, the sadness of farewell days, the falling leaves, the quiet, wonderful before the cold, festive sun is best conveyed.

1. What is the semantic role of punctuation marks in this text?

2. Prepare expressively, as required by the syntactic structure of the literary text, read it aloud.

23. Try to find a reproduction of one of I.I. Levitan and get ready to write an essay on the painting.

Answers to some tasks

5. 1. Rainy and frostless_ autumn did not allow the forest to fade, turn yellow. In definitions before the word being defined autumn, undoubtedly there is a significance of the cause. (Why did autumn prevent the forest from fading, turning yellow? Because there were rains and there were no frosts).

The causal significance of definitions would be especially emphasized in this variant of the punctuation of the construction:

But this, as we see, was not the intention of the author. And since the author's version has the right to exist (there is no violation of the mandatory punctuation rule here), we must accept what the author suggested in his text.

7. 1. You need to solve 3 tasks:

1) two homogeneous participles connected by a single union and, are not separated; 2) a number of homogeneous adverbial phrases are separated on both sides by commas; 3) two pairs of homogeneous adverbial phrases, connected only by intonation, are separated by a comma.

8. 1. Participial and participial phrases are quite rarely perceived as homogeneous members of a sentence, since the first has a definitive meaning, and the second is adverbial. However, in the position of the detached terms associated with the subject, they have the same meaning of the additional message, and it is this that determines them. homogeneity in relation to the same member of the sentence, which is reflected in their punctuation in the letter. (Recall from A.S. Pushkin: But, exhausted by the noise of the ball and turning morning into midnight sleeps peacefully in the shade of blissful fun and luxury child).

10. 2. ... read Dostoevsky not looking up... - the gerund has the meaning of the manner of action (not doing what? a as? without interruption), does not have the meaning of an additional action, therefore, it is not isolated in speech and is not separated by commas in writing.

3. Dash in this proposal- optional, author's sign: clarifying circumstance running could be separated by paired commas, but a dash more clearly indicates a transition to another action.

12. 1. Separate adverbial phrases, verbal predicates, creating a dynamic rhythm of the narrative, give way to less energetic isolated definitions, compound sentences with the union and.

13. 1. Big number isolated members of the proposal, forming homogeneous series; sentences circulated by minor members different meanings; complex sentences all kinds; complex sentences with different types and means of communication.

14. 1. And this is achieved, in addition to very precise vocabulary, with the help of syntactic constructions: unionless bond parts; isolated non-common and widespread definitions in a homogeneous series, a combination of words distinguished by intonation, to which the author attaches special importance.

20. 1) ...remains in my memory as an example(cf.: as an example);...hares running...; 2) I am like a hunter(cf.: as a hunter); ...known, but I never thought, did not know that...; 3) spend... like a servant(cf.: as a servant); 4) ...naked as a falcon(phraseologism as a predicate). 5) Of course, as a kind person(cf.: because he was a kind person),is he...; 6) was adopted as native(cf.: as native); 7) ...behind the clouds, the trees and the air were frowning as before the rain, but despite this, ...; 8)thrashing around like a sick person...

21. 1. A separate agreed definition with a comparison value. If you omit the union exactly the comparison value will disappear, and he is burnt... should be accepted as a fact of reality.

2. An adjective is used as a defined word senior, used here as a noun. With him - homogeneous isolated definitions: two agreed and one - inconsistent.

3. ...go like this, to nowhere, ... - clarifying circumstance.

4. ...night lay down - grayish, as if after rain. The dash denotes a pause, and with it the meaning of an additional message expressed by a separate definition. In this case, the dash is the author's sign (it would not be a mistake to use a comma).

5. An application with a proper name has the meaning of an additional message about reason which is stated in the offer.

6. In this incomplete sentence (the subject is omitted) the word poor fellow is a standalone application (with a reason value).

7. ... combined on a meadow, that is, a high mountain pasture, ... union i.e without prejudice to the meaning can be replaced by the union or: these unions in this offer have a synonymous meaning (with the second name acting as a clarifying in relation to the first).

22. 1. In this case, the colon warns that the generalizing word (subject) is concretized by the homogeneous members of the sentence following it, allowing you to give detailed description. A semicolon separates common homogeneous subjects, emphasizing the autonomy of each sketch.

1 In acrobatics and circus aerial gymnastics: a turn of an acrobat, a gymnast in a jump by 180 °.

2 A thin suit that fits tightly around the body.

3 Tasks with answers are marked with this icon.

4 This is how support materials are designated.

5 See: Rosenthal D.E. Punctuation and management in Russian. Handbook for press workers. M., 1988. S. 61.

6 In preparing these materials, the relevant articles from the above-mentioned book by D.E. Rosenthal, p. 156–163. Note that the supporting materials do not mention all the conditions for highlighting a comparative turnover in a letter.

A.Yu. KUPALOV,
Moscow

Sections: Russian language

Classes: 10 , 11

lesson type - a lesson in consolidating and complex application of knowledge based on the generalization and systematization of what has been studied.

Lesson Objectives:

• educational- developing the skill of punctuation with the union HOW (by structuring and updating knowledge based on past knowledge of students, systematizing knowledge in the form of convenient tables; due to frequent changes in activities, keep students active at all stages of the lesson)
• developing- develop and improve the skill of working on solving test tasks, text analysis, taking into account the typology of USE tasks - parts B, C (by using tests and tasks different kind control)
• nurturing- to show the diversity of folk songs, their richness and ethical potential; to cultivate a sense of beauty in students, interest and tolerance for a different national culture (by using educational opportunities didactic material– articles by Rasul Gamzatov about folk songs; as well as through expressive teacher reading)

Equipment: handouts in the form of cards and tables, control tests, electronic presentation for the lesson

Teaching methods: reproductive, partially exploratory, research (in text analysis)

Levels of assimilation of knowledge, educational information:

1. perception, awareness, fixation of information
2. assimilation of methods of application by samples
3. creative application of knowledge in text analysis

Feedback:

1. visual (teacher's observation of all students in the lesson)
2. selective content (survey of individual students at the stages of repetition, consolidation, solving test tasks in pairs)
3. frontal content (conversation with the whole class at the stage of refining the table and the first (joint) solution of test tasks)

During the classes

The lesson is accompanied by a computer presentation. (Appendix)

I. Organizational stage(1 minute)

(Greetings to the class, the presence of school supplies is checked, the Grammar Notebook is a kind of handwritten reference manual maintained by students from the 5th to the 11th grade.)

II. Goal setting stage (1 minute)

Subject of our today's lesson - a comma in constructions with the union HOW, it is not by chance that yours homework was recall from the grammar notebook all the cases of using the union HOW studied in the 5th-9th grade. (Slide 1)

We have to to systematize and generalize theoretical information on this topic, to develop the skill of putting a sign in this position, to work with tests, to start analyzing the most beautiful text - a journalistic article by Rasul Gamzatov about a folk song.

III. Stage of repetition and systematization of the studied (10-12 minutes)

In parallel, the following types of work are carried out:

BUT) 3 students at the blackboard work on cards.

Card 1

Give an example (on the board in writing) of sentences with the union HOW ... in the introductory construction ... in the subordinate clause.

Card 2

Give an example (on the board in writing) of sentences with the union HOW ... in a compound (paired) union ... in a comparative turnover.

Card 3

Give an example (on the board in writing) of sentences with the union HOW ... in the appendix with the meaning "as" ... as part of the predicate.

B) Frontal discussion with the class.

Would you put a comma in a sentence:

Here our Ivan the Fool blushed like a cancer?

Why? ( No, since the union HOW is part of the phraseological unit)

Indeed, we do not put a comma with the union HOW as part of phraseological units, in set expressions, in turns close in meaning to the nominal part of compound predicates. Let's remember the expression models of this type together. (Slide 2)

Union HOW - is the conjunction coordinating or subordinating? Is it possible to give a definite answer? Give examples. ( Union HOW subordinating, but it is impossible to give an unambiguous answer, since it can be an integral part of paired coordinating unions, for example, HOW ..., SO AND)

Why in unions since, since, as maybe double staging of the sign? And what compound unions the sign before HOW is unacceptable? (Slides 3, 4)

AT) Checking tasks completed at the blackboard, clarifying positions, examples

G) Drawing up a pivot table "Comma in constructions with the union HOW". (Using an electronic presentation.) (Slides 5-17)

A comma is placed	No comma is placed
1. When attaching subordinate clauses (explanatory, comparative, measures and degrees, etc.): He saw how far the railroad network stretched.	1. If HOW is part of the predicate: The ravine was like a deep gorge.
2. When adding a comparative turnover: He, like an angry lion, rushed at the enemy.	2. If there is a negation in the comparative turnover before the union: He took the tool not like a boy, but like an adult worker
3. If HOW is part of the introductory structure: He seems to be an interesting person..	3. If HOW is part of a pair union (HOW ..., SO AND): Behind were both large cities and small villages.
4. If AS is part of an application with a reason value: He, as a man of action, immediately approached the machine.	4. In applications with the value "as": The story was included in the book as a small chapter..
5. In combination with the union And: She looked the same as she did three years ago.	5. In set phrases (as part of phraseological units, in set expressions, in turns close in meaning to the nominal part of compound predicates): His hands were cold as ice.
6. If there are index words ( so, so, so etc.): He was just as quick to make decisions as before..	6. When repeating what is being compared to indicate the commonness, typicality of an object: Everything is still fine here. Ice like ice, desert like desert.
	7. In revolutions no more than... (not) before... (not) more than... which do not contain a comparison: No more than half an hour, classes will end.
! Remember: none other than… nothing more than…

At the end of the work on compiling the table, its printed copies are distributed to each student for pasting into the Grammar Notebook.

IV. The stage of consolidating the acquired knowledge (8-10 minutes)

BUT) Work in pairs. (Speaking to each other the contents of the table - preferably as a keepsake - according to the options: one student - cases of placing a sign before the union HOW, the other - cases of the absence of a comma with the union HOW). Weak students are listened to by the teacher. Required condition - Bringing your examples to all the named cases of setting / not setting the sign.

B) Frontal work with the class - the placement of signs in each sentence is commented on in a chain. Handout - exercise card ( see below) for each batch. Students applying for "4" and "5" work with a closed table, applying for a mark of "3" - with an open table.

Card 4

Mark the sentences that put a comma before HOW:

1. The modern market in Russia… like any other phenomenon… develops through contradictions.
2. Despite the fact that Russia is moving towards a market, for many people today...just like a few years ago...it remains an abstract concept.
3. The export of capital can be carried out ... both in the entrepreneurial form and in the form of loan capital.
4. The state budget acts ... as the central link of the financial system and the main financial plan countries.
5. The deficit in the sphere of the economy manifests itself ... as an excess of expenditures over revenues in the state budget.
6. The fate of Russia ... as a major power ... cannot but excite politicians from different countries.
7. Culture is studied by a number of sciences ... as a social phenomenon.
8. National Science no ... just as there is no national multiplication table.
9. Audit services have ... as a rule ... highly qualified lawyers and economists of various profiles.
10. Here is the sound of the rain ... like a dombra sound.
11. According to Russian scientists, this failure is nothing more than ... like an extinct volcano.
12. I ... as an experienced hack ... immediately came up with a title for the radio script.

(Answers: 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12).

AT) Work in pairs - test tasks for 3 options, 10 sentences each (from 1 to 3 options, the tasks become more difficult, which gives the teacher the opportunity to conduct differentiated teaching), perform independently - check according to the instructive control chart, in case of ambiguity, consult with the teacher.

Card 4A

1 option

a- need, b- not necessary.

1. Man was created for happiness like a bird for flight.
2. Youth is like the song of a lark at dawn.
3. After days the days passed like a shadow.
4. A leaf fell off a birch and covered the ground like a carpet.
5. Beneath him, like an ocean, the steppe turns blue all around.
6. Clouds like lead.
7. The response received was considered as consent.
8. Dubrovin walked like crazy for a year.
9. Get as far away from here as you can.
10. Like lightning in the sky they blazed like fiery rain fell from the sky.

(Answers: 1 - a, 2 - b, 3 - b, 4 - a, 5 - a, 6 - b, 7 - b, 8 - b, 9 - b, 10 - a)

Card 4B

Option 2

Determine whether to separate turns with commas with the conjunction HOW: a- need, b- not necessary.

1. The day began as usual in a dense fog.
2. We met like old friends.
3. The robber robbed the peasant like a sticky.
4. Cranes screamed sadly as if they were calling with them.
5. The road was like an alley.
6. I want to keep these letters as a memory.
7. Beneath him, the Caucasus, like a facet of a diamond, shone with eternal snows.
8. I speak as a writer.
9. I am like a stranger to you.

(Answers: 1 - a, 2 - b, 3 - b, 4 - a, 5 - b, 6 - b, 7 - a, 8 - a, 9 - b, 10 - b)

Card 4B

3 option

Determine whether to separate turns with commas with the conjunction HOW: a- need, b- not necessary.

1. He carried himself like an aristocrat.
2. He was as strong as an ox in body and as brave as a lion.
3. It was calm and quiet, like after a storm.
4. Are you swallowing a fly?
5. Here the stars will look from the sky, and how the river will light up the Milky Way.
6. There were a lot of people on the street as if on a holiday.
7. Rarely do you meet such an interesting person as he is.
8. Buckshot rained down like hail.
9. Evening is like two drops of water similar to any other.
10. This melody was created by Glinka, but it is perceived as a truly folk one.

(Answers: 1 - b, 2 - b, 3 - a, 4 - b, 5 - a, 6 - a, 7 - a, 8 - b, 9 - a, 10 - b)

V. Stage of knowledge control (5-7 minutes)

Control testing on the topic under study, for 3 options, from 1 to 3 options, the tasks become more complicated, which gives the teacher the opportunity to conduct a differentiated control of the assimilation of knowledge.

Control testing, 1 option

a – subordinate clause, a comma is needed;
b - comparative turnover, a comma is needed;
in - the nominal part of the predicate, a comma is not needed.

1. These plains are like an endless sea.
2. See how the grove turns green.
3. Earth is still like a vague negative, it cannot manifest itself in any way.
4. Today is a month like a bright sickle.
5. Bor was rippling around the gatehouse like a parting sea.
6. Seryozha was the youngest in the family and grew like grass in the steppe.
7. And with a prickly spruce branch knocks on the window like a belated traveler at times.
8. The hot wind walks like an empty nut and shakes the branches.
9. A beam of a ruddy sunset will make your camp like a ribbon.

(Answers: 1 - c, 2 - b, 3 - a, 4 - c, 5 - c, 6 - b, 7 - a, 8 - a, 9 - b, 10 - b)

Control testing, option 2

Specify what joins the union HOW and whether commas are needed here:

a - subordinate clause, commas are needed;
b - comparative turnover, commas are needed;
in - the nominal part of the predicate, commas are not needed.

1. Raindrops like diamonds.
2. Was like resin, fiction like water.
3. They do not choose their homeland just as they do not choose their mothers.
4. In the dark sky, the stars are like bright sparks.
5. The sea in the distant years sang songs to me like a mother.
6. Stars like willows swell in transparent clouds.
7. The pine forest is like a golden organ, permeated with the lightest fresh light.
8. I could hear the scythes being sharpened.
9. Look, dear friend, how beautiful the earth is.
10. On the clearing lies a meter of snow, loose as sand.

(Answers: 1 - c, 2 - c, 3 - a, 4 - c, 5 - b, 6 - b, 7 - c, 8 - a, 9 - a, 10 - b)

Control testing, option 3

Specify whether it is necessary to separate constructions with the union HOW with commas: a- Yes; b- No.

1. From the village of Okoyomovo, as its inhabitants say, half of Russia is visible.
2. The speaker described him as our best artist.
3. As a native of the south, it was difficult for the boy to get used to the harsh Arctic.
4. The yard is like a blooming garden.
5. Each branch was covered in rose petals like a bride in her transparent dress.
6. The rain is pouring like a bucket, and I don’t want to leave the house.
7. He was calm as the quiet water of mountain lakes.
8. He looked the same as three years ago.
9. Only then did I truly understand how difficult and dangerous the climb was.
10. I was interested in the forest both alone and with him.

(Answers: 1 - a, 2 - b, 3 - a, 4 - b, 5 - a, 6 - b, 7 - a, 8 - a, 9 - a, 10 - b)

VI. Text analysis (10 minutes)

BUT) Brief information about Rasul Gamzatov from a teacher or a trained student (no more than 1 minute)

B) Expressive reading of the text by the teacher (handout - the text of the article by Rasul Gamzatov (see below) to each student):

Songs of the old ... new songs ... Wedding lullaby battle songs. Long and short. Sad and funny. All over the earth they sing you. Words are strung like beads on a silver thread. The words are pounding hard. Like nails. Words arise .. cabins and flow le .. like a tear after a tear when crying .. t beauty. Words fly and hit the target like arrows fired by an experienced hand. Words fly and hit the target like arrows fired by an experienced hand. Words flow and lead (into) the distance like mountain paths along which you can eventually go to the ends of the world.

The space between the lines is like the street where your beloved's house stands. It is like a boundary in the father's field. It is like the hour of Ra..veta and the hour of z..kata separating the day from the night.

Songs recorded on paper and songs (not) recorded on paper. But what (whatever) n .. was the song, it should be sung. (Not) a singing song (everything) is like a (not) flying bird (not) beating .. beating (not) beating .. heart.

Songs streams from the mountains. Songs swift messengers messengers from the battlefield. Songs kunaki friends (not) waiting .. about the guests who arrived. Take pandur chongur chagan flute kemancha zurna tambourine accordion drum just take a basin or a copper plate. Hit the ground with your heels. Listen for sabers hitting sabers. Listen to the ringing of a pebble thrown through the window of your beloved. Sing and listen to our songs. They are ambassadors of sorrow and joy. They are passports of honor and courage, evidence of thoughts and deeds. They make the young courageous and wise old and wise young. They force the rider to get off his horse and listen to him. They make the pedestrian jump into the saddle and fly like a bird. They reject the intoxicated one and make them think about their fate; they make the sober one despondent and, as it were, intoxicated. About what there are no songs in the world!

AT) The beginning of search work with the text on the following questions:

1. What is the topic of the article? What are the concerns of the author?
2. What is the style of the article? What linguistic features of the text can confirm the conclusion?
3. From what works of Russian classical literature can examples be selected to argue the author's position? ( Turgenev "Singers", Leskov "The Enchanted Wanderer"»)
4. Can this article be considered an essay? Why?
5. Punctuation: Find cases of putting//not putting a comma before the union HOW, write out these sentences, graphically indicate the conditions for choosing a sign. (Option 1 - 1.2 paragraphs; Option 2 - 3.4 paragraph)

VII. Homework(1 minute)

1. Write down the entire text, placing punctuation marks and inserting missing letters. Group words with gaps by type of spelling.
2. 1 row - note the lexical features of the text, prepare an interpretation of the national vocabulary, its functions in the text; 2 row - mark all types of paths in the text, their functions in the text; 3 row - note the figures of speech, their functions in the text.
3. Prepare (orally) an answer to the question: How does the song help us to build and live at present?

VIII. Summing up the lesson (2 minutes)

What did today's lesson give you? Are you surprised by something today?

References

1. D.E. Rosenthal. A guide to syntax and punctuation. - Any edition.
2. Handbook for preparing for centralized testing in RY. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2002.
3. Malyushkin A.B., Ikonnitskaya L.N. Test tasks to test students' knowledge of the Russian language: 10-11 grades. - Moscow, shopping center "Sphere", 2005.
4. Narushevich A.G. Methods of preparation for the Unified State Examination in RL ... - Moscow, PU "First of September", 2007

You already know that union- This service unit speech, with the help of which they form a connection between parts of sentences, separate sentences in a text or between words in a simple sentence.

Union"AS" very often requires the separation of different syntactic constructions.

To understand when to put a comma before the union " AS", and when not, see the following examples.

Comma before conjunction "AS" is put

1. Commas stand out or separate turns that begin with a union"AS"

1) if they denote assimilation , without other shades of meaning (" AS" has the meaning " like»).

For example: Below him is the Caucasus , like the edge of a diamond, shone with eternal snows. Her voice rang , like a bell. Her eyes shone, green , like a gooseberry. And he saw himself rich , like in a dream. (Krylov) His hands were shaking , like mercury. (Gogol) The air is clean and fresh , like kissing a baby...(Lermontov) Like a seagull , the sail there is white in height.

Comparative phrases in our language not only convey similarities or differences, but also give beauty and expressiveness to the language.

The punctuation rule about comparative turnover is not so difficult: it is always separated by commas on both sides.

For example: Down below , like a mirror , glittering water. Around the high brow , like clouds , curls turn black. (Pushkin) Downstairs , like a steel mirror, jet lakes turn blue. (Tyutchev) Flashed brightly in the sky , like a living eye , first star. (Goncharov) Anchar , like a formidable sentinel, stands alone in the whole universe (A. S. Pushkin).

What are the difficulties and where do the mistakes come from?

First difficulty- insufficiently thoughtful attitude to the text. If you do not understand that something is compared with something in a sentence, you will not notice the comparative turnover. Hence the simple conclusion: always try to understand the text you write.

Second difficulty consists in the fact that among comparisons there are syntactic "dwarfs" and syntactic "giants". Here's what comparisons can look like - "dwarfs", they can be accidentally overlooked.

For example: I myself , like a beast , was a stranger to people and crawled and hid , like a kite(M. Yu. Lermontov).

And here is what comparisons - “giants" might look like: In front of them , like ocean waves petrified during a storm, mountain ranges spread out.

What trouble can be done with such a proposal?

First, just forget to close the turnover with a comma. This misfortune happens with all common turnovers: having "caught" its beginning, many do not keep it in memory until the end - and then goodbye, second comma!

Secondly, without thinking about the meaning of the turnover, cut the "giant", hastening to put a comma ahead of time, for example, after the word petrified, and thereby turn the sentence into complete nonsense.

2) if in the main part of the sentence there is a demonstrative word so, such, that, so.

For example: Lyceum gave Russia such people , like Pushkin, Pushchin, Delvig. The coachman was in the same amazement at his generosity , like the Frenchman himself from Dubrovsky's proposal. (Pushkin) Nowhere at a mutual meeting do they bow so nobly and naturally , like on Nevsky Prospekt. (Gogol) His facial features were the same , like her sister. (L. Tolstoy) Laevsky is certainly harmful and just as dangerous to society , like a cholera microbe... (Chekhov) Everything around is somehow ecclesiastical, and the oil smells just as strong as in the church. (Bitter)

3) if turnover begins with a combination like.

For example: Trees , like people , have their own destiny. To Moscow , like the whole country, I feel my sonship , like an old nanny(Paustovsky). In her eyes , as in the whole face, there was something unusual. Just like last year's competition, athletes of the Russian Federation were ahead;

4) if union "AS" included in the introductory sentence . Most often used as introductory proposals the following expressions:

As I remember now, how they said, how we learned, how some people think, as well as combinations as now, as one, as a rule, as an exception, as usual, as always, as before, as now, as now, as on purpose etc.

For example: It was , as you can guess, our heroine. All residents of the house , as one , spilled out into the yard. I see , as it is now , the owner himself ... (Pushkin) Classes have begun , normally , at nine o'clock in the morning. remember , like now , his first teacher at school. as if on purpose , I didn't have a penny in my pocket. commas , usually , adverbial phrases are distinguished. Spartakiad , normally , takes place in the summer.

But! These combinations are not separated by commas if they are part of the predicate or are closely related to it in meaning.

For example: Classes start as usual. Snowfalls occur in December as a rule (=usually). Yesterday went as usual.(i.e., as usual);

5) in revolutions none other than and none other than; like and just like.

For example: Rhine Falls in front nothing else , as low water ledge (Zhukovsky). But before her was none other , as traveling Aigle, a famous collector of legends, fairy tales, legends. This was none other , as Rylov.

2. If application with union"AS"has a causal value, it is separated by commas.

For example: Like a true French, in Trike's pocket he brought a couplet to Tatyana (A. S. Pushkin). Why did he bring a verse to Tatyana? - like a true Frenchman.

If the application has no additional values, it is separated by a comma.

For example: Such a tool , like a screwdriver , always useful in business. Neither question can be asked here.

3. In a complex sentence when attaching a subordinate clause:"AS"acts as subordinating union and connects the subordinate clause with the main clause.

For example: He sees , like a field father cleans up. Love jumped out in front of us , how it pops out of the ground murderer, and hit us both at once. I looked for a long time , how the candle burns.

(Reminder: how to distinguish a complex sentence from a complex one? You can ask a question in a complex sentence from one part of the sentence to another. Using the example above: " I looked for a long time- for what? - how the candle burns". AT compound sentences parts are equal).

Comma before union"AS" not put

1. Turnovers with a union"AS"not separated by commas

1) if the meaning of the circumstance of the mode of action comes to the fore in the turnover (to the question as?); usually such turns can be replaced by the instrumental case of a noun or an adverb.

For example: Buckshot rained down like hail.(Lermontov) (Compare: hailed .) Like smoke dissipated dreams. (Lermontov) Like a demon insidious and evil(Lermontov) (Compare: demonically insidious.)

The ring burns like heat.(Nekrasov) In anger, he roared like thunder, flashed like steel. The horse flies like a blizzard, like a blizzard in a hurry. Like lightning in the sky they blazed, like a fiery rain fell from the sky.

2) if the main meaning of turnover is equalization or identification.

For example: …You loved me as property, as a source of joy, worries and sorrows ...(Lermontov) (Compare: ... loved me, considering me his property.) …He[Judas] gave his stone as the only what could he give(Saltykov-Shchedrin);

3) if union "AS"means "as" or turnover with the union "AS" (Appendix) characterizes an object from any one side.

For example: Rich, good-looking, Lensky was accepted everywhere as a groom. (Pushkin) I speak as a writer. (Gorky) My ignorance of the language and silence was interpreted as diplomatic silence. (Mayakovsky) We know India as a country of ancient culture. The public appreciated the early Chekhov like a subtle humorist. We know Lermontov better as a poet and prose writer and less as a playwright. I will keep this letter as a keepsake. Yuri Gagarin went down in history as the world's first astronaut. The question of ecology rises as main question today.

4) if turnover forms the nominal part of the compound predicate or in meaning is closely related to the predicate (usually in these cases the predicate does not have a complete meaning without a comparative turnover).

For example: Some are like emerald, others are like coral. (Krylov) She herself walked like a wild. (Goncharov) Like a child, I became a soul. (Turgenev) Her father and mother are like strangers. (Dobrolyubov) I looked like. (Arseniev)

She behaves like a hostess.(If we take the predicate " holding on» no turnover « like a hostess", then it turns out" she's holding on”, and you might think that she is holding on to something.)

Compare also: feel like one's in one's own element, act like a deranged person, take it as a hint, take it as a praise, perceive it as a danger, look at it like a child, greet it like a friend, appreciate it as an achievement, regard it as an exception, take it for granted, present it as a fact, qualify as a violation of the law, mark as a great success, interest as a novelty, put forward as a project, justify as a theory, accept as inevitable, develop as a tradition, state as a proposal, interpret as unwillingness to participate, define as a case of a separate application, characterize as a type, stand out as a talent, formalize as an official document, be used as a phraseological phrase, sound like a call, enter as an integral part, figure as a representative, feel like an alien body, exist as an independent organization, emerge as something unexpected, develop as a progressive idea, perform as an urgent task etc.;

5) if comparative turnover is preceded by negation not or words completely, completely, almost, like, exactly, exactly, directly, simply etc.

For example: I brought up in myself this feeling of a holiday not as a rest and simply a means for further struggle, but as a desired goal, the completion of the highest creativity of life. (Prishvin) It was almost as bright as day. Children sometimes talk just like adults. The girl's hair curls exactly like her mother's. The newspaper did not come out as usual. He just like a child.

6) if turnover has the character of a stable combination .

We have come to the most interesting case - to phraseological turns. Our speech is permeated with phraseological units. These are stable phrases, colored with irony, cunning, cunning.

For example: the fifth leg is needed like a dog, it will help like a dead poultice.

Phraseologisms bring into our speech not only figurativeness, but also mischief, a smile. And what is very important - they do not require a comma before the union " AS"!

For example: Everywhere he felt at home. Brother and sister look like two drops of water. At the lion like a mountain lifted off my shoulders.(Krylov) Yes, tell the doctor to bandage his wound and take care of him like the apple of an eye. (Pushkin) The young spouses were happy, and their lives flowed like butter. (Chekhov)

There are no strict grammatical rules that help distinguish phraseologism from the usual comparative turnover. You just need to be able to "recognize at a meeting" as many phraseological units as possible.

Among the stable phrases that are not separated by commas, there are also "dwarfs": works like an ox(or like a horse), tired or as hungry as a dog, as stupid as a cork, as white as a harrier, as mad, as crazed, as if rooted to the spot etc. No comma before " AS"in combinations no like no and right here. Not distinguished by commas and the phrase of impressive size as if nothing had happened.

Compare also: white as a harrier, white as a sheet, white as snow, pale as death, glistens like a mirror, sickness vanished like a hand, afraid like fire, wanders like a restless man, rushed like a madman, mumbles like a sexton, ran in like a madman, spins like a squirrel in a wheel , squeals like a piglet, I see it like in the daytime, everything is like a selection, jumped up like a stung, looked like a wolf, stupid like a cork, naked like a falcon, hungry like a wolf, as far as the sky from the earth, trembling as if in a fever, trembling like an aspen leaf, everything is like water off a goose, waiting like manna from heaven, fell asleep like a dead man, healthy as an ox, knows like the back of his hand, walks beside him like a sewn one, rolled around like cheese in butter, sways like a drunk, swayed like a jelly, red like cancer, strong like an oak, screams like a catechumen, flies like an arrow, hit like a goat, bald as a knee, pours like a bucket, waves his arms like a windmill, rushes about like mad, wet like a mouse, gloomy like a cloud, people like a herring in a barrel, not to be seen like his own ears, dumb as a grave, worn like a stray, needed like air, stopped as if rooted to the spot, remained like a stranded cancer, sharp as a razor, different as heaven from earth, turned pale as a sheet, repeated as if in delirium, you will go like a pretty one, remember your name, hit like a butt on the head, they look like two drops of water, went to the bottom like a stone, betrayed like a dog, stuck like a bath leaf, fell like through the ground, disappeared as if sunk into the water, just like a knife through the heart, burned like fire, dispersed like smoke, grow like mushrooms after the rain, fell like snow on his head, fresh as blood with milk, fresh as a cucumber, sat as if on pins and needles, sat as if on coals, sat as if chained, listened as if spellbound, looked as if spellbound, slept as if dead, slender as a cypress, hard as a stone, dark as night, skinny as a skeleton, cowardly as a hare, died like a hero, fell down like a stump, rested like a ram, stubborn like a donkey, tired like a dog, whipping like a bucket, walked as if lowered into water, cold as ice, black as hell , feel at home, staggered like drunk, went as if to execution etc.

2. In addition, the word "AS" may be part compound union like... so... or as, as well as turnover since, since, as, as little as possible or more. In such cases, a comma is placed either before " AS", or before the whole complex union.

For example: Him excellent grades both in Russian and in mathematics. This topic is touched upon both in poetry and in prose. Fairy tales are loved by both children and adults. Avoid empty speeches, as their outcome is repentance.

He finished the story while they got to the place. Larisa worked at a hairdresser's while Ivan was graduating from college.

Since the eternal judge
He gave me the omniscience of the prophet,
I read in the eyes of people
Pages of malice and vice.
(M. Yu. Lermontov)

3. In a complex sentence with homogeneous subordinate clauses after coordinating conjunctions.

For example: nice in warm room listen to how angry the wind is and how the taiga groans.

4. Union"AS" can be present in a sentence without attaching any semantic-syntactic block, but only as a means of expressiveness of speech.

For example: We have done our best; I tried to stay with my friends as long as possible; The weight of the luggage seemed to have decreased; I was just about to go to the skating rink etc.