1. With two adjacent subordinating unions (or subordinating union and allied word), as well as when a coordinating union and a subordinating (or allied word) meet, a comma is placed between them if the withdrawal subordinate clause does not require restructuring of the main clause (practically - if the second part of the double union does not follow then yes, but, the presence of which requires such a restructuring), for example: The maid was an orphan who, in order to be fed, had to enter the service (L. Tolstoy) (the subordinate part to be fed can be omitted or rearranged to another place in the sentence without restructuring the main part); Finally, he felt that he could no longer, that no force would move him from his place, and that if he sat down now, he would no longer rise (B. Polevoy) (conditional clause with a union if it can be omitted or rearranged); And the woman kept talking and talking about her misfortunes, and although her words were familiar, Saburov’s heart suddenly ached from them (Simonov) (when removing the subordinate concessive with the union although the prepositional-pronominal combination from them becomes unclear, but structurally such an exception is possible, therefore, a comma is usually placed between the coordinating and subordinating conjunctions in such cases).
If the subordinate clause is followed by the second part of the double union, then a comma is not placed between the previous two unions, for example: Blind knew that the sun was looking into the room and that if he stretched his hand out the window, then dew would fall from the bushes (Korolenko) (subordinate conditional with a union if it is impossible to omit or rearrange without restructuring the subordinating sentence, since there will be words next to something); The woman's legs were burned and barefoot, and when she spoke, she raked warm dust to the inflamed feet with her hand, as if trying to soothe the pain (Simonov) (when removing or rearranging the adventitious time with the union when the words are next to and and then).
Wed See also: A thunderstorm was approaching, and when the clouds covered the whole sky, it became dark as in twilight. - A thunderstorm was approaching, and when the clouds covered the whole sky, it became dark as at dusk (in the second case, after the union and joining the complex sentence, a comma is not put); The preparations dragged on, and when everything was ready for departure, it no longer made sense to go (after the opposing union a the comma in these cases, as a rule, is not put, since neither the withdrawal nor the rearrangement of the subordinate clause following the union is possible).
In sentences like "He left a long time ago, and where he is now, I don't know" a comma after the union and not set.
2. A comma is usually not placed between the connecting union (after the dot) and the subordinating union, for example: And who are you, I know; And why this is said, I do not understand. The possibility of placing a comma after other joining unions is connected with the intonation-semantic allocation of the subordinate clause, for example: However, if you insist on your proposal so much, I am ready to accept it.
Punctuation marks in a complex sentence with an allied and unionless bond. complex sentence with different types connections.
Clue. Answers to the questions: what is a complex sentence and types of subordinate clauses - you will find in tasks A24 and B6.
Rule.
The following algorithm will help to put punctuation marks in such sentences:
Trap!
If the subordinate clauses are homogeneous and there is an AND union between them, then the repeating subordinating union is skipped before the second clause.
[This time I was already happy] , ( when the bell rang) And (Yurka burst into me).
It can be easily restored from context:
This time I myself was delighted when the bell rang and when Yurka burst into me).
This sentence follows the pattern: , () AND/OR ().
1. A comma at the junction of two unions.
A comma at the junction of unions can be in two cases:
When between two bases connected by coordinating unions, a subordinate clause is wedged, depending on the second base.
With sequential subordination of subordinate clauses, when the second subordinate clause depends on the first, but at the same time requires a position in front of it.
Rule.
Action algorithm.
1. Highlight grammar basics.
2. Select unions and determine whether they are coordinating or subordinating.
3. Determine the main and subordinate clauses (main - those from which the question is asked; subordinate - to which the question is asked).
4. Determine the boundaries of simple sentences that are part of a complex one (unions are often indicate to the beginning of new grammatical foundations!).
5. Put down punctuation marks.
Parsing the task.
Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?
Lucy was gently persistent (1) and (2) although it was difficult to remember everything (3) gradually the old woman told (4) how it was.
First, let's define the grammatical foundations and highlight which of them are main, which are subordinate.
[Lucy was mildly persistent] and [(although it was hard to remember o) gradually the old woman told] (how it was).
Thus, we get:
According to the rules, in complex sentence with heterogeneous clauses, all grammatical stems must be separated from each other by commas.
BUT! In this sentence there is a junction of unions AND ALTHOUGH. We read the offer. In its second part, there is no continuation of the union THEN, SO, BUT, therefore, a comma is placed between the unions: AND, ALTHOUGH.
[Lucy was gently insistent], (1) and, (2) [(although it was hard to remember o), (3) gradually the old woman told] , (4) (how it was).
The correct answer is option #2.
Practice.
1. In which answer option are all the numbers correctly indicated, in the place of which commas should be in the sentence?
It was getting dark (1) and (2) when we entered a sparse birch grove (3), the white trunks seemed to us bright paper strips stuck to the lilac dusk.
1) 1, 2, 3 2) 2, 3 3) 3 4) 1, 2
2. In which answer option are all the numbers correctly indicated, in the place of which commas should be in the sentence?
At the fifteenth verst, the rear tire (1) burst and (2) while he was repairing it on the edge of the ditch (3), larks (4) rang over the fields as if they were worried about him.
1) 1, 3, 4 2) 1, 2, 3, 4 3) 2, 3 4) 1, 2, 4
3. In which answer option are all the numbers correctly indicated, in the place of which commas should be in the sentence?
Kurin suddenly remembered the desperate eyes and perky freckles of the instructor girl (1) and (2) despite the fact that now there was a boring gray road in front of him (3) and he had to go a few more kilometers under the scorching sun (4) he suddenly became cheerful.
If a introductory word can be omitted or rearranged to another place in the sentence without violating its structure (usually this happens with the unions “and” and “but”), then the union is not included in the introductory construction - a comma need.
For example: "Firstly, it became dark, and, secondly, everyone was tired."
If the introductory word cannot be removed or rearranged, then the comma after the union (usually with the union "a") not put.
For example: “She just forgot about this fact, or maybe she never remembered it”, “..., and therefore ...”, “..., and maybe ...”, “..., which means ...”.
If the introductory word can be removed or rearranged, then the comma need after the union "a", since it is not associated with the introductory word.
For example: “She didn’t just not love him, but maybe even despised him.”
If at the beginning of the sentence there is a coordinating union (in the connecting meaning) (“and”, “yes” in the meaning of “and”, “too”, “also”, “and then”, “otherwise”, “yes and”, “ and also ", etc.), and then the introductory word, then a comma before it need not.
For example: “And really, you shouldn’t have done this”; “And perhaps it was necessary to do something differently”; “Finally, the action of the play is ordered and divided into acts”; “Besides, other circumstances came to light”; “But of course, everything ended well.”
It happens rarely: if at the beginning of a sentence worth joining union, a the introductory construction is emphasized intonation, then commas are NEEDED.
For example: "But, to my great annoyance, Shvabrin decisively announced ..."; "And, as usual, they remembered only one good thing."
Always WITHOUT commas are written:
primarily
at first sight
for sure
likewise
More or less
literally
in addition
in the (final) end
in the end
last resort
best case scenario
anyway
at the same time
overall
primarily
especially
in some cases
through thick and thin
subsequently
otherwise
as a result
concerning
in this case
in the same time
in this regard
mainly
often
exclusively
as a maximum
meanwhile
just in case
in case of emergency
if possible
as far as possible
still
practically
approximately
with all (with) that
with (all) desire
on occasion
likewise
the biggest
at least
actually
in addition
to top it off
by the proposal
by decree
by decision
traditionally
A comma is NOT placed at the beginning of a sentence:
“Before… I was…”
"Since…"
"Before as…"
"Despite the fact that…"
"As…"
"In order to…"
"Instead of…"
“Actually…”
"While…"
"Besides..."
"However…"
“Despite the fact that ...” (at the same time - separately); DO NOT put a comma before "what".
"If…"
"After…"
“And…”
« Finally" in the meaning of "finally" - does not stand out with commas.
« And this despite the fact that…"- in the middle of a sentence, a comma is always placed!
« Based on this, …"- a comma is placed at the beginning of the sentence.
BUT: “He did so on the basis of ...” - the comma is not put.
« After all, if...then..."- a comma before "if" is not put, since the second part of the double union - "then" goes on. If there is no “then”, then a comma before “if” is put!
« Less than two years..."- a comma before "what" is not put, because this is not a comparison.
comma before "as" put only in case of comparison.
« Policies such as Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov ... ”- a comma is placed, because is the noun "politics".
BUT: "… politicians such as Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov ... ”- no comma is placed before“ how ”.
No commas are placed:
"God forbid", "God forbid", "for God's sake"- no commas stand out, + the word "god" is written with a small letter.
BUT: commas are placed in two directions:
"Thank God" in the middle of the sentence it is separated by commas on both sides (the word "God" in this case is capitalized) + at the beginning of the sentence - it is distinguished by a comma (on the right side).
"God"- in these cases, commas are placed on both sides (the word "god" in this case is written with a small letter).
"My God"- separated by commas on both sides; in the middle of the sentence "God" - with a small letter.
With two adjacent subordinating unions (or a subordinating union and an allied word), as well as at a meeting of a coordinating union and a subordinating (or allied word) comma between them put, if the second part does not follow complex union - then, so, but:
1. The large, parted hut in which the bursa was placed was decidedly empty, and how many the philosopher did not fumble in all corners and even felt all the holes and traps in the roof, but I did not find anywhere a piece of sacha ichi, at least, an old knish, which, as usual, was hidden by the bursaks (the comma is not put, since after the subordinate clause there is a union but)
Compare: The large, parted hut, in which the bursa was placed, was decidedly empty, and how many the philosopher did not rummage around in all the corners and even felt all the holes and traps in the roof, nowhere did he find a piece of sacha, or at least an old knish, which, as usual, was hidden by the bursaks (in this case, a comma is included, since there is no union but.)
2. and when she stopped on her cheek, then he made out clearly that it was a drop of blood.
Compare: It even seemed to him as if a tear rolled from under the eyelash of her right eye, and when she stopped on her cheek, he made out clearly that it was a drop of blood.
He hurriedly went to the krylos, opened the book and to to encourage myself more, began to read in the loudest voice . The philosopher stood on the highest place in the courtyard, and when turned and looked in the opposite direction, a completely different view presented itself to him. I was surprised what when no matter how you come to grandfather, everything is in the same form as it was ten years ago, exactly time has stopped here, as in an enchanted kingdom. Shining in the sunshine, the sea exactly smiled with the good-natured smile of Gulliver, who was aware what if he wants, one movement - and the work of the Lilliputians will disappear.
Topic hint Comma at the junction of two conjunctions
Put a comma at the junction of conjunctions if the sentence can be restructured without distorting the meaning by rearranging the subordinate clause:
The stars lit up and when the moon appeared in the sky, the steppe lit up with a bluish light. - Stars lit up and the steppe lit up with a bluish light, when the moon has risen. (Compare: The stars lit up and when the moon appeared in the sky, then the steppe lit up with a bluish light. and and then).
The sowing season is over and although it was possible to take a break, the mechanics were engaged in the repair of equipment. - The sowing season is over. and mechanics were engaged in the repair of equipment, although could take a break. (Compare: The sowing season is over and _ although it was possible to rest a little, but the mechanics were engaged in the repair of equipment. AT this proposal such a permutation is impossible, since there will be and and but).
The forest was silent and if if it were not for the sharp, painful cries of the night bird, the silence would be dead. The forest was silent and silence would be dead if not for the painful cries of the night bird.
Angelina Semenovna found out that Venik did not give injections and that now it is too late to do them, because if the dog was mad So and Venik in the next few days must certainly be furious.
Summary of the lesson "A comma at the junction of two unions."
Reference book on the Russian language. Punctuation Rosenthal Ditmar Elyashevich
§ 36. Comma at the junction of two unions
1. With sequential subordination, one subordinate part of a complex sentence may be inside another and there will be a “meeting” of two subordinating conjunctions or a subordinating union and an allied word: I think,that when the prisoners see the stairs, many will want to run(M.G.) - comma separates subordinating conjunctions what and when; The maid was an orphanwho, in order to be fed, had to enter the service(L.T.) - a comma separates the union word which and subordinating conjunction to. The reason for such punctuation is the fact that the second clause can be removed from the text or rearranged to another place - at the end of a complex sentence.
However, not always such a simple operation can be done. Let's compare two sentences with almost the same lexical composition, but with a slight addition in the second of them: He said,that, if he is free, he will come to me in the evening.- He said,that if he is free, he will come to me in the evening(added the second part of the double union if...then). The punctuation is different: in the first sentence (there is a comma between adjacent subordinating conjunctions), the second clause can be removed or rearranged without violating the structure of the sentence; this cannot be done in the second sentence, since with the removal or rearrangement of the second subordinate part, the words will be next something ... something, but such a neighborhood violates stylistic norms literary language. Wed also: The sword feltthat if you have to shoot back again, he will no longer be different from Peaks(F.). - I already thought that if I don’t argue with the old man at this decisive moment, then later it will be difficult for me to free myself from his guardianship (P.).
Thus, at the "meeting" of two subordinating unions (or a subordinating union and an allied word) comma between them is placed if the removal of the second subordinate part does not require the restructuring of the main part (practically - if the second part of the double union does not follow further then, so or but, the presence of which requires such a restructuring), and is not placed if the indicated second part of the double union follows.
Compare: (a comma is placed) The road seemed to lead to heavenbecause, as far as eyes could see, she kept rising(L.); ... He always felt the injustice of his excess in comparison with the poverty of the people and now he decided to himself, that, in order to feel completely right, he ... will now work even harder and allow himself even less luxury (L.T.); …It turned out,that although the doctor spoke very fluently and at length, it was in no way possible to convey what he said(L.T.); The bear fell in love with Nikita so much,that when he went somewhere, the beast sniffed the air anxiously(M.G.); I read beforethat when he heard the ringing of the bell on the front porch, he did not immediately understand who it was ringing and why(M.G.); Thus, the enemy creates for himself a situation in whichwhich, if we are resolute and bold without hesitation, he himself will expose his main forces to defeat us(A.T.); This silent conversation of glances excited Lisa so much,that when she sat down at the table in great hall, her eyes, not answering anyone, also spoke of embarrassment(Fed.); Finally he felt that he can no longer, that no force will move him from his place, and that if he sits down now, he will no longer get up (Pol.);
(comma not included) Sobakevich ... in a quarter of an hour with a little drove him[sturgeon] Total, so that when the chief of police remembered him, he saw that only one tail remained from the work of nature (G.); Anton Prokofievich had, by the way, only pantaloons of such a strange quality,that when he put them on, the dogs always bit him on the calves(T.); The garden was followed by peasant huts, which, although they were lined up scattered and not enclosed in regular streets, showed the contentment of the inhabitants (T.); Hadji Murat sat down and said,that if they only send to the Lezgin line and give an army, then he guarantees that he will raise the whole of Dagestan(L.T.); The ferry moved with such slowness, that if it were not for the gradual delineation of its contours, then one would think that it stands in one place or goes to the other side (Ch.); The blind man knewthat the sun is looking into the room and that if he stretches his hand out the window, then dew will fall from the bushes(Kor.); Who doesn't knowthat when a patient wants to smoke, it means the same thing that he wanted to live(Shv.); That's why the locals are convinced that if it were possible to blow up the gorges on the padun and lower the level of the lake, then the banks would dry up and good grass would grow (Prishv.); But, probably, something has already happened in the world or something was happening at that time - fatal and irreparable, -because although it was still the same hot seaside summer, the dacha no longer seemed to me a Roman villa(Cat.).
2. There is no comma between comparative and subordinating conjunctions: Not so much because her mother told her, but because it was Konstantin's brother,for Kitty these faces suddenly seemed most unpleasant(L.T.); Report your observationsnot only when the testing of the machine begins, but also during the entire experiment;Article deserves attentionboth because the issues raised in it are relevant, and because they have been studied seriously and deeply.
3. At the "meeting" of the coordinating union and the subordinating (or allied word) comma between them is placed or not, depending on the conditions indicated above (clause 1). Wed:
(comma is placed) Grigory, scorched by his sudden and joyful determination, with difficulty restrained his horse and,when the last hundred, almost trampling Stepan, rushed past,jumped up to him(Sh.) - when withdrawing the subordinate part with the union when prepositional combination to him it becomes unclear, but structurally such an exception is possible, therefore a comma between the coordinating and subordinating unions in such cases is usually placed; Mumu did not go to the master's house and,when Gerasim carried firewood to the rooms,always stayed behind and waited impatiently for him at the porch(T.); Levin said goodbye to them, but,not to be aloneclung to his brother(L.T.);
(comma not included) The woman's feet were burned and barefoot, andwhen she saidthen with her hand she raked warm dust to the inflamed feet, as if trying to soothe the pain with this(Sim.) - when withdrawing or rearranging the subordinate part with the union when next to the words and ... that; On a cold night... the boy knocked on unfamiliar houses, asking where Oznobishin lives, andif dead silence did not answer him,then there was a quarrelsome shout or a suspicious interrogation(Fed.); Nikolai Nikolayevich tries to walk beside him,but as he gets confused between the trees and stumbles,then he often has to catch up with his companion skipping(Cupr.); He looked sadly around, and he felt unbearably sorry for the sky, and the earth, and the forest, andwhen the highest note of the flute swept long through the air and trembled like the voice of a weeping man,he became extremely bitter and offended by the disorder that had been replaced in nature(Ch.) - after an opposing union a the comma in these cases, as a rule, is not put, even if the second part of the double union does not follow then, since neither the removal nor the rearrangement of the subordinate part is possible without the restructuring of the main part; The sounds gradually died away, andthe farther we went from home, the more deaf and dead it became around(M.G.) - union and attaches a whole complex sentence; He left a long time ago andwhere is he now no one knows- union and joins a whole complex sentence.
4. At the "meeting" of the connecting union and and a subordinating union, the following cases are possible:
1) comma put only before the union and(regardless of whether it connects homogeneous members of the sentence, independent clauses or subordinate clauses), if the clause is followed by the second part of the double union how or but(in this case union and joins a whole complex sentence): He wore dark glasses, sweatshirt, earspawnedcotton wool, and when he got into a cab, heorderedraise the top(Ch.) - union and connects homogeneous members of the sentence; Occasionally a small snowflake stuck to the outside of the glass,and if you look closely,you could see her thinnest crystal structure (Paust.) - union and connects simple sentences; Doctor said,that the patient needs rest,and if we don't want to disturb him, thenmust leave the room- union and connects subordinate subordinate parts; Please find outwhether the reviewer read the manuscript,and if you readwhat is his opinion of her- union and connects subordinated with subordinate parts;
2) comma placed only after union and, if it connects two homogeneous member sentences or two subordinate clauses and the second part of the double union does not follow: He thought to surprise her with his generosity, but she evendid not lead andwhen he turned away from her, contemptuously grimaced her clenched lips(T.); Apparently, in his own wordsgaveit is of no small value, and, in order to aggravate their price,triedpronounce them loudly(Ch.); It revealed,that the manuscript has not yet been finalized and,until it is carried out extra work over heryou can’t put it in a set;
3) comma put before the union and, and after it if it connects two simple sentences(moreover, the second part of the double union does not follow the subordinate clause): Gulyaev was a strong man, and,when he returned to the Urals,behind him stretched the brilliant glory of a millionaire(M.-S.); For some reason, they said about him that he was a wonderful artist, and,when his mother diedhis grandmother sent him to Moscow, to the Komissarov School(Ch.); This newborn gentleman especially annoyed Samghin, and,if Klim Ivanovich were capable of hating,he would hate him(M.G.); ... In my head it became easier, clearer, everything somehow thickened, and,while this condensation was going on in the head,it's quieter outside too.(M.G.); She looked at the calmly beautiful Elizaveta Mikhailovna with large tender eyes, and,when she caressed her with a soft and tender hand,her heart skipped a beat(S.-SH.); Liza went to the deserted square, and,when her legs began to fall heavily from the round bald heads of the cobblestones,she remembered how she returned to this square on a sunny day after the first meeting with Tsvetukhin(Fed.); A frisky wind from the sea blew the sails, and,when the sun rose, and the city walls were left behind the stern of the last plow,a loud song spilled over the expanse of the Volga(Evil.); And the woman kept talking and talking about her misfortunes, and,although her words were familiar,Saburov's heart suddenly ached from them(Sim.); On the turns the sled was thrown to the shores, and,so that it does not break on sharp stones sticking out from under the snow,Alitete pushed off with his feet(Sem.).
5. The placement of a comma between the connecting union (at the beginning of the sentence, after the dot) and the subordinating union following it depends on the meaning of the union:
1) usually after union and no comma: And whenLevinson, having completed all his daily tasks, finally gave the order to march,- there was such jubilation in the detachment, as if with this order all sorts of ordeals actually ended(F.); And althoughthe weather has improved considerably, the danger of drought has not passed; Andinstead ofturn right, by mistake went straight;
2) after the union a The comma is also omitted: And whenthe sun rose, a view of the snowy peak opened before us;And ifbelieve the reports of weather forecasters, warming should come tomorrow;
3) after the union butcomma not put in the absence of a pause between unions and put if a pause is made; compare: But whenhe, leaning on a stick, got out of the staff bus to the square ... and, not waiting to be hugged, he himself began to hug and kiss everyone who fell into his arms, something pinched in the wound(Paul); But ifeven the enemy managed to repulse the attackers, the infantry again rushed to the attack(Sim.);
4) after the union butcomma usually set: However, ifcircumstances require it, I will not stand aside.
Note. For various cases of using the connecting union at the very beginning of the sentence, the following rules are established:
1) comma placed after conjunctions and and but and is not placed after the union a, if a separate turnover follows (most often - a construction with a gerund): And, lingering at the exit,he turned around;But, not wanting to go back to what was said,the speaker missed this part of his message; BUThearing these words,he exclaimed...(see § 20);
2) a comma, as a rule, is not placed after the connecting union if an introductory word follows, or introductory sentence: And probablyyou will not wait for it;But maybe,the question has not yet been considered;And yet,and this optionacceptable; And imaginerandom answer turned out to be correct(see § 25, paragraph 6);
3) comma is placed before the subordinate part, depending on the meaning of the connecting union and the presence or absence of a pause when reading (see § 36, paragraph 5).
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From the book Spelling and Style Guide author Rosenthal Ditmar Elyashevich6.86. Spelling of prepositions, conjunctions and particles; spelling of complex prepositions and prepositional combinations; spelling of unions, but, also, too, so that, unlike combinations, for that, the same, the same, that would; separate and hyphenated spelling of particles; separation of particles not and not at
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From the book Encyclopedia of the Lawyer of the authorXVI. Spelling of unions § 61. Consolidated spelling unions 1. The union to is written together, in contrast to the combination of the pronoun that with the particle would; in the latter case, the particle could be rearranged to another place in the sentence. For example: a) The editor met with the author to (in order to
From the author's book§ 110. A comma at the junction of two unions
From the author's book§ 9. Double consonants at the root and at the junction of the prefix and the root 1. Double w is written in the roots of the words reins, yeast, burning, buzzing, juniper and cognate with them. Wed: burn (cart + burn) - burn (cart + burn), also burned. Note 1. In the presence of sound alternation
From the author's bookXVI. SPELLING OF UNIONS § 61. Continuous spelling of unions 1. The union to is written together, in contrast to the combination of what (pronoun and particle), for example: The editor met with the author and in order (in order to) agree on the changes made to the manuscript; It is important that people
From the author's book§ 110. A comma at the junction of two unions
From the author's bookConsonant groups at the junction meaningful parts§ 84 adjectives (Bauska); but: Basque (from
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From the author's bookFreedom of association, see Right to association.
