Author's team: State Unitary Enterprise MNIIP "Mosproekt-4", workshop No. 10; architects - A.V. Anisimov (Project Manager, Chief Architect),
O.S. Semenov (GAP); with the participation of - K.A. Anisimov (2001–2007), A.I. Minosyan (since 2002), N.I. Zhemchuzhnikova (until 2007),
ON THE. Kuzmina (since 2007); ISU 2010–2011 - O.V. Makarov; design engineers - Yu.A. Chernov (GIP until 2007),
N.V. Terekhova (until 2009), Yu.A. Shemchuk (until 2008), V.V. Zuev (since 2003), Yu.A. Chernov (until 2007); building lifting technology -
EM. Andreev (GIP), S.G. Redreev (Mosgidrostroy); astronomical platform technology - S.V. Shirokov (until 2010),
K.A. Portsevsky (until 2006)
Address of the object: Moscow, st. Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya, 5, building 1
Construction: 2002–2011
Architectural, space-planning and functional solutions
In the year of the 50th anniversary of the first flight into space, the reconstruction of the Moscow Planetarium was completed. An outstanding monument of constructivism (architects M.O. Barshch and M.I. Sinyavsky, 1929) and an object of cultural heritage of international importance is located near the metro station "Barrikadnaya", plays an important role in the formation of the architectural ensemble of the historical core.
From the moment it was put into operation, the Planetarium felt a lack of space, only the main building with a vestibule and a large hall on the second floor was erected. In the 30-80s of the XX century, various extensions were made (an educational observatory, an astronomical platform, a boiler room with a chimney, a film projection room, administrative premises under the canopy of the main entrance, one- and two-story buildings), distorting the original plan of the architects. In addition, the 8-storey residential building and grown trees closed the Planetarium from the side of the Garden Ring, and the new buildings of the Zoo - the rear facade.
In 1996, based on the results of monitoring the state of the building, as well as taking into account international practice in the construction and reconstruction of planetariums, Doctor of Architecture A.V. Anisimov (Mosproekt-4) developed a reconstruction program and formulated the main tasks, including: returning the silhouette of the Planetarium to the architectural landscape; restoration of a historic building; expansion of the horizon of visibility of the sky for the instruments of the astronomical platform; renewal of technological and engineering equipment; ensuring the comfort of visitors and employees; arrangement of public transport entrances and parking lots; organization of a pedestrian connection of the complex with the subway through a suspended walkway above the zoo.
The key point of the reconstruction was the rise of the historical building to a height of 6 m - on the stylobate, which includes two ground and two underground floors. This made it possible to increase the area of the Planetarium by 6 times and created the conditions for a full-fledged restoration of the 1929 building. The main historical entrance to the Planetarium is now connected to the sidewalk of the Garden Ring by means of an expanding pedestrian ramp; Vehicle entry is to the right of the ramp, exit is to the left. Under the ramp there are entrances and exits to the underground car park.
At elev. 6.00 m (in the volume of the historical building) is located the Classical Museum (foyer-museum). At elev. 11.55 m (in the volume of the historical building) - Main hall, semicircular front stairs, elevator hall, lecturer's room, utility rooms. At elev. 0.00 (under the historical building) the exhibition hall of the Classical Museum, and in the adjoining new part - the lobby, ticket office, souvenir kiosk, wardrobe, interactive museum (second level), study hall, science department, conference room, buffet for schoolchildren. At elev. -2.70 and -3.84 m under the historical building there is a cafe with 50 seats; in the new part: a production center, as well as a wardrobe, an interactive museum hall with a Foucault pendulum, a 4D cinema, a small hall with a control room, a phonogram mixing room, administrative and auxiliary rooms, incl. RTP with independent entrances. In the underground space (elev. -6.40 m) there are premises for engineering support, central heating, parking lots. The project provides for special conditions for visitors with limited mobility: parking lots, additional entrances and elevators, ramps and elevators at floor level differences, a glass elevator at the astronomical site, etc.
On the exploited "green" roof of the stylobate, there is an astronomical platform with astronomical instruments, a Foucault pendulum pyramid and two observatories (large and small), as well as a cafe summer terrace. Along the western facade there is an entrance to the loggia for group visitors and a bus stop.
Bearing and enclosing structures
The historical building was built in a monolithic reinforced concrete frame, with a monolithic dome and brick filling of the walls of the first floor. The thrust of the dome is perceived by a powerful reinforced concrete ring at the level of the heel of the generatrix. The second floor is supported by six main radial frames and secondary semi-frames. The raising of the monument to 6 m above ground level was made for the first time in domestic construction practice; a building weighing 3 thousand tons was lifted on 27 hydraulic jacks and installed on a reinforced concrete platform; the cost of lifting was less than 1% of the total amount, while increasing the total area by almost 6 times.
The restoration of the dome also received close attention. Reinforced concrete and thin-walled, it has a thickness of up to 60 mm in the upper part, and 130 mm in the lower part; at the base - up to 300 mm. The shell of the dome is insulated inside and out. The top coat was made of Rheinzink material with standing seams by FOK specialists with the participation of German colleagues. Stained-glass windows - two-chamber double-glazed window in aluminum cover (high-quality tinted glass is used). Open vertical air ducts are made of stainless steel. The facades of the new part are plastered (on brick and mesh with insulation), painted white. Improved insulated plaster is provided on the restored part of the building.
Interior finishing technologies
In accordance with the new concept, the interior of the historic lobby, the Main Hall, was recreated; interior projects for new halls, cafes, and classrooms were implemented. A large-scale project of exposition lighting, installation of interactive equipment, suspension of large exhibits was carried out. A model of the solar system is installed on black polished granite.
Finishing of floors - granite, porcelain tile, carpet, parquet from high-quality breeds of wood. Ceilings are made with water, latex, acrylic painting; aluminum rail, moisture-resistant drywall, RIGIPS, Ecofon, Gustavs panels were used in the installation of suspended ceilings; wall decoration - ceramic tiles, ALUCOBOND sheets. Finishing escape routes - using certified non-combustible materials with appropriate indicators.
Engineering equipment
Water, heat, power supply of the complex - from city networks. Household, industrial and rain sewerage is solved according to a separate scheme. All rooms are equipped with a mechanically driven supply and exhaust ventilation system, as well as air conditioning and disinfection. Integrated systems of multi-level fire safety, dispatching and automation, access control and management, security video surveillance and alarm systems have been established. External fire extinguishing is provided from existing fire hydrants.
Dmitry Semyonov - about how to make money on educational services
Irkutsk has not had a planetarium since the late 1980s. But in February 2015, the residents of the city again got the opportunity to admire the starry sky and the expanses of space with the help of special equipment. Without waiting for help from the state, the initiators of the revival of the Irkutsk planetarium managed to attract funds from a private investor. About what a private planetarium is and how its economy works, to the Five O'Clock project told Executive Director of the educational and entertainment complex "Noosphere" Dmitry Semyonov.
Dmitry Semyonov, 41, executive director of an educational and entertainment complex; amateur astronomer, traveler, telescope designer. Graduated from the philological faculty of Irkutsk State University. The Noosphere complex, located in a prestigious part of the city, includes the Irkutsk Planetarium for 45 seats, a multimedia museum, an astrospace observatory and two restaurants. The complex was built at the expense of a private investor - the founder of the investment financial company Metropol, Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Committee on Natural Resources Mikhail Slipenchuk.
“People left, but the project remained an idea”
Initially, the new planetarium was planned to be built at the expense of the regional or city budget. Why didn't it work? Yes, because in the last ten years in the Irkutsk region the leadership has changed too often. More than once we had agreements with specific governors and mayors, but people left, and the project remained an idea, although it seemed that things had moved off the ground. Once, for example, it came to allocating premises and discussing in the mayor's office of Irkutsk some sums for its arrangement. But it turned out that the building offered to us was the property of the Academy of Sciences and, therefore, the city had no reason to invest budgetary funds in it.
However, from time to time there was also interest from the business side. In 2008, one of the Irkutsk investors was ready to allocate space for a planetarium as part of his development project, but the crisis broke out, and construction was curtailed. The project got off the ground only in the summer of 2010, when Mikhail Slipenchuk found out about it. He decided that he must definitely take part in the revival of the Irkutsk planetarium.
By the time he got acquainted with the history of the planetarium, Mikhail Slipenchuk was already implementing the Mira project on Baikal with might and main, and in fact showed that he was not a stranger to the selfless devotion associated with science and education. And in Irkutsk at that time he planned to create a small museum, thematically related to Baikal and the results of the expedition.
When I told him about our long and painful history of rebuilding the planetarium, he decided that such an addition would be very appropriate for the project. The concept was formed quite quickly - Mikhail Shchadov, who at that time was engaged in organizational work with the "Worlds", proposed the format "Museum" Noosphere ", he also became the head of the construction of the entire complex.
"The launch took longer than you expected"
By mid-2011, design and estimate work was completed, in May of the same year they began to dig a foundation pit, and by the summer of 2012 the building was brought under the roof and glazed. But the launch of the educational complex took a little longer than we expected. Firstly, we still retained the hope of participating in the project of the regional government, and for some time the planetarium was conceived as a public-private project. Secondly, there was a search for the optimal technical filling of the building.
Technologies on the market have changed, and the equipment that we considered optimal only yesterday turned out to be expensive and impractical today. For example, we considered a setup of six projectors, but actually ended up with two. Moreover, the brightness and contrast of the picture on the dome turned out to be better than from the equipment that they wanted to install initially. The dual-projector system allows you to simulate the starry sky, planets, galaxies and nebulae. In terms of image quality, the Irkutsk planetarium is one of the best not only in Russia, but also in the world.
We launched the planetarium on February 20, 2015. At the same time, a multimedia museum was opened. Since the end of April, the astronomical observatory began to receive visitors.
"Noosphere" is a full-fledged business project"
The construction and equipping of a four-story building with an area of just under 1300 square meters was estimated at the start at 3-5 million dollars. Only the projection dome with a diameter of 9.14 meters cost almost 400 thousand euros. Most of the equipment and components had to be bought abroad. This is a very accurate hemispherical screen with a deviation from the sphere of no more than three millimeters. It is made of perforated aluminum, which creates excellent acoustics in the hall. Therefore, in addition to educational films and lectures, we also hold musical events in the planetarium.
The final cost of the project turned out to be twice as high as the investor's expectations - $10 million. As for the payback period and return on investment, I can say that the complex is multi-profile and its components, such as restaurants and a planetarium, live by quite market rules.
"Noosphere" is, of course, a commercial enterprise, a full-fledged business project. Tickets are sold, the company brings in some revenue, earns. At the same time, it is also a huge investment in personality. Still, in organizing the work of the complex, the emphasis is on the educational part of the project, and not on the commercial component. This is the conscious attitude of the investor. After the destruction of the subject of astronomy in the Russian school, planetariums, in fact, are monopolists in the field of accessible astronomical, and in some places, natural science knowledge in general.
Our observations are carried out using a unique telescope of the German company Carl Zeiss. The device was made back in 1909 by order and at the expense of Irkutsk patrons especially for the first observatory in Eastern Siberia. Now it belongs to the Astronomical Observatory of the Irkutsk State University. The telescope is in excellent condition and is used to display the starry sky. Also, the observatory is equipped with a solar telescope, which allows you to observe the star's chromosphere. Without prejudice, I can say that now we have the only public astronomical observatory that shows people the sky every day.
“There is a task - that all divisions
were cost-effective"
The territory on which the complex is built is prestigious, with high traffic. I would say that this is the best place to receive guests in Irkutsk. The result was an environment not limited to two courtyards, but a truly urban project. And our object in it took a worthy place.
The project is multi-format: a planetarium for 45 seats, a multimedia museum and an astronomical observatory work both as a complex and each separately. In addition, there are two restaurants in the complex - the democratic "Airplane" and the more pretentious "Misha".
In fact, all departments can work both independently of each other and jointly organize a unique event. For example, children's holidays are held - a program in the planetarium, observations through a telescope and a festive morning or dinner.
The Airplane restaurant is stylized exactly like an airplane, you will be served by flight attendants who wish you a pleasant flight. original menu. Children like it very much - not every day, even from wealthy families, children fly in airplanes. Unusualness attracts. Restaurant "Misha" - for serious guests, it recreated the heyday of the Irkutsk merchants. It was in those days that Irkutsk was famous for its patronage projects.
There is a task to ensure that all divisions are profitable. If the "Noosphere" is considered as a whole, then each of the directions has its own seasonality, which practically does not intersect. For example, restaurants are in demand in the summer, people willingly spend time in “summers”, but the demand for group sessions for schoolchildren in the planetarium is falling. And in winter, on the contrary, there is more demand for the educational services of the planetarium and observatory. If something sags in one season, it will gain momentum in another.
The cost of some services of the "Noosphere" complex: a session in the planetarium - from 200 (weekdays, morning) to 500 (weekend evening) rubles; visiting the observatory - 200 rubles; visiting the exhibition "Witnesses of Space Disasters" - from 100 to 250 rubles.
We are actively engaged in the promotion of the planetarium. Yes, many people already know about us, but we need to tell people more about the knowledge that they and their children can get from us. We had an active advertising campaign in May last year, when we placed articles and layouts in newspapers, gave messages on the radio. The practice of working with promoters has shown itself well, when a person receives comprehensive information about why he should visit the planetarium. And, of course, work with schools. I'm not talking about social networks - it goes without saying. In all networks we
The starry sky is perhaps one of the most exciting and mysterious sights in the world. The secrets of space attract the attention of not only astronomers, but also people who are far from science. The world of planets and celestial bodies is not only a beautiful picture, but also a big mystery. To get to know her better, it is not necessary to go out of town with a telescope - you can visit the planetarium, located in Moscow.
The history of the Moscow planetarium: the road to the stars
The decision to build a planetarium in Moscow was made in 1927, which is considered to be the starting point in its history. It was planned to create not just a building for observing the heavenly bodies, but a whole scientific complex with a library, classrooms and laboratories. The first step towards the implementation of this idea was taken on September 23, 1928, on the day of the autumnal equinox. The Planetarium opened its doors on November 5, 1929.
Since then, it has been constantly improved. Astronomical circles were held here, they worked with astronauts, the Star Theater operated, and new modern equipment was installed for observing celestial objects. In 1995, the planetarium was closed for a major overhaul, after which the idea of creating a grandiose astronomical museum finally came to fruition.
What awaits visitors to the planetarium
As already mentioned, the planetarium is a whole scientific complex, acquaintance with which will be interesting and useful for both children and adults.
Great Starry Hall
The largest dome with stars in Europe is installed here, the area of which exceeds 1 km2. The use of modern projection technologies makes it possible to show viewers more than 9,000 stars, recreating a sky map that has been changing over 10,000 years. This is a truly grandiose and exciting spectacle, helping to realize the full scale and beauty of the cosmos. The Big Star Hall also has a great history - for example, aviation employees were trained here, and before the Great Patriotic War it became a stage for theatrical performances.
Small Starry Hall
The Small Star Hall harmoniously adds to the Large. Its purpose is to show popular science and educational films. There are also lectures using a program that creates a three-dimensional image. Like the Bolshoi, this hall is equipped with the latest technology: a dome screen, moving chairs and a stereo projection system are installed here.
Sky Park and Observatory
This is a unique collection of astronomical instruments for space exploration from ancient times to the present. Sky Park was founded in 1947 for the 800th anniversary of the capital. The uniqueness of this place lies in the fact that it successfully combines the exposition of scientific instruments in the open air and the observatory.
Among the exhibits you can see a variety of models of sundials, arcs of the celestial spheres and even a model of the Cheops pyramid. There are also various other instruments for observing the movement of celestial bodies. Planetarium employees conduct excursions for visitors, acquainting them with the world of ancient astronomy, teaching them to navigate the terrain by the sun.
In addition to ancient instruments, there are two observatory towers here: a large and a small one. Both of them are equipped with powerful telescopes that allow visitors to observe the sky themselves. Of course, this only works if there are no clouds in the sky.
Sky Park is a unique opportunity to get acquainted with the development of astronomical technology, to fully imagine the difficulties faced by ancient scientists, as well as to acquire unique skills, knowledge and skills.
Museum Lunarium
"Lunarium" is not at all like a museum in the traditional view. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that here it is impossible to find exhibits standing behind glass on shelves. Multimedia interactive systems allow you to visit the space station, where you can learn a lot of interesting information about the stay of man in space. The second department of the museum - "Astronomy and Physics" will tell about the laws of the universe in a fascinating way. It doesn't get boring here! In addition to entertainment, visiting the "Lunarium" gives a wealth of knowledge, arouses interest in astronomy and contributes to the development of mental and cognitive abilities.
Urania Museum
The name of the museum comes from ancient Greek mythology: Urania is the muse of astronomy. The exposition tells about the history of the creation of the Universe from the moment of the Big Bang and large-scale events in its life; as well as the history of the creation of the Moscow Planetarium and the development of astronomy in general. There are many amazing exhibits here.
The planetarium also has a conference hall, a cafe, a 4D cinema, and various exhibitions. This is the place where you can come for the whole day and spend time with benefit, getting pleasant emotions and learning more about the Universe. Having visited the planetarium, a person begins to look at the sky above his head in a different way.
Contacts and tickets
Ticket prices vary greatly. Prices start from 100 rubles per ticket and end at 2300 in the form of a gift ticket for 2 people. On average, a visit to the Palanitaria with a child will cost 1000 rubles, not counting the cost of transport, cafes and souvenirs.
It is worth noting that it is better to buy tickets in advance. The queues at the Palanitarium are huge, Muscovites and guests of the capital have missed the many years of reconstruction of this space attraction.
Official address: Moscow, st. Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya, 5, building 1. The nearest metro station is Barrikadnaya. From Krasnopresnenskaya and Mayakovskaya you will have to take a walk. Parking is a problem, better take the subway.
You can buy tickets on the official website (be careful, the site is very crooked and not thought out)
Do you know what a planetarium is? Perhaps yes, but most likely not all, so read the article carefully. A planetarium is called which is necessary for the projection of images of stars, planets, the sun and other celestial bodies. At the same time, brightness, position are observed, and He can reproduce the picture of the sky observed from any point on the Earth, both in the past and in the future. This is the mini time machine. This device is necessary for astronomers to conduct research, but it is also very loved by ordinary people who are interested in the mysteries of the universe. Speaking about what a planetarium is, people often mean the room itself with a hemispherical dome where this device is installed and operates, or the entire building.
History of creation
It dates back to the ancient world, the first instruments for studying the star galaxy date back to about the 6th century BC. People did not yet know what a planetarium was, but they were already trying to create a model of the Universe and track the laws that operate in it. For example, the philosopher Anaximander, who lived before Socrates, invented a celestial globe, where images of celestial bodies were applied to its surface. Later, this device was improved more than once by various scientists, but they were united by one drawback - they represented the sky, viewed from the outside.
It was tried to be corrected by German scientists under the leadership in 1650. They proposed a model of a huge Gottorp globe, inside which several people could observe the location of celestial bodies at once. In parallel, there was an equally rapid development of instruments that calculated their movement. Finally, in 1855, the scientific world learned what a planetarium was. O. Miller suggested using the inner surface of a sphere for projecting images of celestial bodies onto it. The size, brightness and position of the stars were similar to what could be seen without the use of optics (which did not yet exist) in the sky. The picture was presented in dynamics, that is, it demonstrated the daily movement.
Modern realities
Much has changed today. Powerful telescopes and satellites are available to us, which can constantly broadcast shooting of the starry sky in the immediate vicinity. It is this data that is recorded and then broadcast to the dome. This creates a powerful illusion of being in the open air. In addition, modern technologies make it possible to complement the impression with musical and announcer recordings, as well as special effects. This is how planetariums turned into real theaters that not only teach, but also give the opportunity to experience an extraordinary adventure.
Planetarium in Moscow
Russia is rightfully proud of him. It is the oldest in our country and is known all over the world because of its colossal size. His work has always been highly regarded by scientists. It makes a great contribution to the training of specialists and makes it possible to conduct a variety of research.
The planetarium in Moscow deserves close attention not only among people associated with science. Ordinary visitors come here much more often, because nowhere else can you see the stars so close. Today, a whole cycle of entertaining and educational excursions has been created that will be of interest to both adults and children. The Big Star Hall, Urania's suzei, and the interactive "Lunarium" work here. In addition, there are two observatory towers, a 4D cinema and the Small Star Hall. This is enough to enjoy the mysterious twinkling of distant stars and gain new knowledge about our galaxy.
Urania Museum
This museum will be more interesting for adults. In fact, these are chronicles of the development of astronomy. Under the ceiling, and along the walls, there are devices that previously ignited the artificial sky in these walls. It will be interesting to look at the first devices that used to shoot movies about space. You will be able to see the constellation globe and the layout of Venus. Pictures of the moon, nebulae, and constellations hang on the walls. There is also a stand of space stones, where you can see a variety of meteorites.
Great Starry Hall
It is both a cinema and an extraordinary museum. Going inside, you see a huge dome (diameter 25 meters) and many seats. In the center is the device itself, the real pride of the local astronomers, the projector of the latest generation. It is thanks to him that you will be able to fly to unknown worlds. Next, visitors are asked to move their chairs to a horizontal position, and stars begin to light up under the dome. The program consists of two parts, the first introduces the starry sky, the main constellations, nebulae, comets. The second is an exciting journey to another world, one of the full-dome films: "Cosmic Collision", "Black Holes", "The Amazing Telescope", "Journey to the Stars". The image under the dome is complemented by special effects and sound.
Observatory of the Moscow Planetarium
Usually they get here after visiting the Great Starry Hall. To do this, you will have to go down to the second level of the museum and go straight to the Sky Park. This is also a kind of museum, the exhibits of which belong to the following sections: classical and ancient astronomy. On the site you will be able to see Stonehenge, an earth globe of stunning size and several models of an almost forgotten sundial.
Further, your path will lie in one of the two towers. This is a large and small observatory of the Moscow Planetarium. They are located on the territory of the astro site, among a copy of Stonehenge, pyramids and a sundial. These are two-storey one-dome buildings. On the second floor, in a spacious building, there is a 300 mm telescope. It is a viewing tube on a thick leg. For its operation, the dome opens slightly in the right direction. The design allows it to open at any desired degree, so that observations are very convenient. Be sure to go here if you decide to visit the planetarium. The observatory leaves the brightest impressions.
The last hall - "Lunarium"
More precisely, these are two rooms. They clearly demonstrate what a planetarium is for children. There are devices familiar to us from physics lessons, they help to visually see various natural phenomena. Everything can be touched, twisted, pumped. For example, you can pump out the air from the flask, create a vacuum and see how the ball will fly in it. Several guides work here at once, who explain the operation of instruments and phenomena, as well as talk about the features of our solar system. There are devices that demonstrate plasma or travel. And the main attraction is the simulator, where you can practice the skills of connecting the ship to the space station. In the lower hall you will find a huge number of interesting devices.
Studying the starry sky at home
To do this, today there are a variety of devices called "home planetarium". They are different in size, power and functional loads. But they have one principle - this is a projector that transmits an image of the starry sky to the ceiling. The simplest models are more like nightlights, but an additional function is the projection of a star image. The more expensive the model, the more images it can reproduce. Imagine how wonderful it is to lie in the evening with your child and imagine that you are going on a trip, for example, it won’t take long to book fairy tales, because you can compose your own every time, and a home planetarium will help you.
A real planetarium in your city
Not everyone is lucky enough to live in a city where there is such a wonderful facility. Therefore, a mobile planetarium was created. This wonderful invention will enliven boring astronomy lessons, make them visual and colorful. It is an inflatable dome, which is easy to install in the assembly hall. Inside it, children are placed on mats, and the magic begins. On the inner surface you will see the projection of celestial bodies. Films are shown using visual and audio effects. Information is presented in an accessible form, there are tapes adapted for children from 3 to 18 years old. Such classes are very different from the usual school lesson or reading textbook material. This is an opportunity to experience a space flight as if alive.
The reconstruction of the Moscow Planetarium took 17 years and 4.125 billion rubles. But the planetarium believes it was worth it. After the grand opening on June 12, 2011, the restored and expanded complex on Sadovo-Kudrinskaya, 5, is visited daily by up to 3,000 people. There was nothing like this even in the 1960s and 1970s, in the era of the general enthusiasm for astronautics. How long this interest of the population in the stars will last, no one undertakes to predict.
“The facility has been closed for almost 20 years. During this time, everything has changed: the country, life, technology. When the old planetarium closed, there weren’t even mobile phones yet,”- He speaks Andrey Bordunov, General Director of the Management Company "Pokrovsky Gates"(manages the planetarium, 100% of the shares are owned by the Moscow Property Department).
High tech
Immediately after the second opening, the Moscow Planetarium hosted foreign colleagues from 85 countries. An international scientific conference of directors of planetariums was held here. “The director of the Australian was delighted with what he saw and admitted that the Moscow Planetarium is the best he has ever been to,”- rejoices Andrey Bordunov. Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Anatoly Cherepashchuk believes that the new equipment in the restored planetarium is one of the most advanced in the world.
And it's also complicated. Approximately 200 km of various networks had to be laid inside the building. More than 30 engineering and 20 technological systems operate here at the same time, all of them have a high degree of protection against overloads, external influences and other adverse factors.
No less attention is paid to the safety and comfort of visitors. The building is under constant video surveillance. The Antiterror system includes stationary and manual metal detectors and radiation monitoring. The planetarium serves almost 200 people.
The dome-screen of the Moscow Planetarium is the largest in Europe(diameter - 25 m, area - 1000 sq. m). Unique lifting mechanisms were used to install perforated screen plates,- says chief engineer of the Moscow Planetarium Alexander Filatov. It was difficult to achieve the invisibility of the seams between the plates. In a conventional cinema, the screen canvas is solid, and the dome screen consists of many pieces. The desired effect was achieved due to the precision in the manufacture and fitting of the plates during installation, as well as with the help of a special paint covering the dome canvas.
Particular attention was paid to energy-saving technologies: they replaced incandescent lamps with diode and halogen ones, installed light sensors and dimmers for spot brightness adjustment, etc. Water is also saved here - plumbing with automatic water supply sensors is installed. All systems in the building are computerized and controlled from a single control panel.
We did not forget about the accessibility of rooms for wheelchair users. There are ramps, on a special elevator a visitor in a wheelchair can go up to Great Starry Hall , a cafe on the lift get in interactive museum "Lunarium" . Anastasia Kazantseva, Press Secretary of the Moscow Planetarium, stressed: here they tried to create a complex that meets European quality standards, and in the West they always take into account the interests of people with disabilities. “Every day I see at least one person in a wheelchair among the visitors and I am proud that the planetarium is one of the few places in Moscow that can accommodate disabled people” she says.
heavy legacy
The history of the Moscow Planetarium has many glorious pages: many famous Soviet astronomers and cosmonauts took their first steps to the stars here. In 1994, the planetarium was closed for overhaul, which dragged on for 17 years.
Management Company Pokrovskie Vorota came to the site in 2008. The reconstruction of the building (the capital government allocated 1 billion rubles for it) had been going on for 15 years. The builders raised the historical building by 6 m, made a two-level extension, where the interactive museum is now located, and erected a monumental ramp around the planetarium.
Moscow Planetarium OJSC, which at that time owned the building and supervised its reconstruction, had debts of 1.7 billion rubles. The share of the city in the joint-stock company was 61%, a group of private investors, including the former CEO of the planetarium Igor Mikitasov, owned 39% of the shares, but it was not possible to reach an understanding between the shareholders and the city authorities. The history of the reconstruction snowballed into scandalous details: there were lawsuits, creditors sued, Igor Mikitasov made statements in the press about a raider seizure. In the end, at a meeting of shareholders, it was decided to declare bankruptcy of the Moscow Planetarium OJSC.
In 2009, with the participation of the management company Pokrovsky Gates, a deal was made for the sale and purchase of its property. The buyer was the new OJSC Planetarium, 100% of its shares belong to the Moscow Property Department.
“We bought the object at auction for 1.8 billion rubles. as unfinished and returned the money to the main creditor - the government of Moscow,- recalls Andrey Bordunov. — There were only two people at the facility at that moment and not a single sheet of documentation! The last builder left here at the beginning of 2006. For more than two years, the building stood without heating and maintenance. In addition, it turned out that many technologies were not observed during the reconstruction process. We amounted to 180 million rubles. acts on various shortcomings, conducted an independent examination, which assessed the difference between funding and the actual work performed. But the statute of limitations had passed, and there was no one to file a claim. Then we started construction, and in a year and two months the object was completed.”
In parallel, planetariums of other countries were studied at the UK. “At that time, no one understood what the project should be like, there were no scientific specialists here, only one person remained from the museum staff. We were the initiators of the creation of the Academic Council headed by Rector of Moscow State University Viktor Sadovnichy, - continues Bordunov. — Scientists treated us with caution for a long time, until at some stage of communication they believed: we are not going to set up a casino or a shopping center here, there will still be a scientific and educational center here. After that, our cooperation became much more effective.”
Who is the head in this house
Relations between the operating company and the designers were not easy. The reconstruction project of the Moscow Planetarium, developed by the Mosproekt-4 creative workshop under the guidance of architects Alexander Anisimov and Olga Semenova, in 2000 received a prize and a diploma of the 1st degree from the Union of Architects of Russia. Naturally, the architects resisted making any changes, although, according to Andrei Bordunov, almost 10 years have passed since the approval of the project, during which time many solutions have become outdated.
There was another problem: the Moscow Planetarium is a historical building(architects - M. O. Barshch and M. I. Sinyavsky), and interference in its design is prohibited by law. At the same time, a public building must comply with modern standards to ensure the safety and comfort of people.
For example, there should be wide passages here so that in the event of an emergency evacuation people do not crush each other, it is necessary to separate the entrances and exits to the functional areas. The designers had no clear idea how to combine these conflicting requirements. “We had to invent everything ourselves, draw and explain what we want to get in the end”,- He speaks Andrey Bordunov. As a result, the old concept of the complex has undergone changes.
The place of the restaurant, which was planned to open in a new extension, was taken by "Lunarium", the wardrobe occupied the area intended for cabinets. A place has been found for a modern conference hall, and a teleconference has already been held with the Far Eastern University. In addition, now visitors do not have to go outside to get from one zone to another (this was exactly the case in the old reconstruction project).
“The only thing we didn’t achieve was we couldn’t demolish the ramps from the outside of the building,- regrets Bordunov. — But in the old project, their heating was also laid down. We calculated that we would have to pay almost 10 million rubles for street heating. in year". According to the old project, an aquarium was also planned in the basement of the building, the construction of which would cost $ 1 million and about $ 600,000 a year - its maintenance.
With the ramp, the architects really made a mistake. In terms of its monumentality, this structure is similar to a transport overpass (or entrance to a parking lot), the planetarium building is practically invisible behind it.
Even after reconstruction, there is not enough space in the planetarium, although the new complex is almost 6 times larger than the old one(it increased from 3,000 to 17,000 sq. m.). The project attendance is 1.5 million people per year. The building will not be able to accept such a flow with all its desire, it is already crowded there now, when there are about 3,000 people a day, and this is 1,000 less than planned.
About capital and planetarium
The Moscow Planetarium was first opened in 1929.(the building was built in a year). There were only 13 planetariums in the world at that time (the 13th was just Moscow), and only three of them were located outside of Germany. But the Soviet government was determined to educate the labor masses and did not spare money for expensive Zeiss equipment. In total, about 250,000 rubles were spent on the construction and equipment of the planetarium. - the amount for those times is astronomical. On this occasion Vladimir Mayakovsky even wrote a poem that ended like this: "Every proletarian should look at the planetarium."
The opening of the planetarium in June 2011 was awaited with no less excitement than 82 years ago. This time, the Moscow government has already spent about 1 billion rubles on unique equipment, including 5 million euros for Universarium M9. But the biggest costs fall not on “smart technologies”, but on construction and installation work.
In the process of reconstruction, the original frame of the building was restored, new elements were erected on its basis, and in addition, new premises were added. All alterations and redevelopments, according to Pokrovsky Gates, cost almost 1.3 billion rubles, in total, 4.125 billion rubles were invested in the new planetarium. That is 1 sq. m of a fully equipped Moscow Planetarium cost the city budget $8,000. Bordunov believes that the figure is quite acceptable for the Garden Ring: "Naked price" 1 sq. m in concrete here fluctuates between $10,000-15,000”.
“It is cheaper to disassemble the building to the foundation, strengthen it and build a new object, the appearance of which will correspond to the original,- argues Marina Velikoretskaya, CEO of Colliers International FM. — If the restoration involves the preservation of the original box, the work can cost 3-5 times more than new construction.. Investments in this complex facility, according to her, will pay off no earlier than in 10 years. “Now we are self-supporting, and then time will tell”, - He speaks Bordunov.
“Our main goal is to awaken the passion of children for knowledge of the world around us and space, to raise personnel for space science”,- they say planetarium staff. They estimate that 80% of the visitors will be children. Toddlers are interested in playing interactive museum "Lunarium", watch the program Small Star Hall which is aimed at young children.
By the way, visitors to the planetarium come from different. To the fact that in "Lunarium" the exhibits would break down frequently, the staff were ready. The principle of the museum is that everything can be touched and experienced in action. Therefore, in the planetarium there is even one technical day a week when all the exhibits are repaired. But the fact that in a month the Foucault pendulum, the largest in Russia, would have to be repaired, no one could have foreseen. One of the visitors decided to ride the pendulum and broke the 6-meter cable.
Will change
Anatoly Cherepashchuk, director of the State Astronomical Institute. P.K. Sternberg, Deputy Chairman of the Scientific Council of the Moscow Planetarium:
- The Moscow Planetarium now has the most modern equipment in the world, first of all, this concerns the new digital device Universarium M9. The directorate of the planetarium purchased several American films to be shown in the Great Hall of Stars. One film costs hundreds of thousands of dollars, and after five years you need to renew the license to show it. Now it is important to master the new technical capabilities of the planetarium's intellectual technology and learn how to create such computer programs and films on our own. Until now, we have been solving the problem of how to quickly restore the planetarium, now it is important to organize work with the population. If people are bored in the historical museum, we will try to compensate for this with interesting excursions. The exposure will also change.
According to the newspaper "Vedomosti"
