T.S. CHERNYAEVA,
Ust-Dzheguta,
Karachay-Cherkess Republic

Punctuation analysis of a simple sentence

We work according to the textbook “Russian language. 5th grade. Authors T.A. Ladyzhenskaya, M.T. Baranov and others.

The purpose of the lesson: give the concept of punctuation parsing of a sentence; to form the ability to apply the acquired knowledge in practice; to instill in children a careful attitude to the word, to develop the ability to monitor the correctness of speech.

visibility: information plates, signal cards, illustrations.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Teacher's word

Today we are invited to Punctuation Kingdom. We will go there in order to check whether you can make friends with punctuation marks, put them correctly in the text. We will learn how to perform punctuation analysis of a sentence.

First, let's check if you are ready to travel. Let's see how you understand grammar terms.

II. Terminological dictation

The teacher reads the definition, the students write down the terms.

1) A section of the science of language in which phrases and sentences are studied (syntax);
2) a combination of two or more words combined grammatically and in meaning (phrase);
3) a punctuation mark denoting division within a sentence, as well as highlighting some syntactic groups (comma);
4) main member a sentence that answers questions in the nominative case (subject);
5) a proposal that consists only of the main members (uncommon);
6) a minor member of the sentence, which indicates the place, time, mode of action (circumstance);
7) a word (or a combination of words) that names the person to whom the speech is addressed (appeal);
8) a sentence that ends with an exclamation point (exclamation point).

Teacher. I see that you have mastered the grammar terms well. But you can enter the Punctuation Kingdom only with tickets. There are several questions on our ticket that you have to answer.

III. Collaboration

1. What does punctuation study?
2. From what language did the word come to us punctuation? (It comes from the Latin word punctum- dot.)
3. Name the punctuation marks you know.

Exercise . Complete parsing suggestions: Punctuation marks serve as notes when reading. (A.P. Chekhov)

How do you understand these words of A.P. Chekhov? (Student answers.)

Teacher. Well done boys! You got the job done. The gates of the kingdom are open. But what is it?! There is some confusion ahead. Let's try to sort things out correctly placing commas in the text.

(On the board there is a text entry and a drawing “A cow in a kennel”.)

In the river there is a fish on a hillock,
Mooing a cow in a kennel,
The dog barks on the fence
The titmouse sings in the corridor,
Children play on the wall
Hanging a picture on the window
Patterns of frost in the stove,
Firewood is burning in the hands of a girl,
There is a smart doll in a cage,
Manual goldfinch sings napkins,
There are skates on the table,
Goggles are being prepared for winter,
There are notebooks for grandmother,
Always kept in order.

(From the book by G.R. Granik, S.M. Bondarenko "Secrets of Punctuation")

Our next stop is Punctogram Town. Here we are met by grandmother Punktogramushka. (The drawing is fixed on the board.) We must answer her questions.

1. What are the functions of punctuation marks? (At the end of a sentence, these are completion marks. Within a sentence, they can separate words - separation marks or highlight them - highlight marks.)
2. What punctograms did you learn in 5th grade? (Dash between subject and predicate. Punctuation marks with homogeneous members of the sentence. Punctuation marks with appeals.)

Grandmother Punctogram invites us to explain punctuation marks in sentences.

1. Do you guys like sports?
2. Clover is one of the most reliable barometers. (Yu.Dmitriev)
3. The moon shines, but does not warm.

Ahead of us is the City of polite words. live there magic words and their faithful servants are punctuation marks.
- Guys, what words help to be polite?
- With what punctuation mark is the word friendly please?

(Student answers.)

(On the board is an illustration for I.A. Krylov's fable "The Dragonfly and the Ant".)

We have another meeting in the City of Polite Words. Heroes of the fable I.A. Krylov's "Dragonfly and Ant" also came there and asked to judge them.

staging

Dragonfly: I don’t understand why the ant didn’t let me in. I sang, I danced. It's not my fault that I like to have fun. Why didn't the ant take pity on me?
Ant A: I worked all summer. Getting ready for winter. And the dragonfly lives one day, not caring about anything.
Guys, how would you judge the heroes of the fable? Choose one of the answers and hold up the signal card.
(Answer options are pre-written on the board.)
The dragonfly had to think about what awaits her in the winter. In vain she takes offense at the Ant.
(Red card)
Ant, you should have shown compassion.5 After all, the Dragonfly was in trouble. And in a difficult moment for another, you need to lend a helping hand.
(Green card)
I think you are both wrong. Let someone else judge you.
(Blue card)

Teacher. Tell us why you chose this answer.
- Guys, what does the number "5" mean at the end of the sentence? Remember the conventions placed at the beginning of the textbook. (Student answers.)
Let's try to parse the sentence with punctuation:
Ant, you must show compassion. 5

Students get acquainted with the material of the textbook and, with the help of the teacher, perform punctuation analysis of the sentence.

IV. Work with the textbook. Exercise 220

First, the meaning of the word forerunner.

- Guys, circumstances have developed in such a way that you will have to conduct a Russian language lesson at the school where the famous literary hero Dunno studies.
(Picture Dunno on the board.)
Our task is to find punctuation errors admitted Dunno, and correct them.
(Children write sentences in the corrected form.)

1. The hunter went to the forest and took a dog with him.
2. Rivers, lakes and ponds sleep under deep snow.
3. Well done guys, good job.

Exercise. Perform punctuation analysis of the 1st sentence.

The game "Give me the answer." The teacher reads the beginning of the phrase, and the students must finish it.

1. Learning to use punctuation correctly helps ... (punctuation parsing).
2. Sentences for punctuation analysis will be highlighted in the textbook with a number ... (5) .
3. To perform punctuation analysis means to explain ... (what punctuation marks should be put in the sentence).

Exercise . Perform orally punctuation parsing suggestions: My tongue, let's be friends with you!

Exercise . How do you understand the statements of the poet A. Blok and scientist A. Shapiro?

Remove the entire work if you don't like the comma in this sentence, but don't cross out the comma: it has its own meaning.

(A. Blok)

There are, of course, such spelling errors that lead to a misunderstanding of the text, while in punctuation every error leads to some extent to a distortion of the meaning.

(A. Shapiro)

V. Summing up the lesson

Exercise . Read the text. Tell me what happened with a person who has lost punctuation marks.

A person lost a comma, began to be afraid of complex sentences, to look for a simpler phrase.
For simple phrases came simple thoughts.
Then he lost the exclamation point and began to speak quietly, with one intonation. Nothing pleased or revolted him, he treated everything without emotions.
Then he lost the question mark and stopped asking questions.
By the end of his life, he was left with only quotation marks. He did not express a single idea of ​​his own, he always quoted someone - so he completely forgot how to think and reached the point.
Watch out for punctuation marks!

(According to A. Kanevsky)

VI. Homework

At parting, punctuation marks give you a mandate: do not forget them. They are also asked to work at home on exercise 221 and learn § 44.

Punctuation analysis of a sentence is quite easy to do if you know the scheme and master the basic rules of grammar. In essence, this language analysis is based on finding and explaining the use of certain punctuation marks using knowledge of syntax.

Parsing scheme

There are differences between the analysis of simple and complex sentences, but the algorithm of actions itself remains the same. To understand how to do punctuation parsing, you need to know in what order to do it.

1. Place numbers above all punctuation marks.
2. Explain the sign (punctogram) that stands at the end. It can be a period, an exclamation mark, or a question mark. The ellipsis is rarely used.
3. Analyze the presence of commas or dashes. If the sentence is complex, talk about the use of punctograms, which in total make up the construction.

How to parse correctly

When you have put down all the numbers, we proceed directly to the analysis. In order to correctly explain the use of a sign at the end of a sentence, you need to determine the purpose of the statement and its general emotional tone. A full stop is used to show a complete thought. Such a sentence is called a narrative sentence. If the goal is to ask a question, there will always be a question mark at the end, and if it is an order or an incentive to act, an exclamation mark is placed after the last word, and the sentence itself is called an incentive. If the thought is not finished or requires a long pause, put an ellipsis at the end.

We define the structure of the proposal. To explain the choice of signs in a complex statement, determine how many parts it consists of and how they are interconnected. The connection can be coordinating, subordinating, allied or non-union.

In simple sentences, we explain the functions that this or that sign performs. Commas or dashes can be inserted words or phrases, appeals, isolated definitions and applications, as well as clarifying terms designed to attract the reader's attention.

Also separated by a comma homogeneous members. The direct speech of the author also requires commas and dashes.

At the end of the analysis, it is preferable to draw a diagram where the places where certain punctuation marks are placed will be graphically displayed.

Let's take an example of parsing complex sentence. Based on it, you can analyze and simple.

Talk about the grammatical functions of signs.

Of course, (1) the modern Russian language differs from that (2) spoken and written by Pushkin, (3) Gogol, (4) Karamzin and Turgenev. (6)

• 6 - dot at the end of a declarative sentence with a complete thought.
• 2 - a comma between parts of a complex sentence and separates the subordinate part from the main one.
• 1 - comma separates introductory word from the rest of the offer.
• 3, 4 - homogeneous members are separated by signs, in this case the subjects, which are connected without union.

As we can see, it is quite easy to perform punctuation analysis of a sentence, but for this you need to be able to analyze the structure of the construction and explain the use of punctuation marks from a grammatical point of view. Therefore, it is worth studying not only the rules of writing, but also being able to divide words in a sentence into members.

Punctuation analysis - one of the oral analysis of lessons. This is a test of knowledge of the norms and rules for punctuation. Analysis, by analogy with others, has an order. The complexity depends on intonational features, the number of grammatical foundations, ways of expressing secondary members. Consider how do punctuation analysis of the sentence.

In contact with

What is punctuation parsing

Punctuation analysis is carried out according to a certain algorithm, but one should start with understanding the difference between analyzes that are close in content:

• punctuation;
• syntactic;
• graphic.

Punctuation studies rules for arranging punctuation symbols in the Russian language. generally accepted scientific concept- punctuation marks.

Syntax looks inside the semantic unit of the text, involves parsing by main and secondary members. The two branches of linguistics, syntax and punctuation, do not exist separately.

To understand why there is a dot or a comma, you can only understand the structure of the syntactic construction. Graphical analysis shows how words, members of a sentence are interconnected, their appearance and way of expression.

Performing punctuation parsing based on assignment. More common task options:

1. Analysis of the finished text with already placed signs.
2. Explanation of their setting.

Difficulties arise in any case. Sometimes, a task is added: draw a diagram. It helps to notice errors: missing or extra commas. Punctuation order:

1. Number each punctuation character.
2. Find a rule explaining the placement of a sign at the end of a sentence.
3. Explain the sign that unites the parts if a complex sentence (SP) is being parsed.
4. Find rules for characters within a simple sentence (SP).

End-of-speech punctuation

Punctuation marks that complete the semantic unit of the Russian language, depends on the type of utterance:

• narration;
• question;
• exclamation;
• understatement.

In a narrative statement, a simple and complex construction, a dot is placed at the end. With reticence, incompleteness of thoughts, understatement - ellipsis. Questions require an interrogative?. When an emotional background appears in speech -! exclamations.

Punctuation at the end of a sentence can be combined:

• ? — !;
• ? — …;
• ! — …

Such variants and combinations are more common in poetic works, artistic tests.

Punctograms of PP and SP

In a simple speech construction, there are various signs. You can consider the basic rules for their setting.

A dash should be placed:

1. Between the main terms, when they are expressed in one independent part speech: nouns (in Im.pad.), cardinal numbers.
2. Between the subject and the predicate, when one member of the sentence is an indefinite form, and the other is a noun (in Im.pad.).
3. Before index: this, here.
4. Between the subject (noun) and the predicate (cardinal). And vice versa.

Attention! The dash occurs in incomplete constructions when one of the main members is missing. The missing word can be mentally spoken from the understanding of the first part.

Punctuation in the presence of homogeneous members

Commas are required:

• between homogeneous words if they are listed without conjunctions.
• before alliances of an opposing type;
• with repeated unions (after each homogeneous part).
• pairing (between couples).
• before the second part of double alliances.

Commas are not required, if homogeneous concepts are connected by meaning, are whole expression or with the following build:

• [Ο yes (= "and") Ο].
• [Ο yes and Ο].

Semicolon; is necessary if homogeneous members are not single words, but common ones, already separated by commas inside.

A generalizing concept sometimes appears before homogeneous enumerations, then in addition to commas, you will need to put a colon or a dash, both characters. You can see on the diagrams how they should be placed:

• [Θ: Ο, Ο, Ο].
• [Ο, Ο, Ο - Θ].
• [Ο, Ο, Ο, Ο, Ο - in a word, Θ].
• [Θ: and Ο, and Ο, and Ο - ...].

Highlighting direct speech in writing

A special spelling of the Russian language is adopted for presentation of the speaker's speech. Direct speech is one of the most difficult topics. There is a combination of several characters: quotes, colons, commas, dots and others used to complete speech constructions. It all depends on the place of direct speech (P) in relation to the words of the author (A, a):

1. At the beginning: A: "P!"; A: "P?"; A: "P".
2. At the end: "P", - a .; "P!" - a.; "P?" - a.
3. In the center: "P, - a, - p."

Use in writing quotations are drawn up according to the rules established for direct speech.

Punctograms of the Russian language

The most common punctuation symbol in Russian linguistics is a comma. What rules will have to be explained during punctuation analysis:

• isolation of secondary members: additions, definitions, applications, circumstances;
• qualifying members;
• selection of comparisons and revolutions;
• constructions with the union "as";
• appeals, introductory words, interjection expressions.

Punctuation parsing complex expression begins with a refinement of the form:

• compositional connection of parts;
• subordinating;
• without the help of unions.

Punctuation parsing of a sentence scheme and sample

[Pierre, 1 (who knew), 2 that she was very stupid, 3 with a strange feeling of bewilderment and fear, sometimes attended her evenings and dinners, 4 where they talked about politics, 5 poetry and 6 philosophy.7]. (L. Tolstoy)

Explanation of sign rules complex sentence:

7 - Point. According to the purpose of the statement, it is narrative, non-exclamatory in intonation and represents a complete thought. The explanation excludes the possibility of others: ?, …, !

1,2 - a comma connects parts of a complex structure: the view is complex. Three clauses: who knew that she was very stupid, where it was said.

1 - a comma separates the clause "who knew".

2 - completes the subordinate clause.

3 - continuation of the main main part.

4 - the beginning of the third subordinate clause.

5 - comma with homogeneous additions "about politics, poetry and philosophy."

6 - no emphasis is required: there is a union "and".

[But before, in all acts of self-sacrifice, she joyfully realized 1 that she, 2 sacrificing herself, 3 thereby raises her own worth in the eyes of herself and others and becomes more worthy of Nicolas, 4 (whom she loved most in life); 5 but now her sacrifice was to be 6 to give up that 7 which for her was the whole reward of the sacrifice, 8 the whole meaning of life]. 9 (L. Tolstoy)

A period is the end of a declarative sentence.

Beginning of an adjective. There are 4 adjuncts in total.

2, 3. Participle turnover.

3. Continuation of the subordinate clause.

The beginning of the second subordinate clause.

5. Semicolon. Combination of two sentences, the first part of which has a large number of punctuation marks.

Beginning of an adjective.

Beginning and end of a subordinate clause.

Clarification.

Attention! The parsing example shows that one sign can be explained by several rules, but some of them are set only under one specific condition.

The order of punctuation analysis of a simple sentence

You can do punctuation parsing like this:

The student loved all academic subjects: 1 mathematics, 2 literature, 3 history.4

Explanation:

4 - Point. Narrative statement.

1 - Colon. A generalizing phrase stands before a group of homogeneous additions.

2-3 - Commas. Homogeneous additions are connected with the help of intonation, without unions.

An example breakdown plan:

1. Write out an offer.
2. Explain the final sign.
3. Find and select grammatical basis.
4. Explain the reasons for the symbols.
5. Make a diagram.

How to disassemble complex structure:

1. Write out an offer.
2. Explain the end sign.
3. Highlight grammar points.
4. Explain the reasons for the need for signs between parts.
5. Explain each sign in the PP.
6. Create a graphic diagram.

Examples of how to do punctuation analysis of a sentence:

I called, 1 the door opened, 2 but no one was visible behind it.3

Explanations:

3 - Period, narrative sentence.

1 - comma between PP.

2 - a comma before the adversative union "but", between two simple ones.

The teacher gave an assignment to Andrey, 1 because he was sure 2 that he could do such a thing, 3 he would do an excellent job 4 and 4 he would present the result, 5 he would not violate the deadlines. 6

6 is a dot, because the purpose of the statement is narration.

1 - the beginning of the first subordinate clause.

2 - the beginning of the second subordinate clause.

3 - differentiation of homogeneous subordinate clauses.

4 - signs are not needed, homogeneous predicates are connected by the union "and".

An example of a punctuation analysis of a sentence

Punctuation, what is it, how to do punctuation work

Conclusion

Punctuation parsing requires knowledge of the rules, the ability to see the structure of the text. Every character needs to be explained from the standpoint of the structure of the speech unit. What does it mean to parse punctuation? Explain to yourself and the verifier the correct choice of the punctogram.

Punctuation parsing of the sentence provides better assimilation of punctuation rules by schoolchildren. It is based on three consecutive actions, eventually leading to an explanation of the conditions for choosing one or another punctuation mark. For punctuation analysis, it is necessary to know the parts of speech, be able to find the grammatical basis and secondary members in the sentence, and also hear the intonation with which it is pronounced. Proper punctuation ensures the accuracy and clarity of the expression of thought.

Order of punctuation parsing
The main punctuation marks studied at school and used for punctuation analysis are: dot (it is from its Latin name “punctum” that the word “punctuation” came from), comma, semicolon, question and exclamation marks, colon, dash, brackets, quotation marks and dots.

Punctuation analysis begins with determining the nature of the sentence, which can be either simple or complex. Then one or more punctuation rules are established that are valid in the sentence being parsed. Each of them is subject to separate selection. The result of punctuation parsing is a graphical scheme of the sentence.

How to punctuate a simple sentence?
A simple sentence in a diagram is indicated by square brackets followed by one of five punctuation marks: a period, a question mark, an exclamation point, an ellipsis, or a combination of a question mark and an exclamation mark.

The inside of the diagram shows a complication of a simple sentence. The grammatical basis is specified by default.

1. Homogeneous members of the proposal are depicted in the diagram in the form of circles, inside which the graphic designation of the member of the proposal is placed. All members of a sentence can be homogeneous: subjects (one straight line), predicates (two straight lines), additions (one dotted line), definitions (one wavy line) and circumstances (dashed line with a dot between the lines). Together with them, the diagram indicates the punctuation marks and conjunctions related to them (connective, adversative, comparative).
   Homogeneous members can be used in a sentence along with a generalizing word. In the diagram, it is indicated by a circle with a thick dot inside.
   
2. Introductory words and phrases are depicted in the form of five small crosses, on top of which the inscription “vv.sl.” is placed, where “sl.” denotes both "word" and "phrase". Above introductory sentences it is written "vv.pr."
   
3. Appeals on the scheme are reproduced in the form of a wavy line with the inscription "o."
   
4. Interjections are written in the scheme with words (“alas”, “ah”, “Hurrah!”, etc.).
   
5. To explain the setting of a dash between the subject and the predicate over graphic image grammatical basis indicates the part of speech and its grammatical form: “ex., I.p.”, “ex. + noun", "indefinite f.gl.", "num.", "noun. + num." etc. The indicative words “this”, “here”, “means” are written in full on the diagram.
   The absence of a dash between the subject and the predicate should also be explained in the punctuation analysis of the sentence. In this case, it is enough to highlight the grammatical basis and the rules on the basis of which the dash is omitted: the presence of a negative particle “not” between the subject and the predicate or comparative conjunctions “like”, “as if”, “as if”.
   
6. Separate members of the sentence are distinguished in writing by punctuation marks and are divided into five categories:
   • Separate definitions are depicted on the diagram as a single wavy line inside two slashes "/ ~~~/".
     If a separate definition refers to a personal pronoun, then the latter is indicated on the diagram with an “x” sign, over which “l.m.” is written. All other parts of speech are indicated on the diagram with a simple "x".
     Above the definitions expressed participle turnover, the inscription "po" is put.
     Two or more separate definitions are highlighted in the scheme as homogeneous (wavy line in a circle). An arrow is drawn from the word being defined to them.
     Above separate definitions with concessive and causal meaning, “us.sign.” and "pw.zn", respectively. In the diagram, such definitions are depicted by two lines: the lower one is the circumstances, the upper one is the definitions.
     Agreed and inconsistent definitions on the diagram are separated from each other and signed as "agree", "disagree".
     
   • Standalone Applications are depicted on the diagram in the same way as separate definitions. They can refer to the personal pronoun ("l.m."), common noun("common") or a proper name ("own"). Separate applications with the union “how” are distinguished on the diagram by the bottom line of the circumstance and the top line - definitions, above which “causal value” is written. or "quality value".
     
   • Separate additions are indicated on the diagram in the form of ordinary additions with the words “except”, “instead of”, “including”, “besides”, etc., related to them.
     
   • Isolated circumstances are depicted on the diagram as a single dotted line with dots enclosed in slashes. Above them, it is indicated how they are expressed: by a gerund (“d.”) or participle turnover("before."). An arrow from the word being defined is drawn to isolated circumstances.
     Circumstances expressed by phraseological units are signed as "phraseological." They are not distinguished by punctuation marks in the letter.
     Above the circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions, prepositions and prepositional combinations are written (“despite”, “subject to”, etc.).
     
   • The clarifying members of the proposal are indicated on the diagram in the form of certain members of the proposal - definitions, circumstances, additions, etc. Each of them is asked a question, to which they answer: “when?”, “What?”, “What?” etc. In addition, the scheme indicates the unions related to them, explaining words and phrases.
     
7. Comparative turns are highlighted in the diagram in the same way as isolated circumstances. Above them is the inscription "comparison".
   

How to perform punctuation analysis of a complex sentence?
A complex sentence in the diagram is indicated as simple sentences depicted using square and round brackets.

1. AT compound sentences outside square brackets denoting simple sentences equal in relation to each other, together with punctuation marks, connecting and divisive unions. A common minor member or introductory word is also bracketed and underlined either as a circumstance with the inscription "general" or as an introductory word.
   Inserting a dash between simple sentences explained by the inscriptions "result", "res.sm.d." (abrupt change of action), etc.
   
2. In complex sentences, the main simple sentence is indicated by square brackets, the dependent (subordinate) - by round brackets. When parsing punctuation, unions (“union”), allied (“allied words”) and demonstrative words (“indicative words”) are prescribed and indicated on the diagram. Allied words in the subordinate clause and demonstrative - in the main are underlined as certain members of the sentence.
   If there are several subordinate clauses to each of them is placed an index arrow from the sentence to which they are subordinate.
   
3. In non-union sentences, above the punctuation marks connecting simple sentences, in parentheses are placed suitable situation unions.
   

How is direct speech formed in punctuation parsing?
In the diagram, direct speech is represented by the letters "P" (direct speech at the beginning of a sentence or being an independent sentence) and "p" (direct speech at the end of a sentence). The words of the author are denoted by the letters "A" and "a".
In writing and in punctuation analysis, respectively, there are several options for the design of direct speech:

1. Direct speech comes before the words of the author:
2. Direct speech comes after the words of the author:
   
3. Direct speech is interrupted by the words of the author:

   "P, - a, - p."

   "P-a. - P".

   "P? - a. - P".

   "P! - a. - P".

   
   

In this article, the basics of punctuation analysis of sentences were considered. We recommend supplementing your knowledge on this topic with the help of the book by O. Ushakova with the same name “Punctuation Analysis of a Sentence”. This small collection, written in an understandable, accessible form, provides a large number of examples of punctuation analysis of sentences of different levels of complexity.

The role of punctuation in our written language cannot be underestimated. Thanks to it, thoughts are structured and separated from each other in sentences, the intonation and emotions of the author are transmitted, the text becomes clear and understandable to any reader. In oral speech, all this helps us to carry out intonations, pauses, facial expressions, but punctuation marks come to the aid of writing.

Features of punctuation parsing of a sentence

Punctuation marks in sentences perform a wide variety of functions: dividing, semantic, excretory. Highly importance we define signs at the end of a sentence, because they help us complete a thought, show intonation (question marks, exclamation marks), and without them the whole story would be one continuous sentence.

How does punctuation parse a sentence:

• first, we define and explain the sign at the end of the sentence, which will help us determine the general intonation (ellipsis, period, exclamation or question marks, a whole combination of characters);
• then we turn to signs at the level of a complex sentence (signs between simple sentences - comma, dash, colon);
• Lastly, explain the signs in simple sentences.

For the convenience of punctuation parsing, it is recommended to number the punctuation marks for further explanation of their placement. If we learn how to properly punctuate with the help of punctuation parsing of a sentence, in the future we can always use them correctly and intuitively without hindrance. This will help us in the future to become literate people who know the rules of our powerful and diverse Russian language well.

Sentence parsing example

When I met a homeless cat on the street, (2) my heart, (3) which had not known sadness until that moment, (4) was filled with pity for him. (1)

1) A period is put at the end of the sentence, since the sentence is declarative, non-exclamatory and contains a complete thought.

2) A comma between simple sentences as part of a complex subordinate, separating the subordinate clause (“when I met a homeless cat on the street”) from the main (“my heart was filled with pity for him”);

3) Two commas (3.4), highlighting a separate circumstance, expressed by a participle turnover ("not knowing sadness until this moment").