How to determine the tense of a verb? Independent parts of speech

A verb is a part of speech that denotes an action. Verbs change in number, person, and tense. In addition, they have conjugations, types and moods. There are three main forms of verb tense in Russian: past, present and future. Let's talk in more detail about how to understand the tenses of the verb.

Determine the type of the verb

Verbs are either perfective or imperfective. Perfect verbs indicate that the action has already been done (or will be done) and the result is achieved. The question “what to do?” is suitable for such verbs. Perfect verbs have only two tenses: past and future.

Imperfect verbs can be in past, present and future tenses. They answer the question “what to do?”.

Past tense verbs

The main signs that the verb refers to the past tense are:

suffix -l; (walk, fly)
endings -a (feminine), -o (neuter) and -i (plural). Masculine verbs in the past tense have no ending. Example: played, played, played, played.

To understand that the verb is in the past tense, depending on the gender and number, you need to substitute the following questions to it:

for the perfect form: “what did you do?” (m. p.), “What did you do?” (f. p.), “What did you do?” (cf. p.), “what did they do?” (plural);
for the imperfect form: “what did you do?” (m. p.), “What did you do?” (f. p.), “What did you do?” (cf. p.), “what did you do?” (plural).

Present tense verbs

In the present tense, the verb reflects the action taking place at the moment of speech. The general defining question of such verbs is:

in the singular - “what is he doing?”;
in the plural - "what are they doing?".

As noted above, in the present tense there can only be imperfective verbs.

The ending of the verb in the present tense will depend on whether it belongs to the 1st or 2nd conjugation.

Verb endings of the first conjugation

Singular: -y, -yu (first person); -eat (second person); -et (third person). Example: carry, carry, carry; reading, reading, reading

Plural: -em, -em (first person); -ete, -ete (second person); -ut, -yut (third person) Example: we carry, we carry, we carry; read, read, read.

Verb endings of the second conjugation

Singular: -y, -yu (first person); -ish (second person); -it (third person). Example: lying, lying, lying; build, build, build.

Plural: - endings -im (first person); -ite (second person); -at, -yat (third person). Example: lie down, lie down, lie down; build, build, build.

Future verbs

Verbs in the future tense reflect an action that is planned to be done or an action that will be done in the future. Determining questions for singular verbs:

perfective: “what will he do?”;
imperfective form: “what will he do?”.

Questions for plural verbs:

perfective: “what will they do?”;
imperfective form: “what will they do?”.

Imperfect verbs in the future tense have one interesting feature- they turn into complex verbs. The verb "to be" is added to the infinitive in the appropriate form. For example: I will walk, we will run, they will play.

Endings of perfective verbs of the first conjugation

Singular: -y, -yu (first person); -eat, -eat (second person); -et, -et (third person). Example: I'll take it, you'll take it, I'll take it; read, read, read.

Plural: -em, -em (first person); -ete, -ete (second person); -ut, -yut (third person). Example: take it, take it, take it; read, read, read.

Endings of perfective verbs of the second conjugation

Singular: -y, -yu (first person); -ish (second person); -it (third person). Example: lie down, lie down, lie down; build, build, build.

Plural: - endings -im (first person); -ite (second person); -at, -yat (third person). Example: lie down, lie down, lie down; build, build, build.

1. Independent parts of speech:

nouns (cf. morphological norms n.);
Verbs:
- sacraments;
- gerunds;
adjectives;
numerals;
pronouns;
adverbs;

2. Service parts of speech:

prepositions;
unions;
particles;

3. Interjections.

None of the classifications (according to the morphological system) of the Russian language fall into:

the words yes and no, if they act as an independent sentence.
introductory words: so, by the way, total, as a separate sentence, as well as a number of other words.

Morphological analysis of a noun

the initial form in the nominative case, singular (with the exception of nouns used only in the plural: scissors, etc.);
own or common noun;
animate or inanimate;
gender (m, f, cf.);
number (unit, plural);
declination;
case;
syntactic role in a sentence.

Plan of morphological analysis of a noun

"The baby is drinking milk."

Kid (answers the question who?) - noun;

initial form - baby;
permanent morphological features: animated, common noun, concrete, masculine, I-th declension;
inconstant morphological features: nominative case, singular;
at parsing The sentence plays the role of the subject.

Morphological analysis of the word "milk" (answers the question of whom? What?).

initial form - milk;
constant morphological characteristic of the word: neuter, inanimate, real, common noun, 2nd declension;
variable morphological features: accusative, singular;
in a sentence with a direct object.

Here is another example of how to make a morphological analysis of a noun, based on a literary source:

"Two ladies ran up to Luzhin and helped him get up. He began to knock the dust off his coat with his palm. (Example from: Luzhin's Defense, Vladimir Nabokov)."

Ladies (who?) - noun;

the initial form is a lady;
constant morphological features: common noun, animate, concrete, female, I declination;
fickle morphological noun characteristic: singular, genitive;
syntactic role: part of the subject.

Luzhin (to whom?) - noun;

initial form - Luzhin;
faithful morphological characteristic of the word: proper name, animated, concrete, masculine, mixed declension;
non-permanent morphological features of a noun: singular, dative case;

Palm (what?) - noun;

initial form - palm;
constant morphological features: feminine, inanimate, common noun, concrete, I declension;
unstable morphos. signs: singular, instrumental;
syntactic role in context: complement.

Dust (what?) - noun;

initial form - dust;
main morphological features: common noun, real, feminine, singular, animate not characterized, III declension (noun with zero ending);
fickle morphological word characteristic: accusative;
syntactic role: complement.

the initial form is a coat;
constant correct morphological characteristic of the word: inanimate, common noun, concrete, neuter, indeclinable;
morphological features are unstable: the number cannot be determined from the context, the genitive case;
syntactic role as a member of a sentence: addition.

Morphological analysis of the adjective

The adjective is a significant part of speech. Answers questions What? Which? Which? Which? and characterizes the features or qualities of an object. Table of morphological features of the adjective name:

initial form in the nominative case, singular, masculine;
constant morphological features of adjectives:
- rank, according to the value:
- - - quality (warm, silent);
  - - relative (yesterday, reading);
  - - possessive (hare, mother's);
- degree of comparison (for qualitative, in which this feature is constant);
- full / short form (for quality, in which this feature is permanent);
non-permanent morphological features of the adjective:
- qualitative adjectives change according to the degree of comparison (in comparative degrees simple form, in superlatives - complex): beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful;
- full or short form (only qualitative adjectives);
- genus sign (only in the singular);
- number (consistent with the noun);
- case (consistent with the noun);
syntactic role in the sentence: the adjective is a definition or part of a compound nominal predicate.

Plan of morphological analysis of the adjective

Suggestion example:

The full moon rose over the city.

Full (what?) - adjective;

initial form - complete;
permanent morphological features of the adjective: qualitative, full form;
inconstant morphological characteristic: in a positive (zero) degree of comparison, feminine (consistent with the noun), nominative case;
according to syntactic analysis - a minor member of the sentence, performs the role of a definition.

Here is another whole literary passage and a morphological analysis of the adjective, using examples:

The girl was beautiful: slender, thin, blue eyes, like two amazing sapphires, looked into your soul.

Beautiful (what?) - adjective;

the initial form is beautiful (in this sense);
constant morphological norms: qualitative, short;
non-permanent signs: positive degree of comparison, singular, feminine;

Slender (what?) - adjective;

initial form - slender;
permanent morphological features: qualitative, complete;
inconstant morphological characteristics of the word: complete, positive degree of comparison, singular, feminine, nominative;
syntactic role in the sentence: part of the predicate.

Thin (what?) - adjective;

the initial form is thin;
morphological permanent features: qualitative, complete;
inconstant morphological characteristic of the adjective: positive degree of comparison, singular, feminine, nominative;
syntactic role: part of the predicate.

Blue (what?) - adjective;

initial form - blue;
table of constant morphological features of the adjective: qualitative;
inconsistent morphological characteristics: complete, positive degree of comparison, plural, nominative;
syntactic role: definition.

Amazing (what?) - adjective;

initial form - amazing;
permanent signs in morphology: relative, expressive;
inconsistent morphological features: plural, genitive;
syntactic role in the sentence: part of the circumstance.

Morphological features of the verb

According to the morphology of the Russian language, the verb is independent part speech. It can denote an action (to walk), a property (to limp), an attitude (to equal), a state (to rejoice), a sign (to turn white, show off) of an object. Verbs answer the question what to do? what to do? what is he doing? what have you been doing? or what will it do? Different groups of verbal word forms are characterized by heterogeneous morphological characteristics and grammatical features.

Morphological forms of verbs:

the initial form of the verb is the infinitive. It is also called the indefinite or invariable form of the verb. Variable morphological features are absent;
conjugated (personal and impersonal) forms;
non-conjugated forms: participles and participles.

Morphological analysis of the verb

the initial form is the infinitive;
constant morphological features of the verb:
- transitivity:
- - transitive (used with accusative nouns without a preposition);
  - intransitive (not used with a noun in the accusative case without a preposition);
- returnability:
- - returnable (there are -sya, -sya);
  - irrevocable (no -sya, -sya);
- - imperfect (what to do?);
  - perfect (what to do?);
- conjugation:
- - I conjugation (do-eat, do-et, do-eat, do-et, do-yut / ut);
  - II conjugation (sto-ish, sto-it, sto-im, sto-ite, sto-yat / at);
  - conjugated verbs (want, run);
non-permanent morphological features of the verb:
- mood:
- - indicative: what did you do? What did you do? what is he doing? what will he do?;
  - conditional: what would you do? what would you do?;
  - imperative: do it!;
- time (in the indicative mood: past / present / future);
- person (in the present/future tense, indicative and imperative: 1st person: I/we, 2nd person: you/you, 3rd person: he/they);
- gender (in the past tense, singular, indicative and conditional);
- number;
syntactic role in a sentence. The infinitive can be any part of the sentence:
- predicate: To be a holiday today;
- Subject: Learning is always useful;
- addition: All the guests asked her to dance;
- definition: He has an overwhelming desire to eat;
- circumstance: I went out for a walk.

Morphological analysis of the verb example

To understand the scheme, let's written analysis verb morphology on the example of a sentence:

Crow somehow God sent a piece of cheese ... (fable, I. Krylov)

Sent (what did you do?) - part of speech verb;

initial form - send;
permanent morphological features: perfective, transitional, 1st conjugation;
inconstant morphological characteristic of the verb: indicative mood, past tense, masculine, singular;

Next online sample morphological analysis verb in a sentence:

What silence, listen.

Listen (what to do?) - verb;

the initial form is to listen;
morphological constant features: perfect form, intransitive, reflexive, 1st conjugation;
inconstant morphological characteristics of the word: imperative, plural, 2nd person;
syntactic role in the sentence: predicate.

Plan for the morphological analysis of the verb online for free, based on an example from a whole paragraph:

He needs to be warned.

No need, let him know another time how to break the rules.

What are the rules?

Wait, I'll tell you later. Has entered! (“The Golden Calf”, I. Ilf)

Warn (what to do?) - verb;

initial form - warn;
morphological features of the verb are constant: perfective, transitive, irrevocable, 1st conjugation;
non-permanent morphology of the part of speech: infinitive;
syntactic function in a sentence: an integral part of the predicate.

Let him know (what is he doing?) - part of speech verb;

the initial form is to know;
inconstant morphology of the verb: imperative, singular, 3rd person;
syntactic role in the sentence: predicate.

Violate (what to do?) - the word is a verb;

the initial form is to violate;
permanent morphological features: imperfective, irrevocable, transitional, 1st conjugation;
non-permanent signs of the verb: infinitive (initial form);
syntactic role in the context: part of the predicate.

Wait (what to do?) - part of speech verb;

initial form - wait;
permanent morphological features: perfect form, irrevocable, transitional, 1st conjugation;
inconstant morphological characteristic of the verb: imperative, plural, 2nd person;
syntactic role in the sentence: predicate.

Entered (what did?) - verb;

initial form - enter;
permanent morphological features: perfective, irrevocable, intransitive, 1st conjugation;
inconstant morphological characteristic of the verb: past tense, indicative mood, singular, masculine;
syntactic role in the sentence: predicate.