- NOMINATIVE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
: nominative case - a case that answers the question: ... - NOMINATIVE in the Full accentuated paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
noun nominal, nominal, nominal, nominal, nominal, nominal, nominal, nominal, nominal, nominal, ... - NOMINATIVE in the New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language Efremova:
- NOMINATIVE in Ozhegov's Dictionary of the Russian Language.
- NOMINATIVE in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language Ushakov:
nominative, nominative. In the expression: nominative case (gram.) - a case that answers the question: who-what ?, or, in other cases (for example, in adj.), ... - NOMINATIVE in the Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova:
nominative adj. Expressed by the original form of the name changing in cases (about the case - in ... - NOMINATIVE in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language Efremova:
adj. Expressed by the original form of the name changing in cases (about the case - in ... - NOMINATIVE in the Big Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
adj. Expressed by the original form of the name changing in cases (about the case - in linguistics) ... - NOMINAL REPRESENTATIONS
The nominative case of a noun that names an object or person in order to evoke an idea about them. Such a nominative intonation usually stands out as an isolated ... - NOMINATIVE PREDICATIVE in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
1) The use of the nominative case form in the function of the linking part of the compound nominal predicate. Hermann was the son of a Russified German (Pushkin). When connected… - SECOND NOMINAL in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
Same as nominative predicative... - ROSENSTOCK-HYUSSI in the Dictionary of Postmodernism:
(Rosenstock-Huessy) Eugen Moritz Friedrich (1888-1973) - German-American Christian thinker, philosopher, historian, belonging to the spiritual tradition of the dialogic type. Born in a liberal... - JEHOVANISI in the Dictionary Index of Theosophical Concepts to the Secret Doctrine, Theosophical Dictionary:
(Heb.) Androgyne of Nissa (see "Dionysus"). The Jews worshiped under this name Bacchus-Osiris, Dio-Nisus, and the manifold Jobs of Nissa, Moses Sinai. … - HELP in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
Open Orthodox Encyclopedia "TREE". How to get started? If you want to help fill the encyclopedia - there is nothing easier. Explore… - MOSCOW SOCIETY OF LOVERS OF SPIRITUAL ENLIGHTENMENT in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree.
- BHAGAVAT in the Directory of Characters and Cult Objects of Greek Mythology:
bhagavan (ancient Indian stem bhagavat, nominative bhagav?n, original meaning "happy", "blessed", then "sacred", "divine", "god", "lord"), in Hindu mythology, a name-epithet … - RUSSIA, DIV. RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AND COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia.
- RUSSIA, DIV. A BRIEF OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF SOUNDS AND FORMS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
During the centuries-old existence of the Russian language, its sounds and forms, its syntactic structure and lexical composition have undergone significant changes. Follow… - BALAKIREV MILY ALEKSEEVICH in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia:
Balakirev, Mily Alekseevich, famous Russian musician, founder of the new Russian musical school. Born December 21, 1836 in Nizhny Novgorod, died ... - THEME in the Literary Encyclopedia:
a set of main and secondary themes of a literary work or a number of works of one writer or an entire group, school, direction. Theme (Greek) - ... - NEGRO LITERATURE. in the Literary Encyclopedia.
- ITALIAN LITERATURE. in the Literary Encyclopedia.
- IVANOV in the Literary Encyclopedia:
1. Vsevolod Vyacheslavovich is a modern writer. R. in the Semipalatinsk region, in the family of a village teacher. He spent his youth in wanderings, ... - ESENIN in the Literary Encyclopedia.
- GREEK LITERATURE in the Literary Encyclopedia:
ANTIQUE. I. THE PERIOD OF GREEK INDEPENDENCE [ 833 BC ERA]. The oldest recorded monument of Greek literature, the Homeric poems, is ... - NOMINATIVE DESIGN
a way of expressing in the language of the subject and object of the action, in which the subject of the transitive and intransitive verbs is expressed in one and the same ... - VOCAL FORM in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
a special case form of nouns that names the person (less often the object) to which the speech is addressed: Czech. Mila sestro! (nominative … - YAKUT AUTONOMOUS SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC
Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Yakutia. As part of the RSFSR. It was formed on April 27, 1922. It is located in the north of Eastern Siberia, in the basin of the river. … - FUGA in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(Italian fuga, from Latin fuga - running, flight) (musical), the highest form of polyphonic music (see Polyphony). Built on multiple simulations… - UKRAINIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukrainian SSR (Ukrainian Radianska Socialist Republic), Ukraine (Ukraine). I. General information The Ukrainian SSR was formed on December 25, 1917. With the creation of ... - UZBEK SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC
- TURKEY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
- TURKMEN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
- THE USSR. LITERATURE AND ART in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
and art Literature Multinational Soviet literature represents a qualitatively new stage in the development of literature. As a certain artistic whole, united by a single socio-ideological ... - Svan language in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
language, the language of the Svans. Distributed in S.-Z. Georgian SSR. The number of speakers in S. i. over 35 thousand people. Refers to … - RUSSIAN SOVIET FEDERAL SOCIALIST REPUBLIC, RSFSR in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
- PUSHKIN, ALEXANDER SERGEYEVICH in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Alexander Sergeevich, Russian writer, founder of new Russian literature. Born in the family of a poor nobleman, a descendant of an old ... - PROVENCAL in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
language, the language of the Provencals. Distributed in the southern departments of France. The number of P. speakers. - 8 million people (1972, est.). … - POLAND in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(Polska), Polish People's Republic (Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa), Poland. I. General information P. is a socialist state in Central Europe, in the basin ... - CASE in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
grammatical category of a name, categorical meanings (grammemes) of which express the relationship of what is indicated by a given name to objects or phenomena indicated by ... - NOMINATIVE DESIGN in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
construction, a single sentence model that functions in many languages (Indo-European, Uralic, Turkic, etc.); its characteristic morphological correlates (interdependent units): ... - GERMAN in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
language, the language of the Germans living in the FRG (56 million people), in the GDR (17 million people), West Berlin (2.1 million people), ... - MAGRELIAN LANGUAGE in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
language, Mingrelian, Iberian, unwritten language of the Kartvelian group of languages (see Kartvelian languages). Represented in the west of the Georgian SSR by two ... - CHINA in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
- KAZAKH SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
- GEORGIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Soviet Socialist Republic (Sakartvelos Sabchota Socialisturi Republic), Georgia (Sakartvelo). I. General information The Georgian SSR was formed on February 25, 1921. From 12 ... - AZERBAIJANIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Soviet Socialist Republic (Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republics), Azerbaijan. I. General information The Azerbaijan SSR was formed on April 28, 1920. From March 12 ... - FUGA
- the highest form of polyphonic style, developed from imitation. In two-voice and polyphonic F., as in imitation, a theme is carried out, but ... - TIBETAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron.
- CASE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
(gram.) - this term refers to the various forms that one or another name (noun, adjective; pronoun, numeral) takes to express various ...
The modern Russian language has a number of expressive syntactic constructions. Expression is a special linguistic phenomenon, which consists in emphasizing, highlighting one or another segment of speech against a neutral background. The most important means of syntactic expression are intonation and the location of segments of speech. Often they are joined by various repetitions. Expression usually interacts with such linguistic phenomena as emotionality, stylistic coloring, etc., and serves them.
Expression is an important beginning in a language, directly related to its communicative nature.<…>
Attention is drawn to a group of syntactic constructions that could be called double notation constructions, or segmented constructions.<…>. The most famous representative of these constructions is defined in Russian grammar as "nominative representations".
The nominative representation is a noun in the nominative case or a phrase headed by this form (sometimes headed by a quantitative numeral), having an independent intonation and naming the subject of subsequent speech or thought - in order to highlight it, emphasize it, draw attention to it.
The concept of nominative representation was first clearly formulated by A. M. Peshkovsky<…>
Peshkovsky explains this construction on a psychological basis, noting that it denotes isolated representations of objects, and classifying it as "words and phrases that do not form either sentences or their parts." This interpretation of Peshkovsky has found its way into many manuals on syntax; they usually say that the nominative representation names the object or phenomenon, "the representation of which arises in the mind of the speaker."<…>It can be argued that the word, even appearing in the analyzed construction, continues to correlate with the concept, without acquiring an individual visual-sensory character. It follows from this that the term "nominative representations" is unfortunate due to its connection with the psychology of representations and needs to be replaced. Instead, one can turn to another term "nominative theme", which more accurately reflects the essence of this construction without the indicated psychologism.
The nominative theme stands out as a special language formation in terms of a combination of features. Consider an example:
Aviation... It, like in a mirror, reflects the work of our people, their fantastic leap into the future (Koms. Pravda, July 9, 1961).
Word aviation in the function of the nominative theme, it is intonationally separated from the next sentence, pronounced with independent intonation and forms a phrase. In the sentence following this phrase, there is a combination of the 3rd person pronoun she is with a pretext in, referring us to the previously used word aviation and denoting the same concept as the word aviation. Therefore, in this passage, the same concept is denoted twice. This is done in order to highlight, emphasize a certain element of the statement following the nominative topic, in order to emphasize the theme of this statement. As a result, a greater expressiveness of speech is created.
The nominative theme in our example cannot be considered a member of the next sentence. Firstly, because this nominative is sharply emphasized intonationally. Secondly, because there is no case correspondence between the nominative of the topic and the pronoun corresponding to it, which, for example, is typical for the connections of the application and the word being defined.
The essence of constructions, including nominative themes, is successfully revealed from the standpoint of the theory of the actual division of the sentence.<…>
The nominative theme, anticipating the theme of the next sentence, emphasizes it, highlights it, creates a special tension, a mood of expectation. If we consider the nominative theme together with the subsequent sentence, then we can say that in this peculiar, segmented statement, the theme is indicated twice, and again most often with the help of pronouns. Therefore, it seems inaccurate to us that the sentence following the nominative topic contains only a rheme and the entire complex statement is divided into a theme (specially highlighted) and a rheme. The sentence following the nominative of the topic in itself highlights the topic and the rheme, but the topic of this sentence receives a secondary designation here: it received its primary designation in the previous construction. As a result of this double designation of the topic, the expression of the statement is created, which is easily detected by comparing the construction of interest to us with the usual one: Aviation, like a mirror, reflects the work of our people, their fantastic leap into the future. This sentence no longer has the expressiveness that is observed in the first case.
The nominative theme is pronounced with a special intonation of the phrasal type, with the help of which it is separated from the next sentence and receives significant independence.
The punctuation marks that are placed after the nominative theme do not accurately convey its intonation pattern. Most often in this case there is an ellipsis, for example: Italians ...
It is impossible not to fall in love with this people (V. Nekrasov, First Acquaintance).
The nominative topic may be followed by an exclamation mark, for example: Whirlpool! This word was often pronounced in the Stupin family (L. Lench, Black shoulder straps).
A combination of an exclamation point and an ellipsis, for example: Stanislavsky!.. This name is dear to every cultured person (“Soviet Culture”, January 17, 1963).
Sometimes a full stop is put, for example: Theater. This word is associated with the earliest impressions of childhood (V. Kataev, Surprise).
There may be a dash, for example: “Tampere Street” - this is how the people of Kiev called one of the new highways of Darnitsa ... (“Pravda”, March 3, 1963); Man! - This word is deduced in golden letters in the book of the great laws of modernity, the program for building the happiest world on earth - the CPSU Program ("Come, Pravda", December 4, 1962).
A comma can also stand, for example: The logic of thinking, he believed it! (V. Grossman, For a Just Cause).
Let's try to determine the intonation associated with the ellipsis. The "Grammar of the Russian Language" of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR notes that the nominative theme can be pronounced: 1) with an intonation of incompleteness, 2) with an exclamatory intonation. Obviously, the ellipsis corresponds to the intonation of incompleteness. However, observations show that the intonation of the nominative theme differs from the typical case of the intonation of incompleteness characteristic of interrupted speech. For example: I did not speak much and slowly. His voice... But special mention must be made of his voice (V. Katanyan, Vladimir Yakhontov); Mother, sorting out the bed, angrily kneaded the pillows with her fists, and father ... Father sat at the table, smoked and, frowning his tufted eyebrows, blew the smoke with force so that it spread like a swirling stain over the table top (S. Nikitin, The smell of hay).
Here the intonation breaks off at such notes, which are recognized as middle, and not final; this is uncharacteristic of the intonation that highlights the nominative theme.
The nominative theme, for all its independence, is closely connected with the subsequent sentence, relies on it. It is this connection, in which the auxiliary function of the nominative theme, its non-independence, is revealed, which often makes it possible to distinguish the named construction from the nominative sentence - a syntactically completely independent statement. In the sentence following the nominative topic, as mentioned above, in most cases there is a secondary designation of the same concept with or without pronouns.
Let's single out three cases.
1. The sentence contains a correlative pronoun - by itself or in combination with a noun. This phenomenon is usually called anaphora, or reprise. The pronoun can stand in them. case or in any other: the case correspondence of the two topics is not necessary. For example:<…>Kamenka... Kyiv, Raevsky... If only a short message could be sent there! (I. Novikov, Pushkin, in exile); Literature and science ... Both here and there, fantasy is needed ... (Lit. Newspaper, July 18, 1955).
2. The sentence contains the same noun or its synonym - without a pronoun. For example: And Maglidze thoughtfully said: - A feat! What is a feat? Very interesting! (B. Lavrenev, Feat); Russian word! How joyful it is in the soul when in the books of our writers you find a sweeping, seething and burning word (S. Sergeev-Tsensky, A writer's life must be a feat)<…>.
3. The sentence contains only the most general designation of what is indicated by the nominative topic, without the participation of pronouns. For example: War and Peace! There is no more important problem now ("Lit-ra and Life", September 2, 1962); Motherhood! What can be higher than a mother's love for her child, what can be more sacred than a woman's right to become a mother (Lit. Newspaper, Oct. 6, 1962)<…>.
In some cases, the nominative topic is not followed by a statement correlating with it; this statement, however, is assumed, it is, as it were, reduced, goes into subtext. Then the nominative theme is distinguished only by intonation, taking into account the function of the analyzed phrase based on the context data. For example: He left only her [daughter Masha], he had no one else in the world. The son failed, and he has long been indifferent to him. But Masha, Masha! (V. Kaverin, Fulfillment of desires)<…>.
Thus, for a nominative theme, in typical cases, the presence of a lexical correlate in the following sentence is typical. And above all the pronominal correlate. However, anaphoric pronouns can also follow nominative sentences. Therefore, sometimes there is a difficult problem of distinguishing between nominative themes and nominative sentences. This problem usually arises when we encounter nouns or noun phrases with the meaning of place and time. As is known, these meanings are typical for nominative sentences, but they can also be inherent in nominative themes. For example: Paris! Noisy, as in every city, the platform. Crowds of people. Flowers flash in the air (A. Safronov, Moscow - Prague - Paris); Paris! This amazing city conquered everyone (A. Vertinsky, A quarter of a century without a homeland. France). In the first passage we find a nominative sentence, and in the second a nominative theme.
Accounting for correlative pronouns makes it possible to distinguish between nominative topics and address. Appeal, naming the addressee of the speech, the interlocutor of the speaker, usually correlates with the pronouns of the 2nd person; the nominative theme, being one of two designations for one subject, cannot be correlated with pronouns of the 2nd person; it is usually associated with 3rd person pronouns. The problem of distinguishing between these constructions arises when we encounter rhetorical references in personification.
Here are passages in which the first nominative formation is the nominative of the topic, and the second is an address:
Russian literature!... What a deep, vast and inspiring concept this is!..; Oh, Russian literature! I bow before you (V. Yakhontov, The Way of the Actor); - Youth, youth! Where the wind blows, the ion bends there ... (S. Sergeev-Tsensky, Cannons started talking)<…>.
Examples with appeals: Quote! What troubles are you capable of doing as an instrument of the dogmatic mind! (E. Kazakevich, Blue Notebook); Borodino field, Borodino field ... It seems that there is nothing in you that strikes the eyes ... (O. Bergolts, About the day of Borodin)<…>.
To characterize the nominative theme, its connections with the subsequent sentence are very important, they reveal the essence of this construction. However, the connections of the nominative theme with the previous sentences are also interesting.
The nominative theme can be combined with the technique of repetition. A word or phrase that forms a nominative theme is sometimes a repetition of the elements of the previous sentence (without change or with a change in form).<…>
The combination of a nominative theme with repetition sharply enhances the expressiveness of speech. Here are examples with replicas-repeats that have signs of a nominative theme: -Yes, but here, as long as Anna... “and you don't feel the need for light...- Light! he said contemptuously. “What need can I have of light? (L. Tolstoy, Anna Karenina)<…>.
The nominative of the topic, being lexically and functionally related to the following sentence, is nevertheless not a member of this sentence.<…>
The nominative theme, having the same structure as the nominative sentence, does not form sentences: it lacks the predicative categories of modality, tense and person. The nominative theme is pronounced with a special, independent intonation, forms an intonational whole, that is, a phrase. However, the intonation in the nominative theme performs an emphatic and emotional function, but not a predicative one. The nominative theme is a kind of companion of the next sentence, for the sake of which it is formed. Such syntactic formations also include appeals that are at the beginning of the narrative and are intonationally independent (for examples, see earlier).
The peculiarity of the nominative theme is revealed especially clearly when comparing it with other constructions of double designation, with segmented sentences.
In the function of the nominative theme, in some cases, constructions are used that are outwardly similar to the sentence. This function and special intonation transform these constructions, deprive them of the properties of a sentence. Traces of nominative sentences in the nominative theme are especially noticeable when it includes a chain of nominative formations that form a whole picture from individual details. For example: Native nature! Moscow evenings and Leningrad nights, the sound of the sea surf and the heady smell of pine needles ... We absorb love for our native nature with mother's milk (“Come, Pravda”, June 21, 1959); ...the former owner of this village house... apparently dated Garibaldi. Garibaldi! The sky of Italy, the trip to Rome, the air saturated with the smell of olive bark, the land of dreams, poems and poverty! Garibaldi lives here, in a cramped room... (K. Paustovsky, Cordon "273")<…>.
Let us turn to the lexical meaning of nominative themes.
<…>The nominative theme can draw attention either to what is indicated by words (to objects or concepts), or to the words themselves, to words as such. From the nominative theme itself, it is impossible to know its direction. It is defined in the next sentence. From this it follows that we can speak of two types of nominative themes - objective and verbal. It would seem that the allocation of these categories is unlawful, since it is not reflected in the nominative theme itself. But there are reasons for such a distinction. Any word and combination of words in verbal supposition is equated to a noun in it. case, therefore, in the role of the nominative theme (verbal) there are not only nouns, but also other parts of speech, a wide variety of segments of speech.
Examples of a subject and verbal nominative theme: Kapron ... Light, durable, elegant garments made from it won the appreciation of the widest sections of the population (“Izv.”, Feb. 25, 1959)<…>.
Examples of a verbal nominative that is not a nominative: On foot, on foot ... Who, except for a soldier, will understand this word? (K. Simonov, Smoke of the Fatherland); It's time! With this word I began My travel notebook (A. Tvardovsky, Beyond the distance - distance)<…>.
The lexical range of the nominative theme is extremely wide.
In the nominative theme, only pronouns are not used as such, in their intended purpose, because they are secondary designations. Atypical for the nominative theme, especially the subject, words and combinations with the meaning of evaluation, characteristics; they also refer to the previous statement (for example: well done, handsome, eccentric, clever etc.).
The nominative theme has a specific stylistic fixation. It is widely used both in the artistic style and in the newspaper and journalistic style, and in various newspaper genres.
The nominative theme is often used in solemn, rhetorical speech; combining in different ways with the technique of repetition (repeating a word from the previous sentence, repeating a word in one row), combining with particles and interjections, the nominative theme is able to express various feelings, is a vivid emotional construction.
The nominative theme is only one of the constructions among a diverse group of dual-designation constructions, or segmented constructions. The peculiarity of the nominative theme becomes especially noticeable when compared with related formations.
Consider the most important segmented structures.
1. In colloquial speech, there are often sentences in which, at first glance, there are two subjects: the first is a non-pronominal noun, the second is a pronominal noun. For example: - Bread, it grows on its own, but coal must be mined ... (M. Sholokhov, They fought for their homeland); German, he was always greedy for foreign land (M. Bubennov, White Birch); - Cats ... they are pleasant, - Ilya Ignatich said uncertainly and shuddering (L. Leonov, The Road to the Ocean).
This construction is pronounced with a special intonation: the whole sentence is divided into two parts, which are separated by a pause, less than between independent sentences; the first part is pronounced with an increase in tone, the second begins with a decrease in tone; the whole sentence at the same time has a single intonational pattern, represents an intonational unity.
When analyzing the considered segmented construction, the question arises of distinguishing between a segment - a topic and a separate application of a special type. In Russian, there are sentences with a separate application, standing before the pronominal subject. Outwardly, these two designs are very similar, but in their nature they are different.
Examples with a separate application: An excellent organizer, a great connoisseur of the taiga and goldsmithing, he had an extraordinary sense of smell to unravel where the gold is hidden (V. Shishkov, Gloomy River)<…>.
Separate applications, unlike segments, have adverbial meaning and are characterized by an additional connection with the predicate (semi-predicative). Unlike segments, they usually have the value of evaluation, characteristics.
A segment acts as a member of a sentence when it enters a chain of syntactic links, and its links go in two directions - with a correlate pronoun (parallel link) and with some other member of the sentence (subordination).
If the speaker seeks to specifically highlight the topic of his utterance, then a construction is formed with the nominative of the topic, which differs from the segment that is part of the sentence in that it sharply separates intonation from the next sentence, and such a separation can be inherent only to them. case. Usually every segment in them. case can be converted to nominative themes. For example: Vladislav! He stood, shifting his bowler hat to one side, showing off a brightly polished shoe (V. Bakhmetiev, At the Threshold); The mountains! They now surrounded Fazlur from all sides (N. Tikhonov, White Miracle).
2. The construction in which the first designation (theme-segment) includes a subordinate clause is close to the considered noun-pronominal construction. For example: And the thought that he could be guided by this interest, that he would seek reconciliation with his wife to sell this forest, this thought offended him (L. Tolstoy, Anna Karenina); His life, which began (so miraculously in his reminiscences) with a huge church porch ... and with his mother's voice, in which the familiar flinty path shone a thousand times and the star spoke to the star - this life was filled with new, ever new meaning with each hour. Kataev, Father); But the so-called personal life, which I never paid attention to, for some reason I now remember it more and more clearly (A. Gladilin, First Day of the New Year).
This design is used in book styles, primarily in the artistic style.
3. In the artistic style, there is a construction with the reverse (compared to the previous one) arrangement of elements: first, the personal pronoun of the 3rd person is given in the sentence, and at the very end, with a sharp separation from the pronoun, the noun follows. For example: It seemed very fast, this frivolous plane (K. Paustovsky, Italian records); He did not promise them good, this day ... (L. Leonov, Thief); He was very tall, this professor... (M. Slonimsky, Strela).
It is in this construction that anticipation, i.e., anticipation, “anticipation” can be seen. The pronoun here clearly refers not to nouns already named, but to those that still need to be named.<…>The noun (one or with related words) plays the role of an application with a clarifying function. It can come directly after a pronoun (in which case there is no segmentation). For example: He, this wonderful world, truly for the first time Charmed her, like a miracle of miracles (N. Zabolotsky, Childhood).
A noun can be used in the indirect case with a pronoun in the same case. For example: You can only wander around them, along these squares, embankments and streets ... (V. Nekrasov, First Acquaintance).
The construction acquires a segmented character when the noun is separated from the pronoun by other members of the sentence, with a distant location.
4. A segmented construction can consist of a noun and a combination of a demonstrative pronoun that with union and in a particle function. For example: Taisiya, and she knows her calling: to bake pies with fish (B. Gorbatov, Merchant Lobas); The clock - and those here were on deck ... (E. Kazakevich, Heart of a friend).
Such a construction (by stylistic tonality - neutral) usually has a concessive meaning: an object or phenomenon, seemingly incompatible with what is said about them in the future, due to certain reasons, becomes carriers of the attribute indicated below. Combination and that corresponds in value to the amplifying particle even and sometimes team up with her. For example: Even the prickly and suspicious Lerhe, and he unconditionally trusted Sebastian ... (E. Kazakevich, House on the Square).
The intonational division of this construction can lead to the formation of a nominative theme.
5. Among the segmented constructions, one can probably include sentences that are usually considered as sentences with a subject, a zero connective and a nominal part (a noun in their case) with particles This or here. For example: Stanislavsky is not only yesterday's day of art. This is his present and tomorrow (Pravda, January 17, 1963)<…>.
With intonation dismemberment. the case in this construction is easily converted into nominative themes. For example: First love! This is by no means a statistical concept... (B. Brainina, Tale of Trust); Youth! This is eternal restlessness, passion, the ability to break all sorts of dogmas in the name of science (Lit. Newspaper, May 16, 1961).
6. In the Russian language there is a curious syntactic construction, a feature of which is that to a noun in it. case at the beginning of a sentence, using a particle here a segment is added, similar to a subordinate clause, headed by a "union word", which can perform various syntactic functions. For example: Tsvetukhin - that's who is destined to experience the still timid passion of young people (K. Fedin, First Joys); Man - that's who architecture should obey ("Lit. newspaper", February 20, 1960)<…>.
<…>Before us are segmented structures. The intonational division here is so great that in it. case, you can see the nominative theme. Sometimes this is reflected in punctuation as well. For example: Betrayal! This is what ruined France (E. Petrov, The Fall of Paris).
7. Segmented are sentences in which a number of homogeneous members are sharply separated from the generalizing word. This is observed in cases where there is no case match between the row and the generalizing word, or when the sentence following the row belongs to interrogative or exclamatory sentences with special words. For example:<…>The babble of youth, the steady light of electric ceiling lamps, the dim gleam of the violins - how far away everything was! (E. Kazakevich, Star).
With a significant intonational division in these constructions, a nominative theme is formed. For example: Fairy tales, legends, epics - about heroes, about boots-walkers, about carpets-planes, tablecloths-self-collections, about living water ... How many people's thoughts, dreams and dreams are embedded in them, how many bright hopes! (“Izv.”, January 4, 1960).
8. In modern Russian, the infinitive can act in the position of the nominative topic<…>. For example:<…>Fly! This is even now his biggest dream, his most passionate desire (Izv., March 16, 1962)<…>.
Thus, along with the nominative theme, the infinitive of the theme stands out in Russian - with the same features of use, with the same stylistic tone.
We have considered various segmented constructions in modern Russian. From what has been said, the following conclusions can be drawn.
1. A segmented construction consists of two parts: a segment, which is a highlighted and underlined topic, and a stem (main part) with a pronominal correlate of the topic. In the main part of the construction, the theme (the indicated pronominal correlate) and the rheme are distinguished.
Depending on the sequence of the segment and the correlate, two types of construction are distinguished: reprise and anticipation.
2. Segmented construction - a bright expressive construction that exists (in its various manifestations) in different styles of the language. A segmented construction corresponds to a sentence that is identical in terms of verbal composition without segmentation.
At its core, a segmented construction is a conversational construction generated by the patterns of live speech.
The nominative theme is a bookish construction, often with a rhetorical, sublime coloring. But it arises on the basis of a segmented sentence as a result of transformation, the intonational dislocation of the latter.
3. The segmented construction is closely related to sentences that have a parallel connection in their composition.
A parallel connection is a connection that is observed between the members of a sentence, denoting the same thing, but in different ways, and combined intonationally or unions without their dependence on each other in morphological form.
A segmented construction differs from a sentence with an ordinary parallel connection in the order of the elements, intonational division and, in some cases, the absence of a formal correspondence of parts with the same subject relatedness.
There are different degrees of isolation of the segment up to its allocation into a special phrase (nominative theme).
A segmented sentence is a single intonational whole, a phrase. It can be divided into two phrases and converted into a construction with a nominative theme. Given the close connection of these syntactic formations, they can be called segmented constructions with double designation.
Similar information.
The nominative of the topic (nominative representation) is a figure of speech, in the first place of which is an isolated noun in the nominative case, naming the topic of the subsequent phrase. Its function is to arouse special interest in the subject of the utterance and enhance its sound: Winter! Pushkin Ah, France! There is no better place in the world! (A.S. Griboyedov) A.S. Griboyedov Moscow! How much has merged in this sound for the Russian heart, how much has resonated in it. (A.S. Pushkin) A.S. Pushkin
The first part of the nominative topic may include: a word; combination of words; a few suggestions. “A teacher and a student... Remember that Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky wrote on his portrait, presented to the young Alexander Pushkin: “To the winner-student from the defeated teacher.” The student must certainly surpass his teacher, this is the highest merit of the teacher, his continuation, his joy, his right, even if illusory, to immortality ... "(Mikhail Dudin). Vasily Andreevich ZhukovskyMikhail Dudin In this example, the nominative construction " Teacher and student...” is the name of the topic of further discussion. These words are the key words of the text and determine not only the topic of the utterance, but also the main idea of the text itself. Nominative representations (themes) are logically stressed, and in speech such constructions are distinguished by a special intonation. This speech figure undoubtedly makes the utterance expressive. Expressive intonation
Snow-white outfits are innumerable, Beauties of our Winter, Here it is cold, calm, serenity. And we admire her...
Constructions that only coincide in form with nominative sentences
The question of which nominative constructions are considered sentences and which are not, as well as the question of the one-part and two-part structure of formally similar constructions are solved differently, and the objective cause these disagreements semantic and functional capacity of nominatives in modern Russian. Particularly difficult is the delimitation of nominative sentences from constructions similar in form: and other types of sentences.
proper name(inscriptions on signs, headings, etc.);
nominative representation(For example: Joy ... How can you fit it in your chest);
a nominative summing up the previous statement, giving it an assessment or justification, etc.(For example: There wasn't enough time. Rehearsals, tours);
names of persons upon presentation(The guest held out his hand: - Ivanov)?
In some cases, all these syntactic phenomena qualify as sentences; in others, only a part of them belongs to sentences; Equally important is the question of distinction between one-part and two-part. This applies primarily to structures consisting of nominative name and circumstantial or object propagator type: Burning in the air; Joy is the end; Lecture in the club (cf .: In the club - a lecture); Gift for sister (cf .: Sister - a gift),
as well as syntactically ambiguous combinations like Glorious autumn, where two-component - single-component is emphasized intonation accent.
It seems possible to distinguish between nominative sentences and constructions similar in form, taking into account such a property of the sentence as independence of functioning. This approach makes it possible to distinguish as nominative sentences only those constructions that have the property of independent functioning, i.e. such, the functional quality of which is not determined by the previous or subsequent design. These sentences are independently functioning syntactic units that have the meaning of beingness. They are not attached to the so-called basic structure. In this case, the range of nominative sentences becomes quite definite and, at the same time, relatively narrow. This will include syntactic units like Winter; Silence; Heat; trenches; Mud, Here is the stream; Well, the weather!; Four hours, etc.(Of course, these main members can have consistent and non-matched propagators: Last winter; Four o'clock in the afternoon).
Nominative sentences may formally coincide with some syntactic constructions. These are structures that do not contain the meaning of being, existence and unable to function independently, or are incomplete two-part sentences with an existing member in the form of the nominative case (most often acting as a predicate with an absent subject, clear from the context or situation).
The nominative case as a simple name
Nominative proposals do not include various names, signs on signs, etc. They have the form of the nominative case, but contain the function of naming without the meaning of being: Palace of Sports; Department store; "House with mezzanine"; "Eugene Onegin"; "Fathers and Sons".
Such constructions are often referred to the category of sentences, however, they are distinguished into a special group, united by the dominant meaning of the name. The most successful in this case is the assignment of these structures to "proper-nominal".
Nominative case in the function of a predicate two-part sentence
The nominative case can be used as a predicate in a two-part sentence with a missing subject, to which there is a direct reference. Such constructions are a message about something named in the context or clear from the situation, i.e. this is a predicate in the form of the nominative case in an incomplete two-part sentence with a missing subject: Chichikov glanced sideways at him once more as they passed into the dining room: Bear! The perfect bear! (G.); Once, on a rainy day, an acquaintance with whom I was walking down the street said, squinting to the side: - Korolenko (M.G.); - Who are you, young man? - A young man, - I answered (M.G.); - Who are you? he asked again. - Yes, a pretzel worker (M.G.).
In such structures the nominative case denotes a feature attributed to the person or thing being reported in the context.
They approach the predicate in their function and names of persons by last name, first name, position, etc. when presenting:The guest rose, generously flashed his golden jaw, extended his hand:- Mammadov (Rec.); A girl in a blue sundress came in, blushed, and greeted Vanya. hand. - My daughter, - said the old woman with pride (Paust.).
Nominatives used in isolation
Isolated nominatives (nominatives) coincide in form with nominative sentences, but differ from them in functional (semantic-structural) and stylistic properties.
A.M. Peshkovsky refers them to “words and phrases that do not form either sentences or their parts”.
N.Yu. also refers them to "isolated formations" characteristic of colloquial speech. Shvedova.
Isolated nominatives are words in the nominative case, as well as nominal phrases with the main word in the form of the nominative case. Since isolated nominatives do not have the characteristics of a proposal(they deprived of the meaning of being and intonation completeness; taken separately, do not perform a communicative function), they exist only as part of syntactic integers, i.e. always stand with another sentence, connecting with it logically and intonationally. However, not existing independently, they retain, regardless of the structure of this sentence, their own form unchanged. Such segmented (divided into constituent elements; in this case, binary) constructions refer either to the sentence following them, or to the sentence in front, i.e. both substantive and formal act as components of the text. Thus, prepositive nominatives and postpositive nominatives are distinguished. Formally they are similar, functionally they are different.
The most clear and definite in their function nominatives in preposition - This nominative representation, or nominative topic. In principle, prepositive nominatives are unambiguous; their purpose is to name the subject of the subsequent message, i.e. evoke an idea about the subject that is the subject of the message. The naming of the topic focuses on it, logically highlights it, which is especially important for colloquial speech. The appearance of the nominative representation is connected with positional detection of emphatic accents. The name of the message subject is in the current position. For example: Feelings. This is an area of close attention of scientists (gaz.). Such syntactic phenomena cannot be attributed to nominative sentences: despite the external isolation of their use, they lack grammatical and functional independence, since they do not have the meaning of being. They also lack intonation completeness (even if there is a dot).
The nominative representation differs from the nominative sentence in that this syntactic construction lexically unlimited, i.e. any noun can be used in this function.
An isolated nominative, in particular a nominative representation, - conversation style design. It is in direct speech, without special preparation, that all kinds of emphatic (excretory) intonations and positions play an important role. One of the common means of highlighting an important word (or part of a statement) is to put it into an actual position, and in this case we are talking about a peculiar form of presenting a thought when it is presented in two steps: “... first, an isolated object is put on display, and the listeners only know that something will be said about this object now and that for the time being this object must be observed; in the next moment, the very thought is expressed.. When naming, an absolutely independent form is used - the nominative case. Here are some examples: Cranes... Overwhelmed with work, far from the gloomy fields, I live with a strange concern - to see cranes in the sky! (Sol.); Minors ... An age that requires special attention (gaz.).
Mandatory pause after such a nominative - a natural moment for the speaker to formulate the next statement, for the listener - this is the moment of organizing attention, preparing for subsequent perception. Such "stepping" in the flow of thought vividly conveys the nature of relaxed speech, when there is no time for preliminary thinking and it takes place in the very process of “speaking”. As a reflection of the conversational style, such constructions are used in fiction and newspaper and magazine articles.
A particularly common type of nominative representation is the nominative, backed by pronoun, personal or demonstrative, in a subsequent sentence that comes after a long pause. The pronoun acts as the subject. For example: Zhiguli on the Volga ... They are beautiful in all seasons (gas,); A person going to tomorrow... He is unthinkable without a broad outlook on life (gaz.); Amazons... Since childhood, we got used to the fact that this is only a legend (gaz.).
However, nominative, not separated by a pause from the following pronoun. Calling such a nominative "lecturer's", A.M. Peshkovsky speaks of him cautiously: “It seems that this also includes a very common (especially in colloquial speech) nominative, picked up in the next sentence by the word he (or the word this with repetition of the nominative)”. Here are some examples: Kindness - it is above all blessings (M. G.); Your voice is like the sonorous songs of an old pine tree (Bl.); Marchenko - he was a man, a golden man (Cossack).
Such structures have and another interpretation, in which the nominative is given subject function with the following pleonastic pronoun.
Often in such compounds, the nominative is included in speech by initiative conjunctions ah, but, although retaining its explicitly isolated position: And the two-year-old Franco - he spent two whole days under the ruins (Drun.); But the banner - here it is, flies on the crest, above the very top (B. Pol.).
Communication with the previous message can be carried out both by particles and introductory words: Well, for example, self-financing in state farms - is, in your opinion, what, just the economy? (gas.).
The nominative isolated is reinforced by the pronoun and in constructions with interrogative sentence. The meaning of the question in such cases is entirely connected with the concept denoted by the nominative. For example: Talent! And what is he, in fact? (Snow.); Intelligence on other planets - what is it like? (gas.).
As a subject, reinforcing the nominative, there can be not only a pronoun, but also noun with demonstrative pronoun. For example: Shipwreck... This metaphor is close to the structure of the novel (gaz.); ...Telepathy. What a different reaction this word causes in different people (gaz.).
An indication of the subject, called the nominative representation, in the sentence can be carried out not only by the grammatical subject, but also by other members of the sentence. Such constructions, and they are especially characteristic of colloquial speech, are sometimes called "shifted", since their beginning and end are given in different syntactic planes. For example, the connection is indicated by additions (pronouns in indirect cases that make a semantic connection with the nominative representation): Snowflakes ... Catch them, they are so slow on the fly (Pinch); Osharov ... I knew him a little (Fox).
In addition to the nominative, which precedes the sentence, the nominative and no follow up offer, then he prepared by the preceding context, the content of which makes it possible to omit as redundant the entire ascertaining part of the syntactic construction. Such cases are usually found in artistic speech, they create a feeling of the presence of hidden, subtext content, which is guessed by individual external strokes.
Quite common in modern Russian are constructions with an isolated nominative in the calling function,picked up furtherpronominal adverbSo . Unlike the nominative representation, it can be called nominative naming. Such constructions are always of the same type in a structural sense: this is the removal of a part of the predicative member used in an independent form with the function of naming into an accentuated position, followed by an adverb indicating this subject So and different forms of verbs name, name.
For example: "Islands among the winds" - this is how the famous Swedish explorer and traveler Bengt Sjögren (journal) called his book about the Lesser Antilles; "Linguistic ambulance" - this is the name of this new help service, which appeared in Leningrad (gaz.).
So, the prepositive nominative is, in principle, functionally unambiguous - it is a nominative representation and a nominative naming that is close to it in meaning. In both cases, the nominative, anticipating the sentence, focuses on the object it designates, the phenomenon that thus acts as the starting point of reasoning, its starting point, semantic and structural core. Structurally such syntactic constructions are always binary (binary): nominative and the sentence associated with it.
Postpositive nominatives functionally more diverse. However, the nominative form and functioning only with an adjacent sentence in the form of a complex syntactic union makes them related to the prepositive nominative.
Some postpositive nominatives functionally repeat prepositive ones, naming the subject of the message. But since they are located after the message, they naturally serve purpose of disclosing the content in front of the subject, given in a general, non-specific form: What a huge and difficult distance it is - twelve months ... (gaz.). However, more often the nominatives placed after the stated judgment (or question) are able to focus in themselves a whole complex of thoughts, images, usually associated with the transfer of memories of something significant, important. This is an impetus for the development of thought, for a line image of images and pictures replacing each other.. Here is an example: And suddenly he realized: this is who he lived with all these years of wanderings and deceptions, these are whose photographs he carried at the bottom of empty travel suitcases. Yes, girl. And a blue haze, and a vague anxiety of the first meetings, and a scarf thrown over the shoulders, a government house and a long road (Sim.).
Postpositive nominative Yes girl retains the representation function, cf.: Yes, girl... That's who he lived with all these years... Putting it after the utterance makes it possible to add a number of nominatives that convey a complex picture of memories presented in the form of an endless chain.
The nominative that ends the sentence is rich emotional and semantic possibilities. Sometimes the function of the original theme disappears from the nominative, and it only fixes the change of subsequent impressions, resulting in new representations that replace the original ones. Quite often, such a syntactic device is used to express an emotional mood: Why a letter? Well, it's hard and let. Silent night. Tobacco ash, sadness... (P. Shub.).
Other postpositive nominatives are semantically more closely related to the previous message, and grammatically they are more closely related to the nominative unpredictably subject or incomplete sentence. However, its functioning only as part of a syntactic whole (together with the previous sentence) allows its interpretation as a construction of a non-sentence nature.
Nominative meanings can be very diverse.
This is first of all nominative indicating the reason. For example: Farewell, however. It's time to run away from home. The weather is good (Ch.); Lunches are good, but getting to this "Bazaar" is not easy - the dirt is impassable (Ch.); In the morning they didn’t want to take the ferry: wind (Ch.). The nominative in such cases, as it were, corresponds to the subordinate part of the sentence, but has "that peculiar feature that does not express a statement, but only names the topic." Such constructions are usually not used in book speech.
The nominative in a postposition can include evaluation value:There is a letter. There are hurried lines on the sheet: “If you can, I'm sorry. It happened. Gone." Indifferent lines. Ice words (Liz.);
summaries of the previous message:We immediately liked him, direct, friendly, even in hospital clothes he looked smart - the commander (gaz.). Nominatives with the meaning of evaluation and generalization are approached by their predicative (predicative) function in relation to the previous statement.
The nominative can name signs of the subject mentioned in the previous post, its distinguishing features:Irkutsk is an excellent city. Quite intelligent. Theater, museum, city garden with music, good hotels (Ch.); And then a little woman came to him with a boyish face, thoughtfully roguish and joking. Blue jersey. Cropped hair (Pan.);
maybe name the objects with which the content of the message being expressed is connected:Faded yellow spotlights illuminated two all-terrain vehicles on black snow. They began to load. Petrol. Products. Walkie-talkie. Sleeping bags (gas);
can report about the content of the perception that accompanies the action indicated in the previous sentence:I remembered the hole in the stable. "Come on, I say, let's see what's there now." Let's go there - a new floor, recently laid (V. Ov.).
These functions of the postpositive nominative, of course, does not exhaust all possible cases.. However, all these nominatives are united by a common syntactic property: they acquire their functional quality as a result of the influence of the previous context and do not exist as an independent syntactic unit, this is what they differ from nominative sentences, which by themselves, regardless of the previous and subsequent sentences, express the meaning of being, assert its existence or indicate its existence.
Thus, all particular values of the postpositive nominative are completely determined by the functioning of a given syntactic unit in specific speech contexts. As for the general syntactic property and form of expression, in this sense they are all the same. From a stylistic point of view, it is very economical means of expression, which fully meets the requirements of concise and at the same time rich in meaning speech. Only colloquial speech could serve as the basis for the formation of such constructions capacious in content, since it is in oral speech that it is possible to use intonation as a means of expressing the necessary content. Peculiar intonation, which unites the postpositive nominative with the preceding sentence (and sometimes with a number of sentences), is a compensator for the missing, but logically possible verbal components of a descriptive construction (in the form of an independent sentence), capable of expressing in detail the content that is conveyed by the nominative alone. Wed, for example: Near the hotel was a new, two-story house, below the doors were wide open. We looked in: a store (Gonch.). - We looked: what we saw was a store. It is easy to see that the first way of conveying thought is more convenient and expressive, and the intonation in this way of expression carries a very heavy load. In the second method, intonation plays a lesser role, since the necessary meaning is expressed lexically.
The use of nominatives becomes very productive stylistic device in fiction, as well as in newspaper and magazine publications where the task of emotional impact on the reader is no less important than the transfer of information. For the same reason, such constructions are absent in the scientific style, although they are no longer rare in popular science literature, for example: The struggle for the honor of Russian names, for the enrichment of their composition (including folk variants), for their competent unified spelling, for the inclusion of forgotten names and names of the peoples of our country, as well as some new ones in name books - is this not one of the tasks of the popular magazine "Russian speech"? (journal).
The breadth of distribution of nominatives can be evidenced by examples of their use in a popular science article, for example: Supersonic passenger liners. An electronic brain that controls the most complex technological processes. Television aerials above shepherds' nomad camps lost in the mountains... The latest achievements of science and technology are firmly entering our lives (gaz.).
However, such a convenient design for its clarity and conciseness, with frequent use, is easy to becomes a literary cliché.
O.M. CHUPASHEV,
Murmansk
Is this an offer?
(On the distinction between address, nominative theme and nominative sentence)
Everyone knows the lines: 1) Black eyes, passionate eyes! Eyes burning and beautiful! How I loved you!(E. Grebenka); 2) Evening call, evening call! How many thoughts does he bring about about the young days in his native land! ..(I. Kozlov); 3) Foggy morning, gray morning, Sad fields covered with snow... Reluctantly you will remember the time of the past, You will remember the faces long forgotten. (I. Turgenev). All three fragments begin with constructions containing a noun in the nominative case as the main component. Are they the same grammatically?
The type of syntactic units, as is known, is determined by their grammatical form in unity with the grammatical meaning. The grammatical form, as we have established, is the same in all three cases - the nominative case of a noun. Let's turn to grammar.
APPEAL
The nominative case of the noun in fragment 1 does not report anything, that is, it does not perform a communicative function, and therefore does not form sentences. Its grammatical meaning is the naming of a phenomenon (more often a person, but it can be an object, as in the analyzed case), to which they are speaking. Hence, black eyes, passionate eyes, burning and beautiful eyes- appeal. And here is an example where the address designates a person - fandorin, to whom the speech is addressed: 4) Fandorin! Wake up, it's already morning!(B. Akunin). Another example - the appeal denotes an object (it is highlighted): 5) Spirit of autumn give me the power to wield the pen!(N. Zabolotsky).
Let's pay attention: the appeal is not a sentence, and not a member of the sentence.
In sentence 4, the appeal has no dependent words - it is not common, but in sentences 1 and 5 it has dependent words. The appeal is distributed only by definitions - agreed or inconsistent, which is what we observe in the analyzed proposals. Agreed definitions are expressed by adjectives or pronouns-adjectives that agree with the noun in gender, number and case, - black, passionate, burning, beautiful(suggestion 1), my in sentence 6) My distant friends! In my thoughts I'm with you again. Inconsistent definitions are expressed by nouns in oblique cases (with a definitive meaning!), For example, in the genitive autumn in sentence 5.
It is interesting that the appeals can have their indicators in the subsequent text - these are the pronouns of the 2nd person you you in the form of any case: genitive you in sentence 1, creative with you in sentence 6, nominative you in sentence 7) Ah, the china on the old fireplace! You are no longer a burgher.(N. Matveeva) Possessive pronouns, correlative with personal 2nd person, also serve as indicators of appeal: yours is you, yours is you: 8) Oh how lonely your cool character!(B. Akhmadulina); nine) Autumn asters, sadness flowers, Quiet, thoughtful your bushes...(A. Gray)
The pronoun in the following text may be absent if the verb-predicate is used in the imperative mood in the 2nd person: it has its “representative” in the verb form itself, which is found in sentence 4: wake up - you are Fandorin, in sentence 5: give - you are the spirit of autumn. Although a verbally expressed pronoun of the 2nd person is also possible with a verb in the imperative mood: 10) Do not leave you my dove!
An indicator of address in the absence of a pronoun can also be a verb-predicate in the indicative mood in the 2nd person: 11) My girl! You're leaving again - for how long? (You are leaving - you are a girl.)
In one sentence, there are also several indicators of conversion, cf.: 12) September, don't take your wing away, your wing is orange. Postpone your last date and grant me this delay.(B. Akhmadulina) - possessive pronoun your, verbs in the imperative mood take away, postpone, give.
NOMINATIVE TOPICS
The isolated nominative case has a different grammatical nature Evening call, evening call! in sentence 2. As in sentence 1, he does not report anything, that is, as A.M. Peshkovsky about such constructions, is not complicated by the idea of existence 1 , which means that it does not apply to proposals. He is not a member of the proposal either. What is its purpose? This nominative case of a noun names the topic of the subsequent message (it can also name that part of the message to which the speaker pays attention), placing it, according to the figurative expression of A.M. Peshkovsky, "in the focus of attention" 2 , and therefore call it the nominative theme.
The peculiar signals contained in the following text help to recognize the nominative topics in the form of certain groups of pronouns - personal 3rd person in the form of any case or demonstrative also in any case; it can also be adverbs correlative with demonstrative pronouns and even phrases. In our example, a personal pronoun is found in the nominative case (ringing - he), but indirect cases are also possible, for example, accusative in sentence 13) Warm like a spring breeze... – I still hear it in my heart(I. Shmelev) (the breeze is his). Note that with a noun in the construction of the nominative topic there are dependent definitions-adjectives: evening(proposal 2), warm(Proposition 13). In sentence 14) Changing the moral climate - we started with this(Vl. Maksimov) the nominative theme is "supported" by the demonstrative pronoun From this, and in the sentence 15) Vladimir Vysotsky... My dad also tried to instill in me a love for this, as he believed, "Bard with a capital letter"(A. Gorodnitsky) - a phrase with a demonstrative pronoun this Bard.
Nominative topics are also called differently - nominative representations, since it "denotes an isolated representation of the subject that will be discussed later in the sentence" 3 . Both terms - the nominative topic and the nominative representation - are used in the syntax on an equal footing to refer to this syntactic phenomenon.
NOMINATE OFFER
The grammatical meaning of the isolated nominative case of the noun in fragment 3 is a message about being, the existence of the phenomenon named by it. Therefore, here we have one-part nominative, or denominative, sentences, where nouns in the nominative case are subjects. Offers are common. Distribution here also has limitations due to the nature of the main member - the subject: with it, as you know, only definition is possible (coordinated or inconsistent). In fragment 3 it is consistent, but in sentence 16) Gate with a semicircular arch. [Hills, meadows, forests, oats] (B. Pasternak) - inconsistent, non-morphologized, with arches.
Often there are chains of nominative sentences. Here are examples: 17) City. Winter sky. Dark. Gate spans(B. Pasternak). City; Dark- uncommon nominative sentences. starry sky; Gate spans- nominative sentences, extended by definitions agreed (stellar) and inconsistent (gate).
The position of the subject in a nominative sentence can be replaced by a combination of a cardinal number with a noun, as, for example, three degrees in sentence 18) Three degrees below zero. chilled earth(B. Pasternak). The position of an inconsistent definition is more often occupied by the genitive case of a noun, but other forms of indirect cases are possible, say, instrumental with arch in sentence 16, as well as phrases, for example, above zero in sentence 18. We emphasize: in nominative sentences, additions and circumstances are impossible, since they are part of the predicate.
Consider Proposition 19) In the air - the rumble of pigeon flocks(M. Tsvetaeva). It verbally expresses only one main member - the subject hum, however, the circumstance in the air suggests that the sentence also has the position of the predicate, which means that the analyzed sentence is two-part, and not nominative. More examples of similar two-part sentences: 20) In the halls of Italian art of the 14th-16th centuries in the Hermitage there are portraits, portraits, portraits...(E. Bogat); 21) Grass - under a horseshoe, Soul - in a bone box... (A. Tarkovsky).
So, the isolated nominative case of a noun in the text (recall: it is distributed by dependent words only with a definitive meaning!) forms constructions of two types - a sentence and a non-sentence. If it is a sentence, then it is nominative, where the nominative case takes the position of the subject. If this is not a sentence (and therefore not a member of the sentence), then the nominative case acts either as an appeal or as a nominative topic.
We emphasize that when determining the grammatical essence of a syntactic construction, one should not focus on punctuation, since punctuation is determined by the nature of the structure, and not vice versa. In addition, all the analyzed constructions can be separated from the subsequent sentence not by some strictly defined punctuation mark, but by various punctuation marks - a period, a comma, an exclamation or question mark, an ellipsis.
To establish the grammatical nature of the construction with the isolated nominative case, we argue as follows.
1. The grammatical form of constructions is the same - an independent nominative case. We turn to the grammatical meaning, taking into account the subsequent text.
2. Determine whether this grammatical form informs about being, the existence of an object, a phenomenon. If yes, then this is a nominative sentence (it, by the way, has no pronominal support in the following text). If not, then this is not an offer. See 3.
3. Does this grammatical form name the person or object addressed with the message (in the following text there is a “pickup” - a personal pronoun of the 2nd person, a correlative possessive pronoun and / or a verb in the imperative or indicative mood in the 2nd face)? If yes, then this is an appeal. If not, see 4.
4. Does the grammatical form indicate the topic of the subsequent message (in the subsequent text there is a “pickup” in the form of a personal pronoun of the 3rd person, a demonstrative pronoun, a pronominal adverb or a phrase with one of the indicated pronominal words)? If yes, then it is a nominative topic.
We offer an exercise for independent work.
Determine the grammatical affiliation of the selected constructions containing the nominative case of a noun. Justify your answer.
1. Maslenitsa... I still feel this word, as I felt it in childhood. (I. Shmelev) 2. Oh, true, true! Not every word has Your indestructible seal. You are given at the cost of hot blood. (A. Tarkovsky) 3. Shouting, fuss, banging on the table, suppression of softness in oneself- is that a power? (D. Likhachev) 4. Inspiration, pink sky, black smoke with one fiery window. (V.Nabokov) 5. Oh, wonderful, distant day! I see him again... (I. Shmelev) 6. word warrior, at night It's time for your dreams to sing! (N. Zabolotsky) 7. Oh, clairvoyance eagle-sharp gaze! He sees right through you! (N.Matveeva) 8. strange guest- he did not visit, but soared. (B. Akhmadulina) 9. February. Get ink and cry! (B.Pasternak) 10. Petrovka, the height of work, - father all day at construction sites. (I. Shmelev) 11. deep evening. I am sitting in the workshop, empty and echoing. (I. Shmelev) 12. Gogol- it is, of course, reckoned among the classics ... (A.Losev) 13. Outside the windows - blackness and snow. (I. Shmelev) 14. Big lake as a dish. Behind him is a cluster of clouds heaped up by a white heap of Severe mountain glaciers.. (B.Pasternak) 15. Before the eyes - Lavra, multi-colored lights. (I. Shmelev) 16. Portrait of Andrian(brother Rembrandt. - O.Ch.) - yes, this is the very understanding! (E. Bogat) 17. Twilight Violin! Sing me again: Give me Faith, Hope and Chance! (N.Matveeva) 18. A smooth white sky, And on the greenery of the coastal White gloomy raid, Like an inevitable lot. (A. Tarkovsky) 19. My stupid dream, foolish dream, You're still bending over near the house, You're still not aware of looking at me, You still need a request and a hint, A clear conscience and a flattering caress ... (A. Tarkovsky) 20. In the fence - the darkness and cold of the park, And the house of unprecedented beauty.(B.Pasternak) 21. Jasmine wind, lilac wind, levkoy wind, calm wind. (I. Lisnyanskaya) 22. But fortune is more dexterous. (N.Matveeva).
1 Peshkovsky A.M. Russian syntax in scientific coverage. M.: Gosuchpedgiz, 1938. S. 181.
2 There. S. 368.
3 Russian language. Textbook for 8-9th grades of secondary school / Ed. M.V. Panov. M.: Real-A, 2000. S. 158. See also p. 98.
