“Not all people are genetically predisposed to outstanding strength indicators,” the author of the article Timko Ilya concluded. But I will allow myself to disagree with the opinion of the author. Since I think that 99% everything depends on the person himself and 1% on his "genetics or talent." Indeed, some people are naturally given more, some less. There are people who have more fast (white) muscle fibers, while others, on the contrary, have slow (red) ones. But, most of the muscle fibers are intermediate. Intermediate muscle fibers during training acquire signs of both fast and slow. They cannot completely rebuild, but in fact it is not necessary. Therefore, among professional athletes, the ratio between muscle fibers is almost the same. Muscle volume increases in all people, regardless of genetics, just faster in some, slower in others, it depends on hormones, nutrition and the training process. If someone is more "given" - it will take them less time and effort. The innervation of muscle fibers directly depends on the frequency and strength of muscle excitation, in simple words- the more often you strain the muscle (training), the better it is innervated, so this process is also perfectly susceptible to training. With tendons, the situation is exactly the same as with muscles, they hypertrophy perfectly, it's just that this process is extremely slow, usually takes 2 times longer than muscle hypertrophy. That's why so often there are injuries in young "chemists", whose muscles grow quickly, and the tendons do not keep up with them. The number of muscle fibers is a very important factor, given that muscle cells are not subject to hyperplasia (division). But, by and large - neglect, and the argument is that one muscle fiber can increase 6 times. Professor Seluyanov spoke about this more than once. The only thing that really affects "given or talent for strength" is the length of the bones and where the muscles are attached. But, in theory and even logically, this is true, but in practice there is a very a large number of people who just by all indicators should not lift, but they lift a lot, therefore, in my understanding, the most important factor is psycho-emotional arousal. You can lift any weight - all the limitations are in your head, do not look for excuses: "I have long arms, it's hard to press." Look for opportunities: “But my muscles are elastic, I will become a bridge and gain muscle mass.”

By the way, you can order

Target : Creation of conditions for fixing ideas that the number of objects does not depend on their size.

Tasks :

to consolidate the idea that the number of objects does not depend on their size and on the distance between them;

learn to compare the number of objects (more less) and align them to make it evenly;

learn to lay out various planar figures from counting sticks.

Integration: O.O. "Speech development", "Socio-communicative development", "Physical development".

Demo material : typesetting canvas with two stripes; color images of 10 large and 10 small leaves, 10 colorful flags.

Dispensing material: cards with two free stripes, images of strawberries and raspberries cut out of cardboard on trays (10 pieces of strawberries and 10 raspberries, counting sticks, 1 box for each child.

Lesson progress

1. V-l: Guys, a bear came to visit us from the forest. He is upset.

Today he ate apples and mushrooms for breakfast and he can’t figure out what he is more ate: apples or mushrooms. Let's help him. Can we help you guys?

Guys, look at the blackboard. I placed apples on the top strip of the typesetting canvas.

And on the bottom mushrooms (apples are placed close to each other, and mushrooms at a short distance)

Can you say how many apples and mushrooms without counting?

How can you check how many apples and mushrooms are in total?

How many apples? (8) .

Now who will go and count the mushrooms? (child comes out and counts them)

How many mushrooms? (nine)

How can you place apples and mushrooms so that you can immediately see if they are equally divided?

(children do the task at the blackboard)

How many apples?

How many mushrooms?

Which number is greater than 8 or 9?

What should be done to make apples and mushrooms equal?

2. Next, the teacher calls 10 children, invites them to take one flag each and stand in a line facing the rest of the children. Then sets questions: “How many children do you see? How many flags did each child take? How many flags did they take in total? Is there an equal number of flags and children? How to prove it? Does the number of objects depend on their size?

3. Physical education minute : "Bears"

Bear cubs lived in more often

They circled their heads

Like this, like this, like this.

Bear cubs were looking for honey

Friendly tree rocked :

Like this, like this, like this.

And then they danced

Paws raised up :

Like this, like this, like this.

4. (Working with the dispenser material)

The teacher gives the task : put 6 mushrooms close to each other on the top strip of the card, and 5 apples on the bottom strip at some distance from each other.

Then turns to children:

What do you have more, mushrooms or apples? Why do you think there are more mushrooms? What needs to be done to make apples equally? Add one apple. What can now be said about the number of mushrooms and apples? (there are 6 of them, equally) How to prove that all objects are equally divided? Arrange the mushrooms and apples exactly one below the other, in pairs. Well done. Now remove one fungus. Is it possible to say without counting what more? That's right, there are more apples than mushrooms. Apples-6, and mushrooms-5. Recorded it So: 6>5, or 5<6. Мишка, ты понял каких ягод ты съел больше? Мишка благодарит детей за то, что они ему так хорошо объяснили, что 6 больше 5.

5. (work in subgroups) - Guys, I will tell you now a fairy tale about a lion. Banifation, and you have to spread out of the sticks what I say.

“There lived a lion, Baniface. He performed in the circus.

But in the summer he had a vacation, and he decided to visit his grandmother, who lived in Africa.

He decided to go to Africa by boat. Guys, let's help the lion Baniface make a boat (lay out a boat from counting sticks) .

He got into the boat and swam. In Africa, he was met by his grandmother.

She embraced Baniface and led him home.

And my grandmother's house was square with a triangular roof. (make a house out of sticks) .

Baniface gave his grandmother flowers, and she put them in a vase (lay out a vase of seven counting sticks) .

And the grandmother treated the lion Baniface with a big candy (lay out the candy in the form of a rectangle and two triangles around the edges) .»

6. Well done. Everyone did their job. Mishka, did you enjoy working with the guys? Stay with us until the evening, our children love to play and you will play with them.

We have released a new book, "Social Media Content Marketing: How to get into the head of subscribers and make them fall in love with your brand."

No matter how much useful information humanity has, there will always be questions that cannot be resolved.

Where is Andrey Gubin now? What is the secret of the cheerfulness of the cat Boris? And how many keywords should be in a Yandex Direct advertising campaign?

If the first two concern only us, then the answer to the last interests many.

The time has come to give exhaustive explanations on it in order to forever exclude this issue from the section of the great mysteries of the universe.

Today we are in a particularly fabulous mood, so we pack an imaginary backpack and set off on an exciting journey through the land of online advertising.

How to hit the bull's-eye: what affects the number of keys in Yandex.Direct

It is impossible to say exactly how many words should be in Yandex.Direct. After all, their number depends on your goals. For clarity, let's go through the process of creating a campaign from the very beginning.

Without them, users will not find your product, they will not know about the existence of your brand, they will not buy anything. In general, no keywords - no advertising. Everything is simple.

Determine the purpose of the advertising campaign

The first question you need to answer for yourself is what is the purpose of the RC?

The answer will help determine the breadth of semantics that needs to be collected, the tools that should be used in the future, and an approximate budget.

For example:

The sale of goods in an online store is a huge semantics, because it is necessary to sort through all the goods and categories, the activities of the store.

In the first case, it is worth using all possible tools (search, – both text and image ads and image ads, retargeting).

In the second, only search, since other tools are unlikely to bring you transitions.

What exactly is the number of promoted requests needed? Is less is better or more is better? Like any complex question, this one needs the most detailed explanation.

So, it all depends on several factors:

• Subject

Business to business is different. You need to understand this and not take revenge one size fits all the online store of building materials and the organization of children's holidays.

Naturally, in the first case, you will need to collect a more extensive SA, because you will have to create more ad groups for different types of products.

• Budget

But only at first glance.

If you need to stay within a certain budget, daily allowance limits are always available.

In Google, you yourself set any value (even 1 ruble per day).

In Yandex, you can set the value for a day and a week. The minimum is 300 rubles. In addition, it is possible to manage the time of impressions. If 300 rubles a week – too much for the campaign, you can turn off impressions at the desired time.

Yes, the more keywords, the higher the cost of an advertising campaign. But in this whole story, it is important to follow not the quantity, but the profitability. The conversion for some keys may be small, but the keys themselves will provide the required sales volume at a cost-effective price.

To put it simply: look not at the number of key phrases and not at the percentage of conversion, but at the KPI of your advertising campaign.

• Restrictions

No matter how many words you collect, remember that Yandex will prohibit you from using everything at once and in one place. You can add up to 200 keywords to one ad group. The total number of characters for one key phrase is 4,096 (including negative words).

In addition, it should not include more than seven words.

• Skill

This is a purely human factor. It is clear that advertising yourself for one or two queries is absolutely pointless. And working with a large number of keywords is quite difficult, especially if you are running your own advertising campaign.

Not every beginner will be able to track statistics in time and make changes in order to get maximum efficiency. That is why it is better not to take risks, but this is a job for professionals. Why lose profits by trying to storm uncharted heights? You've done so much, take a break.

So, we have considered only the main points that are worth close attention. There is more information and explanation ahead of us.

Number of keywords for a campaign in Yandex.Direct: attacking search

Yes, the world of context is multifaceted and interesting. The placement of ads on thematic sites and in the search differs in a number of ways, which can significantly affect the number of CS.

If we want to buy a gun, then we inform Yandex about it. Oh, and we are immediately given offers.

This is what search ads look like.

It should be understood that in this case, requests are determined by the user, who sometimes thinks very outside the box, and if you want to sell your product or service to him, it is worth collecting SL, taking into account some nuances:

• Target requests

Imagine that we trade in martens. If we do this, then the set of our SA necessarily includes requests like “buy a marten”, “marten price”. After all, they are entered by users who are interested in our offer.

• Synonyms

Keep in mind that people think creatively and out of the box. Therefore, take into account words that are close in meaning: smartphone - phone, down jacket - warm jacket, etc.

However, in this case, you should not forget about the peculiarities of Direct's morphology. It does not take it into account by default, so many requests in any cases and numbers can be “glued together” and perceived by the system as equal.

For example:

Degrees of adjectives:good = best.

Nouns child = children.

• Competitors

It is necessary to study competitors, to know everything about them – too. It’s not worth creating a folder called “enemies” on the desktop, but it’s very possible to include the name of their brand in the list of your keys. Imagine: they are looking for them, but they find you, what a trick. Here we reveal even more chips and secrets on this topic.

In addition, you can find out what queries are being promoted by the most successful of them, and learn something new for yourself.

• Geolocation

A good use case for bass. The key “buy an apartment” is not very good, it does not specify you in any way, but “buy an apartment on Tverskaya” is already much better.

It is better for real estate agencies to take on board such requests.

“Rent an apartment in the Lubyanka metro station” - it’s immediately clear what a person wants. Imagine how many streets are in your city? Feel how the coverage area is expanding?

• Specialists

It often happens that when trying to find any services on the Internet, a person does not enter them, but the name of a specialist who, in his opinion, can help him.

This phenomenon is most common in the medical field. It is far from always that people are able to determine what kind of service they need, but they guess (by themselves or on the advice of friends) that they will need the help of a specific specialist.

For example, if a person is constantly tormented by headaches, and pills no longer help, he will look for a neurologist or therapist.

Or another quite real example:

A pipe burst in the bathroom. In a panic, we enter into Google not “how to fix a pipe”, but “plumbing services”.

• Minus words

This is a bonus that cannot be ignored. In order not to waste money, carefully and carefully select the words for which your ads will not be shown.

My favorite New Year's salad is a herring under a fur coat. If you did everything right, then the advertisement of your mink coat store will not appear to me when I request “herring under a fur coat recipe”.

All this can make up your basic SEO for a search advertising campaign.

Of course, in each specific case, it will be necessary to refine the number of keys by expanding and increasing their mass, or, conversely, get rid of the excess. There is a limit of 4,096 characters for each passphrase in the group, including the passphrase itself.

But already from this it is clear that the more requests you decide to promote, the more conversion you can provide yourself, covering a vast territory of users on your subject. The main thing is to do it wisely.

Dmitry Mazurov

It is not always possible to get a sufficient number of clicks from commercial queries in a specific topic. Often this happens if the product or service is not popular, or the agreed CPC does not go through in the auction.

In situations like this, we work with .

Since these are in most cases information requests, we have to rely on experience, intuition and a large amount of analytical work. For example, requests « buy autumn jacket » And « popular models of leather jackets autumn 2017 » – they are completely different things ;)

How many keywords do you need to advertise in Yandex.Direct: hello YAN

What number of requests should be used when launching a campaign in YAN?

There are no clear instructions here. However, one nuance should be taken into account.If you place ads in the Yandex advertising network, then take into account the differences from advertising in search, which relate to keywords, their quality and, of course, quantity.

If in the first case the key will be compared with the request, then in the second case it will be compared with the text posted on the sites.

But their semantics is much broader than the usual question generated by the user's brain.

In the search, “buy a warm jacket in Moscow” would be an excellent option, but “winter jackets” would work best on the sites.

What to pay attention to when forming the number of KS for advertising in YAN

• On the frequency of the request

In YAN, it is best to move on HF and MF. It is much easier to select sites based on them and increase user reach. LF will not provide you with the required number of impressions. It is better to use these keys in the search, where a person most often deliberately narrows the topic, looking for the most suitable product or service for him.

• On the adjacency of semantics

For example, if you produce corrugated board, then pay attention to the queries “roof repair”, “country houses”, etc.

• On related topics

Do you provide accounting services? Look for the target audience on sites with similar topics, such as legal. To ensure your impressions on such sites, do not forget to include keys like “IP registration”, “tax consultations”, etc. in your SA.

It can be said that using one key means ruining your hope for the effectiveness of your RC. After all, it is in the Yandex network that you can experiment unlimitedly, allowing you to cover an ever-larger territory, so the number of keywords here can be much larger than that used in the search.

Your expenses, traffic, and conversion depend on how fully your campaign's CL is collected. Choose the right keywords in such a way that they correspond to your topic as much as possible, help to reach the largest number of users and make a campaign only cool specialists, for example, those who work for us, can.

If some features of the migration flow are due to different migration mobility of different socio-demographic characteristics of population groups, then others are due to natural-geographical, historical and other specifics. Here, the structure of flows is formed as a result of certain, including socio-economic conditions.

The migration flow can be divided, first of all, depending on the geography of the exit areas and the places where migrants settle. Moreover, the more territories are in migration interaction, the more complex the migration flows are structurally, the greater the number of elementary flows. If we accept the subject of the Federation as a taxonomic administrative-territorial unit, then in Russia migration exchange can be considered between 89 territories. Naturally, from each administrative-territorial unit (ATU) a single stream of migrants leaves, which then branches out, splits into numerous streams. The migration flow, formed in one or another administrative-territorial unit, is divided into 89 inter-district directions, differing in their power and structure. There are two flows between two territories, six between three, 12 between four, 20 between five, and between 89 administrative-territorial units - almost 7832 elementary flows (combination formula is used).

Of course, if we take not the region, but the administrative regions included in it, as the lower administrative-territorial unit, then their number in Russia at the beginning of 2000 was almost 1867. Then the theoretical number of elementary migration flows operating between all these areas will be 3.5 million (using the combination formula). However, the power of flows theoretically possible for many areas will practically be equal to zero, especially for those located in mutually remote areas. The actual number of threads is always much less than the theoretical one.

But let's get back to the migration flows between the subjects of the Federation. By the beginning of the 1970s, the average migration flow, both in terms of departure and arrival, was approximately 1100-1200 people, but for some territories it did not exceed a few people a year, while for others it was equal to many thousands of migrants.

The power of migration flows depends primarily on two conditions: on the population of the regions between which the migration exchange is carried out, and on their location. The larger the population of the territories between which the migration exchange is carried out, the more powerful the migration flows; the closer the territories are located, the more intense the migration links between them and the greater the migration flows. Thus, between the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Irkutsk Region bordering on it, the flow exceeds 2.3 thousand people, while with the Stavropol Territory the flow barely reaches 0.5 thousand.

At the end of the 60s, a peculiar pattern was revealed for the administrative-territorial units of Russia, consisting in the fact that the most intensive migration exchange of population occurs between adjacent regions, and if these regions are located within the same large economic region, then the intensity of migration turns out to be the highest. For example, the intensity of migration exchange between Primorsky Krai and Khabarovsk Krai, Sakhalin and Kamchatka regions is 10-20 times higher than with areas located west of Lake Baikal.

As the exit areas move away from the places of settlement, the intensity of migration ties decreases sharply, and if there are two or more other territories between the exit areas and the places of settlement, then the intensity of migration ties is below the average level (118). An analysis of the intensity of inter-district migration links in Ukraine, carried out by A.U. Khomra, confirmed a number of conclusions about Russia, including the fact that the predominant share of migrants moves to neighboring regions. At the same time, he noted that in Ukraine, for the intensity of migration relations, it does not matter in which economic region of the republic this or that territory is located (141). Apparently, this is due to the fact that the size of the regions and, most importantly, the historical traditions of economic zoning in Ukraine differ significantly from Russia.

The power of migration flows is also affected by such factors as the ethnic, economic and natural similarity of territories, historically established ties, management decisions, etc. However, all this has the character of episodic influence, or local limitation, in contrast to such factors as the proximity of territories and population.

As already noted, the migration of the population has two sections: it is not only an inter-territorial, but also an inter-settlement phenomenon. Therefore, migration flows can be considered not only as inter-territorial, but also as its inter-settlement exchange. Abstracting from the economic, social and demographic status of settlements, which differ in many characteristics, among which the most important are the population and the functions performed, it is possible to divide the entire migration flow for the country into hundreds of thousands of separate elementary flows. Their theoretical number depends on the total number of settlements. At the beginning of 2000 In Russia, there were 3,742 cities and urban-type settlements, not to mention hundreds of thousands of villages and villages.

The entire set of migration flows is usually distributed in the following main directions: between urban settlements, i.e. between 3.7 thousand cities and urban-type settlements, between all rural formations (there were more than 24.5 thousand), between urban settlements, on the one hand, and rural formations, on the other, and vice versa. The number of migration flows in the first direction is almost 14 million, in the second - over 575 million, and in the other two - 767 million, and in total more than 1.3 billion migration flows between different settlements and their groups. The number of real elementary streams is, of course, several orders of magnitude smaller and does not exceed several tens of thousands.

The structure of the total migration flow in the process of the historical development of our country has changed significantly. According to the calculations of V.M. Moiseenko, in the total migration movement, the share of intra-urban migration accounted for 12.3%, intra-rural - 58.6%, migration from villages to cities - 23.7% and from cities to villages - 5.4% (81). Population census 1970 revealed significant shifts associated with a change in the distribution of the population, an increase in the number and proportion of urban residents. The structure of migration in the same directions was 38.1%, 18.0%, 31.7%, and 12.2%, respectively. The share of intra-urban migration increased, while that of intra-rural migration decreased, three times each.

In intracity migration, flows can be distinguished between settlements of different populations (large, large, medium, small cities and urban-type settlements), settlements that perform different functions, settlements located in different regions of the country, old and newly formed settlements, etc. And all these areas are characterized by quite specific patterns and features. Some of them are due to the very nature of migration processes, i.e. internally immanent to it, others - by the nature of the socio-economic processes occurring at a particular stage of the country's historical development, others - by the natural-geographical and socio-economic conditions of a particular territory.

The migration processes of each country, due to the uniqueness of its historical development, economic, natural-geographical, ethnic and a number of other features, have their own directions of migration flows, characterizing the specifics of the inter-territorial and inter-settlement redistribution of the population. Not only the direction, but also the intensity, the structure of flows, the factors that determine migration, its social, economic and demographic consequences vary significantly in different countries, as well as in one country in different historical eras.

The migration of the population of Russia, regardless of its borders, in the past, both in pre-revolutionary and Soviet times, was dominated by the three most important socio-economic and demographic processes: 1) the movement of the population from the inhabited parts of the country to the sparsely populated eastern and northern regions; 2) continuous (weak in the tsarist empire and stormy in the Soviet Union) outflow of rural residents to cities; 3) intensive urbanization, an essential feature of which is the growth of the largest cities.

At the heart of the movement of the population from densely populated areas, located mainly in the central part of the country, to poorly developed areas, lay at the beginning such a factor as the resolution of agrarian overpopulation by evicting most often land-poor peasant families to the uninhabited or poorly developed outskirts of the state, and later such a socio-economic factor , as a change in the nature of the distribution of productive forces, consisting mainly in the intensive growth of the economy of the outlying, formerly backward national regions, or the eastern and northern territories, which have rich natural resources. Such regions in our country included Siberia, the Far East, the North, and in Soviet times, Northern Kazakhstan, and a number of regions of Central Asia. On the basis of untouched fuel and energy and other material and raw materials, new territorial production complexes were formed here, attracting significant labor resources. From 1926 to 1938 alone, about 5 million people moved to the Urals, Siberia, the Far East, Kazakhstan and Central Asia. About 2 million people settled in the Urals, up to 700 thousand - in the Kuznetsk coal basin, 800 thousand people settled in the Far East, whose population by 1940 had increased by more than 1.7 times compared to 1930.

The Great Patriotic War led to mass migration of the population from the areas subjected to occupation. The information given in publications about the number of people evacuated or migrated from the areas from which our troops retreated is not only contradictory, but sometimes simply fantastic. Table 3.2.1 provides a far from complete list.

Before the start of perestroika, publications on the evacuated population usually cited a figure of about 25 million people. An exception is the work of military historians (40). And then - "full democracy." Even the data on the migration of the population from the areas occupied by the fascist troops, cited in the articles by M. Filimoshin, G. Kumanev and Yu. Polyakov, published in the same collection, differ quite significantly.

Table 3.2.1

Population of the migrated (evacuated)

to the rear areas of the country

The most detailed information about the number of the migrated population is given by G. Kumanev. According to him, at the initial stage of the war, 100 thousand people managed to leave the Baltic states, including 60 thousand from Estonia, 4 million from Ukraine, 1.5 million from Belarus, 300 thousand from Moldova, 773.6 thousand from Leningrad ., Murmansk region - up to 200 thousand, Karelia - 500 thousand, Moscow - up to 2 million people. In 1942, up to 1 million people migrated from the Donbass, Chernozem region and the North Caucasus (63, pp. 141-144). Unfortunately, the details are not yet reliable. In particular, the figures for Karelia are highly questionable. How could 500,000 people leave this region when the total population of the republic was 470,000 on the eve of the war? The population of G. Kumanev evacuated from Leningrad is much less than L. Polyakov calls it. According to him, in January-November 1942, about 1 million people were evacuated from Leningrad through Lake Ladoga. L. Polyakov borrows data on migration volumes from the work of I. Gurvich, and the latter uses information from publications of 1961, 1966, 1971 and 1975 for calculations. It is difficult to say who put this figure into circulation. The information of the USSR State Statistics Committee on the evacuated population during the war years includes 10 million of those who used the railway (I. Gurvich and L. Polyakov - 10.4 million), and 2 million - by water transport. We add that there must have been a lot of those who left the areas of hostilities in automobile and horse-drawn vehicles, as well as on foot.

As the occupied territories were liberated from fascist troops, many returned. Some of the migrants were drafted into the army, some of them died. Data remain unknown not only on migration at the beginning of the war, but also on population movements in the second half of the 1940s, when the scale of return migration increased, etc. All these phenomena cannot be measured objectively.

3.3. Features of migration flows in the post-war Soviet period

The Great Patriotic War led to great changes in the distribution of the population. The population left the regions of Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic republics and the western regions of Central Russia and went to the Urals, the Volga region, Western Siberia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia. Approximate calculations show that in 1939-1958. from the European part of the country moved to the Asian part, including the Urals, a total of 8-10 million people. As a result of migration, the share of the Urals, Siberia and the Far East in the population of Russia increased and at the end of the 20th century it was 1.5 times greater than before the war.

In the postwar years, when the development of Siberian oil and gas fields began, the formation of new TPCs in Eastern Siberia, the construction of the BAM, etc., the intensive development of the productive forces of the eastern and northern regions of Russia and their further settlement continued. It should be noted that the settlement of poorly developed territories in the post-war years took place with varying intensity, and there were periods when the outflow of the population from the eastern regions exceeded the inflow. VI Perevedentsev was the first to reveal that from 1939 to 1958 Siberia lost more in migration exchange than gained (94).

The restoration of the western regions destroyed by the war was a strong incentive for the reverse movement of the population from the eastern part of the country. Such reasons for the outflow of the population, for example, from Siberia, as harsh natural conditions and a lag in the development of social infrastructure sectors, were intensified in the 1950s and 1960s by an increase in the attractive force of the areas of initial exit. The fifties were mass migrations for the development of virgin lands, primarily in Northern Kazakhstan. The negative balance of migration of the population of Russia in exchange with other union republics in the second half of the 1950s exceeded one million people. Many tens of thousands of people moved to the east of the country, adding to the labor force in sparsely populated but rich in natural resources areas, which was greatly facilitated by the restoration of northern benefits after the war.

The process of settling poorly developed territories acts as a regularity only in the historical retrospective and in the migration of the country's population as a whole. Therefore, for example, the movement of the population to the southern regions, which took place in certain periods, only emphasized the contradictory nature of this pattern, which manifests itself as a general trend in migration processes. The dominant significance of this trend remained both in the pre-war and post-war periods of the country's socio-economic development, despite their inherent originality in the territorial redistribution of the population.

Another characteristic feature of the migration processes in the USSR was the outflow of the rural population to the cities, systematic in nature and significant in scale. This process is of global importance for the world community, although in some countries the opposite picture is observed in certain periods. This general pattern is based on different reasons in countries with different levels of socio-economic development.

The whole complex of socio-economic transformations carried out in the USSR, to one degree or another, influenced the development of these migration processes. The industrialization of the country's economy and the collectivization of its agriculture were the material basis for the constant outflow of the rural population to the cities. This pattern is inherent in all countries, especially in the early stages of development, which was actually observed in the Soviet Union, where in the first post-revolutionary years the agricultural sector was predominant in the economy. Subsequently, the intensive migration of rural residents was due to the socialization of agricultural production, the growth in the productivity of agricultural labor, on the one hand, and the increase in the need for urban labor, on the other. Moreover, this movement was based on differences in the standard of living of the urban and rural population. The attractive power of cities depends on their population, economic structure, availability of jobs, geographical location, etc., while the outflow of migrants from villages is influenced by wages in agriculture, lack of comfort in the social and domestic sphere, population composition, etc.

From 1926 to 1939, in the USSR as a whole, the urban population increased at the expense of rural residents by 18.5 million people. In the subsequent period, up to the beginning of the 70s, more than 40 million rural residents migrated to the cities. In the 1970s, the annual migration of the rural population to the cities was 1.6 million people. With the migration of the rural population to the cities, their rapid growth is associated. If in 1926 the number of urban residents of the USSR was 26.3 million, then in 1980 already 166.3 million lived in urban settlements, and in 1985 - 181.1 million people. Of the total urban population growth between the first (1926) and the last (1979) censuses of 133 million people, the migration balance accounted for over 55%. The significance of various sources of urban population dynamics in 1951-90. shown in table. 3.3.1

Table 3.3.1

General, natural, migratory growth

urban population of Soviet Russia in the post-war years

(thousand people).

Five years (years)	General gain	natural growth	Migration growth
1951-55	9553.5	4349.0	5304.5
1956-60	10289.3	4298.0	5991.3
1961-65	8600.1	3583.7	5016.4
1966-70	7807.5	2624.8	5182.7
1971-75	8653.8	3182.4	5471.4
1976-80	7085.5	3011.4	4074.1
1981-85	6398.3	3153.4	3244.9
1986-90	5652.6	2757.3	2895.3

Rural migrants to cities and from residents of those villages that received the status of urban settlements increased the population of Russian cities by 37.2 million people over the post-war 40 years. But they not only replenished the number of urban residents, they actively participated in the reproduction of the urban population. Moreover, in the first years of settling in the cities, the birth rate among people from the villages remains higher than among the native urban residents. Calculations show that in the total natural increase of the country's urban population, the share of rural migrants is 1.5 times more than those who were urban dwellers already in 1926.

Speaking about the constant outflow of the rural population to the cities, it should be noted that this process is not equally characteristic of different regions of the country. At the same time, the outflow of the rural population has different specifics. In particular, many researchers have noticed that the placement of a new large industrial facility in a particular area leads to a sharp increase in the outflow of rural residents from nearby places (4.p.49). It is no coincidence that in the composition of the labor force of these facilities, a high proportion belongs to immigrants from the villages. So, in the first years at BAM there were 64% of them (34.p.114). But this process, as shown by E.D. Malinin and A.K. Ushakov, is not universal. In particular, the development of the oil and gas industry in the Tyumen region was not accompanied by an increase in the intensity of rural migration (66.p.48-49). This can be explained not only by the fact that the formation of a new TPK took place in the sparsely populated North of the Tyumen region, where the rural population has a large proportion of the peoples of the North, but also by the fact that the oil and gas industry differs from others in many specific features, in particular, high requirements for the professional composition work force.

The third regularity of the migration of the population of the USSR is its urbanization character, it shows the intensive movement of the population from small settlements to large settlements. The population of capitals and regional centers grew especially rapidly.

Despite the decline in the growth rate of the urban population in general and the growth rate of the population living in the capitals and regional centers in particular, the share of the latter in the growth of the urban population in the intercensal period from 1970 to 1979. increased noticeably. In 1959-1969. the total share of the capitals of all union republics and regional centers of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, i.e. 134 cities, accounted for 51.7%, and in 1970-1978. it increased to 63.3%. Only a little more than one third of the increase in the urban population was accounted for by other cities and urban-type settlements (there are almost 6 thousand of them)

Similar processes are also characteristic of Russia. If in 1979 in cities with more than 0.5 million inhabitants, 33.3% of all urban residents lived, then in 1989. – already 36.3%. During this time, the number of residents in cities with millionaires has increased by 1.3 times, with a general increase in city dwellers by 1.1 times. As a result of the intensive migration influx of population into large cities in the post-war years, the number of cities with more than a million inhabitants has noticeably increased. If before the war on the territory of Russia only Moscow and Leningrad belonged to cities with a population exceeding a million inhabitants, then since 1959 the number of such cities has included. to 1989 10 more cities.

The growth in the number of cities with millionaires and in general large cities occurs despite the fact that the vital rates of the population in them are low. So, in the mid-70s, the natural increase in population per thousand inhabitants was 3.2 in Leningrad, 1.8 in Moscow, and so on. Population growth in such cities occurs more due to migration than due to the natural increase of their own population. It should be noted that the high share of the migration balance in the total growth of the population of cities, and now its compensation for natural decline, does not mean that the intensity of migration of the population of these settlements is equally high. As shown by A.V. Topilin, the larger the city in terms of population, the lower the intensity of migration of their population. In cities with a population of up to 100 thousand, the intensity of population migration is 18 per thousand, with a population of 100-500 thousand - 13-12, and with a population of more than 500 thousand - 10 per thousand (134.p. 70). Thus, the lower intensity of migration is not a hindrance to the rapid growth of urban population due to migration.

In Soviet times, there was an ambivalent attitude towards the growth of large and largest cities. On the one hand, various restrictive measures were imposed on new construction, the attraction of labor, the registration of migrants, and so on. But on the other hand, the advantages of large cities stimulated new investments and the corresponding population growth, and the achievement of a million population at that time turned into a kind of anniversary. Restrictive measures turned out to be much weaker than economic incentives and the public climate.

So, in the totality of inter-settlement and inter-territorial migration flows in the past, there were three most significant directions of population movement: first, the movement of migrants from old, usually densely populated areas to sparsely populated areas of intensive economic development; secondly, the outflow of rural residents to urban settlements of various taxonomic significance; thirdly, an intensive and highly productive influx of migrants to large and largest cities, to republican and regional centers.

Today, medicine is an industry that receives the closest attention at the state level. In July 2013 President V.V. Putin held a meeting of the Presidium of the State Council "On the tasks of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to improve the availability and quality of medical care", at which, among others, one of the important topics was raised - personnel, their quantity, and, of course, the quality of training.

This topic is one of the burning ones for the Ashinsky district. Hospitals are in dire need of specialists. This is the case when the quality of patient care depends on their quantity. Therefore, at the December meeting of the heads of budgetary organizations, the head of the USAID V.V. Chistyakov, the question of the availability of medical personnel for medical institutions of the Ashinsky municipal district was discussed. Head of the Department of Health Administration of the USAID O.A. Kurchatova spoke about the state of affairs in this area.

- Doctors of health care institutions of the AMR are provided with 50%, with paramedical personnel - with 72%, with junior medical staff - with 77%, - said Olga Anatolyevna. “In terms of the total number of medical staff, we are somewhere in the middle of regional indicators.

At the same time, modern conditions require medical organizations to carry out certain measures to optimize staffing. Thus, in 2012, 77 units were reduced: three

- middle medical staff, 49 - junior, 25 - other, two pediatricians from the Minyar city hospital quit due to retirement. In 2013, 46 staff positions were reduced. These included positions that were not core for medicine, for example, carpenters who worked in medical institutions. According to the recommendation of the regional Health Insurance Fund, they should not be in the state and be paid at the expense of its funds. All the Fund's recommendations are being implemented.

- Also, in order to bring all the indicators and the bed standard to federal standards, we are reducing the round-the-clock hospital and increasing the daytime at polyclinics, - continued Olga Anatolyevna. - The building of the infectious diseases department and the former pathological and anatomical building of the Minyar city hospital were withdrawn from operational management. We redistribute functional responsibilities and change the scope of work of medical staff.

In pursuance of Presidential Decree No. 597, medical institutions are taking measures to increase the salaries of medical workers and bring the average salary to the level of the average salary in the Chelyabinsk region.

The average salary forecast for the beginning of 2014 in the Chelyabinsk region is 24,990 rubles.

In this regard, the average level of salaries of medical workers at the beginning of the year in healthcare should reach: for doctors - almost 32.6 thousand rubles, for nurses - 19 thousand rubles. What are the numbers in our area?

— In the Ashinsky district, the average salary of medical workers for 2013 . is as follows: doctors received an average of 38.3 thousand rubles each, nurses - 19.4 thousand rubles, junior medical staff - 11.2 thousand rubles, - said O.A. Kurchatov. - In this case, the entire amount of funds received is taken into account, including birth certificates and paid services. All data are submitted to the regional Ministry of Health.

One of the main measures to achieve indicative indicators is the reorganization of medical institutions in the form of their association. This issue needs to be resolved as soon as possible. The head of the district, V.V. Chistyakov, commented on this topic.

- Optimization will affect only the administrative apparatus, - said Viktor Vladimirovich. - So, for example, two hospitals operate on the territory of Asha, which means two chief doctors, two accounting departments and economists, which is wasteful. We have reviewed the optimization plan. First of all, it is planned to unite Sima and Kropachevo hospitals. Next in line are Asha's medical facilities. The next thing that worries us is the shortage of medical personnel. This is a serious issue that needs to be addressed. There are no funds yet to purchase housing for doctors, but we will solve the problem.

According to the head of the Health Department of the USAID O.A. Kurchatov, over the past two years after the internship, only one specialist came to Sim. Two graduates of the Medical Academy, who were supposed to return to the area, went into private business. Unfortunately, in general, only 30% of graduates of medical universities come to district hospitals, the rest get jobs in private clinics. IN 2013 . At the request of the Department of Health of the AMR Administration, Ashinsky Municipal District was allocated 3 target places for enrolling students to study at the South Ural State Medical University, who, after graduation, should return to work in our hospitals. Over the past 3 years, the Ashinsky district administration has purchased 4 apartments for doctors.

- Now, for example, there is a question about a pediatrician in Kropachevo. There is a nice apartment. In my opinion, it is necessary to return to the proven system of distribution of university graduates. Then the issue with the shortage of personnel would be resolved faster, - added O.A. Kurchatov.

- Summing up what has been said, it should be noted that the region constantly provides assistance to the health care of our region, - V.V. completed the discussion of this issue. Chistyakov. “This includes significant financial investments in hospital repairs and the opening of new departments (hemodialysis at the ACCH), modern equipment. Literally in December last year, five ambulances were added to the car park of our hospitals. That is, the issues are resolved. Perhaps not as fast as we would like.

Prepared by N. Chalova

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