you know scientific name, which begins with the word complicated...
Words that form two roots are called compound words.
For example, rhinoceros(two roots nose- and horn-, the letter o is a connecting vowel), a vacuum cleaner(the roots are dust- and sos-, the letter e is a connecting vowel).
Proposals are also difficult. In them, as in words, several parts are connected.
Lesson topic: “Simple and complex sentences. Unions".
Read the sentences and think about how they differ from each other?
1) The bell rang.
2) The children entered the classroom.
3) The first lesson has begun.
4) The bell rang, the guys went into the classroom, the first lesson began.
Let's find the grammar.
A sentence with one grammatical basis is a simple sentence.
1, 2 and 3 offers simple, because in each of them on one basis.
4 offer complex, consists of three simple sentences. Each part of a complex sentence has its main members, its own basis.
An offer with two or more grammar basics,- difficult sentence. Compound sentences are made up of several simple sentences. How many simple sentences, so many parts in a complex sentence.
The parts of a complex sentence are not just simple ones joined together.
Having united, these parts continue, complement each other, turn different thoughts into one, more complete one. In oral speech, on the border of parts of a complex sentence, there is no intonation of the end of each thought.
Remember: in writing commas are usually placed between the parts of a complex sentence.
Determine if the sentence is complex or simple. First, let's find the main members (bases) of the sentences and count how many bases are in each.
1) At the edge of the forest, the voices of birds are already heard.
2) Tits sing, a woodpecker taps loudly with its beak.
3) Soon the sun will warm the earth better, the roads will turn black, thawed fields will be exposed, streams will murmur, rooks will come.(According to G. Skrebitsky)
1) At the edge of the forest, bird voices are already heard.
2) Tits sing, a woodpecker taps loudly with its beak.
Who? tits, what are they doing? chant - the first basis.
Who? dude what is he doing? taps - the second basis.
This is a complex sentence, consisting of two parts.
3) Soon the sun will warm the earth better, the roads will turn black, the fields will be barethawed patches , brooks murmur, rooks will welcome.
What? the sun, what will it do? warm - the first basis.
The roads will turn black - the second basis.
thawed patches will be exposed - the third basis.
Streams murmur - the fourth basis.
Rooks welcome - the fifth basis.
This is a compound sentence with five parts.
Read complex sentences. Observe how the parts of a complex sentence are connected?
1) Winter approaching , the cold sky often frowns.
Parts 1 of a complex sentence are connected using intonation. There is a comma between parts of the sentence.
2) The sun was warm during the day , but at night frosts reached five degrees.
3) Wind calmed down , And the weather has improved.
4) The sun just got up , but its rays were already illuminating the tops of the trees.
Parts 2, 3, 4 of sentences are connected using intonation and conjunctions a, and, but. The union is preceded by a comma.
Each of the unions does its job. The union connects words, and the unions a, but also help to oppose something.
When writing, parts of a complex sentence are separated by a comma. If parts of a complex sentence are joined by unions (and, but, but), a comma is placed before the union.
The sentences of our language are very diverse. Sometimes with one subject there can be several predicates, or with one predicate there can be several subjects. Such members of the sentence are called homogeneous. Homogeneous members answer the same question and refer to the same member of the sentence. In the diagram, we will circle each homogeneous member.
What conclusion can be drawn from the comparison of these schemes?
The first line contains diagrams complex sentences, and in the second line - diagrams of simple sentences with homogeneous predicates (they are shown in a circle).
In simple sentences with homogeneous members and in complex sentences between their parts, the same conjunctions are used: and, but.
Remember!
1. Before unions ah, but always put a comma.
2. Union And requires special attention: connects homogeneous members- the comma is most often not put; used between parts of a complex sentence - a comma is usually needed.
Let's practice. Let's put in the missing commas.
1) At night, the dog crept up to the dacha and lay down under the terrace.
2) People were sleeping and the dog jealously guarded them. (According to L. Andreev)
3) The pelican wandered around us, hissed, shouted, but did not give up. (According to K. Paustovsky)
4) Spring is shining in the sky, but the forest is still covered with snow in winter. (M. Prishvin)
1) At night, the dog crept up to the cottage and lay down under the terrace.
The sentence is simple, since one stem, one subject and two predicates - the dog crept up and lay down. Union And connects homogeneous predicates, so a comma is not put.
2) People slept, and the dog jealously guarded them.
The proposal is complex, since there are two bases - people were sleeping, the dog was guarding. Union And connects parts of a complex sentence, so a comma is needed before the union.
3) Pelican wandered around us, hissed, shouted, but did not give into hands.
The proposal is simple, since one stem, one subject and 4 predicates - the pelican wandered, hissed, shouted, did not give up. before the union but always put a comma. We put commas between homogeneous predicates.
4) Spring shines in the sky, but the forest is still covered with snow in winter.
The proposal is complex, since there are two foundations - spring is shining, the forest is covered. before the union but always put a comma.
Consider the schemes and decide which schemes hide complex sentences, and which ones are simple ones with homogeneous members; in which of them you need to put punctuation marks.
The first three schemes reflect the structure of a simple sentence with homogeneous main members. They are circled. In scheme 1, a comma is not needed, since the union connects homogeneous subjects And. In 2 and 3 schemes, commas should be placed. 4 scheme corresponds to a complex sentence. It should also include a comma between parts of a complex sentence.
Sentences that include words that, that, therefore, because, are most often complex. These words usually begin new part complex sentence. In such cases, they are always preceded by a comma.
Let's give examples.
We saw, what the she-wolf crawled along with the cubs into the hole.
what a comma is placed.
All night long winter knitted lace patterns, to trees dressed up. (K. Paustovsky)
This is a complex sentence, before the word to a comma is placed.
Birds able to communicate everything with their voice , that's why they sing.
This is a complex sentence, before the word that's why a comma is placed.
I lovefairy tales, because in them, good always triumphs over evil.
This is a complex sentence, before the word because a comma is placed.
1. One afternoon, Winnie the Pooh was walking through the forest and grumbling a new song under his breath.
2. Winnie the Pooh got up early, in the morning he diligently did gymnastics.
3. Winnie quietly reached the sandy slope.
(B. Zakhoder)
3. 
Sentence 1 corresponds to scheme 3, since this is a simple sentence with one subject (Winnie the Pooh) and two predicates (walked and grumbled).
Scheme 1 corresponds to sentence 2, since this complex sentence has two bases (Winnie the Pooh got up, he was engaged). A comma separates parts of a sentence.
Sentence 3 corresponds to scheme 2, since this is a simple sentence with one base (Winnie got it).
In the lesson, you learned that a sentence in which there are two or more grammatical bases - complex sentence. Parts of complex sentences are connected using intonation and conjunctions. a, and, but. When writing, parts of a complex sentence are separated by a comma.
- M.S.Soloveichik, N.S. Kuzmenko "To the secrets of our language" Russian language: Textbook. Grade 3: in 2 parts. Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
- M.S. Soloveichik, N.S. Kuzmenko “To the secrets of our language” Russian language: Workbook. Grade 3: in 3 parts. Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
- T. V. Koreshkova Test tasks In Russian. Grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
- T. V. Koreshkova Practice! Notebook for independent work in Russian for grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
- L.V. Mashevskaya, L.V. Danbitskaya Creative tasks in the Russian language. - St. Petersburg: KARO, 2003
- G.T Dyachkova Olympiad tasks in Russian. 3-4 classes. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2008
- School-collection.edu.ru ().
- Festival of Pedagogical Ideas " Public lesson" ().
- Zankov.ru ().
- Find the main clauses in the sentences. Which sentence of the text is difficult - 1st or 2nd? What is the name of the remaining offer?
At the top of an alder tree a bird sat and opened its beak. The feathers on the swollen neck fluttered, but I did not hear the song.
(According to V. Bianchi)
- Insert two missing commas in sentences.
Winter hid in the dense forest. She looked out of the shelter and millions of little suns are hiding in the grass. Winter is angry! She waved her sleeve and covered the cheerful lights with snow. Dandelions are now flaunting in a yellow dress and then in a white fur coat. (According to I. Sokolov-Mikitov)
Find an offer with an alliance And. What does it connect - homogeneous members or parts of a complex sentence? Underline the words you need to answer.
- Write unions and, but. Underline the basics, mark homogeneous members and put commas where necessary.
The ball climbed into the water _ Uncle Fyodor soaped it _ combed the wool. The cat walked along the shore _ sad about different oceans. (According to E. Uspensky)
The cat stole fish meat sour cream _ bread. Once he tore open a tin can of worms. He did not eat them _ chickens ran to the jar of worms _ pecked at our stock. (According to K. Paustovsky)
Difficult sentence is a syntactic unit consisting of two or more simple sentences combined into one whole grammatically, in meaning and intonationally.
Each of the simple sentences in the complex has its own grammatical basis, but unlike independent simple sentences, it does not have intonational and semantic completeness, only the entire complex sentence has such completeness.
For example: I called you, but you did not look back (A. Blok); You are to blame for the fact that I want to eat (I. Krylov); The horses set off, the bell rang, the wagon flew (A. Pushkin).
Simple sentences are combined into complex ones in two main ways:
1. P with the help of intonation and conjunctions or allied words (relative pronouns and pronominal adverbs);
2. Only with the help of intonation (without unions and allied words).
Depending on the method of connection of simple sentences, all complex sentences are divided into two types:
1. Unionless (connection only with the help of intonation), for example: A merchant gets up, a peddler goes, a cab stretches to the stock exchange, an okhtinka hurries with a jug, morning snow crunches under it (A. Pushkin).
2. Allied (connection with the help of intonation and unions or allied words), which in turn are divided into
a) compound (connection with the help of coordinating unions);
b) complex subordinate (connection using subordinating unions or allied words).
For example,
a) Either I didn’t understand myself, then the world didn’t understand me onimal (M. Lermontov) (composing union this - that);
b) It was necessary to stop the horse, as our road was interrupted (A. Chekhov) (subordinating union since).
Compound sentence
A compound sentence is a complex sentence in which simple sentences are connected by coordinating conjunctions and, as a rule, are equal grammatically and in meaning. Coordinating conjunctions connecting simple sentences are between simple sentences and are not included in any of them.
For example, [Only the orioles scream], yes [cuckoos vied with each other counting unlived years for someone]. (M. Sholokhov), yes.
Complex sentence
A complex sentence is such a complex sentence in which one of the simple sentences is grammatically and semantically subordinate to another and is connected with it by a subordinating conjunction or allied word (relative pronoun or pronominal adverb).
An independent clause in a complex subordinate clause is called the main clause, and a dependent clause is called a subordinate clause. It can refer to a specific word in the main clause or to the entire main clause.
For example, [Village, (where Eugene missed), there was a lovely corner ...] (A. Pushkin) [n., (where),].
Composing and subordinating predicative units in a complex sentence
Parts of a complex sentence can be combined:
1) with the help of unions and allied words,
2) without unions and allied words, with the help of only intonation and the correlation of predicate forms.
In this regard, complex sentences are divided into two large groups: allied compound sentences and non-union compound sentences.
For example:
1) The blue eyes of the girl opened wide with fright, and a tear flashed in them (Kor.); Morozka realized that the conversation was over (Fad.);
2) Believe it by eye - measure it crookedly (M. G); It was the fifth hour of the day, the owners were not at home (Past.); The lower stones turned out to be wet: a puddle of clean water flowed to the bottom of the pool (Paust.).
Allied proposals, in turn, are divided into two groups depending on the type of unions and allied words:
compound sentences- with coordinating unions;
complex sentences- with subordinating conjunctions and allied (or relative) words.
When composing parts of a complex sentence are combined as syntactically equal, in submission- one of the parts (or several) is syntactically subordinate to the other, depends on it. Wed: The sun is at its zenith, and all the shadows are burned by it (M. G.). - ... She knew well where her son's heart beats (M. G.); Rivers are easy to swim for those who were born and raised on the seashore (M. G.).
In the first sentence, the parts are connected as equals, they retain their relative independence, although lexically the second part is affected by the first: the form of the pronoun im in the second part indicates the subject Sun in the first part. In the second and third sentences, the dependent parts where the son's heart beats And who was born and raised by the sea completely devoid of the ability to function independently, they are completely subordinate to the first parts. In addition, the first parts of these proposals are not independent enough, i.e. they cannot exist without dependent parts: in a sentence She knew well reveals a clear semantic insufficiency, since the verb knew needs an explanation; sentence Rivers are easy to cross also turns out to be incomplete, since the indication to this needs to be specified. This semantic and grammatical insufficiency of the first parts of the sentence is made up for by the dependent parts in the complex sentence. Thus, we can talk not only about the dependence of one of the parts of a complex sentence, but also about the interdependence of its constituent parts.
A complex sentence, the parts of which are connected by coordinating conjunctions, is called a compound sentence..
writing connection, which characterizes the syntactic relations of the parts of a compound sentence, implies their equality, which is revealed only at the syntactic level. As for the semantic relationships of the parts, there can be a variety of options: both the relative independence of individual parts, and interdependence.
Parts of a compound sentence are relatively independent when they autosemanticity- in this case, the lexical content of each part is quite sufficient for independent functioning as a simple sentence, for example: The sea rumbled deafly, and the waves beat furiously and angrily against the shore (M. G.). Wed: The sea roared softly. The waves crashed wildly and furiously against the shore.
At synsemantics parts (this is usually the second part), their semantic independence is violated and the sentence is characterized by semantic-syntactic integrity.
For example: Kuprin's reverent and calm love for nature is very contagious, and the strength of his talent is also felt in this (Paust.); Far below, blue falls appeared, and heavy boulders rolled from under their feet with noise (Fad.).
In the first sentence, the second part is synsemantic, it contains lexical indications of a direct connection with the first part - word forms in this and his; in the second sentence, the pronoun there corresponds with the content of the first part of the compound sentence. The word order of the second parts of the sentences also turns out to be connected: word forms in this and there are located at their beginning, clearly under the influence of the first parts of the sentences. Sometimes the first part of a compound sentence also reveals a lexical insufficiency that does not allow it to obtain at least relative semantic independence.
For example: It is hard to say why, but the brilliant and parting damage of nature, transparent days, the silent sea, dry corn stalks, the emptiness of cottages left for the winter, the grassy smell of the last flowers - all this gives a special bitterness and strength to the story (Paust.).
Parts of a compound sentence may have common sentence members that combine them into a single whole.
For example: Ivan Ivanovich has large expressive eyes of tobacco color and his mouth is somewhat similar to the letter Izhitsu (G.).
The general members of the sentence (only determinants act as such) can not distribute all the links of a complex sentence, but only part of them, as in the sentence Frost crushed at night, the grass was overgrown with hoarfrost, the earth, bound by ice ringing, departed only by noon (Shol.), where the assignment of the determining circumstance at night to the third part is hindered by its lexical composition.
All this testifies to the close cohesion of the parts of the compound sentence, both lexical and syntactic.
Means of expressing syntactic relations between parts of a complex sentence
The means of expressing syntactic relations between parts of a complex sentence are:
2) relative (allied) words;
3) the order of the parts;
4) intonation.
Conjunctions connect parts of compound and complex sentences. In a compound sentence, conjunctions serve as the main means of communication, for example: There was no light in the room, and everything outside the windows merged into one green mess (Quiet); Sometimes it’s cold, sometimes it’s very hot, sometimes the sun hides, sometimes it shines too brightly (Kr.); The old woman lay down on the stove, and Daria, a young widow, went to visit the children (N.).
Subordinating conjunctions connect parts complex sentence, for example: Morozka realized that the conversation was over (Fad.); We must go if he advises (Gonch.); The deck of the Hispaniola was lower than the embankment, so that it was possible to descend on it without a gangway (Green).
The Role of the Binder in a complex sentence can perform relative (union) word, which is a member of the proposal:The shepherd looked at the sky, from where it was raining (Ch.); Dibich guessed in impenetrable darkness who the voices belonged to (Fed.).
With unions and allied words in the appendage can be correlated relative pronominal and adverbial words, which in this case also perform a syntactic link: I am the one no one loves (L.).
In a sentence What he saw was so unexpected that he was a little scared (Ch.) there are all connecting elements: that is a correlative word in the main part, that is an allied word in the first clause, that is a union in the second clause.
Another way to express the relationship between the parts of a complex sentence is order of parts. In offers It became stuffy, I left the room and I left the room: it became stuffy the sequence of cause-and-effect relationships is expressed in different ways. Many complex sentences have a certain specific arrangement of parts. There are structures with a strictly fixed order of parts. Others, although they allow variants in the arrangement of parts, however, change the semantic-syntactic relations between them, for example: Since it was already dark in the forest, we decided to abandon our search. - We decided to leave our search, as it was already dark in the forest- the causal relationship in the first sentence is transformed into a causal justification relationship in the second. The semantic differences that are created here by the order of the parts are inherent in the given sentence as a certain structure and are not related to the context. The order of words within the parts of a complex sentence, especially in the dependent part, is by no means an arbitrary phenomenon, but due to the structure of the entire sentence as an integral unit.
Intonation in a complex sentence, it is a means of combining parts into a whole. A separate part of a complex sentence does not have intonational completeness. The intonation of the end is characteristic only of the final part of a complex sentence. The role of intonation in a non-union complex sentence is especially important, since here it is an indicator of the semantic relations between the parts, for example: Morning will come, let's go to the field - enumerative intonation; Morning will come - let's go to the field- intonation of conditionality, conveying conditional-temporal meanings.
Difficult sentence- this is a sentence that has in its composition at least two grammatical bases (at least two simple sentences) and represents a semantic and grammatical unity, formalized intonation.
For example: In front of us, the brown, clayey shore sloped steeply, and behind us a wide grove darkened.
Simple sentences as part of a complex one do not have intonation-semantic completeness and are called predicative parts (constructions) of a complex sentence.
Difficult sentence closely related to a simple sentence, but differs from it both structurally and in the nature of the message.
Therefore, to determine difficult sentence- this means, first of all, to identify the features that distinguish it from a simple sentence.
The structural difference is obvious: A complex sentence is a grammatical combination of sentences (parts) somehow adapted to each other, while a simple sentence is a unit that functions outside of such a combination(hence its definition as a simple sentence). As part of a complex sentence, its parts are characterized by grammatical and intonational interconnectedness, as well as the interdependence of content. In communicative terms, the difference between simple and complex sentences comes down to the difference in the amount of messages they convey.
Simple non-proprietary proposal reports one particular situation.
For example: The boy writes; The girl is reading; Evening; Winter came; We have guests; I'm having fun.
Difficult sentence reports several situations and the relationship between them, or (in a specific case) one situation and the attitude towards it on the part of its participants or the person speaking.
For example: The boy writes and the girl reads; When the boy writes, the girl reads; He doubts that you will like this book; I am afraid that my arrival will not please anyone.
In this way, difficult sentence- this is an integral syntactic unit, which is a grammatically formed combination of sentences and functions as a message about two or more situations and about the relationship between them.
Depending on the method of linking simple sentences as part of a complex All complex sentences are divided into two main types: non-union (communication is carried out only with the help of intonation) and allied (communication is carried out not only with the help of intonation, but also with the help of special means of communication: unions and allied words - relative pronouns and adverbs).
Allied sentences are divided into compound and compound sentences.
In compound sentences, simple sentences are joined by coordinating conjunctions. and, but, or, then ... then and others. Parts of a compound sentence are, as a rule, equal in meaning.
In complex sentences, simple sentences are connected by subordinating conjunctions. what, to, how, if, since, though etc. and allied words which, whose, where, where and others, which express different meanings of dependence: cause, effect, purpose, condition etc.
As part of a complex sentence, the main and subordinate clauses are distinguished (or, which is the same, the main and subordinate clauses).
subordinate clause that part of the complex sentence is called, which contains a subordinating union or an allied pronominal word; the main clause is that part of the complex sentence to which the subordinate clause is attached (or to which it is correlated).
In the schemes of non-union and compound sentences, simple sentences are indicated by square brackets, the main sentence as part of a complex sentence is also indicated, while subordinate clauses are enclosed in parentheses. The diagrams indicate the means of communication and punctuation marks.
For example:
1) Seagulls circled over the lake, two or three launches could be seen in the distance.
, . - non-union complex sentence (BSP).
2)The driver slammed the door and the car sped away.
AND . - compound sentence (CSP).
3) I knew that in the morning my mother would go to the field to harvest rye.
, (what...). - complex sentence (CSP).
A special group of complex sentences are sentences with different types connections.
For example: Painting is poetry seen and poetry is painting heard(Leonardo da Vinci). This is a complex sentence with composition and submission.
Scheme this proposal: , (which...), and , (which...).
Coordinating and subordinating connections in a complex sentence are not identical to the coordinating and subordinating connections in a phrase and a simple sentence.
Main differences come down to the following.
In a complex sentence, a sharp boundary cannot always be drawn between composition and subordination: in many cases, the same relationship can be framed by both a coordinating and a subordinating conjunction.
Composition And subordination of the proposalth - these are such ways of discovering the semantic relations existing between them, of which one (the composition) conveys these relations in a less dissected form, and the other (subordination) in a more differentiated form. In other words, coordinating and subordinating conjunctions differ primarily in their revealing (formalizing) capabilities.
So, for example, if, in a subordinating relationship, concessive, causal or conditional relationships receive a specialized, unambiguous expression with the help of unions though, because if, then when composing, all these meanings can be framed by the same connecting union and.
For example: You can be an excellent doctor - and at the same time not know people at all(Chekhov); You came - and light, The winter dream was blown away, And spring hummed in the forest.(Block); Winter is like a magnificent wake. Get out of the house, Add currants to the twilight, Pour wine over - that's kutya(Parsnip); The child was not messed with - and he does not know music(V. Meyerhold).
Likewise, adversarial conjunctions but And but can form a concessive relationship: The boy was small, but he spoke and behaved with dignity.(Trifonov); He's a celebrity, but he has a simple soul(Chekhov); conditional: My enthusiasm can cool, and then everything is lost(Aksakov); investigative: I know that you are saying all this in annoyance, and therefore I am not angry with you.(Chekhov); comparative-comparative: It would be necessary to laugh until you drop over my antics, and you are the guard(Chekhov).
When prompted divisive unions can form a conditional meaning, within the framework of a subordinating relationship, expressed by a union if (not) ... then: You marry or I will curse you(Pushk.); Either you get dressed now, or I'll go alone(Letters); One of two things: either he takes her away, act energetically, or give a divorce(L. Tolstoy). Precisely because, by the nature of the relations expressed, composition and subordination of sentences are not sharply opposed to each other, a close interaction is revealed between them.
2)The coordinative connection in a complex sentence is independent ; in a simple sentence, it is associated with an expression of the relation of syntactic homogeneity. Another difference is also significant: in a simple sentence, the composition serves only the purpose of expanding, complicating the message; in a complex sentence, a composition is one of two types of syntactic connection that organizes such a sentence itself.
3) Composing and subjugation are correlated with non-union in different ways.
The writing is close to non-union. The revealing (formalizing) possibilities of composition are weaker in comparison with the possibilities of subordination, and from this point of view, composition is not only not equivalent to subordination, but is also much further away from it than from non-union.
The composition is both a syntactic and lexical way of communication: the relationship that arises between sentences on the basis of their semantic interaction with each other, as already noted, does not receive an unambiguous expression here, but is characterized only in the most general and undifferentiated form.
Further concretization and narrowing of this meaning is carried out in the same way as with non-union, based on the general semantics of the combined sentences or (where possible) on certain lexical indicators: particles, introductory words, demonstrative and anaphoric pronouns and pronominal phrases. In some cases, differentiating functions are taken over by the ratio of species, temporal forms and moods.
So, the conditional-investigative meaning in sentences with the union And comes to light more clearly when combining forms of the imperative mood (usually, but not necessarily - perfective verbs) in the first sentence with forms of other moods or with forms of the present-future tense - in the second: Experience constancy in good deeds, and then only call a person virtuous(Griboyedov, correspondence).
If coordinating conjunctions are easily and naturally combined with lexical means of communication, forming unstable allied compounds with them ( and here, here and, well and, and therefore, and therefore, and therefore, therefore, and, therefore, and therefore, and therefore, therefore, and, and then, then and, and on that condition etc.), then the subordinating conjunctions themselves quite clearly differentiate the semantic relations between sentences.
4) However, the subordinating relationship in a complex sentence is less unambiguous than in a phrase. It very often happens that some component of the meaning that is created by the interaction of sentences in the complex remains outside the revealing possibilities of the subordinating conjunction, counteracting its meaning or, on the contrary, enriching it in one way or another.
So, for example, in complex sentences with the union when, if there is a message in the main sentence about emotional reactions or states, against the background of the actual temporary meaning, elements of the causal meaning appear with greater or lesser force: The poor teacher covered his face with his hands when he heard about such an act of his former students.(Gogol); [Masha:] Rudeness excites and offends me, I suffer when I see that a person is not subtle enough, not soft enough, amiable enough.(Chekhov); A native railway station painted with ocher appeared. My heart skipped a beat when I heard the ringing of the station bell(Belov).
If the content subordinate clause evaluated in terms of necessity or desirability, the temporal value is complicated by the target: Such cute things are said when they want to justify their indifference.(Chekhov). In other cases, with the union when comparative values are found ( No one got up yet, when I was ready at all. (Aksakov) or inconsistencies ( What kind of groom is here, when is he just afraid to come?(Dostovsky).
As the third type of connection in a complex sentence, it is often distinguished unionless connection .
However, with the exception of one particular case, when the relations between asyndically connected sentences (conditional) are expressed by a completely definite ratio of predicate forms ( If I didn't invite him, he would be offended; If there was a real friend nearby, trouble would not have happened), non-conjunction is not a grammatical connection.
Therefore, the distinction between composition and subordination in relation to non-union turns out to be impossible, although in the semantic plan, a well-defined correlation is established between different types of non-union, compound and complex sentences.
So, for example, by the nature of the relationship, combinations of sentences are very close to the sphere of subordination, of which one occupies the position of an object distributor in the other ( I hear knocking somewhere), or characterizes what is reported in another sentence, in terms of certain accompanying circumstances ( What was the snow, I was walking!, i.e. (when I walked)). The relations that develop between sentences during non-union can receive a non-grammatical expression with the help of certain, in varying degrees specialized elements of vocabulary: pronominal words, particles, introductory words and adverbs, which, as aids are also used in complex sentences of allied types, especially compound ones.
The combination of two or more sentences into one complex sentence is accompanied by their formal, modal, intonation and content adaptation to each other. Sentences that are parts of a complex one do not have intonational, and often meaningful (informative) completeness; such completeness characterizes the entire complex sentence as a whole.
As part of a complex sentence, the modal characteristics of the combined sentences undergo significant changes:
firstly, the objective-modal meanings of the parts enter into various interactions here, and as a result of these interactions a new modal meaning is formed, which already refers the entire message contained in the complex sentence as a whole to the plane of reality or unreality;
secondly, conjunctions (primarily subordinating) can take an active part in the formation of the modal characteristics of a complex sentence, which make their own adjustments to the modal meanings of both parts of the complex sentence and their combination with each other;
thirdly, finally, in a complex sentence, in contrast to a simple one, a close connection and dependence of objective-modal meanings and those subjective-modal meanings that are very often found in the unions themselves and in their analogues are found.
A feature of the sentences that make up a complex sentence may be the incompleteness of one of them (usually not the first), due to the tendency to non-repetition in a complex sentence of those semantic components that are common to both of its parts. The mutual adaptation of sentences when they are combined into a complex one can manifest itself in word order, mutual restrictions of types, forms of tense and mood, in restrictions on the target setting of the message. As part of a complex sentence, the main part may have an open syntactic position for the subordinate clause. In this case, the main part also has special means for indicating this position; such means are demonstrative pronominal words. Types and methods of formal adaptation of sentences when they are combined into a complex syntactic unit are considered when describing specific types of a complex sentence.
§one. Difficult sentence. General concepts
Difficult sentence is a unit of syntax.
complex are called sentences consisting of two or more grammatical bases, connected into a single whole in meaning, grammatically and intonationally.
A complex sentence differs from a simple sentence in that in a simple sentence there is one grammatical basis, and in a complex sentence there is more than one. A complex sentence, therefore, consists of parts, each of which is framed as a simple sentence.
But a complex sentence is not a random collection of simple sentences. In a complex sentence, the parts are interconnected in meaning and syntactically, with the help of syntactic links. Each part, being framed as a sentence, does not have semantic and intonational completeness. These features are characteristic of the entire complex sentence as a whole.
Complex sentences, like simple ones, are characterized by the purpose of the utterance. They can be non-exclamatory and exclamatory.
Unlike a simple sentence, a complex one requires determining how many parts it consists of and what connection its parts are connected by.
§2. Types of syntactic connection of parts of a complex sentence
The syntactic relationship between parts of a complex sentence can be:
- allied
- unionless
Allied connection- this is a kind of syntactic connection expressed with the help of unions.
Allied connection can be:
- writing
- subordinating
Coordinating syntactic connection- this is a type of syntactic connection with an equal relationship of parts. A coordinating syntactic connection is expressed with the help of special means: coordinating unions.
The storm passed and the sun came out.
Subordinating syntactic connection- this is a type of syntactic connection with an unequal relationship of parts. The parts of a complex sentence with a subordinating link are different: one is the main sentence, the other is a subordinate sentence. The subordinating syntactic connection is expressed with the help of special means: subordinating conjunctions and allied words.
We didn't go for a walk because a thunderstorm started.
(We didn't go for a walk- main proposition because the storm has begun- subordinate clause.)
Associative syntactic relationship is a meaningful connection. Parts of a complex sentence are connected only by punctuation. Neither conjunctions nor allied words are used to express an allied syntactic connection. Example:
The coach got sick, the class was rescheduled for next week.
The nature of the syntactic connection between parts of a complex sentence- this is the most important classification feature of complex sentences.
§3. Classification of complex sentences
The classification of complex sentences is a classification according to the syntactic relationship between its parts. Complex sentences are divided into:
into 1) allied and 2) non-union, and allied, in turn - into 1) compound and 2) compound.
Therefore, there are three types of complex sentences:
- compound
- complex subordinate
- unionless
Each of these types is subject to further classification by meaning.
test of strength
Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.
Final test
How many grammatical bases are in a complex sentence?
- two or more
How are parts of a complex sentence related?
- within the meaning of
Does a part of a complex sentence have a completeness?
- yes, each part is a separate independent proposal
Are complex sentences characterized by the purpose of the utterance?
Can complex sentences be exclamatory?
Is it correct to assume that the syntactic connection between the parts of a complex sentence is only allied?
What can be an allied connection between parts of a complex sentence?
- main
- adnexal
Is it possible to have a syntactic connection between parts of a complex sentence without conjunctions?
What type of allied syntactic connection is characterized by an equal relationship of parts of a complex sentence?
- an equal relationship characterizes a subordinating relationship
What type of allied syntactic connection is characterized by an unequal relationship of parts of a complex sentence?
- unequal attitude characterizes the coordinative connection
Right answers:
- two or more
- in meaning and syntactically (using a syntactic link)
- no, only all the parts together are an independent offer
- coordinating and subordinating
- equal relationship characterizes the coordinative connection
- unequal attitude characterizes a subordinating relationship
