Bibliographic list and its design. Bibliographic aids: methodology and organization of compilation Conclusion bibliographic list introduction

Changes that are constantly taking place in public life - the growth of information, the rapid development of new technologies - stimulate transformation educational processes. In this regard, the organization of library and bibliographic education of teachers, students, and pupils is of particular importance. Data guidelines will help in the development of new knowledge of the information and library space.

Making a bibliographic list of used literature is an obligatory element of scientific work.

Bibliographic description of the document

A bibliographic description is the process and result of adding, according to certain rules, a list of information about a document that identifies this document and makes it possible to find it among many others.

Description of documents is carried out in accordance with GOST. The bibliography must match GOST 7.1: 2006. “Bibliographic record. Bibliographic description. General requirements and rules for drafting.

Abbreviations in document description

Words and phrases are also abbreviated in accordance with GOST. When a bibliographic list is compiled in the title of the description, the first three words cannot be abbreviated. If the name is very long, then part of it can be skipped by marking the gap with an ellipsis.

How to make a bibliographic list: rules

Spelling when compiling a bibliography

The bibliographic list is compiled according to modern orthography. The first word of each defined area should begin with capital letter. Also, all titles in all areas and the first word of the general designation of the material should be capitalized. The remaining elements of the description are written in small letters, for example: Physics [ Electronic resource]: textbook / ed. K. Yakovleva.

Punctuation when compiling a bibliography

Punctuation in the bibliographic description is used as a separating habitual grammatical marks and prescribed punctuation marks. Recommended punctuation (conventional punctuation marks) helps to recognize individual elements in bibliographic descriptions.

Numerals in the bibliographic description

Numerals in the bibliography are written in the form (Roman, Arabic, verbal form) in which they are written in the publication. However, numerals that indicate volume, issue, part, number, page should be written in Arabic numerals: Issue. one; in 5 tons; T. 2; part 5; with. 12-16; 241 p. Also, Arabic numbers should be replaced when indicating the number of classes, courses of educational institutions; serial numbers of publications; year or dates of publication, distribution of the document. Ordinal numbers are written with the ending: 3rd ed.; 2nd course.

How to make a bibliographic list?

There are such ways of grouping material in bibliography:

alphabetical;
systematic;
chronological;
numbering;
by section of work.

The most common ways:

Numerical - the material is arranged in the order of reference to literature in the text and citation.
Alphabetical - in the alphabet of the names of authors and titles of works. The works of one author are arranged alphabetically by title or in the chronology of their writing.

Link

When writing a dissertation, term paper or thesis in the text in the reference to the edition included in the bibliographic list, it is necessary to indicate the number under which this edition appears in the list, in square brackets. For example:

Location of the link in the text

Most often, in scientific papers, alphabetical grouping is used, that is, when bibliographic records are arranged according to the alphabetical order of the names of authors and titles of works (if the author is not specified or there are more than three authors):

placement of bibliographic records when the first word of the title matches - in alphabetical order of the letters of the second word, etc.;
placement of works of one author - in alphabetical order of the letters of the first word of the title of individual works;
placement of works of authors with the same surnames - alphabetically by the initials of the authors;
if the surnames and initials of the authors coincide - in alphabetical order of the works.

When placing bibliographic records in different languages:

first according to the Russian alphabet or language with the Cyrillic alphabet;
then, in the order of the Latin alphabet, literature in foreign languages.

The correct bibliographic list contains descriptions of the sources used and is placed at the end of the work. The pages of the list, like other pages of the text, are numbered. Numbering through, continues the numbering of pages of the text.

The name "Bibliographic List" is used .

Examples of the design of the bibliographic description of books

Characteristic sources	Design example
	Alefirenko, N. F. Theory of language. Introductory course [Text]: textbook. allowance / N. F. Alefirenko. - M.: Academy, 2004. - 367 p. : tab., fig. - (Higher professional education). Fitzgerald F.S. The Last Tycoon: A Novel / Francis Scott Fitzgerald. - M.: Hood. lit., 1990. - 333, .
	Golovakha, E. I. Psychology of human mutual understanding [Text] / E. I. Golovakha, N. V. Panina. - K .: Publishing house watered. lit. Ukraine, 1989. - 187, p. : rice. Repin, D. Mathematical logic and philosophy of mathematics [Text]: early. information about the foundations of mathematics / D. Repin, D. V. Nyusom; per. Z. L. Voropakhovsky. - M.: Knowledge, 1972. - 45, p. - (New in life, science, technology. Mathematics. Cybernetics).
	Ackoff, R. L. Idealized Design: How To Prevent Tomorrow's Crisis Today. Creating the future of the organization / R. L. Akoff, D. Magidson, G. D. Edison; per. from English. F. P. Tarasenko. - D .: Balance Business Books, 2007. - 265 p.
	Kolasov, P. K. Psychology of management / P. K. Kolasov, A. D. Livnetsky, I. M. Kirova [and others]; ed. D. S. Protasova. - 5th ed. - X .: Humanitarian. center, 2007. - 510 p.
	History of the Middle Ages [Text]: textbook / ed. Kh. I. Irodova. - ed. 4th, add. - M.: Higher. school, 2015. - 520 p. : ill., tab. Number and thought [Text]: [collection]. Issue. 9 / [ed.: L. I. Borodkin and I. N. Kiselev]. - M.: Knowledge, 1986. - 174, p. - (Knowledge).
Multi-volume document	Kon, D. E. Programming and its art [Text] = The art of computer programming: in 3 volumes / D. E. Kon; ed. O. V. Kozachko. - M.: Higher. school, 2003. Vol. 2: Search for information / D. E. Kohn; [per. from English. Zh. N. Korbko] - 3rd ed. - M.: Higher. school, 2003. - 622 p. : tables, schemes Pukhnachev, Yu. V. Learn to apply mathematics [Text]: (Mathematics without formulas). Issue. 1 / Yu. V. Pukhnachev, Yu. V. Popov. - M.: Knowledge, 1977. - 142, p. -( People's University. Faculty of Natural Sciences).
Dictionaries	Dictionary English-Russian Russian-English [Text] = English-Russian Dictionary: / [compiled by: O. V. Dmitriev, G. V. Stepenko]; [under common ed. V. T. Busela]. - TO. ; M. : Perun, 1996. - 481 p. Geography: dictionary / [ed.-comp. Tsepin R. L.]. - St. Petersburg. : Khalimon, 2002. - 175, p.
Articles	Glazyrin, V. The synergy effect of the architect Topuz / V. Glazyrin, I. Novokhatsky, M. Rudkova // Passage. - 2003. - No. 3. - S. 86 - 88. Arsenyeva, T. Tourists want to see in Odessa ... museums! / T. Arsenyeva // Vech. Odessa. - 2013. - 6 April.
Dissertations	Ivanov, U. P. Young stars solar mass: dis. ... Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences: 12.05.01 / Ivanov Petr Grigorievich. - M., 2001. - 255 p.
Materials of conferences, congresses	Computational mechanics and structural strength and their problems: Sat. scientific works / scientific ed. V. I. Mossakovsky. - M.: Proc. book, 1999. - 215 p.
Atlases	Cuerda X. Atlas of Botany / José Cuerda; per. from Spanish V. I. Shavkun. - M.: Knowledge, 2002. - 98 p. Anatomy of memory: an atlas of diagrams and drawings: a guide for students and doctors / K. B. Antonov, Z. G. Uvar, D. O. Stepnoy. - 2nd ed., add. - M .: Thresholds, 1998. - 125 p.
Electronic resources	Churko O.P. History lessons in 7th grade. [Electron. resource] / O. P. Churko, B. G. Urazov, G. S. Borovin. - 1999. - 43 p.

The table shows examples of bibliographic descriptions of books and documents that are used in compiling bibliographic lists.

The choice of topic and a well-written bibliography is the key to successful work. The bibliography must necessarily include articles from scientific journals. The study of bibliography broadens the horizons of students, teaches them to work with a book, instills the skills of scientific research.

When compiling a bibliography, the following should be used:

Lists of literature on relevant topics indicated in the course program;

Special bibliographic editions;

The compiled bibliographic list should be must be agreed with the manager.

The task of the teacher:

Supplement the list with the most relevant research and articles;

Limit the list within reasonable limits;

Show the student in what order to study literature;

Give the direction of work on the topic and indicate what issues should be paid attention to when reading the literature.

The teacher should not limit the independent work of the student in the search for sources, at the same time he should help him "not to drown" in the abundance of information.

The teacher should introduce students to various concepts, and not just the one that he shares, leaving him the right to choose own position which arises on the basis of creative comprehension of the material.

STUDYING LITERATURE AND PLANNING (TABLE OF CONTENTS)

Studying the literature and drawing up a plan (table of contents) of the WRC is a very laborious and longest stage of work. To speed up this process, the student should familiarize himself with the relevant topic in the program of this course: read the chapters of the textbook, lecture notes and notes for seminars on it.

STRUCTURE AND CONTENT OF THE FINAL QUALIFICATION WORK

The structural elements of the final qualification work are: title page, table of contents, introduction, main part, conclusion, bibliographic list, applications.

The sequence and approximate scope of the main structural elements of the WRC are given in Table 1.1. The total volume of the WRC should be 35-40 pages.

Table 1.1.

Sequence and approximate volume of structural elements

The first page of the WRC is title page, containing the following details: the full name of the educational institution, the topic of the thesis, information about the author of the work, information about the leader, consultant, location (city) of the educational institution, the year the work was written.

The delivery and acceptance of the WRC is confirmed by the signatures of the student and the head, admission to the defense - by the signature of the deputy director for educational and production (educational) work on the front side of the title page (Appendix 1).

The next mandatory structural element is an table of contents(Appendix 3).

Introduction- an important part of the WRC, the content of which is subject to clear requirements. The introduction states:

The practical significance in general and the relevance of the topic in modern conditions;

Goals and objectives of the work;

Object of study;

Subject of study;

Object of observation;

Methodological basis;

Main sources of information;

Work structure.

Relevance of the topic substantiated by the analysis of theoretical sources and trends in social development.

Target diploma research is formulated as the study of the features of a process or phenomenon, the definition of its role in the activities of the organization.

Tasks specify the goal and reflect the sequence of research. It is recommended to start the formulation of tasks with the words: analyze..., develop..., generalize..., reveal..., prove..., implement..., show..., work out..., find..., define..., describe..., establish..., recommend... etc. .P.

Object of study is a process or phenomenon that the student has chosen to study. The object of research must exactly correspond to the stated topic and problem of the work.

Subject of study more specifically, it is part of the object of study.

Object of observation- the organization on the materials of which the WRC was made.

Main sources of information- a short list of scientific monographic and journal literature used to write the theoretical and practical parts of the work.

Work structure– a brief description of its constituent elements.

Theoretical part work characterizes the level of theoretical training of students. In it, based on a review of the literature of domestic and foreign authors, regulatory, scientific and methodological and statistical materials the essence of the problem under study is considered. When presenting the material, it is necessary to give definitions (formulations), classifications, characteristics of the main concepts used in the work. The theoretical part of the WRC is given in the first chapter.

Practical part- is analytical, practice-oriented.

In this chapter, the student examines problems in a particular organization using various research methods. When performing this part, it is unacceptable to confine ourselves to stating facts, it is necessary to reveal trends, reveal shortcomings and the reasons that caused them. The chapter ends with specific recommendations for eliminating the shortcomings of the organization's activities.

Chapters consist of paragraphs. You should not burden the work with paragraphs, their maximum number should not exceed 3-4. At the end of each paragraph and each chapter, it is necessary to sum up, that is, draw conclusions, which usually begin with a turnover: “thus ...,” or with the word: “so ...,” etc. Conclusions should be short.

Conclusion – the final section of the work, covering all aspects or performance indicators that are reflected in the main part of the work. The conclusion has the form of a synthesis of the results obtained in the work. This synthesis is a consistent, logically coherent presentation of the conclusions and their correlation with the purpose of the work and the tasks formulated in the introduction. The conclusion reflects the main results of the work done, sets out brief conclusions on the topic of the study, the degree of its disclosure is characterized, it is determined whether the goals and objectives have been achieved, proposals are formulated on the use of the results obtained.

It is in the conclusion that the ability (or inability) of the author of the work to think clearly and present the material is most clearly manifested. In the conclusion, one should not repeat the conclusions that the student made at the end of the paragraphs. It should contain the main final results of the work.

Bibliographic list is an important part of the WRC and should be relevant to the topic. The list includes, as a rule, not only those sources to which there are references in the work, but also those that were additionally studied in the study of the topic of the work.

AT application they place auxiliary material, which, when included in the main part, either clutters up the text or makes it difficult to understand the work. Applications can be:

Tables of digital data;

Working papers (or extracts from them);

Illustrations, diagrams, photographs and other supporting documents;

Large format tables and figures (occupying a whole page or more).

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federal state budgetary educational institution higher professional education

"Transbaikal State University"

Faculty of Culture and Arts

COURSE WORK

in the discipline "Bibliographic activity of the library"

Subject: Bibliographic aids: methodology and organization of compilation

Completed by: Timofeeva V.A.

Checked by: L.D. Titareva

Chita - 2014

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 2

2.1 Analytical sub-step

2.2 Synthetic substep

2.3 The final stage of compiling bibliographic aids

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

The most common way of existence of bibliographic information is the bibliographic manual. It is a list of bibliographic records.

Types of bibliographic aids are different:

Bibliographic publication (non-periodic, serial, periodical, ongoing);

Bibliographic card index, catalogue.

The bibliographic manual can be published in a typographical way, handwritten, machine-readable.

In turn, bibliographic publications are divided into:

Bibliographic lists (a manual with a simple structure);

Bibliographic indexes (a manual with a complex structure, assuming the presence of auxiliary indexes, a preface, a table of contents, a list of abbreviations, etc.);

Bibliographic reviews.

Compiling an index (list, review) is one of the major areas in the activities of libraries for bibliography of documents.

Bibliographers should always focus on questions methodological support processes for creating bibliographic aids. The bibliographer must have a clear understanding, first of all, of common methods bibliography, which are necessary for compiling any bibliographic manual. This general methodology forms a kind of model that reveals and ensures the practical implementation of the most essential and typical features of the bibliographic manual being created.

However, in order to finally “bring” the manual to the desired level, to ensure compliance with all the requirements for it, specific bibliographic techniques are needed, the choice of which is determined by the topic of the manual, its type (scientific auxiliary or advisory; universal or thematic, etc.) . This is already a private method of bibliography.

Thus, the topic of the course work is relevant.

The purpose of the course work is to study the methodology for compiling bibliographic aids.

The purpose of the course work defines the following tasks:

1. Consider the essence of the preparatory stage of compiling bibliographic aids;

2. Consider the essence of the main stage of compiling bibliographic aids;

3. Consider the essence of the final stage of compiling bibliographic aids.

The object of the research is bibliographic aids.

The subject of the research is the compilation of bibliographic aids.

The structure of the course work: Course work consists of introduction, two chapters, conclusion, bibliography.

CHAPTER1. PREPARATORY STAGEBIBLIOGRAPHICALBENEFITS

Compilation of bibliographic aids is one of the most important activities of libraries in bibliography of documents. The volume of work on compiling bibliographic aids is directly dependent on the typological features of the library. The larger the library, the more diverse and large-scale its activities in this direction.

The work on compiling bibliographic aids consists of preparatory, basic (analytical and synthetic) and final stages. When creating manuals with a simple structure, individual stages or their constituent links can be omitted or greatly simplified.

The preparatory stage includes the choice and study of the topic, the development of a plan-prospect, the identification of literature on the topic of the manual.

The choice and study of the topic.

When determining the topic of a future bibliographic manual and including it in a prospective and (or) current plan of compiling work, one must proceed from the fact that the topic must be relevant and socially significant, correspond to the capabilities of the library, the economic and cultural profile of the area it serves, and the bibliographic needs of its readers.

The chosen topic requires mandatory study, the duration of which depends on the complexity of the topic itself, its novelty and documentary support. Preliminary study of the topic of the manual has two aspects.

The first aspect: first of all, the compilers themselves must thoroughly understand the essence of the problems that are raised in the manual, which will help to avoid errors in the selection of documents, their location, and evaluation. To do this, you must first carefully read the main works of leading scientists in this field related to the topic, discussion materials, scientific conferences, modern educational literature. Particular attention should be paid to the terminology used in a given field of science or production, for which it is important to keep special dictionaries and other reference books on hand at all times. It is desirable to compile a short list of the most common terms in the study area with their brief definitions. At this stage, you can involve specialists for consultations. After all, from the quality and depth preliminary study Themes largely depend on the success of all subsequent work.

The second aspect of studying the topic is to determine its bibliographic availability. It is important to know what has already been published on a given topic (here the indexes of bibliographic aids will be invaluable help) or what other libraries are planning to prepare (can be established according to long-term master plans). This is necessary both to take into account and use the experience of bibliography, and to make an objective decision on the legitimacy of publishing this manual.

Drawing up a plan-prospect of benefits.

When the topic has already been sufficiently studied and the compilers are quite freely oriented in the relevant literature, the stage of developing a plan-prospect of the manual begins, which is the main document that regulates all further work of the compilers. The plan-prospect is necessary, first of all, in the preparation of large-scale and complex in structure bibliographic manuals, long periods of work, availability a large number compilers.

The plan-prospect contains the substantiation of the topic, it formulates the ideological concept of the manual, reveals its main task. Particular attention should be paid to a clear definition of the target and readership of the manual.

The target address should be as accurate and specific as possible. An attempt by individual compilers to prepare a manual that would simultaneously pursue the goal of helping science and “everyone interested in this problem” is erroneous, since the solution of such different problems will require different approaches to many bibliographic techniques. Therefore, it is important to clearly establish the purpose for which the manual is published: to help scientific work, professional production activities; education and self-education; agitation and propaganda work; advanced training; for an initial acquaintance with the topic, etc.?

As for the reader's purpose, in some cases it directly follows from the target one. For example, an index to help scientific work is naturally addressed primarily to researchers; to help propaganda activities - primarily ideological cadres. In the event that works of the same subject and the same purpose can be addressed to consumers who differ sharply in training or professional interests, it is necessary to clarify the reader's purpose of the manual - especially recommendatory.

Further, it is necessary to designate the group of readers to whom the manual is oriented. You can most accurately imagine the future consumers of bibliographic aids, based on their age, general education or special training. Therefore, it is advisable to allocate separate allowances, designed, for example, for schoolchildren of two or three adjacent classes. Another group can be made up of manuals for people who do not have sufficient skills in systematic reading of popular and scientific literature, as well as indexes addressed to readers who have or do not have special knowledge.

When pedagogical considerations do not contradict this, it is more expedient to strive to compile recommendatory indexes for a relatively broad readership and, accordingly, with a larger selection of literature.

In accordance with the target and readership of the manual, the plan-prospect establishes the principles for selecting literature, which will be followed by the compilers in the future. Naturally, qualitative selection criteria can only be outlined in the most general form.

The selection depends, first of all, on the thematic boundaries of the manual, which are dictated primarily by the content of the problem reflected by the future index. It is carried out within the established chronological boundaries (within the accounting period). It should be borne in mind that in this case we are not talking about the chronology of events reflected in the literature (this is included in the concept of "thematic boundaries"), but about the years of publication of the literature itself.

The establishment of an accounting period has highest value in the preparation of capital retrospective indexes. The easiest way to set the chronological selection boundaries in the current indexes: they are due to their periodicity. The situation is different when determining the reference period in recommendatory allowances. The main task of the advisory manual is to promote the most valuable and relevant literature. Based on the average aging of information, this should be the literature of the last years of publication. But often expediency dictates the compiler the need to include printed works from earlier years. Therefore, when creating advisory indexes, the accounting period is not set as strictly as, for example, when compiling scientific auxiliary indexes.

The plan-prospect should also define the types of publications that will be included in the manual. It is important to remember that in a scientific auxiliary and especially recommendatory index, limiting the selection to any one type of publication will significantly impoverish the content of the manual.

Separate bibliography of books, journal articles, or other types of printed matter is typical only for general bibliographic aids.

In the prospectus plan, it is also necessary to establish the language boundaries of the selection.

The plan-prospect determines the structure of the bibliographic record: will it consist only of a bibliographic description or will it be accompanied by an annotation and (or) an abstract; what annotations are supposed - reference, advisory; whether reviews of bibliographed documents will be reflected, etc.

The next stage in the development of the prospectus plan is to establish the structure of the future manual, ways of grouping the materials included in it. At this stage, it is necessary to determine the method of grouping materials (systematic, subject, thematic or alphabetical, chronological), and give a list, if not all, then the most important sections, headings and subheadings. And also to determine the composition of the reference apparatus (the presence of auxiliary indexes, applications, introductory article, preface).

The plan-prospect also determines the volume, stages of compiling the manual, the circle of specialists and institutions involved in consultations and reviewing, the team of authors (indicating the responsibilities of each participant in the compilation work), the timing of the discussion of the work, the method of printing, design issues.

At the end of the work, on the basis of the plan-prospect, a preface to the manual is written.

Identification of literature.

This operation refers to the preparatory stage of compiling a bibliographic manual. Its main task is to reveal information about the literature relevant to the topic of the manual with the greatest possible completeness. Its final result is the creation of a working file of bibliographic records that need further study.

Starting to identify the literature, the compiler should determine the range of sources - basic and additional.

The main sources for identifying literature are catalogs and file cabinets of the library, additional sources are publications of sectoral signal information and abstract journals. These are the sources of information that reveal the world's documentary flow in the most complete and multifaceted way.

Of particular importance in this case are the sources of book bibliography in the latest monographs and generalizing works, and especially analytical-synthetic and historiographic reviews. They, as a rule, not only help the compiler to identify the literature (and most often the most significant), but also better navigate its issues and thereby facilitate the final selection.

For these purposes, it is advisable to refer to other, primary in nature, publications - journals, thematic collections, anthologies, anthologies, collected works, etc.

When identifying literature on narrow and new to science problems that are not reflected in the classification schemes, the “snowball” method is very effective, the essence of which is as follows. Taking the most recent publication (for example, an article in scientific journal) on this issue, the compiler writes out all the references contained in it to the works of other authors on the same topic. He then takes those jobs and does the same, repeating the process until the links begin to repeat. This means that all work on this issue has been identified.

Bibliographic sources can be subjected to continuous or selective review. Sources with a formal arrangement of the material (alphabetical, chronological, topographic) - continuous viewing. Sources with a systematic or subject arrangement of the material are selectively examined. The main thing here is to choose the right sections or subject headings that correspond to the topic or are close to it.

In the course of work, compilers must maintain two service file cabinets. One reflects all surveyed (indicating the method of viewing and relevant sections) primary and secondary documentary sources, regardless of whether they are used or not. The initial premise in this case is the very fact of viewing the source. This file gives a visual representation of the entire range of surveyed sources, the level of their study. It is necessary for control, especially when changing the composition of the team of authors. Upon completion of the work, this file will form the basis of the "List of Viewed Sources", which accompanies many literature indexes and gives the reader an idea of his information base.

Another working file includes descriptions of printed works identified during the review. It is organized differently: the cards are arranged in the general alphabet of authors or titles, which is very important when examining additional sources, when each document corresponding to the topic is fixed on the card only after finding out if it has already been identified earlier. Thus, duplication of bibliographic records is prevented. There is another way to organize a working card index - according to the main sections of the future manual. Both methods are used in bibliographic practice.

CHAPTER 2. BASICSTAGEDRAFTINGBIBLIOGRAPHICALBENEFITS

2.1 Analytical sub-stage

After identifying the material on the topic of the manual being compiled (in some cases, simultaneously with the identification), bibliographers analyze it, which involves several operations that are closely related to each other and are performed in parallel or sequentially:

General bibliographic analysis of documents;

Compilation of bibliographic descriptions;

Annotation or abstract bibliographer. allowances;

Indexing, objectization;

Finalization of the bibliographic record.

In other words, the analytical sub-stage of bibliography is a set of operations for collapsing information in the documents selected for this manual in order to include the maximum possible number of information about these documents in a given volume.

General bibliographic analysis of documents

This is the initial operation of the analytical sub-stage, during which the compiler gets acquainted with the content and form of the document: reveals the ideological positions of the author, the main and accompanying themes of the bibliographed work, its structure, social (scientific, ideological and cultural) significance, typological, genre and style features, target and readership, the level of artistic design and printing performance. A general bibliographic analysis of documents is organized as follows.

Analysis of the document itself includes: familiarization with the title page, publisher's data and abstract, table of contents, preface and (or) introductory article, notes, comments and in necessary cases selective reading of the text of the work.

Compilation of bibliographic descriptions

Strictly speaking, at the analytical sub-stage, in most cases, the bibliographic description is not compiled, but refined, since the description of many documents is borrowed from the main and additional bibliographic sources. The compiler must check them with the original. None, even the most reputable source, guarantees against inaccuracies. In addition, the bibliographic description taken from old sources does not meet modern requirements. Finally, the compiler himself may make mistakes in the course of reviewing the sources. For the first time, bibliographic descriptions are compiled for works identified through a continuous review of magazines, collections and other publications.

The bibliographic description must comply with the latest GOSTs.

Annotation

The bibliographic description is a rather passive form of the general characteristics of the document and does not give a clear idea of the content of the work, its nature, the subject of the study. Additional information is needed to expand and deepen the characteristics of the document. An annotation solves this problem.

Annotation, this a brief description of document, its part or group of documents in terms of purpose, content, form and other features. First of all, the annotation is necessary in the recommendatory bibliographic manuals. The nature, content, volume of the annotation depend on the type, readership and intended purpose, the structure of the manual being prepared, and the subject matter of the annotated documents. Compilers should avoid borrowing ready-made annotations from other manuals, an annotated card, since the content of the annotations in them was dictated by other goals. In addition, in each specific bibliographic manual, the annotations must be kept in a certain key.

The abstract is intended to complement the title if it is not informative enough. It may contain the following information: references to new facts, phenomena, experiments, methods set forth in the work; about the time to which the described events relate; about the availability of tables, graphs and other applications.

Annotations are differentiated on a variety of grounds. Most general classification annotations are carried out according to the functional purpose and according to the method of characterizing the annotated documents.

According to their functional purpose, annotations are divided into reference and advisory Abstract and annotation: General requirements [Text]: GOST 7.9-95. - Instead of GOST.7.9-77; input. 1997-07-01. - Minsk: Mezhgos. council for standardization, metrology and certification; M. : Publishing house of standards, 1996. - 7 p. - (System of standards on information, librarianship and publishing)..

The reference abstract specifies the title of the work and (or) provides additional (mainly factual) information about the author, as well as about the form, content, genre, purpose and other features of the document that are not in the bibliographic description.

Reference annotations should be as concise as possible. Performing clarifying functions in relation to the bibliographic description, they do not require a detailed description of the annotated document. Such annotations are especially widely used in scientific auxiliary bibliographic indexes. In recommendatory manuals, they are used mainly in the description of reference, educational and methodical literature, bibliographic manuals, regulations, instructions and other similar documents.

The advisory annotation characterizes and evaluates the document based on the needs, level of training, age and other characteristics of the group of readers to whom this bibliographic manual is addressed. The main task of the recommendatory annotation is to actively promote the best literature, affecting not only the logical, but also the emotional perception of the reader. The recommendatory annotation should provide effective assistance in the study of literature, contribute to the correct organization of systematic, purposeful reading. This is an open assessment of the work, carried out from the standpoint of scientific achievements targeting a specific reader.

Recommendation annotations are placed, first of all, in manuals of popular educational, self-educational purpose. In scientific aids, they are used in cases where it is necessary to characterize the most significant and scientifically valuable documents.

According to the second feature - the method of characterizing documents - annotations are divided into general, analytical and group.

The general annotation characterizes the work as a whole and is used mainly in two cases: to disclose works in their content that are entirely related to the topic of the index (or its section), and for universal aids that are not limited by any content framework (for example, annotations on printed annotated cards) .

The general annotation can contain a wide variety of information (biographical data about the author, about the time and circumstances of writing the work, etc.), but the main thing in it is a description of the ideological and scientific content of the work and its significance for this topic.

An analytical annotation reveals only part of the content of the document and is used in cases where the annotated work relates to the topic of the manual in part. There are two main types of analytical annotations: revealing a certain aspect of the content of the work and highlighting some part of the work - a chapter, a paragraph, a separate statement.

A group annotation combines several documents that are similar in content (or in some other way) and gives them a generalized description that allows them to more economically and accurately, avoiding repetition, show the general and particular in the annotated works. There are three main types of group annotations:

Abstract characterizing several independent works (books or articles) of one or different authors;

An abstract characterizing a number of works united by a single publishing form, for example, a thematic collection, and containing a generalized description of the theme of the collection, as well as a simple listing of its sections or works placed in it, sufficient to disclose the content of the collection;

Annotation for one work, which contains information about other works, one way or another related to the annotated.

The group annotation in its development logically develops into introductory (preliminary) remarks to the sections of the manual, giving the most generalized description and assessment of the content of all the works included in this section. AT last years, especially in the practice of recommendatory bibliography, introductory remarks to sections have become widespread. They usually reveal the essence of the main problems considered in the recommended literature, give guidelines- how, in what sequence to study the topic, what to pay attention to. The presence in the manual of well-developed introductory remarks to sections relieves the compilers of the need to give detailed General characteristics and evaluations in separate annotations, often allows one to confine oneself to brief reference annotations, and in some cases (for example, in manuals for trained readers) to dispense with annotations altogether.

Naturally, both principles of classification (functional purpose and method of characterization) apply to the same annotations.

Table 1 - Two-dimensional typological classification of annotations

A certain type of annotations, indicated in Table. 2 in digits, is formed by combining (intersecting) its main specific features. For example, 1 - reference / general, 3 - reference / group, etc.

1. Reference/general

2. Reference/analytical

a) reveal a certain aspect of the content of the works;

b) characterize a certain part of the work;

3. Reference / group

b) characterize the collection of works;

a) reveal a certain aspect of the content of the works

b) characterize part of the work

c) characterize other works in the text of the abstract.

Thus, annotations are extremely diverse in nature. Taking into account many factors, the bibliographer decides in each specific case which particular abstract is most consistent with the purpose of the manual, the content and meaning of the annotated work. Compiling an annotation is a creative process that requires the bibliographer to have broad general scientific and professional knowledge, erudition, experience, and certain literary abilities and skills. The ability to annotate well comes as a result of hard work to improve the level of professional skill.

In the process of working on manuals, bibliographers formulated a kind of Code of requirements for annotations Bibliographic work in the library: organization and methodology / ed. O. P. Korshunova. - M .: Book Chamber, 1990. - 254 p. Such a code was created, for example, in the Library of the Academy of Sciences. It includes the following provisions: bibliographic manual summarizing literary

1. The abstract should be concise (long annotations are not always read to the end), but at the same time sufficiently specific, with reference, if necessary, to facts, names, dates, etc., quite understandable without rereading. Abstracts should avoid complex subordinate clauses, heavy syntactic turns, long definitions. If the same concept can be defined by a number of synonyms, it is necessary to dwell on the most used one. It is necessary to avoid superfluous words in the annotation, which can be thrown out without prejudice to the meaning. It is also desirable to observe the unity of time and the uniformity of verb forms; annotations should not begin with the preposition "o".

2. The abstract should not repeat the information contained in the title, and paraphrase them.

3. It is desirable for each bibliographic work to adhere to approximately the same amount of annotations and to observe the logical order of the information given, regardless of how they are given in the annotated document.

4. Scientific terminology used in the abstract must be generally accepted, correspond to the current level of knowledge. Little-known and obsolete terms given in the bibliographic description, or terms used only by this author, should be explained.

5. It is necessary to ensure that there are no contradictions or inconsistencies in the systematization annotations. The abstract should justify and confirm the attribution of the work to a specific section of the manual.

Thus, we see that there are many requirements for the annotation. When compiling it, we must remember that the more we provide additional information about the work, the more versatile we will reveal its content. But at the same time, in no case should you replace an annotation that answers the question “what in question in this work”, presentation, retelling of its content. In the text of the annotation, especially the reference text, the words should be cramped, and the thoughts should be spacious.

Bibliographic record

The results of the above analytical bibliographic operations are united by a bibliographic record, the main element of a bibliographic manual. It includes the following elements:

Bibliographic description;

annotation;

Classification index.

The examples of abstracts given above, together with the bibliographic description, are typical examples of bibliographic records.

The correct formatting of a bibliographic entry is great importance. Each of its elements (bibliographic description, annotation, classification indexes, etc.) is placed on a new line. In printed indexes, it is advisable to type descriptions and annotations in different fonts. The records themselves are separated from each other by spaces.

The bibliographic record assumes the number of the document according to the list.

2.2 Synthetic substage

It includes two operations:

Final selection of identified and studied documents;

Grouping bibliographic records.

Selection of documents

Selection is the most important process of bibliography. According to GOST 7.0-99 GOST 7.0-99. Information and bibliographic activity, bibliography. Terms and Definitions. - Input. 07/01/2000 // Library and law: legal. handbook / ed. O. R. Borodin. ? M., 2001. - Issue. ten. ? pp. 307-329. bibliographic selection is "the selection of bibliographic documents in accordance with the intended quality criteria."

The selection of documents for bibliographic aids can be divided into restrictive (formal and substantive) and qualitative. It is important to emphasize that restrictive selection serves as a means of practical implementation of the search and communicative, and qualitative selection serves as an evaluative function of bibliographic information.

restrictive selection. Formal restrictions in the selection can be spatial (library fund or funds of a number of libraries, range of publishing products), formal publishing (type of publication, circulation, volume, method of reproduction, etc.), chronological (recording period, time of writing), territorial, linguistic , copyright, etc. This selection does not affect the content, subject matter of documents. In real bibliographic practice, formal features of selection are often used in various combinations.

Quality selection. In the process of such selection, documents that do not correspond to the specific target and readership of the index are subject to exclusion. Qualitative selection is characteristic of both recommendatory and auxiliary scientific bibliography.

Qualitative selection is the most difficult process. The bibliographer needs not only to thoroughly know the topic of the manual and the available literature on it, but also to be able to carry out comparative analysis the scientific or artistic value of works related to the subject, take into account the level of training, the specifics of perception and the peculiarities of the psychology of various groups of consumers of information to whom this or that index is intended.

It should be emphasized that in bibliographic practice, the types of selection described above are often combined with each other: formal, substantive and qualitative selection criteria can be used simultaneously in one manual. At the same time, one of them is the main, leading, others - additional, accompanying.

Grouping bibliographic records

The second process of the synthetic substage of bibliography is the grouping of bibliographic records. It helps readers to better navigate the manual, quickly find the necessary materials, see the relationship between them, and in some cases suggests the order, sequence of acquaintance with printed works.

There are three main types of grouping:

The main purpose of formal grouping is to provide a search for specific documents by their external features.

Formal grouping has a number of varieties:

Arrangement in the alphabet of the titles of documents or the names of their authors

By type of publications (books, articles)

Place of publication or storage

For the format

According to the chronology of publication or writing of works,

By language

By publishing organizations, institutions, etc.

A meaningful grouping, unlike a formal one, cannot be based only on bibliographic descriptions, since the data on documents included in them often do not reveal their subject matter. Here the bibliographer needs to directly refer to the text of the documents or to the annotations. Since the same work, as a rule, is often devoted to a number of topics, it becomes necessary either to duplicate its description in different sections of the manual, or to use references.

systematic,

thematic,

Subject.

With a systematic grouping, the material is arranged according to some classification scheme. In universal benefits, LBCs are most often used.

The systematic grouping is distinguished by logic, consistency, visibility and at the same time stability. Thus, in the "Book chronicle" the names of sections, the order of their arrangement, the subordination of headings remain unchanged in all issues of the annual set.

The thematic grouping is close to systematic, but it is characterized by greater mobility, less rigid internal structure. This means that with the thematic arrangement of the names of sections and subsections, their sequence, the degree of fragmentation of divisions may be different in manuals on the same or similar topic. Thematic grouping is most often used in complex or problematic bibliographic indexes that reflect the literature on one or more branches of knowledge.

With subject grouping, bibliographic records are grouped under subject headings, and the headings themselves are arranged in the alphabet of their names. The advantage of this method of arrangement is that it allows you to quickly find materials on specific narrow issues. Used in abstract journals.

Its pedagogical orientation is quite obvious. The recommendatory grouping is expedient in manuals addressed to both unprepared and qualified readers, including specialists.

Depending on the internal structure of the manual, a simple and complex grouping is distinguished. With a simple grouping, all records are arranged in any one sequence, and there is no division of the material into sections and subsections. This arrangement is used in small manuals reflecting a limited number of documents ( short lists literature, reading plans, conversations about books, memos, etc.).

A complex grouping provides for the distribution of descriptions into sections, divisions, headings and subheadings, and within each last division, the material is also arranged in a certain, pre-selected sequence (in the alphabet of the names of authors or titles, chronology of the publication, by types of literature, in a logical sequence - from the general to the particular, from the simple to the complex, etc.). Typical examples of manuals with a complex structure are, for example, the current state bibliographic indexes (“Chronicle of Newspaper Articles”).

2.3 Wfinal stage compositionbibliographic aids

The final stage of bibliography includes:

Preparation of a help desk

Editing,

Preparation of a bibliographic guide.

Help desk preparation

The help desk includes:

Foreword

Introductory (introductory) article,

Auxiliary pointers,

Applications,

Methodological advice.

The preface, which should open any, even a relatively small manual (the plan-prospect serves as the basis for it), contains information about the main tasks of the manual, the significance of this topic. It gives a description of the target and reader's purpose of the manual, provides information about the literature reflected in it (according to various parameters), explains general principle grouping of material (in this case, the sections are not listed, the table of contents serves this purpose), the location of the records within the last divisions is reported. If this sequence is different in different sections, then this is stipulated in the preface.

When characterizing annotations, one should show their role in familiarizing readers with documents, name the types of annotations used in this manual. It is not enough just to list the available auxiliary indicators; the reader's attention must be drawn to the features of their construction and the possibilities of practical use. The preface must indicate the upper chronological limit of the selection of material (year, month, day).

In periodical and continuing bibliographic manuals, as well as in indexes published in series, the preface is usually placed only in the first issue.

Introductory article. Large recommendatory and retrospective scientific aids, in addition to the preface, sometimes open with an introductory (introductory) article. It is a more or less detailed overview of the main literature on the topic of the manual. Writing an introductory article requires a deep knowledge of the essence of the topic of the manual and bibliographic literature. Therefore, scientific editors, consultants and other specialists in this field of knowledge are usually involved in the work on it.

Auxiliary pointers. The complex structure of the manual provides a multifaceted disclosure of bibliographic objects in terms of their content, significance, and formal features. However, even the most perfect grouping does not provide answers to all questions with which readers turn to this or that bibliographic manual. This disadvantage of any grouping can be overcome by auxiliary indexes, which are part of the bibliographic manual, reflecting information about printed works in a different context than in the main text of the manual, with reference to the corresponding bibliographic records.

The name index is traditional and very common. Sometimes it includes the titles of all reflected works (both copyright and collective). Such indexes are especially important in reference bibliographic manuals. Name indexes often contain information about the compilers, editors, translators, illustrators and other persons who took part in the creation of works. In some cases, they reflect the names of persons characterized or mentioned in the bibliographed literature (reflection on the so-called "personal" basis). At the same time, personal headings should be highlighted (enclosing reference numbers in brackets, clarifications such as “about him”, “about her”).

Personal indexes (indexes of personal names) are also compiled as independent ones. In them, it is desirable to provide personal headings with indications of the profession, occupation, distinctions, merits of a particular person.

Auxiliary indexes that reveal the content of documents are more complex in terms of compilation. These include, in particular, subject auxiliary indexes. Naturally, bibliographic descriptions alone are not enough to create them; one has to turn to annotations and abstracts, as well as directly to the texts of the works.

Subject indexes reveal the content of bibliographic objects in general and in some aspect (contain, for example, geological, botanical, architectural and other terms). A common variety of this kind of “keys” is an auxiliary index of geographical names, widely practiced in regional studies and local lore manuals. It is advisable to accompany the headings of a geographic index with generic characteristics (lake, sea, hill, river, etc.), which are usually given in an abbreviated form (lake, m., elevated, river). The notes to the index give a list of accepted conditional abbreviations. Within geographic headings, it is also desirable to highlight thematic subheadings. This allows you to quickly find materials not only about specific objects, but also about certain aspects of their development and current state.

The technique for compiling any auxiliary index is as follows. The bibliographer carefully looks through the main text of the manual and selects from the entries the concepts corresponding to the type of the index. Each of them is recorded on a separate card, and next to it is the serial number of the entry or the page on which it is placed. Then the cards are selected in a strict alphabet of concepts. The same concepts are transferred to one card indicating all the numbers or pages of the text. Alphabetic separators are allocated in the card index, and it is rewritten on separate sheets in one or two columns. Explanatory notes should be drawn up for the index: about its content, the principle of references to the text, the accepted conditional abbreviations.

Applications. The appendices to bibliographic aids include: lists of viewed sources, lists of conditional abbreviations, additions and advice to the librarian. Unlike auxiliary indexes, appendices do not have a direct (by reference) connection with the main text of the manual.

Lists of viewed sources give an idea of the real base on which documents were identified. They are compiled on the basis of a file of sources, created in the process of identifying materials.

There are two requirements for lists of sources: they must be complete and accurate. The first requirement is that the list must list all sources - not only bibliographic aids, but also catalogs and file cabinets of libraries, periodicals and continuing publications, reference books, book and reference lists that were viewed by the compiler. The second requirement is the accuracy of the descriptions given.

Benefits reflecting a large number of analytical descriptions of articles from journals and ongoing publications should be provided with lists of conditional abbreviations. At the same time, in the bibliographic descriptions, the reference to the source is given in an abbreviated form (for example, DAN - Reports of the Academy of Sciences, BTI - Bureau of Technical Information, etc.), and the list of abbreviations contains the full names of publications. Accepted abbreviations should be maintained throughout the entire text of the manual. Lists of conditional abbreviations of libraries are also accompanied by printed summary catalogs and bulletins, reflecting the receipts in the collections of a number of libraries. The addresses of the libraries are also given here.

In the process of preparing and publishing manuals, new works are published. In this regard, the compilers include information about such documents as special additions. They are placed after the main text and are not included in the general structure of the manual.

Advice to the librarian on the use of manuals should be placed in large universal and thematic recommendatory indexes. Such materials are best given on a separate insert, since they are not intended directly for readers. Advice should be specific, contain not only general recommendations on the possibilities of using the manual in individual and mass work with readers, but also developments for holding certain events (for example, exhibition schemes, materials for readers' conferences, bibliographic reviews, conversations about books, etc.). . P.).

Questionnaires and survey forms for readers' opinions about this manual, which are part of the appendices, should include a relatively small list of questions. It will be easy for readers to answer them. Questionnaires are also placed on a special insert: readers, after completing the questionnaire, can send it or give it directly to the library staff conducting the survey.

Editing

Work on the manual ends with its editing and design. There are scientific-bibliographic, literary and technical-bibliographic editing.

The first is carried out during the entire work on the manual, and the second and third - after its completion.

The role of scientific editors is usually played by highly qualified specialists (employees of research institutions, university professors, etc.). The editor takes an active part in the discussion of the plan-prospect of the manual and then assists the bibliographer. He must check whether the selection of material was made correctly, how fully the topic is disclosed in the submitted documents.

The text of the annotations is subjected to scientific editing. The editor must establish how the annotations correspond to their "model" presented in the plan-prospect of the manual, to what extent they reflect the features of the subject of bibliography. The tasks of the scientific editor also include clarifying the question of whether the set of auxiliary indexes is sufficient for the multifaceted use of the manual, how completely the selection of headings for meaningful "keys" (in particular, for the subject index) is carried out.

In the process of literary editing, the entire text of the manual is proofread. At the same time, stylistic errors and inaccuracies, repetitions, unsuccessful expressions, and typos are corrected. In the preface, introductory article, text of annotations and abstracts, text that does not carry useful information. In recommendatory annotations, attention should be paid to overcoming clichés, giving the annotations a varied and lively character that arouses reader interest in the printed works presented in the manual.

Introductory texts to sections, titles of sections, subsections and headings are also subject to literary editing. Care must be taken to ensure that such titles most accurately reflect the content of the documents of the corresponding division. This is especially significant in recommendatory indexes, where compilers often try to give bright, attractive titles to sections.

In the process of technical and bibliographic editing, the uniformity of descriptions and accuracy, their compliance with current standards (for bibliographic description and abbreviation of Russian words and phrases) are checked. It is also clarified whether the order of the entries corresponds to that established in the prospectus plan, whether they are numbered correctly.

Registration

Like any publication, the manual opens with a title page. The surname(s) of the compiler and his initials should be indicated on it or on the back. The title page also contains the title of the index, subtitle (information about the type of manual, reissue, scientific editor, etc.), imprint, and in the supertitle - the name of the institution (library) that prepared the work. Where necessary, countertitles (name of the series and translation of the title into other languages), half titles (to designate the titles of sections and subsections), headers and footers (for headings and subheadings on each page of the main text) are used.

For a set of various structural parts of the manual (foreword, introductory article, main text, auxiliary indexes, etc.), fonts of various sizes are used. Thus, annotations are usually typed over small print than bibliographic descriptions. Serial numbers of entries should be in bold type, annotations should be separated from descriptions by a space and begin with a red line. Different fonts are used for titles of sections, subsections, headings and subheadings. Of essential importance (which is not always taken into account in practice) is the correct design of the table of contents (content): when typing the names of sections, subsections, headings, etc., inserts should be used so that their relationship and internal subordination are clearly visible.

The artistic design of bibliographic aids involves the widespread use of various illustrative materials: photocopies of covers or title pages the most interesting and significant publications, portraits of figures of science, culture, art (in personal indexes and bibliographic dictionaries), maps (in regional studies and local history manuals). At the same time, it is important that the cartographic appendices are not only an addition to the index, but also connected with the main text of the manual with the help of geographical “keys”.

The bright expressive cover decorates the manual and draws the attention of readers to it. This is of particular importance in recommendatory indexes. However, the elements of external design should reveal the main content of the manual, and if it is serial, then it is necessary to adhere to the same principles of artistic design in all issues of the series Compilation of bibliographic aids: method. rec. / YaOUNB im. N. A. Nekrasova, IBO; comp. A.V. Zhuravlev. - Yaroslavl, 2011. - 25 p.

CONCLUSION

Mastering the methodology for compiling bibliographic aids is an urgent task for library specialists. This is due to the reduction in the number of such publications produced by large bibliographic centers and their great role in organizing reading. It should also be noted the limited circulation, insufficient efficiency in the publication of recommendatory bibliographic manuals, local history manuals, indexes on highly specialized topics; fewer bibliographic manuals addressed to specific groups of readers (youth, students of secondary general educational institutions and other categories) began to be created; documents reflected in the bibliographic manuals created by the largest bibliographic centers of the country do not always correspond to the CLS fund; in the bibliographic manuals prepared by the centers of federal and regional subordination, in most cases, local history publications are not reflected; not all library staff are sufficiently trained and have the skills of an analytical approach to the content of bibliographic aids.

...

CONCLUSION

The main results of this work are as follows:

1. The factors that shape the climate and its changes are described.
2. An analysis of some scientific papers devoted to the problem of changing the climate regime has been made.
3. Visual methods for assessing the cyclicity in the course of meteorological elements are briefly characterized, their positive and negative sides are revealed.
4. The importance and significance of this direction in meteorology is shown.

The results obtained are not final, over time they can be supplemented, changed, corrected. In the future, it makes sense to conduct a more detailed study of this issue, it would be advisable to include the opinions of other authors. scientific papers dedicated to the problems of climate change.

REFERENCES

1. Afanasiev A.N. Fluctuations in the hydrometeorological regime on the territory of the USSR. M.: Nauka, 1967. 423 p.
2. Vereshchagin M.A., Perevedentsev Yu.P.,. Shantalinsky K.M., Tudry V.D., Batrshina S.F., Lysaya A.I. On some results of studying the secular course and interannual variability of the global thermal regime in the second half of the 19th and 20th centuries // Meteorology at the turn of the century: results and development prospects. Tez. report Vseross. scientific conf. Perm, 2000, pp. 33-34.
3. Drozdov O.A. Arapov P.P., Lugina K.M., Mosolova G.I. On the peculiarities of the climate during the warming of the last centuries // Tez. report Vseross. scientific conf. Kazan, 2000. S. 24-26.
4. Karol I.L. Introduction to the dynamics of the Earth's climate. L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1988. 215 p.
5. Mazurov G.I., Vishnyakova T.V., Akselevich V.I. Is the Earth's climate changing? // Materials of the International. scientific and practical. conf. Perm, 2002, pp. 57-60.
6. Perevedentsev Yu.P., Vereshchagin M.A., Shantalinsky K.M. Variability of air temperature and wind speed in the east of TXH in the period 1966 - 1990 // Meteorology at the turn of the century: results and development prospects. Tez. report Vseross. scientific conf. Perm, 2000. S. 35-36.
7. Urmanova A.G., Naumov E.P., Nikolaev A.A., Perevedentsev Yu.P., Vereshchagin M.A., Shantalinsky K.M. Manifestations modern warming climate of the Earth in the territory of Tatarstan. // Collection of scientific. works. Kazan, 1998, pp. 111-132.

December 17, 2003 at 14.00 in the Moscow Kremlin Museums held a press conference dedicated to the opening of the exhibition " Russia-Britain.

To the 450th Anniversary of the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations”, and in 2014 the UK and Russia celebrated the Year of Culture, aimed at developing rich and diverse cultural relations between both countries. They promote cultural exchange, increase the flow of ideas and develop closer relationships between people, institutions and governments.

The scale of the program is developed through art, education, language, sports and science and testifies to the ambition and desire of both countries to cooperate.

Russian kitchen has come a long way in its development. On this path there were periods of formation, improvement and flourishing of Russian cuisine, but there were also periods of decline; there were bright original finds, successful borrowings, but there were also losses.

A heavy mark in the history of Russia and in Russian cuisine was left by the years of revolution, war, perestroika.

Now a renaissance is coming in Russian cuisine - there is no shortage of either products, or spices, or drinks. But as before, the Russian table is notable for its abundance, and the Russian house for its hospitality.

For centuries, along with original dishes, dishes borrowed from neighbors coexisted. It is believed that yeast dough came to us from the Scythians, and from the Greek colonies of the Black Sea; rice, buckwheat, spices, wines - from Byzantium; tea, lemons, dumplings - from eastern neighbors; borscht and cabbage rolls are Slavic dishes that came from the west.

Once on Russian soil, foreign dishes assimilated with Russian culinary traditions. The desire to cleanse Russian cuisine from foreign influences, as an attempt to cleanse the Russian language from words of foreign origin.

The dispute about the purity of Russian national traditions and the purity of the Russian language has long roots.

In the 18th century, Russian writers V.K. Trediakovsky and A.P. Sumarokov met with indignation the appearance in the Russian language of the word " soup". Sumarokov wrote: It seems brainless, the Russian language is stupid: is the stew tasty, or is the soup tasty?».

Time has passed and no one objects to the soup, but new, later borrowings raise objections, for example, “ cocktails". Of course, you can replace the word " cocktail" on the " dessert drink". But they have already got used to the word, fell in love and made it their own.

The question of foreign influences and borrowings has been and remains the most controversial one in Russian history in general, and in the history of Russian cuisine in particular. " Russian cuisine is an open culture, a kind and courageous culture that accepts everything and creatively comprehends everything.”, Academician Likhachev said so clearly and aptly at the time.

Thanks to this borrowing, there is an exchange of experience and mutual enrichment of cultures of different peoples.

Bibliographic list

1. 100 best dishes of traditional Russian cuisine / Comp. G. S. VYDREVICH. - M.: Eksmo; SPb.: Tertsiya, 2007.-64 p.

2. Labutina T.L. British culture in Russia in the 18th century:
perception, borrowing and rejection [Electronic resource].

3. National cuisine of Britain and its traditions. [Electronic resource].

4. Organization and design of research activities / KKIDPPO. – Krasnodar, 2014

5. Shakhnazarov. A.A. Methods for the formation of cross-cultural competence in the process of research learning foreign language/ A.A. Shakhnazarova // Electronic scientific publication (scientific and pedagogical online journal). - M., 2012