K4. Determination of one's own opinion on the problem. Argumentation of your position. Argumentation of one's own position Argumentation of one's own position

1) Let's imagine people who start building a house in the morning, and the next day, without finishing what they started, they start building a new house. Nothing but bewilderment, such a picture can cause. But after all, this is exactly what people do who reject the experience of their ancestors and, as it were, begin to build their “house” anew.

2) A person who looks into the distance from a mountain can see more. Similarly, a person who relies on the experience of his predecessors sees much further, and his path to the truth becomes shorter.

3) When people mock their ancestors, their worldview, their philosophy, customs, they are preparing themselves for the same fate. Descendants will grow up and they will laugh at their fathers. But progress lies not in the rejection of the old, but in the creation of the new.

4) The arrogant footman Yasha from A. Chekhov's play "The Cherry Orchard" does not remember his mother and dreams of leaving for Paris as soon as possible. He is the living embodiment of unconsciousness.

5) Ch. Aitmatov in the novel "Stormy Station" tells the legend of the mankurts. Mankurts are people forcibly deprived of memory. One of them kills his mother, who tried to wrest her son from the captivity of unconsciousness. And over the steppe sounds her desperate cry: “Remember your name!”

6) Bazarov, who scorns the "old men", denies their moral principles, dies from a trifling scratch. And this dramatic finale shows the lifelessness of those who have broken away from the "soil", from the traditions of their people.

7) The conquerors of antiquity burned books and destroyed monuments in order to deprive the people of historical memory.

8) At one time, the futurists put forward the slogan "Throw Pushkin off the ship of modernity." But it is not possible to create in emptiness. It is no coincidence that in the work of the mature Mayakovsky there is a living connection with the traditions of Russian classical poetry.

9) During the Great Patriotic War, the film "Alexander Nevsky" was shot so that the Soviet people would have spiritual sons, a sense of unity with the "heroes" of the past.

10) The outstanding physicist M. Curie refused to patent her discovery, declared that it belongs to all mankind. She said that she could not have discovered radioactivity without great predecessors.

11) Tsar Peter 1 knew how to look far ahead, knowing that future generations would reap the fruits of his efforts. Once Peter, planting acorns, noticed. how one of the nobles present at the same time smiled skeptically. The enraged king said, “I understand! YOU think that I will not live to see mature oaks. Truth! But you are a fool; I leave an example for others to do the same, and the descendants eventually built ships from them. I’m not working for myself, it’s good for the state in the future.”

12) When parents do not understand the aspirations of their children, do not understand their life goals, this often leads to an insoluble conflict. Anna Korvin-Krukovskaya, sister of the famous mathematician S. Kovalevskaya, in her youth successfully studied literary creativity. Once she received a favorable review from F. M. Dostoevsky, who offered her cooperation in his journal. When Anna's father found out that his unmarried daughter was corresponding with a man, he was furious.

“Today you sell your stories, and then you start selling yourself!” he pounced on the girl.

13) Great Patriotic War a bleeding wound will forever disturb the heart of every person. The blockade of Leningrad, in which hundreds of thousands of people died of hunger and cold, has become one of the most dramatic pages in our history. An elderly resident of Germany, feeling the guilt of her people before the dead, left a will to transfer her monetary inheritance to the needs of the Piskarevsky memorial cemetery in St. Petersburg.

14) Very often children are ashamed of their parents, who seem to them ridiculous, outdated, backward. Once, in front of a merry crowd, a wandering jester began to ridicule the young ruler of a small Italian town because his mother was a simple laundress. And what did the angry lord do? He ordered to kill his mother! Of course, such an act of a young monster will cause natural indignation in every normal person. But let's look inside ourselves: how often have we experienced feelings of embarrassment, annoyance and annoyance when our parents allowed themselves to express their opinions in front of our peers?

15) No wonder time is called the best judge. The Athenians, not understanding the greatness of the truths discovered by Socrates, condemned him to death. But very little time passed, and people realized that they had killed a person who stood above them in spiritual development. The judges who passed the death sentence were expelled from the city, and a bronze monument was erected to the philosopher. And now the name of Socrates has become the embodiment of man's restless desire for truth, for knowledge.

16) Once one sailor, who was baking the whole crew with his playful tricks, was washed away by a wave into the sea. He was surrounded by a flock of sharks. The ship quickly moved aside, there was nowhere to wait for help. Then the sailor, a convinced atheist, remembered a picture from his childhood: his grandmother was praying at the icon. He began to repeat her words, invoking God. A miracle happened: the sharks did not touch him, and four hours later, noticing the loss of the sailor, the ship returned for him. After the voyage, the sailor asked the old woman's forgiveness for making fun of her faith as a child.

17) When in 1712 Tsarevich Alexei returned from abroad, where he spent about three years, Father Peter 1 asked him if he had forgotten what he had studied, and immediately ordered to bring the drawings. Alexey, fearing that his father would force him to make a drawing in his presence, decided to avoid the exam in the most cowardly way. He "intentioned to spoil himself right hand with a shot in the palm. He did not have enough determination to seriously fulfill his intention, and the matter was limited to a burn of his hand. The simulation nevertheless saved the prince from the exam.

18) A Persian legend tells of an arrogant sultan who, while hunting, left his servants and, getting lost, came across a shepherd's hut. Exhausted by thirst, he asked for a drink. The shepherd poured water into a jug and gave it to the lord. But the sultan, seeing the nondescript vessel, knocked it out of the hands of the shepherd and angrily exclaimed:

I never drank from such vile jugs - The broken vessel said:

Ah, the Sultan! In vain you abhor me! I am your great-grandfather, and I was once, like you, a sultan. When I died, I was buried in a magnificent tomb, but time turned me into dust that mixed with clay. The potter, having dug out that clay, made many pots and vessels from it. Therefore, my lord, do not despise the simple earth from which you came and into which you will one day become.

The third lesson of the course is devoted to argumentation and its practical features. But before we move on to the main material, let's talk a little about why in general from the position critical thinking it is necessary to be able to argue your opinion, and also to trust only reasoned opinions.

What is argumentation and why is it important

The term "argumentation" comes from the Latin word "argumentatio", which means "bringing arguments". This means that we give any arguments (arguments) in order to arouse confidence or sympathy for the thesis, hypothesis or statement put forward by us. The complex of such arguments is the argumentation.

The task of argumentation- make sure that the addressee accepts the theory put forward by the author. And by and large, argumentation can be called an interdisciplinary study of conclusions as a result of logical reasoning. Argumentation takes place in the scientific, and in everyday life, and in the legal, and in the political spheres; always used in conversations, dialogues, persuasion, etc.

The ultimate goal of argumentation consists in persuading the audience of the truth of any situation, inclining people to accept the author's point of view, prompting reflection or action.

Argumentation is a phenomenon of a historical nature, and it changes over time. For its expression language tools, such as spoken or written statements. These statements, their interrelationships and influence on a person are studied by the theory of argumentation.

Argumentation is a purposeful activity, and it can either strengthen or weaken someone's beliefs. It is also a social activity, because when a person argues his position, he influences those with whom he contacts. This implies a dialogue and an active reaction of the opposite side to evidence and evidence. In addition, the adequacy of the interlocutor is assumed, and his ability to rationally weigh the arguments, accept or challenge them.

It is thanks to argumentation that a person can clearly explain his point of view to someone, confirm its truth with strong arguments, and eliminate misunderstanding. Competently reasoned judgments minimize doubts, speak about the veracity and seriousness of the put forward hypotheses, assumptions and statements. In addition, if a person is able to make strong arguments in his favor, this is an indicator that he has more than once critically evaluated all the information he has.

For the same reason, it is worth trusting only those information that can be adequately argued. This will mean that they are verified, proven and true (or at least an attempt was made to do so). Actually, this is the goal of critical thinking - to question something in order to find confirming or refuting facts.

From all that has been said above, we can conclude that argumentation is the most correct and open way to influence the opinions and decisions of other people. Naturally, in order for teaching critical thinking to give a result, and for argumentation to be effective, it is necessary to know not only its theoretical, but also its practical foundations. We will continue with them.

Practical foundations of argumentation: structure, basic rules, criteria for evaluating arguments

The scope of the concept of "argumentation" is very deep. Given that this is perhaps the most difficult of the stages of persuasion, it requires a person to have knowledge and possession of the material, endurance and skill, assertiveness and correctness of statements. At the same time, it must be remembered that the author of the arguments always depends on his interlocutor, because the latter will decide whether the arguments are acceptable to him or not.

The argument has its own structure. It looks like this:

Proposing a thesis - the formulation of one's position, proposal or opinion
Bringing arguments - this includes evidence, evidence and arguments through which the author substantiates his position (arguments should explain why the interlocutor should believe or agree with you)
Demonstration - meaning the demonstration of the relationship of the thesis with the arguments (it is at this stage that conviction is achieved)

With the help of argumentation, you can partially or completely change the opinion and point of view of the interlocutor. However, to be successful, you need to follow a few important rules:

You need to operate with convincing, precise, clear and simple concepts
The information must be truthful (if the reliability of the data is not established, then you do not need to use them until everything has been verified)
In the process of conversation, you need to select a certain pace and specific methods of argumentation, based on the characteristics of your character and temperament.
All arguments must be valid; no personal attacks are allowed
It is recommended to refrain from using non-business statements that make it difficult to understand the information; it is better to operate with visual arguments; when covering negative information, its source must be indicated without fail

For a person who is well acquainted with what he is talking about, it will not be difficult to find good arguments. But most often, if there is a task to convince your interlocutor, it is better to stock up on convincing arguments in advance. For example, you can sketch a list of them, and then analyze and determine the most effective ones. But here you should know how to identify strong and weak arguments. This is done using the criteria for their evaluation:

Effective arguments are always based on facts. Based on this, from a list compiled in advance, you can immediately discard information that cannot be supported by facts.
Effective arguments are always directly related to the subject of discussion. All other arguments must be excluded.
Effective arguments are always relevant to the interlocutor. For this reason, it is necessary to find out in advance what interest the arguments will be for the addressee.

If you are sure that your arguments meet the proposed criteria, you can proceed directly to the argument. Based on this, the development of critical thinking involves the development of the main methods of argumentation.

Basic argumentation methods

Argumentation theory proposes to use a lot of argumentation methods. We will talk about the most effective of them from our point of view. They are suitable for both business and everyday communication.

fundamental method

The meaning of the method is to directly address the person to whom you want to acquaint the facts that represent the basis of your conclusions.

Highest value here has numerical and statistical information that serves as an ideal background to support the arguments. Unlike verbal (and often controversial) data, numbers and statistics are much more convincing and objective.

But one should not be too zealous in applying such information. Too many digits are tiring, and arguments lose their effect. It is also important that incorrect data can mislead the listener.

EXAMPLE: A university teacher gives statistics about first-year students. Based on it, 50% of female students gave birth to children. The figure is impressive, but in reality it turns out that in the first year there were only two girls, and only one gave birth.

Ignore method

Most often, ignoring is used in disputes, disputes and conversations. The point is, if you can't disprove a fact your opponent is offering you, you can successfully ignore its meaning and value. When you see that a person attaches importance to something that, in your opinion, is not of particular importance, you simply fix it and let it pass by.

contradiction method

For the most part, this method can be called defensive. Its basis is to identify contradictions in the opponent's reasoning and focus attention on them. As a result, if his arguments are unfounded, you will easily win.

EXAMPLE (the dispute between Pigasov and Rudnev on the topic of the existence of beliefs, described by I. S. Turgenev):

"- Perfectly! Rudin said. “So, in your opinion, there are no convictions?”

- No, it doesn't exist.

- Is that your belief?

How can you say they don't exist. Here's one for you, for the first time. Everyone in the room smiled and looked at each other.

"Yes, but" method

The presented method gives the best results when the opponent is biased towards the topic of the conversation. Considering that objects, phenomena and processes have both positive and negative sides, this method provides an opportunity to see and discuss alternative ways to solve a problem.

EXAMPLE: “Like you, I am well aware of all the benefits you have listed. However, you did not take into account some shortcomings ... ”(Further on, the one-sided opinion of the interlocutor is consistently supplemented by arguments from a new position).

Comparison Method

This method is highly efficient, because. makes the author's speech bright and impressive. Also, this method can be called one of the forms of the "drawing conclusions" method. Thanks to him, the argument becomes weighty and explicit. For reinforcement, it is recommended to use well-known analogies with phenomena and objects.

EXAMPLE: "Life in the Arctic Circle can be compared to being in a refrigerator whose door never opens."

Boomerang method

"Boomerang" allows you to use his own "weapon" against the opponent. The method lacks probative power, but despite this, it affects the listener in the most serious way, especially if wit is used.

EXAMPLE: During a speech by V. V. Mayakovsky to the residents of one of the Moscow districts about the solution of problems of an international nature in the USSR, someone from the audience suddenly asked: “Mayakovsky, what nationality are you? You were born in Baghdati, so you are Georgian, right?”.

Mayakovsky looked at this man and saw an elderly worker who sincerely wants to understand the problem and just as sincerely asks his question. For this reason, he kindly replied: "Yes, among Georgians - I am Georgian, among Russians - I am Russian, among Americans - I would be an American, among Germans - I am German."

At the same time, two guys from the front row decided to make fun of: “And among the fools?”.

To this Mayakovsky replied: “And among the fools I am for the first time!”.

Partial argumentation method

One of the most popular methods. Its meaning boils down to the fact that the opponent’s monologue is divided into clearly distinguishable parts using the phrases “this is clearly not true”, “this question can be looked at in different ways”, “this is for sure”, etc.

It is interesting that the well-known thesis serves as the basis of the method: if something dubious or unreliable can always be found in any argument and conclusion, then confident pressure on the interlocutor makes it possible to clarify even the most difficult situation.

EXAMPLE: “Everything you told us about how the treatment facilities theoretically perfectly correct, but in practice it is often necessary to make serious exceptions to the rules ”(The following are reasonable arguments in favor of your position).

Visible Support Method

Refers to the methods for which you need to prepare. You need to use it in situations where you are the opponent, for example, in a dispute. The essence of the method is as follows: suppose the interlocutor voiced his arguments to you about the problem under discussion, and the word goes to you. This is where the trick lies: at the beginning of your argument, you do not express anything in opposition to the words of your opponent; you even bring new arguments in support of it, surprising everyone present with this.

But this is only an illusion, because a counterattack will follow. It goes something like this: “But…. in support of your point of view, you forgot to cite several other facts ... (list these facts), and that's not all, because ... ”(Your arguments and evidence follow).

Your ability to think critically and argue your position will be seriously developed, even if you limit yourself to mastering the above methods. However, if your goal is to achieve professionalism in this area, this will not be enough. To start moving forward, you need to explore other components of the argument. The first of these is the rules of reasoning.

Argumentation rules

The rules of argumentation are quite simple, but each of them differs in a set of its own features. There are four of these rules:

Rule One

Use persuasive, precise, clear and simple terms. Keep in mind that persuasiveness is easily lost if the arguments being made are vague and abstract. Also take into account that in most cases people catch and understand much less than they want to show.

Rule Two

It is advisable to select the method of argumentation and its pace in accordance with the characteristics of your temperament (you can read about the types of temperament). This rule assumes:

Evidence and facts presented individually are more effective than those presented together.
A few (three to five) strongest arguments are more powerful than many average facts.
Argumentation should not take the form of a "heroic" monologue or declaration
With the help of well-placed pauses, you can achieve a better result than with the help of a stream of words.
Active rather than passive construction of statements has a greater impact on the interlocutor, especially when evidence needs to be presented (for example, the phrase "we will do it" is much better than the phrase "it can be done", the word "conclude" is much better than the phrase "make a conclusion" etc.)

Rule Three

The argument must always look correct. It means:

If the person is right, admit it openly, even if the consequences may not be good for you.
If the interlocutor accepted any arguments, in the future try to use them.
Avoid empty phrases that indicate a decrease in concentration and lead to inappropriate pauses to gain time or search for a thread of conversation (such phrases may be: “it was not said”, “you can do this and that”, “along with this”, “otherwise saying", "more or less", "as I said", etc.)

Rule Four

Adapt the arguments to the personality of the interlocutor:

Build an argument, taking into account the motives and goals of the opponent
Remember that so-called "over-persuasiveness" can cause rejection on the part of the opponent.
Try not to use wording and expressions that make it difficult to understand and argue.
Strive for the most visual presentation of your evidence, considerations and ideas with examples and comparisons, but remember that they should not diverge from the experience of the interlocutor, i.e. should be close and understandable to him
Avoid extremes and exaggerations so as not to distrust your opponent and not to question your entire argument.

Following these rules, you will increase the attention and activity of the interlocutor, minimize the abstractness of your statements, link arguments much more effectively and ensure maximum understanding of your position.

Communication between two people when we are talking about disputes and discussions, almost always takes place according to the "attacker - defender" scheme. Obviously, you can end up in either the first or the second position. Argumentation structures are formed according to this principle.

Argumentation constructions and argumentation techniques

In total, there are two main constructions of argumentation:

Evidential argumentation (used when you need to justify or prove something)
Counterargumentation (used when you need to refute someone's statements and theses)

To use both structures, it is customary to operate with the same techniques.

Argumentation techniques

Whatever your persuasive influence, you should focus on ten techniques that will optimize your argument and make it more effective:

Competence. Make your arguments more objective, credible, and deep.
visibility. Use familiar associations to the maximum and avoid abstract formulations.
Clarity. Link facts and evidence and beware of understatement, confusion and ambiguity.
Rhythm. Intensify your speech as you get closer to the end, but don't lose sight of the key points.
Orientation. When discussing something, stick to a specific course, solve clear problems and strive for clear goals, having previously introduced them in general terms to the opponent.
Suddenness. Learn to link facts and details in an unusual and unexpected way, and practice using this technique.
Repetition. Focus the interlocutor's attention on the main ideas and provisions so that the opponent perceives the information better.
Borders. Define the boundaries of reasoning in advance and do not reveal all the cards in order to maintain the liveliness of the conversation and the active attention of the interlocutor.
Saturation. When presenting your position, make emotional accents that force your opponent to be as attentive as possible. Don't forget to lower your emotionality as well to reinforce your opponent's thoughts and give him and yourself a little breather.
Humor and irony. Be witty and joke, but don't be overbearing. It is best to act this way when you need to fend off the interlocutor's attacks or make arguments that are unpleasant for him.

With the use of these techniques, your argumentative arsenal will be replenished with serious weapons. But, in addition to the methodological aspects, which for the most part include the technique of argumentation, the art of critical thinking and consistent reasoning is excellently developed by the tactics of argumentation.

Argumentation Tactics

Mastering the tactics of argumentation is not as difficult as it might seem. To do this, you just need to learn its basic provisions.

Using Arguments

Arguments must begin confidently. There should be no hesitation. The main arguments are stated at any suitable moment, but it is better to do it constantly in a new place.

Choice of technique

Technique (methods) should be selected taking into account psychological characteristics opponent and your own.

avoidance of confrontation

In order for the argumentation phase to proceed normally, one should strive to avoid, because different positions and a tense atmosphere, like a flame, can spread to other areas of communication. And here we must point out a few nuances:

Critical questions are considered either at the very beginning or at the very end of the argumentation stage.
Delicate questions are discussed in private with the interlocutor even before the start of the conversation or discussion, because. tête-à-tête achieved much greater results than with witnesses
When the situation is difficult, there is always a pause, and only after everyone has “let off steam”, communication continues.

Maintain interest

It is most effective to offer the interlocutor options and information to arouse his interest in the topic in advance. This means that initially described current position cases with a focus on likely negative consequences, and then points out possible solutions and details their benefits.

Bilateral Argumentation

With it, you can influence a person whose position does not coincide with yours. You need to point out the pros and cons of your proposal. The effectiveness of this method is affected by the intellectual abilities of the opponent. But, regardless of this, it is necessary to present all the shortcomings that could become known to him from other people and from other sources of information. As for one-sided argumentation, it is used when the interlocutor has formed his own opinion and when he has no objections to your point of view.

Sequence of pros and cons

Based on the conclusions, the main formative effect on the opponent's position is provided by such a presentation of information, where first they list positive sides and then negative.

Personified Argumentation

It is known that the persuasiveness of facts depends on the perception of people (people, as a rule, are not critical of themselves). Therefore, first of all, you need to try to determine the point of view of the interlocutor, and then insert it into your construction of the argument. In any case, one should try not to allow contradictory arguments of the opponent and one's own argumentation. The easiest way to achieve this is to directly refer to your counterpart, for example:

What do you think about this?
You're right
How do you think this issue can be resolved?

When you recognize the correctness of the opponent and show attention to him, you will encourage him, which means that he will be more receptive to your argument.

Drawing conclusions

It happens that the argument is excellent, but the desired goal is not achieved. The reason for this is the inability to generalize information and facts. Based on this, for greater persuasiveness, it is imperative to independently draw conclusions and offer them to the interlocutor. Remember that the facts are not always obvious.

Counterargument

If suddenly you are presented with arguments that seem to you impeccable, there is no need to panic. On the contrary, you should keep your cool and apply critical thinking:

Are the given facts correct?
Can this information be refuted?
Is it possible to identify contradictions and inconsistencies in the facts?
Are the proposed conclusions wrong (at least in part)?

The presented tactics can be the final element of your entire argumentation strategy. And by and large, the information that you got acquainted with is quite enough to learn how to professionally argue your point of view, position and arguments. But still, this tutorial won't be complete unless we give a few more suggestions.

We want to conclude the third lesson of our course with a small talk about persuasive arguments - another important element of influencing the opinion of a person and a group of people.

A few persuasive arguments

What is persuasion? If you do not understand the mass of all kinds of interpretations and interpretations, persuasion can be called the use of such words that will incline a communication partner to accept your point of view, believe your words, or do as you say. And how can this be achieved?

The famous American radical organizer and public figure Saul Alinsky created a completely simple theory beliefs. It says that a person perceives information from the standpoint of personal experience. If you try to get your point across to another without taking into account what he wants to tell you, you may not even count on success. To put it simply, if you want to convince someone, you need to give them arguments that match their beliefs, expectations, and emotions.

Referring to this, there are four main options for action when arguing:

Factual data. While statistics can sometimes be wrong, the facts are almost always undeniable. Empirical evidence is considered one of the most persuasive tools for building the basis of an argument.
emotional impact. As one of the best American psychologists Abraham Maslow said, people respond best when we turn to their emotions, i.e. we touch on such things as family, love, patriotism, peace, etc. If you want to sound more convincing, express yourself in such a way as to hurt a person to the quick (of course, within reason and preferably in a positive way).
Personal experience. Stories from my own life and information verified on personal experience, are wonderful tools for influencing the listener. Actually, you yourself can see this for yourself: listen to a person who tells you something “according to the textbook”, and then listen to someone who himself has experienced or done what he is talking about. Who do you trust more?
Direct appeal. Of all the existing words, you can choose the one that people will never get tired of listening to - this is the word "You". Everyone asks himself the question: “What is the use of this for me?”. Hence another one: when trying to convince someone of something, always put yourself in his place, and when you understand his way of thinking, contact him with the help of “You” and explain what you need in “his” language.

Surprisingly, these four simple techniques do not apply in life and work. huge amount people, in particular those who, for some reason, downplay the virtues of personalization, appeal to emotions and direct communication with people. But this is a gross mistake, and if you want to become convincing in your words, you should by no means allow it. Combine everything in this lesson into a single whole - and you will be amazed at how easily and quickly you can learn to be persuasive in any life situation.

Developing critical thinking and reasoning skills will provide you with many benefits in your family, daily, and professional life. But then again: there are things that can get in your way. What are these obstacles? We will answer this question in the next lesson, where we list most of the potential interference and give many interesting examples.

Do you want to test your knowledge?

If you want to test your theoretical knowledge on the topic of the course and understand how it suits you, you can take our test. Only 1 option can be correct for each question. After you select one of the options, the system automatically moves on to the next question.

Abstract on the subject "Methodology of research activities"

on the topic "ARGUMENTATION OF OWN POSITION»

2nd year student of the State Medical University

Melkonyan Arena.

ARGUMENTATION OF OWN POSITION

NOTE! It is not enough to just formally state your opinion:I agree (disagree) with the author. Your position, even if it coincides with the author's, should be formulated in a separate sentence.

For example: Thus, the author seeks to convey to the reader the idea that nature has long needed the help of each of us.I fully agree with the author and also believe that humanity should reconsider its consumer attitude towards nature.

Then your position must be supported by two arguments. In this part of the work, strictly follow the rules for constructing an essay-reasoning.

Reasoning Thesis

(statement to be proved)

Argumentation

(evidence, arguments)

Conclusion

(The overall result)

Argumentation- this is bringing evidence, explanations, examples to justify any thought in front of listeners (readers) or interlocutors.

Arguments- this is evidence given in support of the thesis: facts, examples, statements, explanations - in a word, everything that can confirm the thesis.

An important element of the argument is illustrations, i.e. examples that support the argument. For example:

	A person's speech is an indicator of his intellectual and moral development.
Argument 1	Indeed, sometimes we will talk about man more than the face, clothes and more.
Illustration for Argument 1	For example, among my close friends there are none whose speech would be interspersed with rude words. I am convinced that every such word carries a “negative charge”. And who would like to hear from a loved one something insulting to the ear.
Argument 2
Illustration for Argument 2	Let us recall at least Porfiry Golovlev - the hero of the novel by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin "Lord Golovlev". Judas (such is his nickname!) does not speak foul language at all, on the contrary, at every step he sprinkles with “affectionate”, diminutive words (“cabbage”, “lamp”, “butter”, “mother”). However, throughout his speech, the hypocritical soul of a person is manifested, for whom there is nothing more precious than money and property.
	Thus, nothing characterizes a person better than his speech.

Argument types:

brain teaser, or rational - these are arguments appealing to human reason, reason (scientific axioms, laws of nature, statistics, examples from life and literature);

psychological arguments- arguments that evoke certain feelings, emotions in the addressee and form a certain attitude towards the described person, object, phenomenon (the emotional conviction of the writer, an appeal to universal human values, etc.).

There are also other classifications arguments, for example:

rational (logical): real facts, statistics, laws of nature, provisions of official documents;

illustrative: specific examples from life, examples from works of art, hypothetical examples;

Possible various ways argumentation: supporting and refuting.

At supporting argument the student agrees with the author's opinion and gives arguments confirming the author's thesis. For example:

THESIS

The Russian language and Russian culture are an inseparable unity.

__________________________________________________________

Argument 1 Argument 2

The connection between language and culture is obvious to everyone We must not forget that in

thinking person. It is no coincidence that D.S. Likhachev turning points in history precisely

in the book of essays "Native Land" called the language native speech, the native language becomes

the main wealth of the nation. In fact, all that spiritual support that

spiritual culture is unthinkable without language and speech, it ensures the unity of the nation. Exactly

which not only create a special “cultural” I.S. wrote about this. Turgenev in

layer", but also reflect the moral state of the poem in prose "Russian language"

people. ("Don't be you, how not to fall into despair

at the sight of what is done at home").

Remember also the famous lines

poems by A. Akhmatova

"Courage" written in terrible

years of the Great Patriotic War:

“But we will save you, Russian speech,

great Russian word". It seems to me that in

this work is especially bright

the idea of the importance of the Russian

language for every Russian.

_______________________________________________________________

CONCLUSION

Yes, the Russian language is rich and magnificent,

and the task of each of us is to join

to this wealth and increase it.

At refuting argument the student does not agree with the author and, formulating his own position on the problem, puts forward a counterthesis (thesis opposite to the author's), the truth of which is proved by two examples. For example:

Thesis: In war, the value of human life is realized.

Counterthesis: I cannot agree with the author: very often people who find themselves in inhuman conditions of war generally lose their moral guidelines and cease to perceive life (especially someone else's) as an absolute value.

Argument 1: As an example, we can cite people of the “lost generation” - this is how the young front-line soldiers are called in the West, who fought in 1914-1918, regardless of the country for which they fought, and returned home morally or physically crippled. They are also called "unrecorded victims of the war." After returning from the front, these people could not live a normal life again. After the horrors of the war they had experienced, everything else seemed to them petty and unworthy of attention.

Argument 2: Confirmation of my thought can be found in fiction. In 1930 - 1931, the German writer Erich-Maria Remarque created the novel "Return", which tells about the return of young soldiers to their homeland after the First World War, who can no longer live normally. Remarque describes the situation in which these people found themselves. Returning, many of them found sinkholes instead of their former homes, most lost their relatives and friends. The war made them tough and cynical, destroyed everything they believed in before.

To prove the same thesis, one can use "arguments for a promise"(contain an indication of the positive consequences of accepting the thesis) or "arguments for a threat"(point to Negative consequences acceptance or rejection of the thesis). For example:

Thesis

Good speech is an indicator of the intellectual and moral development of a person.

Argument for a promise

A person's opinion is largely determined by how he speaks. Good speech testifies to erudition, internal culture, developed logic of thinking. For many specialties, oral and written communication skills are an indispensable condition for professional growth. From any manager, consultant, translator, secretary, the ability to quickly and competently draw up documents, conduct business conversations, and answer phone calls is required. Thus, a good speech will always help a person of any profession to succeed.

Argument for a threat

Confirmation of the author's thought can be found in the article by D.S. Likhachev "Learning to speak and write." Dmitry Sergeevich emphasizes that speech is an indicator of a person's culture, and mentions people who do not speak, but "spit words." In fact, behind these "spitting words" lies ordinary cowardice and spiritual emptiness. “Speak so that I can see you,” the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates aptly said. Indeed, each of us should think about how our interlocutors see us, what they hear in our speech.

Arguments worth 2 points:

examples from fiction;

examples from journalistic literature;

examples from scientific (popular science) literature.

These arguments always involve a reference to the author and title of the work; it is also necessary to indicate specific heroes, their actions, words, thoughts that demonstrate the connection of the artwork with the problem discussed in the original text. For example: M. Gorky wrote very emotionally and expressively about the problem of humanism in the story "Old Woman Izergil". Danko, the hero of one of the legends, sacrificed his life to save his people. He appeared just when people needed help, and led them, desperate and embittered, through the forest to freedom. The feat of Danko, who tore out his heart from his chest in order to illuminate the path to freedom with it, is a stunning example of true humanism, boundless love for people.

When giving examples from journalistic or scientific (popular science) literature, do not forget to indicate not only the name of the author, but also the title of the note, article, essay and, if possible, the name of the publication in which this material was published. For example: 1. TV journalist Oleg Ptashkin reflects on the problem of the influence of television on modern Russian society in the article "Tresh-TV" published on the websitewww . gazeta . en . According to the author, modern television in Russia is experiencing an acute crisis - a crisis of ideas and meaning. Those who create TV programs do not think about the public good at all. The journalist is concerned that modern media promote lack of spirituality and immorality, accustom to the idea that a normal life for the sake of family, children, success in work is the lot of losers. The author is convinced that the main task of modern television is education: it should teach to honor the family, parents, and cultural traditions. Only then will television contribute to the revival of spirituality. 2. People who do not shy away from life's difficulties, who boldly face the truth, are the masters of their own destiny. The historian Lev Gumilyov in his work "Ethnogenesis and the Biosphere of the Earth" called such people passionaries. Among them are many great historical figures, famous military leaders, fighters for freedom and human rights, and each of them contributed to the development of society.

Arguments worth 1 point:

examples from life;

own observations and conclusions;

proverbs and sayings, aphorisms (given without explanation);

movie examples.

Real life examples . Be careful with arguments of this type, as they are often unconvincing. For example: A good example of the problem of this text are some of my classmates. Obviously, they were brought up too little, and they were not accustomed to work from childhood, so they do nothing.

Look more convincing observation of the life of people and society as a whole , since individual facts in such examples are generalized and drawn up in the form of certain conclusions: I believe that empathy and compassion are instilled in people from childhood. If the child was surrounded by care and affection, then, having matured, he will give this kindness to others.

Conjectural examples are reflections on what might happen under certain conditions: I can't imagine my life without books: without textbooks that help us understand the world, without fiction that reveals the secrets of human relationships and forms moral values. Such a life would be incredibly poor and boring.

CHAPTER 4

ARGUMENTATION OF OWN POSITION
NOTE! It is not enough to just formally state your opinion:I agree (disagree) with the author. Your position, even if it coincides with the author's, should be formulated in a separate sentence.

Then your position must be supported by two arguments. In this part of the work, strictly follow the rules for constructing an essay-reasoning.
reasoning

Thesis

(statement to be proved)

Argumentation

(evidence, arguments)

Conclusion

(The overall result)

Argumentation- this is bringing evidence, explanations, examples to justify any thought in front of listeners (readers) or interlocutors.

Arguments- this is evidence given in support of the thesis: facts, examples, statements, explanations - in a word, everything that can confirm the thesis.

An important element of the argument is illustrations, i.e. examples that support the argument. For example:

Thesis	A person's speech is an indicator of his intellectual and moral development.
Argument 1	Indeed, sometimes speech will say more about a person than a face, clothes, and much more.
Illustration for Argument 1	For example, among my close friends there are none whose speech would be interspersed with rude words. I am convinced that every such word carries a “negative charge”. And who would like to hear from a loved one something insulting to the ear.
Argument 2	The correctness of the author is confirmed by the experience of fiction. It is no coincidence that writers have always considered the character's speech as the most important way of characterizing it.
Illustration for Argument 2	Let us recall at least Porfiry Golovlev - the hero of the novel by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin "Lord Golovlev". Judas (such is his nickname!) does not swear at all, on the contrary, at every step he sprinkles with “affectionate”, diminutive words (“cabbage”, “lamp”, “butter”, “mother”). However, throughout his speech, the hypocritical soul of a person is manifested, for whom there is nothing more precious than money and property.
Conclusion	Thus, nothing characterizes a person better than his speech.

TYPES OF ARGUMENTS:

brain teaser, or rational - these are arguments appealing to human reason, reason (scientific axioms, laws of nature, statistics, examples from life and literature);
psychological arguments- arguments that evoke certain feelings, emotions in the addressee and form a certain attitude towards the described person, object, phenomenon (the emotional conviction of the writer, an appeal to universal human values, etc.).

There are also other classifications arguments, for example:

rational (logical): real facts, statistics, laws of nature, provisions of official documents;
illustrative: specific examples from life, examples from works of art, hypothetical examples;
links to authority: opinions prominent people, quotes from authoritative sources, eyewitness opinions, public opinion.

There are various ways to argue: supporting and refuting.

At supporting argument the student agrees with the author's opinion and gives arguments confirming the author's thesis. For example:

THESIS

The Russian language and Russian culture are an inseparable unity.

__________________________________________________________

Argument 1 Argument 2

The connection between language and culture is obvious to everyone We must not forget that in

thinking person. It is no coincidence that D.S. Likhachev turning points in history precisely

in the book of essays "Native Land" called the language native speech, native language become

the main wealth of the nation. In fact, all toations. In fact, all that spiritual support that

spiritual culture is unthinkable without language and speech, it ensures the unity of the nation. Exactly

which not only create a special “cultural” I.S. wrote about this. Turgenev in

layer", but also reflect the moral state of the poem in prose "Russian language"

people. ("Don't be you, how not to fall into despair

at the sight of what is done at home").

Remember also the famous lines

poems by A. Akhmatova

"Courage" written in terrible

years of the Great Patriotic War:

“But we will save you, Russian speech,

great Russian word. It seems to me that in

this work is especially bright

the idea of the importance of the Russian

language for every Russian.

_______________________________________________________________

CONCLUSION

Yes, the Russian language is rich and magnificent,

and the task of each of us is to join

to this wealth and increase it.

Thesis: In war, the value of human life is realized.

Conclusion: Thus, any war rather destroys all moral values than makes it possible to realize their significance. The history of two world wars serves as a dire warning to all those who think that war is just a thrilling adventure that allows you to feel the fullness of life more acutely.
To prove the same thesis, one can use "arguments for a promise"(contain an indication of the positive consequences of accepting the thesis) or "arguments for a threat"(indicate the negative consequences of accepting or not accepting the thesis). For example:

Thesis

Good speech is an indicator of the intellectual and moral development of a person.

Argument for a promise

A person's opinion is largely determined by how he speaks. Good speech testifies to erudition, internal culture, developed logic of thinking. For many specialties, oral and writing are essential for professional growth. From any manager, consultant, translator, secretary, the ability to quickly and competently draw up documents, conduct business conversations, and answer phone calls is required. Thus, a good speech will always help a person of any profession to succeed.

Argument for a threat

examples from fiction;
examples from journalistic literature;
examples from scientific (popular science) literature.

These arguments always involve a reference to the author and title of the work; it is also necessary to indicate specific characters, their actions, words, thoughts that demonstrate the connection of the work of art you mention with the problem considered in the original text. For example: M. Gorky wrote very emotionally and expressively about the problem of humanism in the story "Old Woman Izergil". Danko, the hero of one of the legends, sacrificed his life to save his people. He appeared just when people needed help, and led them, desperate and embittered, through the forest to freedom. The feat of Danko, who tore out his heart from his chest in order to illuminate the path to freedom with it, is a stunning example of true humanism, boundless love for people.

examples from life;
own observations and conclusions;
conjectural examples;
references to authorities;
proverbs and sayings, aphorisms (given without explanation);
movie examples.

ARGUMENT STRUCTURE

2. Logical transition: It is no coincidence that Russian writers and poets in their works repeatedly turned to the theme of the motherland and created amazing images of our motherland - Russia.

3. Argument: A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.A. Nekrasov, S.A. Yesenin, A.A. Blok - all these poets showed readers Russia with different parties, with its advantages and disadvantages, but above all - with great love for their Fatherland. I especially remember the lines from the poem by S.A. Yesenin:

If the holy army shouts:

"Throw you Russia, live in paradise!"

I will say: “There is no need for paradise,

Give me my country."

4. microwithdrawal: Probably, this is one of the poet's most striking declarations of love for his homeland, which should not leave us, citizens of Russia, indifferent.
TYPICAL ERRORS OF ARGUMENTATION

1 . No arguments.	The absence of arguments, as a rule, indicates ignorance of the requirements for essay-reasoning and an inattentive reading of the task for part C.
2 . The "argument" of the student does not develop the thesis, but paraphrases, repeats it(and thus is not an argument).	It's hard to disagree with the author. I also believe that compassion is the most important quality of a person, because everyone must learn to help their neighbor, to sympathize with him.
3. Argumentation is replaced by an expression of one's attitude to the author, characters, events of the source text.	I accept the position of the author. I really liked the story about the horse described by Y. Trifonov. It was a beautiful and free animal, which everyone admired. The animal did not deserve the brutal reprisal that was committed against him.
4. Own argumentation is replaced by an analysis of the arguments used by the author. Instead of giving his own examples, the student goes into detail about the argumentation used by the author. Such reasoning is possible in a commentary or when stating the author's position, but will not be accepted by an expert as your argument.	I fully agree with the position of the author of the text: people do not always appreciate historical figures. Firstly, the author cites as an example the fate of the Russian commander Barclay de Tolly, who was not understood and appreciated by his contemporaries. Secondly, the text tells the story of the titan Prometheus, who stole fire for people, from which they made stew.(Notice the speech defect in the last sentence.)
5. Deviation from the thesis manifests itself in the fact that the author of the essay imperceptibly moves away from the thought that he is proving, begins to write about what he knows, and not about what should be proved.	I know that not all books are equally useful. The covers of many of them are bright and colorful, they promise you unprecedented pleasure. In my opinion, all these promises will not lead to good, and, as they say, free cheese is only in a mousetrap. This is the case. Such situations happened in my life. Somehow I was promised a free prize. I believed in a miracle, but after that I had to pay for everything. Here are the prizes! ( Disappointment in the “free prize” turned out to be more important for the author of the essay than the logic of the presentation of thought.)
6. Arguments do not correlate with the stated thesis. The lack of the ability to build a coherent, logically structured text often manifests itself in the fact that the essay turns into a certain set of thoughts that are practically unrelated to each other.	I fully share the opinion of the author: a person who cares not only about himself is unlikely to ever be left alone. I can cite the famous writer Leo Tolstoy as an example. During his lifetime he was a count, in his youth familiarity and frivolity were inherent in him. But over the years, people change, accumulate life "baggage". By the end of his life, cardinal changes took place in his mind: he began to live modestly, there were no paintings on the walls. The former rich decoration was absent in the house, but the main thing is that this man was constantly working on himself.(Please note that the author of the essay is very loose with the facts of Tolstoy's biography, and, moreover, the cited "facts" do not confirm the stated thesis.)
7. Ethically incorrect statement of arguments. Sometimes, when entering into an argument with the author, students show disrespect for the position of the interlocutor, which significantly reduces the credibility of the arguments and leads to the loss of a point for violation of ethical correctness.	Here I sit for about a year on the Internet at home and in a comfortable chair I load my brain with useful information, and do not run like this author through dusty and uncomfortable libraries, choose the Internet yourself or sit in an uncomfortable library.(We deliberately retained the spelling and punctuation of the author of the essay. Judge for yourself: is there really so much useful information"downloaded" into his brain?)

TYPICAL MISTAKES OF STUDENTS IN ARGUMENTATION

Let's analyze some examples of unsuccessful argumentation of the thesis "Works popular literature render negative impact on the spiritual development human".

Essay example

Argumentation- this is the presentation of logical arguments in order to prove the truth of a proposition. This is achieved by attracting means of different strength of mental impact on a person or by arranging arguments in a special order. Usually the validity and usefulness of an idea is shown.

Consider the question of what they want to achieve with the help of argumentation and what are the goals of this phase. In the process of argumentation, a certain position on the problem under discussion is formed for each of the interlocutors; here you can try to change the preliminary opinion in the desired direction or consolidate the already formed opinion or position of the parties.

In this part of the business conversation, you can eliminate or mitigate the contradictions that arise between the parties during the discussion of the problem, critically comprehend the stated provisions and facts by the participants in the conversations. It is in this part of the conversation that the basis for making decisions, partial or complete conclusions in the course of a business conversation is formed.

Argumentation refers to the most difficult phases of a conversation, as well as any statement of problems. It requires both great knowledge, concentration of attention, and assertiveness, presence of mind and, finally, just correctness. We should treat the opinion of the interlocutor with the same attention as our own, regardless of whether our interlocutors are our opponents or like-minded people on this particular issue of discussion. We are largely dependent on the interlocutor. Therefore, having correctly defined the tasks that we want to solve during the conversation, and having mastered all the material, we must also enter into the position of our interlocutors. What is our interlocutor looking for? How far can we go in our demands? What are our minimum and maximum requirements? How can we adequately retreat in the event of an unfavorable development of a business conversation? Is a compromise possible between the parties?

Thus, the tactics of argumentation must be developed in advance and brought to perfection. We should think about the surprises that our business partner can bring us, and how to win him over to our side. Both in the case of a “proof argument” and in the case of putting forward counterarguments, everything should be double-checked or even rehearsed. During the conversation, demagogy and sophistry should be avoided. Strong arguments should often be presented at the very beginning of a conversation in order to immediately strengthen one's position.

Little things are sometimes crucial. From logic and rhetoric, general advice on argumentation is known:

You should operate with simple and precise concepts, since you can easily “drown” in a sea of words the persuasiveness of your arguments and your interlocutor.

Arguments must be reliable in the eyes of your interlocutor; if the truth tastes of a lie, then it is better to rid him of it. It should also be remembered that exaggeration is a form of lying.

The method and topics of argumentation should correspond to the peculiarities of perception and temperament of your interlocutor: arguments explained separately are usually more effective; a few (3 ~ 4) bright arguments are more convincing than many small arguments; argumentation should not have the form of a monologue; pause in conversation great importance; as a rule, the “active” construction of the phrase is better perceived by the interlocutor than the passive one.
Correctly conducting argumentation in relation to interlocutors turns out to be much more profitable, especially during long-term contacts. Therefore, you should recognize the correctness of the partner when he is right. In this case, the ethics of business (and non-business) relations are not violated, we have the right to expect and demand the same behavior from our partner.
Adapt the arguments to the personality of the business interlocutor;

Avoid non-business expressions that make argumentation and understanding difficult, avoid empty phrases, since sometimes even a slight change in the “key phrase” of a conversation often has a decisive impact.
Try to present your evidence, ideas and considerations as clearly as possible. Books, drawings, diagrams and graphic materials on a personal computer increase the effectiveness of argumentation. But at the same time, it should be understood that the comparison should be understandable to the interlocutor, based on his experience; comparisons should strengthen your argument, but without exaggeration and extremes, which can cause mistrust of the interlocutor. Pens, paper, personal computers are very important aids during a business conversation. The result of the conversation can be a ready-made protocol, an agreement as a visible result. At in large numbers participants can use overhead projectors, movie projectors, projection TVs, etc.

Needless to say, argumentation is a decisive stage of influence. With the help of good arguments and skillful presentation of them, it is possible to save the unsuccessful activation of attention and the process of presenting information. In logic and rhetoric, this section was developed most carefully. In addition to valuable, scientifically and practically substantiated techniques, many dishonest tricks have been invented that sometimes make it possible to win a dispute without even having objective data and sufficient arguments.

The argumentative role, defined on the basis of the goal: to force the subordinate to share the thoughts and ideas of the leader about a certain subject. It is based on the development of appropriate block diagrams, and it is served by specific speech operations. Its main purpose is to restore understanding between the participants in communication, to ensure the conditions for the authenticity of the message. A prerequisite for connecting the argumentation is the doubt of the object of influence.

The need for argumentative influence in an individual conversation is recognized by leaders. Personal sympathies are practically not affected, although there is a tendency to a lot of argumentation with a positive attitude towards the employee, and also in cases where the subordinate is perceived as strict, independent, critical, able to admit that he was wrong, respectful and able to obey willingly.

Links to authoritative sources

The best, simplest and most widely used way of arguing is to refer to an authoritative source of information. In this case, they are put as witnesses, they enlist the support of a person or body whose authority is not in doubt.

Most often, a reference is an excerpt from a printed text and speech, a quote or an aphorism. Quoting is a strong, understandable, and the simplest method of influence. It makes it easier to communicate conversations, requests, beliefs, or demands in an understandable way. The technique is also indispensable for explaining the motives of an action as an addition to a characteristic, as well as for expressing a moral assessment of actions. It has been experimentally established that information from an authoritarian source is assimilated approximately twice as efficiently as from a little-known one. This circumstance obliges the leader, on the one hand, to take care of his own authority, and on the other hand, to present arguments from the most famous and respected sources.

Particular manifestations of this technique are the following references:

on the statements of great people (quotes, aphorisms, opinions);
on materials published in the central press, broadcast on radio and television;
to the requirements of regulatory enactments;
on the authority of public opinion.

Proof by facts

“A fact is a really, really existing non-fictional event, phenomenon; what really happened” Proof by facts (figures and examples) is the most common method of argumentation and the most reliable, but, of course, not in all cases. And that's why. The world of results of human activity, the world of facts is huge. If you set a goal, then in it you can, in practice, find confirmation of any point of view.

Much also depends on the subject's ability to adequately perceive and reflect the surrounding reality. Thus, a person suffering from alcoholic hallucinosis and delusions of jealousy is almost impossible to convince of marital fidelity. He has “his own facts” on this score, and from his point of view they are quite substantiated and more reliable than those that we present. This is extreme pathology. And yet many tend to conscientiously err in the perception of facts.

Another significant error in proving by facts is the separation of the fact from reality, from the context or from the environment in which the events occurred. All this obliges the manager to be attentive to the choice of facts, to use facts only from trusted sources.

Illustration

It is possible to more successfully present factual and figurative material, explain the purpose of the components and relationships, prove the truth of the theses, definitions and hypotheses put forward by resorting to visual aids: showing natural objects or phenomena or their images in the form of video diagrams, graphs, photographs, slides, paintings, films, phonograms, video recordings and reports. At the same time, the task is to give the opportunity to see something, make sure, pay attention, get acquainted, discover or consider.

The demonstration is carried out, as a rule, with the help of technical means. Using them, depending on the purpose of the impact, the content of the subject and the level of development of the audience, you can:

reinforce the stated provisions with visual material;
assist in understanding what is seen;
focus on the most important points;
create problem situations activating mental activity.

The high effectiveness of the impact of visual aids is explained by the active

participation in the perception of the visual channel. It is believed that a person absorbs 8090% of information through vision. Reception is practically "not sensitive" to the relationship of "sympathy - antipathy".

Unilateral (monologic) impact- this influence occurs in one direction: from the boss to the subordinates. Most often it is implemented in a speech at a meeting or at a lecture. Like any monologue speech, such an impact is deployed, arbitrary and organized. Persuading in this way, we are forced to name and characterize the subject of the conversation, expand our thoughts and arguments.

The named technique is recommended to be used in a situation where it is necessary to inform the audience on a wide range of issues, when the listeners agree with the speaker, are benevolent and there is reason to believe that they will not subsequently be subject to the opposite influence. .

- this technique can be defined as a verbal competition, a discussion in which everyone defends his opinion. There are several types of dispute:

discussion - a public dispute in order to achieve the truth by comparing different opinions;
controversy - a public dispute in order to defend one's point of view;
opposition - speaking with objections in a public conversation;
protest is a strong objection to something. This technique is used in a situation of sufficient preparedness and experience of the audience, as well as in situations of tension in relationships with management and subordinates, with a difference in views on the same subject or event. It would be quite justified to resort to dialogue even in a situation of lack of information about the intentions and qualities of the interlocutor. The discussion is also used when the audiences may be exposed to the opposite influence.

The discussion, as a rule, causes great activity, satisfaction and strength of convictions, however, it requires a lot of time, polemical skill and the ability to manage the audience. The main thing is the ability to affirm something, to invest in memory and consciousness. The behavior of the influencing person in a dispute is characterized by the fact that, having put into the consciousness of the object what he needed to put in, the assertor pretends that he has done his job and the communication partner is no longer interested in him, for which he “throws” him on the last syllable of the stressed word . Of course, this is only an appearance; in the next moment, if the goal is not reached, he can again "hook".

Analogy

In cases where there is no direct evidence to support the thesis put forward, sometimes they resort to the use of an analogy. Its essence lies in establishing the similarity between objects or phenomena in some positions, and then an assumption or statement is made about their identity in all the rest.

Painting

Speech, consisting of nothing but reasoning and facts, cannot be kept in the head of people who are not accustomed to intellectual activity. For a better understanding, presentation and memorization of the described fact, as well as an argument when influencing subordinates, it is necessary not only to describe the facts, but to depict the details of people's behavior and the environment. This should be done so vividly and figuratively that it seems to the listeners that they almost see them. To do this, you can bring some vivid episode from a person's life. If there is no such episode at your disposal, then you can come up with it yourself, based on acceptable facts and knowledge of the psychological qualities of the employee. This will require a little imagination.

Imagine a person and his likely actions. In a painted picture of an event that happened or a possible event, you can show with whom and how you spoke, thought, how each participant in the situation expressed his feelings. Look for incidents in this imaginary picture that, combined with certain details of the case, would give you an effective emotional means of influence. By doing this, you can avoid abstract arguments that are of little concern to the audience, your language will become more understandable, easier to remember. It is important to give a direction, a push to the imagination of the listeners, and for this the picture should not be too short.