1 of 16

Presentation on the topic:

slide number 1

Description of the slide:

slide number 2

Description of the slide:

slide number 3

Description of the slide:

Home ecology is the creation and maintenance of an optimal living environment. For this, the climate and landscape of the site, the orientation and placement of the house, the materials of the walls and ceilings, the air conditioning and ventilation system, sound and light comfort are taken into account. An apartment is an ecosystem that resembles a city in miniature. Like a city, it exists due to the influx of energy and resources, and its main inhabitants are people and animals. But an apartment is not only a shelter from the adverse conditions of the outside world, but also a powerful factor that largely determines the state of human health. The theory of the three shells of man will help to understand the biological role of the dwelling. The first shell is the skin, the second shell is clothes, the third walls and roof of the house, the floor and ceilings. All shells are exposed to the environment. According to the World Health Organization, the average citizen spends at least 80% of their lives indoors.

slide number 4

Description of the slide:

They are engaged in measuring the ecology of apartments special organizations. Specialists take air samples, examine the electromagnetic situation, measure the general radiation background, make a "diagnosis" and prescribe a "course of treatment" for the apartment. When all procedures are completed, an environmental certificate is issued. Thus, from what to expect a dirty trick in the apartment, you can find out in advance. And observe environmental hygiene. The quality of the environment in a dwelling is affected by: - ​​outside air; - products of incomplete combustion of gas; -substances that occur during the cooking process; -substances emitted by furniture, books, clothing, etc.; - smoking products; -household chemicals and hygiene products; -houseplants; -compliance with sanitary standards of residence (number of people and pets); - electromagnetic pollution.

slide number 5

Description of the slide:

A person's home is exposed to the environment. ambient air temperature; relative air humidity; warm or cold radiation of surfaces; air movement; electromagnetic radiation and radiation. From an environmental point of view, there are several types of pollution: chemical, biological, physical. According to some experts, there are apartments where the concentration of pollutants is 100 times higher than on the street. Who is guilty?

slide number 6

Description of the slide:

Chemical pollution: This type includes harmful substances released from materials or getting from the street: phenol, formaldehyde, aromatic hydrocarbons, mercaptans, sulfur compounds, over time disease-causing respiratory and nervous system, damage to the heart and blood vessels, allergic reactions. Phenol and formaldehyde poisoning occurs by inhalation of their vapors and by absorption through the skin. The main source of phenol in the room is building and finishing materials, furniture made of chipboard (chipboard), laminate. Suspended ceilings may contain asbestos. Inhalation of asbestos dust can lead to severe lung damage and even cancer. When buying, you should make sure that there are protective layers on the materials used so that bare chipboard does not look anywhere. If furniture made of chipboard has been aged in a warehouse for six months, then there is nothing to worry about. If asbestos-containing materials are used, they must be isolated.

slide number 7

Description of the slide:

Biological pollution: This type includes: mold fungi, various bacteria, viruses. Molds are the most common cause of allergies, and in high concentrations they suppress the immune system. Molds are very fond of dampness, their favorite habitats are apartments on the first and last floors. The place where mold has appeared must be treated with either any chlorine-containing or special antifungal agent. Mushrooms are very willing to settle in the pile of the carpet, so it must be regularly cleaned in a dry cleaner. By the way, in the same place (and also in bed linen, on bookshelves, in old soft toys and among the yellowed pages of magazines and in other places where dust "lives") dust mites live - another allergy causative agent. The method of struggle is regular wet cleaning.

slide number 8

Description of the slide:

slide number 9

Description of the slide:

In cities, the increased electromagnetic field of industrial frequencies (50 Hz) has recently become a big problem. Such a field is created by electrical cables, transformer substations, various industrial equipment, computers and office equipment, household appliances. The electromagnetic field is the promoter of all diseases. It interacts with the human electromagnetic field and partially suppresses it. Of course, the body adapts, but only to a certain extent. Electromagnetic radiation leads to heart problems, cancer, loosening of the nervous system and even mental disorders. But most often, electromagnetic smog simply weakens the body, reduces immunity, and all chronic diseases become aggravated in a person.

slide number 10

Description of the slide:

slide number 11

Description of the slide:

Take a closer look at the wires from electrical appliances. How do they lie? A messy tangle that hasn't untangled since Flood? And right under the bed? And you wonder why you wake up in the morning with the same heavy head with which you went to bed in the evening! Wires lying randomly or coiled up create a large electromagnetic field. As a preventive measure, it is better to turn off all electrical appliances located near the bed, even the night lamp on the bedside table, and in no case charge the mobile phone at the head of the bed. Also, don't turn on too many appliances at the same time if you don't need everything at once. Don't fasten wires around the perimeter of the room, and especially behind the bed or sofa where you spend a lot of time. Cables from the Internet and telephone are an exception. These are very low power cables, and you should not be afraid of them.

slide number 12

Description of the slide:

Microclimate: The microclimate consists of several parameters: humidity, temperature and air movement. If only synthetic materials are used, fresh air does not enter the room and humidity increases, and if some material (such as drywall) absorbs moisture, the air, on the contrary, becomes too dry. Plants are our home ecological agents: they restore a comfortable microclimate and fight all pests at once. Air conditioners, ionizers, ozonizers heal the air and improve the microclimate in the room. The best option is water-based cleaners.

slide number 13

Description of the slide:

Risk groups: For children and pregnant women, the environmental safety of housing is of paramount importance. The course of pregnancy and the immunity of the expectant mother largely depend on the home microclimate. Older people are also quite sensitive to the environment, but the environmental factor simply exacerbates existing diseases. Any harmful discharge is either allergenic itself or exacerbates an existing allergy. Therefore, for allergy sufferers, taking care of the ecology of their own apartment is the number one task.

slide number 14

Description of the slide:

What to do? It is necessary to ventilate the apartment more often, “vacuum” carpets and rugs, and do wet cleaning. It is necessary to purchase furniture, household items and materials for repairs, taking into account their environmental qualities. Observe the rules for the operation of gas and stove heaters. The time of using appliances such as hair dryers, electric shavers, microwave ovens, electric irons should be reduced to a minimum. Do not sit close to the TV screen or personal computer. Remove the alarm clock and telephone from the head of the bed. Get indoor flowers. Plug all appliances into grounded outlets only. When purchasing another household appliance, remember that the lower its power, the lower the level of its field, that is, harmfulness. Place equipment at a distance of at least one and a half meters from the place where you are constantly: sleep, rest or work. If possible, purchase equipment with automatic control and do not plug all the equipment into sockets at the same time.

slide number 15

Description of the slide:

How to reduce the negative impact of electromagnetic radiation from a mobile phone? Limit yourself to essential calls and reduce call times. Children should only be allowed to use the phone in an emergency. Use wireless headphones (Bluetooth). Do not put the phone in your pocket or hang it on your belt when it is turned on. When using a mobile phone without headphones, wait for the connection, and then bring the phone to your ear. Do not use the phone in closed metal rooms (elevators). Do not make calls when the connection level is low in one bar. Buy mobile phones with a low absorption rate.

The ecology of the house in our time leaves much to be desired. After all, many finishing materials contain toxic substances. Components harmful to humans are added to dishes, household chemicals, fabrics. In addition, household appliances emit negative radiation, and the air is polluted with all kinds of gases. How to create a healthy atmosphere in the house? Just about this and will be discussed further.

Ecology at home

Modern man spends most of his time at home. Therefore, everyone wants their home to be not only comfortable, but also safe. Studies have shown that in many apartments the air environment is much more polluted than outside the window. In order to reduce the content of harmful substances in the air, doctors advise airing the living space at least twice a day.

The ecology of the house depends not only on air, but also on finishing materials, raw materials from which furniture is made, radiation from household appliances and many other factors. Mold and fungus under wall decoration, as well as dust, contain a large number of harmful bacteria. Wiring done incorrectly, together with a large number of household appliances, form electromagnetic radiation, which is many times more than permissible. Many surrounding objects can serve as sources of radiation. And tap water is not of high quality. Contains such harmful elements as iron, chlorine and mineral salts.

The ecology of the house requires materials that do not contain toxic substances. Furniture from natural raw materials, without chemical impurities. Get rid of old furniture. It can serve as a source of bacteriological contamination.

To create a safe home, it is important to use air and water purifiers. They will help you get your house in order. The problem of the ecology of a dwelling depends on the area where it is located. Housing must have a good soundproofing and sound absorption system. The environmental friendliness of the home environment has a positive effect on the health of the whole family.

Safe building materials

Materials are very important for creating a safe home. Today's market offers a huge selection of building materials, which are divided into two groups. This is:

• completely environmentally friendly;
• environmentally friendly conditionally.

Environmentally friendly materials include wood, cork, stone, natural drying oil, leather, bamboo, straw, etc. If natural raw materials are mixed with non-natural substances, then it is considered that it has partially or completely lost its properties.

Wood is a natural material. In houses made from such raw materials, a special microclimate and a wonderful aroma hovers. But the tree is often exposed to decay, pests. Moss, fungus or mold may appear on it. Therefore, it is impossible to use wood for building a house without special treatment that will protect it from biological destruction. After processing, it will become conditionally environmentally friendly.

Stone is the most durable and reliable material. Despite this, he is able to accumulate radiation. Before use, it should be checked for background radiation.

Conditionally eco-friendly raw materials are produced from natural materials. It is characterized by high technical performance and does not harm health. These are ceramic blocks and bricks, as well as these materials are made of clay without the use of chemical components. They are durable and highly resistant to the negative effects of the environment.

Aerated concrete block is a type of cellular concrete. It is a stone made of cement. On the outside, it has evenly distributed pores. The material is lightweight and durable. It has good soundproofing abilities.

Another conditionally environmentally friendly material is tile. It is made of clay. Natural. It is a very expensive and heavy building material. Its installation requires special skill.

Environmentally friendly materials, of course, are important for building a house, but do not forget about the finishing of the premises. Here, too, you need to use natural building materials.

Safe floors

Floors in the house are not always safe for health. They can be made of low-quality material that releases toxic elements. The floors in the house should be from:

• tree;
• traffic jams;
• class E1 laminate;
• linoleum from natural raw materials;
• parquet.

As a rule, despite the naturalness of the material, wood or parquet is often varnished so that the floor has a beautiful appearance and is durable. Here you should not save, but you need to choose high-quality varnish from well-known manufacturers.

If linoleum is to be used for flooring, then it must have a certificate of hygienic conformity, which indicates the emission class and material. E1 class has the lowest amount of formaldehyde and is the safest. Linoleum classes E2 and E3 are used only in non-residential premises.

To cover the floor, you can use a laminate. It is made from 80% paper and wood shavings. The remainder consists of synthetic resins. Despite the natural raw materials, the laminate is coated with formaldehyde resins. A coating with acrylic resins is considered safe. Formaldehyde in the laminate should be no more than 0.12 mg per 1 m 3.

Wall decoration

For wall decoration, ordinary paper or non-woven wallpaper made from pressed paper is considered the safest. Vinyl wallpaper is considered toxic. They are not recommended for residential use.

If paint is used to decorate walls, then you should not buy the first one that comes across. The product intended for surface painting may contain hazardous substances, lead pigments, volatile solvents. Inhaling these substances is hazardous to health. Harmful to humans and they contain volatile compounds. Alkyd paints are considered the most harmful.

wall insulation

In addition to decorative wall decoration, insulation inside the house plays an important role. Styrofoam in this case is unsafe. It releases carcinogenic substances - styrenes.

The safest are fiberglass, polyurethane foam, ecowool, cotton, linen, moss and other natural materials. They have excellent insight, have heat and sound insulation.

Which windows should be chosen?

Despite the fact that many manufacturers point to the safety of plastic windows, some residents report a deterioration in well-being after installing them. The harm of plastic windows is obvious, because the PVC from which they are made is a toxic component. During the manufacturing process, polyvinyl chloride is mixed with harmless chemicals, as a result of which it loses its activity, and the toxicity of windows becomes minimal. There is also lead in the windows, but in minimal amounts.

Plastic double-glazed windows have a negative effect on air exchange. Their tightness increases the dust content in the house, prevents vapors from escaping. In the summer, for the same reason, a musty smell can form in the room.

Experts note that only windows have a negative effect on the body. Bad quality made of cheap plastic. Well-known companies are constantly improving their products, so their double-glazed windows are practically safe for health.

The best option for the ecology of the house are windows with wooden frames. They are eco friendly. They do not emit harmful substances and are durable.

in home

The ecology of the house is impossible without cleansing the air space. Plants help purify the air and improve the energy of living spaces. In this situation, indoor plants are indispensable. Absorbing carbon dioxide They enrich the air with oxygen. Such plants include chlorophytum, sansevier, ivy, pelargonium, dracaena, ficus, anthurium and others. They operate more efficiently than many household appliances. One large plant is used per 10 meters of area, one small plant per five square meters.

There are plants that not only purify the air, but also disinfect it, as their leaves contain essential oils (geranium, myrtle, bay tree, lemon).

An air purifier can be used to purify the air. It purifies the air of dust and toxic substances, disinfects and ionizes it.

Household chemicals

The safety of household chemicals in the ecology of a residential building plays an important role. Most household cleaning products are unsafe for health and contain cationic and anionic ionic surfactants. They are often used in detergents, so non-ionic surfactants should be preferred. Percent cationic or anionic surfactants should not exceed five.

If environmental friendliness is in the first place in the house, then when buying household chemicals, they pay attention to products containing natural substances. You can also wash dishes with natural soap, soda or mustard.

Washing powders should be chosen phosphate-free containing zeolites, which have replaced phosphates and are considered harmless. Enzymes and polymers are also added to eco-friendly powders. They are used to get rid of stains on clothes.

Appliances in everyday life

Complete ecology in everyday life cannot be achieved until electromagnetic waves that adversely affect health are neutralized. They destroy the structure of cells, affecting the nervous system and muscle tissue, causing insomnia, disruption of the gastrointestinal apparatus.

As a rule, most electrical appliances are located in the kitchen. Many of them emit electromagnetic radiation. This is a microwave oven, electric stoves, refrigerators that do not create frost. In order for radiation not to have a negative effect on a person, household appliances must be positioned in the right way. Their impact should not affect those places where people spend a lot of time.

Sockets are recommended to be located as close to the floor as possible. Warm electric floors should not be used in the nursery and under the bed. Household appliances must be unplugged, as even in standby mode, they emit electromagnetic waves.

And what can be said about such a phenomenon as the harm of microwaves? Myth or reality of their negative impact on a person? Experts say that the microwave oven emits non-ionizing waves that do not have a radioactive effect. The magnetic radiation from the microwave is really present, and quite strong, but during cooking. It is believed that at this moment one should be at arm's length from the device. Then the radiation will not have a negative effect.

When cooking, does the harm of microwaves matter? Myth or reality harmful effect for food? Scientific research showed that microwave does not change the structure of products and does not make dishes carcinogenic. After all, it allows you to cook non-fried food without the use of oil. Dishes in the microwave cook quickly, therefore, they are less cooked and retain more nutrients. The danger of this device is more a myth than a reality.

In addition to the microwave oven, they often use an electric kettle, multicooker, TV, toaster, computer, coffee maker and other appliances. When they are simultaneously turned on, there is a possibility of superimposing one electromagnetic field on another. If you can not completely abandon household appliances, then their use should be minimized. It is necessary to change the filters on the air conditioner in a timely manner, otherwise it can be hazardous to health and release toxins, it will serve as a source of various infections.

TV is a gift of civilization. But in addition to the pleasure of watching it, you can get magnetic radiation. To minimize the negative impact of the device, you need to spend no more than three hours at the screen and be at a safe distance from it.

Do not place household appliances in places of sleep and rest. You should not sleep next to the equipment, the distance to it should be at least three meters. It is not necessary to allow the imposition of one magnetic field on another, since in these places the radiation will be twice as large.

Ecological life rules

Creating a safe house, you should not save on repairs. As a rule, cheap materials for interior decoration often contain toxic substances. Wallpaper, like other materials, must be of high quality and meet safety standards. They must have a special marking indicating that the product has been certified.

For housing, you need to choose furniture made of natural wood, since plastic, chipboard and synthetics often emit harmful substances. Don't skimp on household appliances. Large manufacturers make sure that their equipment is safe and does not harm health.

In order for the house to be environmentally friendly, you need to frequently carry out wet cleaning. A lot of dust accumulates in the living room. Wet cleaning cleans the air, prevents the reproduction of dust mites and mold spores.

Humidifiers and ionizers should be used to purify the air. In the summer, when the air conditioner is on, and in the winter, when the central heating is on, the air in the house becomes dry. These devices moisturize air space create a healthy atmosphere.

All household appliances must be unplugged. It is not necessary to place equipment in places of sleep and rest, and its use should be minimized.

To make a safe house, you need to conduct an environmental impact assessment of housing. It will reveal not only the fungus, but also radiation, electromagnetic radiation, the presence of poisonous gases.

An eco-friendly residential building is one where people are attentive to their health, try to minimize the presence of negative factors and improve the quality of their lives.

The quality of the environment in the home is affected by: outdoor air; products of incomplete combustion of gas; substances that occur during the cooking process; substances emitted by furniture, books, clothing, etc.; smoking products; household chemicals and hygiene products; houseplants; sanitary standards of residence (number of people and pets); electromagnetic pollution. Therefore, the study of the state of human housing from an environmental point of view, the solution to the problem of creating a healthy environment for humans is currently very relevant.

Download:

Preview:

Development of a lesson on the topic:

Housing technology.

Interaction with housing and communal services.

Storage of food and

non-food products."

The purpose of the lesson: Consider a residential apartment as an open ecosystem and propose measures to create an environmentally friendly environment for humans.

Tasks:

Learning: 1 to consider the impact of dust on human health, 2 to determine the sources of electromagnetic radiation in the apartment, to study the characteristics of household appliances, to determine the measures of protection against electromagnetic radiation, 3 to study the degree of noise pollution, its impact on the health of the residents of the apartment, to determine measures to combat it.

Development: 1 to teach to put forward their assumptions, draw conclusions, analyze, 2 to continue the formation of intellectual potential, 3 to develop communication skills, broaden the horizons of students.

Parenting: 1 to instill respect for one's health, 2 to cultivate a sense of personal hygiene in students.

Lesson type: formation of knowledge, skills and abilities.

Forms of study: lecture, conversation, educational and practical classes.

Teaching method: verbally - illustrative, problematic.

Lesson equipment:Visual material (presentation)

1. Org moment.

2. Learning new material.

Introduction by the teacher.

It often seems to us that environmental pollution is waiting for us only on the street, and therefore we pay little attention to the ecology of our apartments. But an apartment is not only a shelter from the adverse conditions of the outside world, but also a powerful factor that affects a person and largely determines the state of his health. The quality of the environment in the home is affected by: outdoor air; products of incomplete combustion of gas; substances that occur during the cooking process; substances emitted by furniture, books, clothing, etc.; smoking products; household chemicals and hygiene products; houseplants; sanitary standards of residence (number of people and pets); electromagnetic pollution. Therefore, the study of the state of human housing from an environmental point of view, the solution to the problem of creating a healthy environment for humans is currently very relevant.

Therefore, today in the lesson we will consider the influence of various environmental factors on the state of the ecosystem of our home. We will also get acquainted with how to interact with housing and communal services, with the correct storage of food and non-food products.

Housing ecology

Housing ecology is the creation and maintenance of an optimal living environment. For this, the climate and landscape of the site, the orientation and placement of the house, the materials of the walls and ceilings, the air conditioning and ventilation system, sound and light comfort are taken into account. An apartment is an ecosystem that resembles a city in miniature. Like a city, it exists due to the influx of energy and resources, and its main inhabitants are people and animals. But an apartment is not only a shelter from the adverse conditions of the outside world, but also a powerful factor that largely determines the state of human health. The theory of the three shells of a person will help to understand the biological role of housing. The first shell is the skin, the second shell is clothing, the third is the walls and roof of the house, the floor and ceilings. All shells are exposed to the environment.

According to the World Health Organization, the average citizen spends at least 80% of their lives indoors.

Measurement of the ecology of apartments is carried out by special organizations. Specialists take air samples, examine the electromagnetic situation, measure the general background radiation, make a "diagnosis" and prescribe a "treatment course" for the apartment. When all procedures are completed, an environmental certificate is issued. Thus, from what to expect a dirty trick in the apartment, you can find out in advance. And observe environmental hygiene. The quality of the environment in the home is affected by: outdoor air; products of incomplete combustion of gas; substances that occur during the cooking process; substances emitted by furniture, books, clothing, etc.; smoking products; household chemicals and hygiene products; houseplants; compliance with sanitary standards of residence (number of people and pets); electromagnetic pollution.

A person's home is exposed to the environment. ambient air temperature; relative air humidity; warm or cold radiation of surfaces; air movement; electromagnetic radiation and radiation. From an environmental point of view, there are several types of pollution: chemical, biological, physical. According to some experts, there are apartments where the concentration of pollutants is 100 times higher than on the street.

chemical pollution. This type includes harmful substances released from materials or getting from the street: phenol, formaldehyde, aromatic hydrocarbons, mercaptans, sulfur compounds, which eventually cause respiratory and nervous system diseases, damage to the heart and blood vessels, allergic reactions. Phenol and formaldehyde poisoning occurs by inhalation of their vapors and by absorption through the skin. The main source of phenol in the room is building and finishing materials, furniture made of chipboard (chipboard), laminate. Suspended ceilings may contain asbestos. Inhalation of asbestos dust can lead to severe lung damage and even cancer. When buying, you should make sure that there are protective layers on the materials used so that bare chipboard does not look anywhere. If furniture made of chipboard has been aged in a warehouse for six months, then there is nothing to worry about. If asbestos-containing materials are used, they must be isolated.

biological pollution.This type includes: mold fungi, various bacteria, viruses. Molds are the most common cause of allergies, and in high concentrations they suppress the immune system. Molds are very fond of dampness, their favorite habitats are apartments on the first and last floors. The place where mold has appeared must be treated with either any chlorine-containing or special antifungal agent. Mushrooms are very willing to settle in the pile of the carpet, so it must be regularly cleaned in a dry cleaner. By the way, in the same place (and also in bedding, on bookshelves, in old soft toys and among the yellowed pages of magazines and in other places where dust "lives") dust mites live - another allergy causative agent. The method of struggle is regular wet cleaning.

Physical pollution:thermal (excessive heating), light (excessive lighting), radioactive.

In cities, the increased electromagnetic field of industrial frequencies (50 Hz) has recently become a big problem. Such a field is created by electrical cables, transformer substations, various industrial equipment, computers and office equipment, household appliances. The electromagnetic field is the promoter of all diseases. It interacts with the human electromagnetic field and partially suppresses it. Of course, the body adapts, but only to a certain extent. Electromagnetic radiation leads to heart problems, cancer, loosening of the nervous system and even mental disorders. But most often, electromagnetic smog simply weakens the body, reduces immunity, and all chronic diseases become aggravated in a person.

Take a closer look at the wires from electrical appliances. How do they lie? A messy tangle that hasn't been unraveled since the Flood? And right under the bed? And you wonder why you wake up in the morning with the same heavy head with which you went to bed in the evening! Wires lying randomly or coiled up create a large electromagnetic field. As a preventive measure, it is better to turn off all electrical appliances located near the bed, even the night lamp on the bedside table, and in no case charge the headboard with a mobile phone. Also, don't turn on too many appliances at the same time if you don't need everything at once. Don't fasten wires around the perimeter of the room, and especially behind the bed or sofa where you spend a lot of time. Cables from the Internet and telephone are an exception. These are very low power cables, and you should not be afraid of them.

Microclimate. The microclimate consists of several parameters: humidity, temperature and air movement. If only synthetic materials are used, fresh air does not enter the room and humidity increases, and if some material (such as drywall) absorbs moisture, the air, on the contrary, becomes too dry. Plants are our home ecological agents: they restore a comfortable microclimate and fight all pests at once. Air conditioners, ionizers, ozonizers heal the air and improve the indoor microclimate. The best option is water-based cleaners.

At-risk groups . For children and pregnant women, the environmental safety of housing is of paramount importance. The course of pregnancy and the immunity of the expectant mother largely depend on the home microclimate. Older people are also quite sensitive to the environment, but the environmental factor simply exacerbates existing diseases. Any harmful discharge is either allergenic itself or exacerbates an existing allergy. Therefore, for allergy sufferers, taking care of the ecology of their own apartment is the number one task.

What to do?

It is necessary to ventilate the apartment more often, “vacuum” carpets and rugs, and do wet cleaning.

It is necessary to purchase furniture, household items and materials for repairs, taking into account their environmental qualities.

Observe the rules for the operation of gas and stove heaters.

The time of using appliances such as hair dryers, electric shavers, microwave ovens, electric irons should be reduced to a minimum.

Do not sit close to the TV screen or personal computer.

Remove the alarm clock and telephone from the head of the bed.

Get indoor flowers.

Plug all appliances into grounded outlets only.

When purchasing another household appliance, remember that the lower its power, the lower the level of its field, that is, harmfulness.

Place equipment at a distance of at least one and a half meters from the place where you are constantly: sleep, rest or work.

If possible, purchase equipment with automatic control and do not plug all the equipment into sockets at the same time.

How to reduce the negative impact of electromagnetic radiation from a mobile phone?

Limit yourself to essential calls and reduce call times.

Children should only be allowed to use the phone in an emergency. Use wireless headphones (Bluetooth).

Do not put the phone in your pocket or hang it on your belt when it is turned on.

When using a mobile phone without headphones, wait for the connection, and then bring the phone to your ear.

Do not use the phone in closed metal rooms (elevators). Do not make calls when the connection level is low in one bar.

Buy mobile phones with a low absorption rate.

Housing technology

The phrase "housing maintenance" for the majority of citizens is a rather vague definition, however, placed in a separate line of the payment receipt. This payment is regular and fixed. In Russia, Compulsory payments or contributions, as they are also called, are used to pay for the costs of maintaining and repairing common property. The amount of payment is established at the general meeting or by the governing bodies heading the housing cooperative. The decision is usually made by the majority and is fixed in the charter.

The structure of payment for housing and utilities

1. The payment for a dwelling and utility services for a tenant of a dwelling occupied under a social tenancy agreement or a tenancy agreement for a dwelling of a state or municipal housing stock includes:

1) payment for the use of residential premises (rent);

2) PAYMENT FOR THE MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OF THE RESIDENTIAL PREMISES, INCLUDING THE PAYMENT FOR THE SERVICES AND WORKS TO MANAGE THE APARTMENT BUILDING, MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OF THE COMMON PROPERTY IN THE APARTMENT BUILDING. CAPITAL REPAIR OF COMMON PROPERTY IN AN APARTMENT BUILDING IS CARRIED OUT BY THE HOUSING FUND OWNER;

3) utility bills.

2. Payment for housing and utilities for the owner of premises in an apartment building includes:

1) PAYMENT FOR MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OF RESIDENTIAL PREMISES, INCLUDING PAYMENT FOR SERVICES AND WORKS ON MANAGEMENT OF AN APARTMENT BUILDING, MAINTENANCE, CURRENT AND CAPITAL REPAIRS OF COMMON PROPERTY IN AN APARTMENT BUILDING;

2) utility bills.

3. Owners of residential buildings bear the costs of their maintenance and repair, as well as pay for utilities in accordance with agreements concluded with persons engaged in relevant activities.

4. Payment for utility services includes payment for cold and hot water supply, sewerage, electricity supply, gas supply (including supplies of household gas in cylinders), heating (heat supply, including supplies of solid fuel in the presence of stove heating).

LIST OF WORKS ON THE MAINTENANCE OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

A. Works performed during technical inspections and walk-arounds of individual elements and premises of residential buildings

B. Works performed during the preparation of residential buildings for operation in the spring and summer

C. Works performed during the preparation of residential buildings for operation in the autumn-winter period

D. Work performed during partial inspections

D. Other work

Housing and utilities

Utilities are services that enter the house and create favorable conditions for life: water supply, sewerage, heating, gas and electricity.

Housing services are works on the maintenance and repair of residential premises: management of an apartment building, maintenance and repair of a house, cleaning of entrances, collection and removal of household waste, cleaning and landscaping of the adjacent territory, cleaning in yards, etc.

Common house needs are lighting and heating of entrances, ensuring the operation of the elevator, antenna amplifiers, intercoms and other equipment that is individual for each house.

Interaction with housing and communal services

At all times, as today, housing was required, supplying the population of cities with water and fuel, cleaning and lighting streets, organizing transport, household, communal, ritual and other types of services.

Urban economy, or urban organization, as a sphere of special activity throughout the history of Russia, has been called differently: "deanery", "welfare", "improvement", "urban affairs", "communal services", "communal affairs", "urban planning" and "housing and communal services". These are different names for the same activity, but under different historical conditions determined by the dominant form of ownership.

The mechanism for managing the country's housing and communal services has been constantly changing, swinging like a pendulum between rigidly centralized and decentralized.

Public utilities - a set of enterprises, services and farms serving the population of cities, towns
and sat down; in cities it is part of the municipal economy.

Housing and communal services (HUS) to a decisive extent forms the human environment. AT modern cities the state of housing and communal services determines the level of civilized life. The conditions in which we live determine our internal state, the presence of a minimum of utilities - there is a guarantee of success in production, science, education, this is the key to our health and well-being.

It so happened that housing and communal services is considered as a highly specialized area, where the relationship between service organizations and owners of apartment buildings is at the forefront. Some receive and pay for housing services, while others provide them. This, of course, is the main core on which any service sector stands. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account important features: an apartment building is not only a complex technical structure, but also a developed social system in which each owner is a participant in the decision-making regarding the life of the whole house. And there can be no talk of a successful reform of the industry, as long as we see a lack of mutual understanding and even mutual respect between the participants in the housing and communal services market.
This is expressed in the fact that we still cannot get rid of the "conflict" model of relations. Often, inside the house, citizens quarrel about noise, flooding, parking lots, pets, etc. Claims against the service organization are always expressed to the manager in “raised voices”, and in return they receive “rudeness” from the housing office employees. This model needs to be radically changed to a model of constructive dialogue based on the moral principles of housing culture.
Housing culture can be considered in a narrow, everyday sense, such as, for example, good neighborly relations between residents, the culture of behavior of housing workers (labor organization, behavior). It is possible in a broad sense, as an integral part of the modernization of the industry, in which the emphasis is on owners who understand legal issues, feel responsible for the fate of their home and are able to make appropriate decisions.
Unfortunately, not all. There was a case when a fire broke out in the renovated entrance of an apartment building, due to the fault of one of the residents. The negligent owner left construction debris on the landing, and the other, having smoked, forgot to put out the cigarette. In a short time, all the results of the repair were destroyed. Residents came to the management company with a demand to restore the entrance again. Having received the answer that the company is not a “bottomless barrel”, and that all work is carried out at the expense of the owners of the house, they were incredibly surprised.
Russia has been implementing a major overhaul program for 3 years, and only now people are beginning to understand what it is, they are carrying minutes of meetings and other documents. The realization that major work on the house is carried out only after a decision is made at the general meeting of owners, and not “claims” on the telephone, comes with difficulty. A careful, respectful attitude towards one's home is especially important today also because this program, within the framework of Federal Law No. 185-FZ, is not endless. From 2012, residents will have to bear all the costs of maintaining the house themselves. And here the decisive role will be played by such factors as a conscious attitude to your home as property, as well as a constructive dialogue between the owners, with authorities and managing organizations.
Unfortunately, the level of housing culture is not yet high enough. You don’t have to look far for examples: these are garbage bags, old window frames on the stairwell, cars parked on lawns and playgrounds, dirty entrances and burnt elevator buttons, etc. There is no contact between residents. People do not hold joint events, courtyard holidays, as they do, for example, in Germany and other countries, and neighbors do not even greet each other.
Housing culture implies equal fulfillment of mutual obligations, the ability to hear and respect each other. Behind last years reforms, positive trends are emerging, so we are already moving towards the mass manifestation of housing culture.
Housing culture should be formed through a set of activities of state and municipal authorities, organizations and the public. Since the coming year has been declared the year of the teacher, it is important that this also applies to the housing and communal services sector. Citizens must learn to be exemplary and efficient owners of their homes.
So knowledgeable people easier to find allies and partners. The more competent and responsible homeowners, the higher the level of housing culture, the faster the housing and communal services industry will develop and there will be more order in the house, city and country.

Food storage

Food products are represented by products in natural and finished (processed) form, which can be consumed by humans.

To maintain the quality of food products great importance has the correct organization of their storage and transportation. According to the shelf life, food products can be divided into durable and perishable goods. The first group includes goods containing a small amount of water (grain, flour, cereals, crackers, pasta, sugar, vegetable oil, tobacco products, etc.), as well as products containing preservatives, such as alcohol, sugar, (vodka products, jam, etc.) Perishable goods (meat, fish, milk, eggs, strawberries, apricots, etc.) are characterized by a high water content, the presence of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and mineral salts in their composition. Biochemical and chemical processes actively proceed in them, they represent a favorable environment for the vital activity of microorganisms. To preserve these products, it is necessary to apply conservation (cooling, freezing, drying, etc.) ...

The processes occurring in food products during storage, by their nature, the changes that occur during storage of products can be chemical, physical and biochemical.

Chemical processesstem from food products without the participation of enzymes (rancidity of fats, bombing of canned food, discoloration of alcoholic beverages). Chemical bombing of canned food occurs when the metal of the can interacts with the acid of the product; hydrogen, which is released, inflates the lids of the cans. The speed of chemical processes is slowed down by a decrease in temperature, the use of packaging that protects the product from the action of light and atmospheric oxygen.

physical processeschange the state and properties of products, affect the activity of biochemical and chemical processes. Basic physical changes (moisturizing and drying) lead to changes in the mass of the product. During loading and unloading operations and transportation, mechanical impacts occur (scrap pasta, broken eggs, bruises, damage to fruits and vegetables, deformation of bakery products), which degrade the quality of products. To prevent mechanical impacts, careful handling of the goods during unloading and transportation is necessary.

Biochemical processesin products are caused by the vital activity of microorganisms.

The development of microorganisms in products causes fermentation, mold, and decay.

Fermentation. During storage in products under the influence of enzymes secreted by microorganisms, decomposition of carbohydrates occurs. The following types of fermentation most often occur: alcohol, lactic acid, butyric, acetic, etc.

Alcoholic fermentation can cause spoilage of vegetable and fruit juices, marmalade and other products containing sugars less than 65%.

Acetic acid fermentation is caused by acetic acid bacteria that convert alcohol into acetic acid. Such fermentation occurs in table wine, beer; foods have the smell and taste of acetic acid, a burning taste and a tingling sensation in the throat.

Mold. Molds develop on food products during storage.

Mold enzymes are able to break down carbohydrates, fats, proteins. On the surface of products (bread, meat, fish, fruits, etc.) a fluffy coating of white, green, gray color is formed, accumulate toxic substances, an unpleasant musty and musty smell appears. Products (grain flour) are exposed to mold when stored with a relative humidity of more than 75%.

Rotting is the reproduction of proteins under the action of putrefactive microorganisms.

As a result of putrefactive spoilage, substances toxic to the human body are formed, products acquire an unpleasant odor. Foods rich in proteins and water (meat, eggs, fish) are more likely to rot.

Damage to food products can be caused by beetles, flies, ticks, rodents (rats, mice).

These pests contaminate products with their secretions, carry pathogens of contagious diseases, and cause great damage to goods during storage.

Food products have a different shelf life, which can be measured in hours, months and years. The mode of storage of food products depends on their composition and properties.

The main factors that affect the change in food quality:

Air temperature;

Humidity;

Air composition and ventilation;

Lighting;

Commodity neighborhood;

Order of packing of goods;

Container and packaging.

Air temperature. Most food products are stored at low temperatures to maintain quality. With a decrease in temperature, biochemical and chemical processes slow down, microorganisms and pests do not develop, and the drying of products and the loss of their mass also decrease.

Optimal temperature for goods different nature is not the same. So for cheese from 0 to 8 ° C, for potatoes from 2.5 to 4 ° C.

The storage temperature must be constant without sudden fluctuations in which moisture can condense on the products and, as a result, mold.

Humidity has a great influence on the moisture content of the product during storage.

At high humidity, biochemical and chemical processes are accelerated, microorganisms develop. Air humidity is expressed as absolute and relative humidity.

Absolute humidity is the number of grams of water vapor contained in 1 m3 of air.

Relative humidity is the ratio of the actual amount of water vapor in the air to the amount needed to saturate it at a given temperature.

To preserve such hygroscopic products as sugar, flour, confectionery, it is necessary to maintain the optimum relative humidity at 60-75%.

At a relative humidity of 85-95%, fresh fruits, vegetables, meat, cheeses can be well stored.

The composition of the air affects the safety of products. Carbon dioxide has a detrimental effect on microorganisms, does not support oxidation processes, while oxygen is a strong oxidizing agent. By changing the composition of the air, it is possible to lengthen the shelf life of individual products. The quality of goods during storage is affected by the purity of the air, the content of foreign odors.

Air ventilation is necessary to remove excess water vapor and gases.

Lighting in rooms where food is stored affects its quality in different ways. Foods such as meat, milk, vegetables, wines are best stored in the dark, as many vitamins are destroyed in the light, and fats go rancid faster.

In some cases, light plays a positive role, the sanitary condition of the premises is better ensured, and the development of microorganisms is slowed down.

Commodity Neighborhood. When storing products, their individual characteristics should be taken into account: hygroscopicity, susceptibility to foreign odors. Products with a strong odor must not be stored with products that perceive odor. Do not store dry foods with foods containing a lot of moisture, as the former will become damp and moldy, while the latter will dry out excessively.

Refrigerators should store together goods that require the same temperature and relative humidity.

The order of packing of goods may be different, it depends on the condition of the goods. Incorrect stacking can lead to deformation, air circulation disturbance, caking and clumping of bulk goods.

Containers and packaging protect goods from damage, spoilage, weight loss, protect from high or low temperatures, from light, humidity, foreign odors, etc.

Storage of non-food products

Non-food product - not intended for consumption and not being a raw material for cookingproduct , sold to meet a variety of consumer demand, for example: clothing, shoes, furniture, cars, building materials, household appliances, etc. In other words, it is a product that is in no way suitable for human or animal consumption.

Non-food products are a vast set of product groups that are grouped according to various criteria: by purpose, needs satisfied, by the commonality of materials or by the functions performed.

There are several different classifications of non-food items. In particular, the classification by sectors of the national economy divides goods into two groups: light industry goods (fabrics, knitwear, footwear, leather and leather substitute products, fur products, etc.) and cultural, household and household goods (furniture, tools, electrical appliances). goods, dishes, cars, motorcycles, toys, sports equipment, etc.). These goods are produced by almost all branches of industry, except light. The classification of goods according to the sectoral principle is preserved in the construction of Russian classifiers. Classifiers are official documents.

Non-food products satisfy a wide variety of needs - from the use of personal hygiene items to complex household appliances, a car, etc.

The range of non-food products is so wide that to give brief description all assortment groups is not possible within the framework of this educational and methodological manual, we will consider only a few groups of goods briefly or in more detail

Storage conditions for most non-food products are the same - humidity within 65-70%, temperature from +5 to +25°C (average 10-18°C). Placement of non-food products should be no closer than 0.5-1 m from heating devices with a combination of diffused sunlight and artificial lighting (most products require protection from direct sunlight). When stacking goods, it is necessary to maintain their shape. The rules of commodity neighborhood should be observed (do not store together goods that can lead to mutual damage).

For fur products, the recommended storage temperature is from -4°С to +5°С. For cosmetics, perfumes, water-based paints and varnishes, on the contrary, frost protection is required. Metal goods can withstand cooling up to low temperatures, as well as heating without loss of quality. Flammable, combustible or toxic (poisonous) goods (including those in aerosol packaging) require special storage conditions in separate rooms.

Hygroscopic goods (fabrics, leather, shoes, furniture) should be stored in dry rooms where air exchange and protection from microbiological damage (mushrooms, mold, etc.) are provided.

In accordance with the Federal Law "On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population", adopted by the State Duma in 1999,environmental safety is the state of protection of the human environment from the possible negative impact of various environmental factors.